319 lines
42 KiB
XML
319 lines
42 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E647A960D4F800FE24315C1403612DAF">Palaeoxylotomical Studies In The Cenozoic Petrified Forests Of Greece. Part Three - Dicots</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A581BE1CD0D25ED0D643E48C128D4686">Velitzelos, Dimitrios</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B79E636F435741A444F28BD9912B1E10">Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B61E38E89830469D8AE1AE169CB8580D">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="E93687EBFFA1BE01FF6EFA23FF05F95B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E93687EBFFA1BE01FF6EFA23FF05F95B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E93687EBFFA1BE01FF6EFA23FF05F95B" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="14" pageNumber="75">
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<subSubSection id="29856576FFA1BE1EFF6EFA23FD24F9BD" box="[158,764,1533,1557]" pageId="14" pageNumber="75" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="612036FDFFA1BE1EFF6EFA23FD24F9BD" blockId="14.[158,764,1533,1557]" box="[158,764,1533,1557]" pageId="14" pageNumber="75">
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<heading id="3A688191FFA1BE1EFF6EFA23FD24F9BD" box="[158,764,1533,1557]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="75" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFA1BE1EFF6EFA23FD24F9BD" authority="Petrescu & Velitzelos, 1981" authorityName="Petrescu & Velitzelos" authorityYear="1981" box="[158,764,1533,1557]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="14" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="intermedium">
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<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFA1BE1EFF6EFA23FD24F9BD" bold="true" box="[158,764,1533,1557]" pageId="14" pageNumber="75">
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<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFA1BE1EFF6EFA23FE18F9BD" bold="true" box="[158,448,1533,1557]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="75">Quercoxylon intermedium</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="050E4B0CFFA1BE1EFE37FA23FD24F9BD" author="Petrescu, I. & Velitzelos, E." box="[455,764,1533,1557]" pageId="14" pageNumber="75" pagination="9 - 16" refId="ref25455" refString="Petrescu, I. & Velitzelos, E., 1981. Quercoxylon intermedium n. sp. in Oligocenul din Tracia (Grecia de Nord Est). [Q. intermedium n. sp. in the Oligocene of Thrace (northeastern part of Greece)]. Contributii botanice - Univ. Babes- Bolyai Cluj: vol. / 1981: 9 - 16. [in Romanian]." type="journal article" year="1981">Petrescu & Velitzelos, 1981</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="29856576FFA1BE1EFE96F9C0FDECF99E" box="[358,564,1566,1590]" pageId="14" pageNumber="75" type="description">
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<paragraph id="612036FDFFA1BE1EFE96F9C0FDECF99E" blockId="14.[358,564,1566,1590]" box="[358,564,1566,1590]" pageId="14" pageNumber="75">
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<figureCitation id="F9A42A78FFA1BE1EFE96F9C0FE7EF99E" box="[358,422,1566,1590]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[197,236,1945,1969]" captionTargetBox="[197,1410,178,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-42@16.[197,1410,178,1909]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 7. Quercoxylon intermedium Petrescu & Velitzelos, 1981. (Specimen Aet303). a–c. Cross section – semiring porous structure, distinct growth-rings two-sized rays; d–f. Tangential section – two-sized rays, aggregate thick ray, tyloses in vessels; g–i. Radial section - pitting on paratracheal parenchyma; cross-field with pits in palisade. photos a-i (graphic scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14656091" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14656091/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="75">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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, photos a – i.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="29856576FFA1BE1FFF67F9BFFB54F8FD" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="14" pageNumber="75" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="612036FDFFA1BE1EFF67F9BFFC5DFD72" blockId="14.[151,772,1632,2053]" lastBlockId="14.[816,1437,176,2053]" pageId="14" pageNumber="75">
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<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFA1BE1EFF67F9BFFEB9F9D1" bold="true" box="[151,353,1633,1657]" pageId="14" pageNumber="75">Studied material.</emphasis>
