treatments-xml/data/B4/63/87/B46387D9B243623FA4874E12018243C1.xml

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<mods:title id="59CE0C239541A4D1B4C96555886A045E">Cladistic analysis and reclassification of Synagris Latreille (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="08F32BB116B67D4205535EE1A9BBE6E2">Selis, Marco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F999A92941FD27E579043BBB8C888B84">Via dei Tarquini, 22 - 01100 Viterbo, Italy. marcozetsu @ hotmail. it; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8200 - 9441</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A77A71AB4469F9ACD0A29363742C3AEF">Carpenter, James M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BA30B7E658927AA83AA5EBC4A0DF705D">Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79 Street, New York, NY 10024, U. S. A. carpente @ amnh. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6754 - 8028</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="3C7536CFB243623FA4874E12007B4247" blockId="22.[151,888,1574,1601]" box="[151,888,1574,1601]" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">
<heading id="673D81A3B243623FA4874E12007B4247" bold="true" box="[151,888,1574,1601]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" reason="1">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA4874E12007B4247" bold="true" box="[151,888,1574,1601]" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">
<taxonomicName id="FBCA4D4CB243623FA4874E1201FB4246" authority="Selis &amp; Carpenter" authorityName="Selis &amp; Carpenter" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,760,1574,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Synagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="cornuta" status="nom. nov." subSpecies="maculatoides">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA4874E12010D4247" bold="true" box="[151,526,1574,1601]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">Synagris cornuta maculatoides</emphasis>
Selis &amp; Carpenter
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="158D57A6B243623FA6EF4E12007B4247" box="[767,888,1575,1601]" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">nom. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="74D06544B243623FA4874E5E018243C1" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3C7536CFB243623FA4874E5E06654285" blockId="22.[151,1382,1643,1667]" box="[151,1382,1643,1667]" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="1CDA11E1B243623FA4874E5E009C4285" box="[151,927,1643,1667]" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">
<treatmentCitation id="BD6B10DEB243623FA4874E5E01A64285" author="Bequaert, J." box="[151,677,1643,1667]" page="210" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" year="1918">
<taxonomicName id="FBCA4D4CB243623FA4874E5E01A64285" ID-CoL="5LD5R" authority="Bequaert 1918: 210" authorityName="Bequaert" authorityPageNumber="210" authorityYear="1918" box="[151,677,1643,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Synagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="cornuta" variety="maculata">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA4874E5E02464285" box="[151,325,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">Synagris cornuta</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="8CA23C92B243623FA55B4E5901A64285" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828383301" box="[331,677,1643,1667]" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
var. 
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA5674E5E02D64285" box="[375,469,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">maculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="585B4B3EB243623FA5CC4E5901A64285" author="Bequaert, J." box="[476,677,1643,1667]" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 384" refId="ref16242" refString="Bequaert, J. (1918) A revision of the Vespidae of the Belgian Congo based on the Collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition, with a list of the Ethiopian Diplopterous Wasps. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 39 (1), 1 - 384." type="journal article" year="1918">Bequaert 1918: 210</bibRefCitation>
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, 
<specimenCount id="2ACCFD46B243623FA6A04E5E01BF4285" box="[688,700,1643,1667]" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
—“Medje” (AMNH).
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Non 
<taxonomicName id="FBCA4D4CB243623FA7C74E5E06614285" ID-CoL="5LD65" authority="Maidl, 1914" authorityName="Maidl" authorityYear="1914" box="[983,1378,1643,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Synagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="similis" subSpecies="maculata">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA7C74E5E07DF4285" box="[983,1244,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">Synagris similis maculata</emphasis>
Maidl, 1914
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C7536CFB243623FA4874E84018243C1" blockId="22.[151,1437,1713,1992]" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA4874E8403E242CD" bold="true" box="[151,225,1713,1739]" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">Notes.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="585B4B3EB243623FA4F94E8702A242CD" author="Bequaert, J." box="[233,417,1713,1740]" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 384" refId="ref16242" refString="Bequaert, J. (1918) A revision of the Vespidae of the Belgian Congo based on the Collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition, with a list of the Ethiopian Diplopterous Wasps. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 39 (1), 1 - 384." type="journal article" year="1918">Bequaert (1918)</bibRefCitation>
described 
<taxonomicName id="FBCA4D4CB243623FA60D4E84016542CD" ID-CoL="53T47" authorityName="Maidl" authorityYear="1914" box="[541,614,1713,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Synagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA60D4E84016542CD" box="[541,614,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">similis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA68E4E84000542CD" box="[670,774,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">maculata</emphasis>
as new varieties of 
<taxonomicName id="FBCA4D4CB243623FA7FB4E8707AF42CD" ID-CoL="53T2H" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1003,1196,1714,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Synagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA7FB4E8707AF42CD" box="[1003,1196,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">Synagris cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on specimens that he believed were conspecific with the taxa described four years before by Maidl as 