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Numerous petrified (silicified) wood remains (87 samples) showed a similar oak xylostructure. They were collected from late Oligocene deposits of Evros, more specific from Aetohory – 16 samples numbered with the field numbers: Aet238, Aet303, Aet304, Aet305, Aet317, Aet319, Aet322, Aet326, Aet327, Aet330, Aet332, Aet984, Aet985, Aet994, Aet1135, Aet1136); 11 samples from Fylacto with field numbers: Fy25, Fy157, Fy158, Fy159, Fy160, Fy161, Fy162, Fy163, Fy1137, Fy1138, Fy1139; 6 samples from Dadia, with field numbers: Dd710, Dd711, Dd712, Dd713, Dd714, Dd715; 10 samples from Likofi, with field numbers: Lkf239, Lkf 240, Lkf 241, Lkf 242, Lkf 243, Lkf 244, Lkf 245, Lkf 246, Lkf 247, Lkf 248; 23 samples from Provatonas, with field numbers: EP1 D1, EP2 D4, EP3 D4, EP7 D5, EP8 D6, EP11 D7, EP13
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<collectionCode id="078EAE38FFA1BE1EFA79FF2CFA44FEA2" box="[1417,1436,242,266]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="14" pageNumber="75" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
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D8, EP13 D9, EP14 D10, EP15
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<collectionCode id="078EAE38FFA1BE1EFB7EFECDFB79FE83" box="[1166,1185,275,299]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="14" pageNumber="75" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
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D11, EP15 D12, EP17 D13, EP19 D15, EP20 D22, EP20
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<collectionCode id="078EAE38FFA1BE1EFB32FEEAFB0DFEE4" box="[1218,1237,308,332]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="14" pageNumber="75" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
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D16, EP27 D17, EP34 D18, EP35 D19, EP40 D20, EP1999 D21); 9 samples from Lefkimi, with field numbers: Lfk267, Lfk276, Lfk278, Lfk280, Lfk285, Lfk287, Lfk289, Lfk324, Lfk328a; one from Sappes – field number: Spp1084; and two from Chalkidiki – field numbers: Ckdk439 and Ckdk440. Also, 4 samples from Limnos island, with field numbers: Li78, Li224, Li225, Li482; and 5 samples from Lesvos island, with field numbers: Lsv7, Lsv82, Lsv407, Lsv410, Lsv546. They are all registered under these field numbers and kept in the Collections of the Faculty of Geol. & Geoenviron., of
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<collectionCode id="078EAE38FFA1BE1EFCC0FD1CFC59FD72" box="[816,897,706,730]" pageId="14" pageNumber="75">NKUA</collectionCode>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="612036FDFFA1BE1EFCC0FD3DFC58FBCF" blockId="14.[816,1437,176,2053]" pageId="14" pageNumber="75">
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<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFA1BE1EFCC0FD3DFB92FD53" bold="true" box="[816,1098,739,763]" pageId="14" pageNumber="75">Microscopic description.</emphasis>
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The growth rings – are present in the secondary wood, but with less distinct ringboundaries, that difficultly can be guessed there where, after the late-wood with small vessels, and some final rows of ground tissue devoid of vessels are suddenly followed by the early-wood with normal sized fibres and large vessels. Also, the presence of two-sized rays gives to the structure a typical aspect. In some studied specimens the structure is crushed or poorly preserved, so fewer well-preserved xylotomical details can be recognized, but the general aspect of the structure is typical.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="612036FDFFA1BE1FFCC0FBAEFE4AFC87" blockId="14.[816,1437,176,2053]" lastBlockId="15.[151,772,163,2074]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="14" pageNumber="75">
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The vessels – appear, in cross section, almost exclusively solitary, rarely in pairs or small groups and their arrangement define a wood structure of semi-ring porous
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<typeStatus id="BE24885FFFA1BE1EFCC0FB0AFCB9FB44" box="[816,865,1236,1260]" pageId="14" pageNumber="75">type</typeStatus>
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, with larger solitary vessels in the early-wood, gradually diminishing to the late-wood. Sometimes, a tendency to porous or even ring porous aspect appears, possibly as intraspecific or climatic variability. The large solitary vessels have the lumina size of 100-260(-290) / 100-220 μm the radial / tangential diameter, gradually diminishing to 60-90 / 50-90 μm in the late- wood. The shape of the solitary pores is usually round to radial oval and have thick walls, of 5-8 μm the simple wall. Vessels' arrangement is very specific due to the presence two-sized rays, i.e. between two thick rays there appear a composite general bundle with radial pattern and/or diagonal, sometimes even with dendritic aspect. It comprises all the vessels which, between two successive thin rays, are radially arranged. Often, between two thin rays, few vessels appear or not at all, but all together contribute to that diagonal or dendritic aspect of the structure. However, in some specimens, between two uniseriate rays appear radial rows of vessels of almost similar size (in many specimens from Provatonas area). In other bundles some irregularities can appear, but usually, all these bundles show obvious gradual diminishing vessels' size to the late-wood, which gives the typical semi-ring-porous aspect of the structure. In longitudinal view, the vessels show exclusively simple perforation plates, sometimes less visible, because the presence of tyloses or of bad preservation. On the vertical walls, numerous, round intervessel pits appear, or toward the vasicentric tracheids, having opposite, subopposite to alternate arrangement, contiguous or spaced. These pits of bordered
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<typeStatus id="BE24885FFFA0BE1FFEECFE97FE92FEC9" box="[284,330,329,353]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
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are mean sized, of 5-10 µm in diameter. The vessel-ray pits are quite similar to the vascular pits, in size and shape, having much reduced borders, to apparently simple, corresponding to the cross-field pitting, which is described below. Helical thickenings in vessel elements were not observed. The tangential diameter of vessel lumina varies between 50-220 µm and the mean tangential diameter is around 100 µm. Vessels' density is of 5-20 vessels/mm
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<superScript id="96EA9BB5FFA0BE1FFE2AFD91FE3BFDF5" attach="left" box="[474,483,591,605]" fontSize="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">2</superScript>
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. The mean vessel element length is around 350 µm or slightly more. Inside the vessels' lumina, visible in all sections, more or less numerous and relatively thick-walled, big and/or small tyloses commonly can be seen. Also, sometimes appears in vessels or inside tyloses, fungi as hyphae, or some tanninous dark content.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="612036FDFFA0BE1FFF67FCE7FDC4FC3B" blockId="15.[151,772,163,2074]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">Vasicentric tracheids – are present, surrounding the vessels, having pitted vertical walls with 1-2(3)-seriate, bordered pits of 4-5 µm in diameter.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="612036FDFFA0BE1FFF67FC42FD0EFC5E" blockId="15.[151,772,163,2074]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">The fibers – constitute the major part of the ground tissue, are relatively thick walled and, on the vertical walls have small bordered pits. Also, they are not visibly septate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="612036FDFFA0BE1FFF67FC21FEE0FBD2" blockId="15.[151,772,163,2074]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">The axial parenchyma – constitute the major part of the ground tissue, are relatively thick walled and, on the vertical walls have small bordered pits. Also, they are not visibly septate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="612036FDFFA0BE1FFF67FB5AFE75F9C3" blockId="15.[151,772,163,2074]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">The axial parenchyma – in cross section appears as few cells, dispersed between among the fibers, often difficult to identify each other, in cross-section, having quite similar aspects, but usually the parenchyma appears as narrow bands (1-3 cells wide), visible as tangential shorter or longer bands, even suggesting an almost reticulate arrangement. Sometimes those bands of parenchyma are slightly irregular as direction or thickness. In longitudinal view, the parenchyma can be recognized as rows of vertical-rectangular cells, often chambered and crystalliferous, usually with big or small rounded crystals inside, floating in a tanninous dark content, in which appear round empty spaces, like variably sized bubbles (especially in the samples from Licofi and from Lefkimi).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="612036FDFFA0BE1FFF67F9AAFAC5FDC1" blockId="15.[151,772,163,2074]" lastBlockId="15.[816,1437,163,1676]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">
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The rays – after their thickness are rays of two distinct sizes: thin rays, usually exclusively uniseriate, rarely 2-3- seriate (as in many specimens from Provatonas), which in cross-section appear as molding the vessels, and thick rays, multiseriate, commonly more than 10-seriate, of compact
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<typeStatus id="BE24885FFFA0BE1FFF09F8C4FEFFF89A" box="[249,295,1818,1842]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
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or, mostly, of compound
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<typeStatus id="BE24885FFFA0BE1FFDCEF8C4FDB6F89A" box="[574,622,1818,1842]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
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, i.e. dissected by numerous libriform fibres, so giving typical aspect of almost aggregate rays, or are even of typical aggregate
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<typeStatus id="BE24885FFFA0BE1FFF67F8A0FF10F83E" box="[151,200,1918,1942]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