<taxonomicName id="FBCA4D4CB243623FA06F4EE3063142E9" ID-CoL="53T47" authorityName="Maidl" authorityYear="1914" box="[1151,1330,1749,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Synagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA06F4EE3063142E9" box="[1151,1330,1749,1776]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">Synagris similis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="FBCA4D4CB243623FA17A4EE302C94315" ID-CoL="5LD65" authorityName="Maidl" authorityYear="1914" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Synagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="similis" variety="maculata">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA17A4EE302274315" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">Synagris similis</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA5724ECC02C94315" box="[354,458,1785,1811]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">maculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The taxa described by Bequaert are indeed color forms of 
<taxonomicName id="FBCA4D4CB243623FA0974ECF07FE4315" ID-CoL="53T2H" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1159,1277,1786,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Synagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA0974ECF07FE4315" box="[1159,1277,1786,1812]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">S. cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the ones described by Maidl clearly belong to a distinct species, more closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="FBCA4D4CB243623FA00D4F2B07704331" ID-CoL="7B7T9" authorityName="Mocsary" authorityYear="1903" box="[1053,1139,1821,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Synagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulva">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA00D4F2B07704331" box="[1053,1139,1821,1848]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">S. fulva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than 
<taxonomicName id="FBCA4D4CB243623FA0A34F2B062B4331" ID-CoL="53T2H" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1203,1320,1822,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Synagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA0A34F2B062B4331" box="[1203,1320,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">S. cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Bequaert therefore created two cases of homonymy, of which one was corrected by 
<bibRefCitation id="585B4B3EB243623FA7C74F7407D5435D" author="Carpenter, J. M. &amp; Gusenleitner, J. &amp; Madl, M." box="[983,1238,1857,1883]" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" pagination="95 - 315" refId="ref16296" refString="Carpenter, J. M., Gusenleitner, J. &amp; Madl, M. (2010) A Catalogue of the Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) of the Ethiopian Region excluding Malagasy Subregion. Part II: Genera Delta de Saussure 1855 to Zethus Fabricius 1804 and Species Incertae Sedis. Linzer biologische Beitrage, 42 (1), 95 - 315." type="journal article" year="2010">
Carpenter 
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA05C4F770787435D" box="[1100,1156,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
with the proposition of the name 
<taxonomicName id="FBCA4D4CB243623FA5464F5301934379" authorityName="Carpenter, Gusenleitner &amp; Madl" box="[342,656,1893,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Synagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="cornuta" subSpecies="similoides">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA5464F5301934379" box="[342,656,1893,1920]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">Synagris cornuta similoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as replacement name for 
<taxonomicName id="FBCA4D4CB243623FA7A14F5307F04379" ID-CoL="53T47" authorityName="Bequard" authorityYear="1918" box="[945,1267,1893,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Synagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="cornuta" variety="similis">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA7A14F5307714379" box="[945,1138,1894,1920]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">Synagris cornuta</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA0BA4F5007F04379" box="[1194,1267,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">similis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. To correct the other case, the name 
<taxonomicName id="FBCA4D4CB243623FA59D4FBF01ED43A5" authorityName="Selis &amp; Carpenter" authorityYear="2022" box="[397,750,1929,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Synagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="cornuta" subSpecies="maculatoides">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA59D4FBF01ED43A5" box="[397,750,1929,1956]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">Synagris cornuta maculatoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is proposed as replacement name for 
<taxonomicName id="FBCA4D4CB243623FA0B74FBF02B743C1" ID-CoL="5LD5R" authority="Bequaert, 1918" authorityName="Bequaert" authorityYear="1918" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Synagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="cornuta" variety="maculata">
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA0B74FBF066A43A5" box="[1191,1385,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">Synagris cornuta</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA4874F9803FC43C1" box="[151,255,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">maculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="585B4B3EB243623FA5164F9B02B743C1" author="Bequaert, J." box="[262,436,1965,1992]" pageId="22" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 384" refId="ref16242" refString="Bequaert, J. (1918) A revision of the Vespidae of the Belgian Congo based on the Collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition, with a list of the Ethiopian Diplopterous Wasps. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 39 (1), 1 - 384." type="journal article" year="1918">Bequaert, 1918</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="0EBEEADDB243623FA5AF4F9B02EA43C1" box="[447,489,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="509">non</emphasis>
Maidl, 1914.
</paragraph>
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