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, as it appear in almost all the studied specimens. Regarding the ray height in tangential view, the fine rays are usually low, but the multiseriate rays are high to very high, often more of
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<quantity id="A6679B18FFA0BE1FFE6CF83EFE31F850" box="[412,489,2016,2040]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
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. Also, the ray cellular composition, observed in radial view, shows that the rays are in some cases homocellular, with all ray cells procumbent, but usually are heterocellular, having the body ray cells procumbent and 1-2(-3) marginal rows of taller cells, as square or even upright cells. In cross-fields with vessels, large quadrangular simple pits 8-12(-15) / 4- 5 µm, in palisade arrangement appear, sometimes with rounded corners or lens-like (of 15-20(25) / 5-6 µm), usually vertical, but sometimes tilted up to horizontal, but often poorly visible, because the ray cells are full of dark content and or rounded crystals or, simply, are poorly preserved. Between the horizontal ray cells, the tangential wall is relatively thick and is vertical to inclined. Ray density is between 4-12 rays/mm horizontal, sometimes more. Sheath cells or tile cells are not present.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="612036FDFFA0BE1FFCC0FDACFB71FB90" blockId="15.[816,1437,163,1676]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">Storied structures – absent. Secretory elements are absent. Intercellular canals – absent. Only in the sample Pvt8 appears, in cross-section, a traumatic rounded canal of big dimensions with lumen of 120/90 μm in diameters and with very thick walls, of 20-25 µm. It could be, also, an insect gallery, since is intersecting other structural elements. Cambial variants – as included phloem absent. Only in the sample Aet1135 appears a primary structure with pith and primary wood, suggesting a branch fragment. Mineral inclusions – are present as usually small, rounded crystals, in chambered axial parenchyma cells and in ray parenchyma cells. Also, is good to specify that in the specimens Pvt24 and Pvt35, clearly appear important deposits of suber.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="612036FDFFA0BE1FFCC0FB9CFC47F9A0" blockId="15.[816,1437,163,1676]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">
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<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFA0BE1FFCC0FB9CFBB4FBF2" bold="true" box="[816,1132,1090,1114]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">Affinities and discussions.</emphasis>
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We had in study a big number or specimens (87) that showed a similar quercineous xylo-structure, characterized by wood semi-ring-porous, with almost exclusively solitary vessels, rarely in small groups, having simple perforations; with two-sized rays - the broad ones as compact-compound and/or aggregate rays and with typical cross-field pitting as quadrangular pits, „
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<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFA0BE1FFBD1FAF4FB40FAE9" box="[1057,1176,1321,1345]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">in palisade</emphasis>
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“ arrangement. All these details are presented in a synthetic description of all the available specimens and strongly suggest a structure of
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<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFA0BE1FFCC0FA53FC52FA0C" box="[816,906,1421,1444]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFA0BE1FFCC0FA53FC52FA0C" box="[816,906,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="BE24885FFFA0BE1FFC62FA53FC18FA0D" box="[914,960,1421,1445]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFA0BE1FFC2BFA52FBDBFA0C" box="[987,1027,1420,1444]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Ilex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFA0BE1FFC2BFA52FBDBFA0C" box="[987,1027,1420,1444]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">Ilex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Section, as it appears in the consulted papers of Greguss (1954), Hadziev & Mädel (1962),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="050E4B0CFFA0BE1FFCC0FA11FBFDFA4F" author="Schweingruber, F. H." box="[816,1061,1487,1511]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" refId="ref25932" refString="Schweingruber, F. H., 1990. Anatomie europaischer Holzer (Anatomy of European woods). 1 - 765. Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern, Stuttgart." type="book" year="1990">Schweingrüber (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="050E4B0CFFA0BE1FFBC3FA11FACFFA4F" author="Schoch, W. & Heller, I. & Schweingruber, F. H. & Kienast, F." box="[1075,1303,1487,1511]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" refId="ref25864" refString="Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F. H. & Kienast, F., 2004. Wood anatomy of central European Species. Online version: www. woodanatomy. ch" type="book" year="2004">Schoch et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Wheeler et al. (2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="612036FDFFA0BE1FFCC0F9CFFC51F924" blockId="15.[816,1437,163,1676]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D1F73CA0FFA0BE1FFCC0F9CFFC5CF924" collectorName="Hadziev & Madel" country="Bulgaria" location="Bulgaria" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" specimenCount="1">
|
||
Thus, in their study of some petrified oaks from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1988766DFFA0BE1FFAC9F9CFFA4FF981" box="[1337,1431,1553,1577]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="CC6A532BFFA0BE1FFCC0F9ECFC51F9E2" box="[816,905,1586,1610]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">Hadziev</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName id="CC6A532BFFA0BE1FFC5BF9ECFC37F9E2" box="[939,1007,1586,1610]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">Mädel</collectorName>
|
||
(1962) showed that the xylotomy of the current oaks corresponds to four structural wood
|
||
<typeStatus id="BE24885FFFA0BE1FFAB0F98AFAA3F9C4" box="[1344,1403,1620,1644]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, as follows
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="612036FDFFA0BE1FFC90F949FB54F8FD" blockId="15.[816,1437,1687,1877]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFA0BE1FFC90F949FCB4F907" bold="true" box="[864,876,1687,1711]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">•</emphasis>
|
||
„
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D1F73CA0FFA0BE1FFC6AF949FB50F8FD" county="North Africa" location="Europe" municipality="Asia" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" specimenCount="1">
|
||
Weisseichen“ – the white oak
|
||
<typeStatus id="BE24885FFFA0BE1FFB18F946FAC0F918" box="[1256,1304,1688,1712]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, comprising most of the species included now in the section
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFA0BE1FFAB2F967FA44F978" box="[1346,1436,1721,1744]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFA0BE1FFAB2F967FA44F978" box="[1346,1436,1721,1744]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Denk et al., 2017), a group of species living now in
|
||
<location id="64406026FFA0BE1FFCC0F925FC58F8BA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E93687EBFFA1BE01FF6EFA23FF05F95B:64406026FFA0BE1FFCC0F925FC58F8BA" box="[816,896,1787,1810]" county="North Africa" municipality="Asia" name="Europe" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">Europe</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="8144AC87FFA0BE1FFC60F924FC19F8BA" box="[912,961,1786,1810]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">Asia</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCounty id="88414E71FFA0BE1FFC0EF924FB57F8BA" box="[1022,1167,1786,1810]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">North Africa</collectingCounty>
|
||
, and characterized by a ring-porous structure, with small, polygonal and thin-walled vessels, in the late-wood
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="29856576FFA0BE01FC90F8BEFF05F95B" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="612036FDFFA0BE1FFC90F8BEFAA2F7B5" blockId="15.[816,1436,1888,2077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFA0BE1FFC90F8BEFCB4F8D0" bold="true" box="[864,876,1888,1912]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">•</emphasis>
|
||
„Roteichen“ – the red oak
|
||
<typeStatus id="BE24885FFFA0BE1FFB4BF8BEFB33F8D0" box="[1211,1259,1888,1912]" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, comprising the species from
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFA0BE1FFC31F85FFB8FF831" box="[961,1111,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">Eritrobalanus</emphasis>
|
||
section (now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFA0BE1FFB01F85FFA90F831" box="[1265,1352,1921,1945]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lobatae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFA0BE1FFB01F85FFA90F831" box="[1265,1352,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">Lobatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
section - see Denk et al., 2017), as well as some species of the Lepidobalanoideae (now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFA0BE1FFBB8F81AFB7AF873" box="[1096,1186,1988,2011]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFA0BE1FFBB8F81AFB7AF873" box="[1096,1186,1988,2011]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="76">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
section - see Denk et al., 2017), characterized by ring-porous structure, with relatively large, round, thick-walled late-wood vessels.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="35E06675FFBFBE00FF35F847FD90F7BC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14656091" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14656091" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14656091/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="77" startId="16.[197,236,1945,1969]" targetBox="[197,1410,178,1909]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="612036FDFFBFBE00FF35F847FD90F7BC" blockId="16.[197,1412,1945,2068]" pageId="16" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBFBE00FF35F847FED7F819" bold="true" box="[197,271,1945,1969]" pageId="16" pageNumber="77">Fig. 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFBFBE00FEE8F847FCA9F819" authority="Petrescu & Velitzelos, 1981" authorityName="Petrescu & Velitzelos" authorityYear="1981" box="[280,881,1945,1969]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="intermedium">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBFBE00FEE8F847FDEAF819" box="[280,562,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="77">Quercoxylon intermedium</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="050E4B0CFFBFBE00FDCBF844FCA9F819" author="Petrescu, I. & Velitzelos, E." box="[571,881,1945,1969]" pageId="16" pageNumber="77" pagination="9 - 16" refId="ref25455" refString="Petrescu, I. & Velitzelos, E., 1981. Quercoxylon intermedium n. sp. in Oligocenul din Tracia (Grecia de Nord Est). [Q. intermedium n. sp. in the Oligocene of Thrace (northeastern part of Greece)]. Contributii botanice - Univ. Babes- Bolyai Cluj: vol. / 1981: 9 - 16. [in Romanian]." type="journal article" year="1981">Petrescu & Velitzelos, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (Specimen Aet303).
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBFBE00FB90F847FB56F819" bold="true" box="[1120,1166,1945,1969]" pageId="16" pageNumber="77">a–c.</emphasis>
|
||
Cross section – semiring porous structure, distinct growth-rings two-sized rays;
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBFBE00FCA2F864FCA6F87A" bold="true" box="[850,894,1978,2002]" pageId="16" pageNumber="77">d–f.</emphasis>
|
||
Tangential section – two-sized rays, aggregate thick ray, tyloses in vessels;
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBFBE00FDF8F805FDEAF85B" bold="true" box="[520,562,2011,2035]" pageId="16" pageNumber="77">g–i.</emphasis>
|
||
Radial section - pitting on paratracheal parenchyma; cross-field with pits in palisade.
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBFBE00FEDBF822FE44F7BC" bold="true" box="[299,412,2044,2068]" pageId="16" pageNumber="77">photos a-i</emphasis>
|
||
(graphic scale).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="612036FDFFBEBE01FF37FF7BFF24FEE9" blockId="17.[151,771,165,321]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FF37FF7BFF0BFF15" bold="true" box="[199,211,165,189]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">•</emphasis>
|
||
The „evergreen oak“
|
||
<typeStatus id="BE24885FFFBEBE01FDE5FF78FD9BFF16" box="[533,579,166,190]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">type</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFBEBE01FD96FF7BFD56FF15" box="[614,654,165,189]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Ilex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FD96FF7BFD56FF15" box="[614,654,165,189]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Ilex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
section), including species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFBEBE01FE6BFF19FE2DFF76" box="[411,501,199,222]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FE6BFF19FE2DFF76" box="[411,501,199,222]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFBEBE01FDC7FF18FD60FF76" box="[567,696,198,222]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FDC7FF18FD60FF76" box="[567,696,198,222]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with diffuse-porous or semi-ring porous xylo-structure, the relatively small and spaced vessels, often being radially arranged.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="612036FDFFBEBE01FF37FE92FEB0FE0E" blockId="17.[151,772,332,1779]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FF37FE92FF0BFECC" bold="true" box="[199,211,332,356]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">•</emphasis>
|
||
The „root wood“ oak-
|
||
<typeStatus id="BE24885FFFBEBE01FE13FE93FDCBFECD" box="[483,531,333,357]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, corresponds to all the oak
|
||
<typeStatus id="BE24885FFFBEBE01FF3BFEB0FEDEFE2E" box="[203,262,366,390]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, showing diffuse-porous structure, and large and crowded pores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="612036FDFFBEBE01FF67FE6EFD8EFBB3" blockId="17.[151,772,332,1779]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">
|
||
Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="050E4B0CFFBEBE01FF2EFE71FE42FE6F" author="Prive-Gill, C." box="[222,410,431,455]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" pagination="4 - 6" refId="ref25581" refString="Prive-Gill, C., 1975. Etude de quelques bois fossile de chenes tertiaires du Massif Central, France. Palaeontographica Abt. B, 153 (4 - 6): 119 - 140." type="journal article" year="1975">Privé-Gill (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, noted in her studies that the oak wood is characterized by vessels in radial rows more or less dendritically distributed and showing only simple perforations. She emphasized, also, as a feature of taxonomic value, the presence of two-sized rays: multiseriate, very thick and, respectively, fine rays, uniseriate or biseriate, usually present in actual or fossil wood of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFBEBE01FEF2FD46FE84FD07" box="[258,348,664,687]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FEF2FD46FE84FD07" box="[258,348,664,687]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFBEBE01FE6CFD49FDC5FD07" box="[412,541,663,687]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FE6CFD49FDC5FD07" box="[412,541,663,687]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These genera have numerous species living in the temperate or warm regions of the northern hemisphere. The wood structure can also be diffuse-porous, typical of evergreen species, whereas the ring-porous structure is characteristic of deciduous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFBEBE01FF67FCE3FE89FCFD" box="[151,337,829,853]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FF67FCE3FF29FCFC" box="[151,241,829,852]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the most northern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFBEBE01FD72FCE3FF34FCDE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FD72FCE3FCDBFCFD" box="[642,771,829,853]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
In the root-wood, the deciduous species often tend to lose their ring-porousness, becoming similar to the evergreen species, and the broad rays become divided into false rays, i.e. aggregate rays (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="050E4B0CFFBEBE01FDE7FC1FFD14FC71" author="Prive-Gill, C." box="[535,716,961,985]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" pagination="4 - 6" refId="ref25581" refString="Prive-Gill, C., 1975. Etude de quelques bois fossile de chenes tertiaires du Massif Central, France. Palaeontographica Abt. B, 153 (4 - 6): 119 - 140." type="journal article" year="1975">Privé-Gill, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). All these observations are in perfect accord with the observations of Hadziev & Mädel (1962).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="612036FDFFBEBE01FF67FBFAFDA8FB4A" blockId="17.[151,772,332,1779]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">
|
||
A fossil species with very similar features was described from Evros, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="050E4B0CFFBEBE01FE9DFB98FD0AFBF5" author="Petrescu, I. & Velitzelos, E." box="[365,722,1093,1117]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" pagination="9 - 16" refId="ref25455" refString="Petrescu, I. & Velitzelos, E., 1981. Quercoxylon intermedium n. sp. in Oligocenul din Tracia (Grecia de Nord Est). [Q. intermedium n. sp. in the Oligocene of Thrace (northeastern part of Greece)]. Contributii botanice - Univ. Babes- Bolyai Cluj: vol. / 1981: 9 - 16. [in Romanian]." type="journal article" year="1981">Petrescu et Velitzelos (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFBEBE01FF67FBB8FE65FBD6" authorityName="Petrescu & Velitzelos" authorityYear="1981" box="[151,445,1126,1150]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="intermedium">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FF67FBB8FE65FBD6" box="[151,445,1126,1150]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Quercoxylon intermedium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, identified also by us in Rhodopes,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1988766DFFBEBE01FEE9FB56FEADFB08" box="[281,373,1160,1184]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Iamandei et al., 2014) and, the xylotomy of the numerous specimens studied here is very similar, up to identity with the cited species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="612036FDFFBEBE01FF67FB35FDD1F9A4" blockId="17.[151,772,332,1779]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">
|
||
Thus, comparing description of the studied specimens with the species diagnosis and based on the above discussion, we assign them to the fossil species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFBEBE01FF67FA90FD27FACE" authority="Petrescu et Velitzelos, 1981" authorityName="Petrescu et Velitzelos" authorityYear="1981" box="[151,767,1358,1382]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercoxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="intermedium">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FF67FA90FE6DFACE" box="[151,437,1358,1382]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Quercoxylon intermedium</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="050E4B0CFFBEBE01FE31FA91FD27FACE" author="Petrescu, I. & Velitzelos, E." box="[449,767,1358,1382]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" pagination="9 - 16" refId="ref25455" refString="Petrescu, I. & Velitzelos, E., 1981. Quercoxylon intermedium n. sp. in Oligocenul din Tracia (Grecia de Nord Est). [Q. intermedium n. sp. in the Oligocene of Thrace (northeastern part of Greece)]. Contributii botanice - Univ. Babes- Bolyai Cluj: vol. / 1981: 9 - 16. [in Romanian]." type="journal article" year="1981">Petrescu et Velitzelos, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, considering it as a fossil correspondent of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFBEBE01FDADFAAEFD3DFA2F" box="[605,741,1391,1415]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ilex">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FDADFAAEFD3DFA2F" box="[605,741,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Quercus ilex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. or, possibly, to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFBEBE01FEB8FA4FFE7FFA00" box="[328,423,1424,1448]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="suber">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FEB8FA4FFE7FFA00" box="[328,423,1424,1448]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Q. suber</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L., both native to SW-Europe, NW-Africa and Mediterranean basin (see
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFBEBE01FD94FA6CFD37FA61" box="[612,751,1457,1481]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ilex">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FD94FA6CFD37FA61" box="[612,751,1457,1481]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Quercus ilex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- Wikipedia - accessed
|
||
<date id="1521103DFFBEBE01FE59FA0CFDFDFA42" box="[425,549,1490,1514]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" value="2023-05-02">05.02.2023</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFBEBE01FDCCFA0DFD3EFA42" box="[572,742,1490,1514]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="suber">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FDCCFA0DFD3EFA42" box="[572,742,1490,1514]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Quercus suber</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- Wikipedia - accessed
|
||
<date id="1521103DFFBEBE01FE70FA2AFE25F9A4" box="[384,509,1524,1548]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" value="2023-05-02">05.02.2023</date>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="612036FDFFBEBE01FF67F9CBFF05F95B" blockId="17.[151,772,332,1779]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">
|
||
Also, we consider that this
|
||
<typeStatus id="BE24885FFFBEBE01FE27F9CBFDDDF985" box="[471,517,1557,1581]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of oak had evergreen foliage, described from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A35BF81FFFBEBE01FE68F9E8FE31F9E6" box="[408,489,1590,1614]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
area as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A69F4D7EFFBEBE01FDB3F9E8FD59F9C7" authority="(Roosm.) Walter et Kvacek, 1989" authorityName="Walther et Kvacek" authorityYear="1989" baseAuthorityName="Roosm." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Eotrigonobalanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="furcinervis">
|
||
<emphasis id="53EBEAEFFFBEBE01FDB3F9E8FED3F9C7" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis</emphasis>
|
||
(Roosm.) Walter et
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="050E4B0CFFBEBE01FE19F989FD59F9C7" author="Kvacek, Z. & Walther, H." box="[489,641,1623,1647]" pageId="17" pageNumber="78" pagination="575 - 601" refId="ref24342" refString="Kvacek, Z. & Walther, H., 1989. Revision der mitteleuropaischen tertiaren Fagaceen nach blattepidermalen Charakteristiken III. Teil: Dryophyllum Depey ex Saporta und Eotrigonobalanus Walther and Kvacek gen. nov. Feddes Repertorium, 100: 575 - 601." type="journal article" year="1989">Kvacek, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="050E4B0CFFBEBE01FD42F989FE8BF938" author="Kvacek, Z. & Walther, H." pageId="17" pageNumber="78" pagination="575 - 601" refId="ref24342" refString="Kvacek, Z. & Walther, H., 1989. Revision der mitteleuropaischen tertiaren Fagaceen nach blattepidermalen Charakteristiken III. Teil: Dryophyllum Depey ex Saporta und Eotrigonobalanus Walther and Kvacek gen. nov. Feddes Repertorium, 100: 575 - 601." type="journal article" year="1989">Kvaček & Walther, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and as is mentioned in other previous studies on fossil remains of oak, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1988766DFFBEBE01FD8BF947FD1EF919" box="[635,710,1689,1713]" name="Greece" pageId="17" pageNumber="78">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see Selmeier & Velitzelos, 2000; Velitzelos et al., 1999; 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |