343 lines
61 KiB
XML
343 lines
61 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="1AAA24436ADB869EB734C79116D28BAF">The Hopping Dead: Late Cretaceous Frogs From The Middle - Late Campanian (Judithian) Of Western North America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A092A41C09B4DF7BA1BF1E11898DAA53">Gardner, James D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C723655004C3B33334B62558BDB1D03E">Redman, Cory M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="03D9D01DFC00EAE2FF52062F3BA47BA3">Cifelli, Richard L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="0654806F9D050584CBB325D2C98A2CE6">2016</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="54C6656F6676FFC9FC0D107FFC59FBF6" box="[964,1360,1127,1150]" pageId="3" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1C6336E46676FFC9FC0D107FFC59FBF6" blockId="3.[964,1360,1127,1150]" box="[964,1360,1127,1150]" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">
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<heading id="472B81886676FFC9FC0D107FFC59FBF6" box="[964,1360,1127,1150]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="81" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676676FFC9FC0D107FFC59FBF6" authority="ESTES, 1969" authorityName="ESTES" authorityYear="1969" box="[964,1360,1127,1150]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosa">
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<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66676FFC9FC0D107FFC59FBF6" bold="true" box="[964,1360,1127,1150]" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">
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<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66676FFC9FC0D107FFDCDFBF6" bold="true" box="[964,1220,1127,1150]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">Scotiophryne pustulosa</emphasis>
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ESTES, 1969
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="54C6656F6676FFCFFBF3108FFCC2FF47" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="3" pageNumber="81" type="description">
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<paragraph id="1C6336E46676FFC9FBF3108FFDD3FB25" blockId="3.[1082,1242,1175,1197]" box="[1082,1242,1175,1197]" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">
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(
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<figureCitation id="84E72A616676FFC9FB88108FFDDAFB25" box="[1089,1235,1175,1197]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="4.[106,193,865,886]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,824]" captionTargetId="figure-464@4.[106,1460,157,825]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Skull bones of Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969 and cf. Scotiophryne sp. from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Utah and Montana, USA. All images are photographs and most depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a–k – Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969, all from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah: a, b – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67093, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views; c–e – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67105, entire specimen in labial (c) and lingual (d) views and close up (e) of partially obscured, in situ replacement tooth crown (arrow) in lingual view; f, g – dorsal part of left squamosal, OMNH 67107, in lateral (f) and medial (g) views; h, i – anterior part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67109, in dorsal (h) and ventral (i) views; j, k – median part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67110, in dorsal (j) and ventral (k) views. l, m – cf. Scotiophryne sp., incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 33045, in labial (l) and lingual (m) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773070/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">Text-fig. 3a–k</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1C6336E46676FFC9FCB810DDFC48F9CA" blockId="3.[843,1482,1221,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">
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M a t e r i a l a n d o c c u r r e n c e s: Maxilla and ilia from Mesaverde Formation,
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<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066676FFC9FB5010FEFC0EFB75" box="[1177,1287,1254,1277]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="64CB76746676FFC9FAD010FEFC5BFB75" box="[1305,1362,1254,1277]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">USA</collectingCountry>
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; maxillae, squamosals, frontoparietals, and fragmentary skull bones from Kaiparowits Formation,
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<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066676FFC9FB4A113FFDB0FAB6" box="[1155,1209,1319,1342]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">Utah</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="64CB76746676FFC9FB0B113FFDF3FAB6" box="[1218,1274,1319,1342]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">USA</collectingCountry>
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; ilia from Wahweap Formation,
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<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066676FFC9FC11115FFD19FAD6" box="[984,1040,1351,1374]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">Utah</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="64CB76746676FFC9FBE1115FFD68FAD6" box="[1064,1121,1351,1374]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">USA</collectingCountry>
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; and maxilla from Fruitland Formation,
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<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066676FFC9FC031170FD08FAF7" box="[970,1025,1384,1407]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">Utah</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="64CB76746676FFC9FBC41170FD48FAF7" box="[1037,1089,1384,1407]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">USA</collectingCountry>
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(Appendix 2). Also reported on the basis of isolated bones from older (Aptian – Albian and late Santonian – early Campanian) and younger (late Maastrichtian and early Paleocene) rock units in the Western Interior of
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<collectingCountry id="64CB76746676FFC9FC0111F2FAF5F989" box="[968,1020,1514,1537]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">USA</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="64CB76746676FFC9FBF111F2FD80F989" box="[1080,1161,1514,1537]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">Canada</collectingCountry>
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and, outside of the Western Interior, in the Campanian of both
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<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066676FFC9FB0C1212FC65F9A9" box="[1221,1388,1546,1569]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">Baja California</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="64CB76746676FFC9FAB11212FCC0F9A9" box="[1400,1481,1546,1569]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066676FFC9FCB11233FAFCF9CA" box="[888,1013,1579,1602]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="64CB76746676FFC9FC361233FD3AF9CA" box="[1023,1075,1579,1602]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">USA</collectingCountry>
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(see “Remarks”, below).
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="1C6336E46676FFCEFCB81245F9F2FA7B" blockId="3.[843,1482,1629,2100]" lastBlockId="4.[106,745,1244,2099]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">
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D e s c r i p t i o n: Specimens figured here (
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<figureCitation id="84E72A616676FFC9FAA01245FA89F91C" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="4.[106,193,865,886]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,824]" captionTargetId="figure-464@4.[106,1460,157,825]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Skull bones of Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969 and cf. Scotiophryne sp. from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Utah and Montana, USA. All images are photographs and most depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a–k – Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969, all from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah: a, b – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67093, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views; c–e – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67105, entire specimen in labial (c) and lingual (d) views and close up (e) of partially obscured, in situ replacement tooth crown (arrow) in lingual view; f, g – dorsal part of left squamosal, OMNH 67107, in lateral (f) and medial (g) views; h, i – anterior part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67109, in dorsal (h) and ventral (i) views; j, k – median part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67110, in dorsal (j) and ventral (k) views. l, m – cf. Scotiophryne sp., incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 33045, in labial (l) and lingual (m) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773070/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">Text-fig. 3a–k</figureCitation>
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) are two incomplete maxillae, a fragmentary squamosal, and two fragmentary frontoparietals from the Kaiparowits Formation,
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<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066676FFC9FC0C12A5FAF5F95C" box="[965,1020,1725,1748]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">Utah</collectingRegion>
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. Both maxillae (
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<figureCitation id="84E72A616676FFC9FB6F12A5FC34F95C" box="[1190,1341,1725,1748]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="4.[106,193,865,886]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,824]" captionTargetId="figure-464@4.[106,1460,157,825]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Skull bones of Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969 and cf. Scotiophryne sp. from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Utah and Montana, USA. All images are photographs and most depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a–k – Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969, all from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah: a, b – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67093, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views; c–e – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67105, entire specimen in labial (c) and lingual (d) views and close up (e) of partially obscured, in situ replacement tooth crown (arrow) in lingual view; f, g – dorsal part of left squamosal, OMNH 67107, in lateral (f) and medial (g) views; h, i – anterior part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67109, in dorsal (h) and ventral (i) views; j, k – median part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67110, in dorsal (j) and ventral (k) views. l, m – cf. Scotiophryne sp., incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 33045, in labial (l) and lingual (m) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773070/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">Text-fig. 3a–d</figureCitation>
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) are from the right side and are broken anteriorly and posteriorly. Each preserves the middle and posterior portions of the suborbital region and varying amounts of the postorbital region. The processus pterygoideus is broken on both specimens. Neither maxilla has any intact teeth, however, OMNH 67105 (
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<figureCitation id="84E72A616676FFC9FC9B1365FAE2F81C" box="[850,1003,1917,1940]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="4.[106,193,865,886]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,824]" captionTargetId="figure-464@4.[106,1460,157,825]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Skull bones of Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969 and cf. Scotiophryne sp. from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Utah and Montana, USA. All images are photographs and most depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a–k – Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969, all from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah: a, b – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67093, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views; c–e – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67105, entire specimen in labial (c) and lingual (d) views and close up (e) of partially obscured, in situ replacement tooth crown (arrow) in lingual view; f, g – dorsal part of left squamosal, OMNH 67107, in lateral (f) and medial (g) views; h, i – anterior part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67109, in dorsal (h) and ventral (i) views; j, k – median part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67110, in dorsal (j) and ventral (k) views. l, m – cf. Scotiophryne sp., incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 33045, in labial (l) and lingual (m) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773070/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="81">Text-fig. 3d, e</figureCitation>
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: arrow), preserves a replacement tooth crown in situ and its posteriorly intact tooth row extends a short distance beyond the level of the broken base of the processus pterygoideus. These maxillae are from comparably-sized individuals and resemble similarly incomplete maxillae of the species previously reported by
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<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156676FFC9FB031C05FC90F7BC" author="Rocek, Z. & Eaton, J. G. & Gardner, J. D. & Prikryl, T." box="[1226,1433,2077,2100]" pageId="3" pageNumber="81" pagination="341 - 394" refId="ref26694" refString="Rocek, Z., Eaton, J. G., Gardner, J. D., Prikryl, T. (2010): Evolution of anuran assemblages in the Late Cretaceous of Utah, USA. - Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 90 (4): 341 - 394. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 010 - 0040 - 2" type="journal article" year="2010">Roček et al. (2010</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 16Aj–l, Bd) from the Kaiparowits Formation. Both squamosals (only one example is depicted in
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<figureCitation id="84E72A616671FFCEFDEB10E4FBB1FA9B" box="[546,696,1276,1299]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="4.[106,193,865,886]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,824]" captionTargetId="figure-464@4.[106,1460,157,825]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Skull bones of Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969 and cf. Scotiophryne sp. from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Utah and Montana, USA. All images are photographs and most depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a–k – Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969, all from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah: a, b – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67093, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views; c–e – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67105, entire specimen in labial (c) and lingual (d) views and close up (e) of partially obscured, in situ replacement tooth crown (arrow) in lingual view; f, g – dorsal part of left squamosal, OMNH 67107, in lateral (f) and medial (g) views; h, i – anterior part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67109, in dorsal (h) and ventral (i) views; j, k – median part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67110, in dorsal (j) and ventral (k) views. l, m – cf. Scotiophryne sp., incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 33045, in labial (l) and lingual (m) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773070/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">Text-fig. 3f, g</figureCitation>
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) are from the left side and preserve the dorsal portion (processus posterodorsalis) of the lamella alaris. Two fragmentary, left frontoparietal specimens are available: OMNH 67109 consists of the anterior end, whereas OMNH 67110 preserves the bone adjacent to the posterior portion of the margo orbitalis and the processus lateralis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616671FFCEFE3A11A4FBECFA5B" box="[499,741,1468,1491]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="4.[106,193,865,886]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,824]" captionTargetId="figure-464@4.[106,1460,157,825]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Skull bones of Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969 and cf. Scotiophryne sp. from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Utah and Montana, USA. All images are photographs and most depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a–k – Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969, all from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah: a, b – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67093, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views; c–e – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67105, entire specimen in labial (c) and lingual (d) views and close up (e) of partially obscured, in situ replacement tooth crown (arrow) in lingual view; f, g – dorsal part of left squamosal, OMNH 67107, in lateral (f) and medial (g) views; h, i – anterior part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67109, in dorsal (h) and ventral (i) views; j, k – median part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67110, in dorsal (j) and ventral (k) views. l, m – cf. Scotiophryne sp., incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 33045, in labial (l) and lingual (m) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773070/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">Text-fig. 3h, i and j, k</figureCitation>
|
||
, respectively).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="48A3666C6671FFCEFFA31779FB28FBF1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773070" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4773070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773070/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" startId="4.[106,193,865,886]" targetBox="[106,1459,152,824]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="1C6336E46671FFCEFFA31779FB28FBF1" blockId="4.[106,1459,865,1145]" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66671FFCEFFA31779FC2BFC27" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">
|
||
Text-fig. 3. Skull bones of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676671FFCEFE581779FA1EFCFE" authority="ESTES, 1969" authorityName="ESTES" authorityYear="1969" box="[401,791,865,886]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66671FFCEFE581779FB82FCFE" bold="true" box="[401,651,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">Scotiophryne pustulosa</emphasis>
|
||
ESTES, 1969
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676671FFCEFCBD1779FD21FCFE" box="[884,1064,865,886]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66671FFCEFCBD1779FD09FCFE" bold="true" box="[884,1024,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">Scotiophryne</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Utah and Montana, USA. All images are photographs and most depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a–k –
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676671FFCEFAE31782F853FC44" authority="ESTES, 1969" authorityName="ESTES" authorityYear="1969" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66671FFCEFAE31782F81FFC43" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66671FFCEFAE31782F9C6FC44" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">Scotiophryne pustulosa</emphasis>
|
||
ESTES
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, 1969
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah: a, b – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67093, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views; c–e – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67105, entire specimen in labial (c) and lingual (d) views and close up (e) of partially obscured, in situ replacement tooth crown (arrow) in lingual view; f, g – dorsal part of left squamosal, OMNH 67107, in lateral (f) and medial (g) views; h, i – anterior part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67109, in dorsal (h) and ventral (i) views; j, k – median part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67110, in dorsal (j) and ventral (k) views. l, m – cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676671FFCEFF6B105FF85FFBD4" box="[162,342,1095,1116]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66671FFCEFF6B105FF827FBD4" bold="true" box="[162,302,1095,1116]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">Scotiophryne</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 33045, in labial (l) and lingual (m) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C6336E46671FFCEFF5911E4FC2EFA9B" blockId="4.[106,745,1244,2099]" lastBlockId="4.[820,1459,1244,1299]" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="ACB43CB96671FFCEFF5911E4FC2AFA9B" collectionCode="T" county="Collectively" location="Bug Creek" municipality="Bug Creek Anthills" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Montana">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="F5024E686671FFCEFF5911E4F819F99B" box="[144,272,1532,1555]" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">Collectively</collectingCounty>
|
||
, the figured specimens most closely resemble homologous, referred cranial bones of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676671FFCEFD901204F9D9F9DB" authorityName="ESTES" authorityYear="1969" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66671FFCEFD901204F9D9F9DB" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">Scotiophryne pustulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="FC07AC9E6671FFCEFEF41224FB07F9DB" box="[317,526,1596,1619]" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<location id="1903603F6671FFCEFEF41224F8BBF9DB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:947587F26676FFCFFC0D107FFCC2FF47:1903603F6671FFCEFEF41224F8BBF9DB" box="[317,434,1596,1619]" county="Collectively" municipality="Bug Creek Anthills" name="Bug Creek" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" stateProvince="Montana">Bug Creek</location>
|
||
Anthills
|
||
</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
locality (mixed late
|
||
<location id="1903603F6671FFCEFFA31244F9F4F9FB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:947587F26676FFCFFC0D107FFCC2FF47:1903603F6671FFCEFFA31244F9F4F9FB" box="[106,253,1628,1651]" county="Collectively" municipality="Bug Creek Anthills" name="Maastrichtian" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" stateProvince="Montana">Maastrichtian</location>
|
||
and early
|
||
<location id="1903603F6671FFCEFEB81244F8E8F9FB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:947587F26676FFCFFC0D107FFCC2FF47:1903603F6671FFCEFEB81244F8E8F9FB" box="[369,481,1628,1651]" county="Collectively" municipality="Bug Creek Anthills" name="Paleocene" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" stateProvince="Montana">Paleocene</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="1903603F6671FFCEFE251244FBD7F9FB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:947587F26676FFCFFC0D107FFCC2FF47:1903603F6671FFCEFE251244FBD7F9FB" box="[492,734,1628,1651]" county="Collectively" municipality="Bug Creek Anthills" name="Hell Creek Formation" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" stateProvince="Montana">
|
||
<location id="1903603F6671FFCEFE251244FB6BF9FB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:947587F26676FFCFFC0D107FFCC2FF47:1903603F6671FFCEFE251244FB6BF9FB" box="[492,610,1628,1651]" county="Collectively" municipality="Bug Creek Anthills" name="Hell Creek" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" stateProvince="Montana">Hell Creek</location>
|
||
Formation
|
||
</location>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066671FFCEFFA31264F9C3F91B" box="[106,202,1660,1683]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and from the
|
||
<location id="1903603F6671FFCEFE941264FB19F91B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:947587F26676FFCFFC0D107FFCC2FF47:1903603F6671FFCEFE941264FB19F91B" box="[349,528,1660,1683]" county="Collectively" municipality="Bug Creek Anthills" name="Lance Formation" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" stateProvince="Montana">Lance Formation</location>
|
||
(late
|
||
<location id="1903603F6671FFCEFD801264FBD4F91B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:947587F26676FFCFFC0D107FFCC2FF47:1903603F6671FFCEFD801264FBD4F91B" box="[585,733,1660,1683]" county="Collectively" municipality="Bug Creek Anthills" name="Maastrichtian" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" stateProvince="Montana">Maastrichtian</location>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066671FFCEFFA31284F9DFF93B" box="[106,214,1692,1715]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
, in the following features (cf.
|
||
<location id="1903603F6671FFCEFDE81284FB50F93B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:947587F26676FFCFFC0D107FFCC2FF47:1903603F6671FFCEFDE81284FB50F93B" box="[545,601,1692,1715]" county="Collectively" municipality="Bug Creek Anthills" name="Estes" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" stateProvince="Montana">Estes</location>
|
||
1969: fig. 2;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156671FFCEFFA312A4F806F95B" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[106,271,1724,1747]" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" pagination="219 - 249" refId="ref24635" refString="Gardner, J. D. (2008): New information on frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Lance Formation (late Maastrichtian) and Bug Creek Anthills (late Maastrichtian and early Paleoecene), Hell Creek Formation, USA. - In: Sankey, J. T., Baszio, B. (eds), Vertebrate Microfossil Assemblages: Their Role in Paleoecology and Paleobiogeography, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 219 - 249." type="book chapter" year="2008">Gardner 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 13.1L–
|
||
<collectionCode id="7ACDAE216671FFCEFE6312A4F8B5F95B" box="[426,444,1724,1747]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">T</collectionCode>
|
||
): moderate size; external surfaces ornamented with a shagreen of small, bead-like tubercles; on the maxilla teeth are present, the processus zygomatico-maxillaris is moderately tall (i.e., extends a noticeable distance above the level of the margo orbitalis) and is grooved dorsally for contact with the squamosal, the lamina horizontalis is moderately deep and lingually wide, and has a convex lingual surface, and judging by their broken bases, the processus pterygoideus was at least moderately prominent; the dorsal portion of the squamosal is bluntly rounded and its smooth edges indicate it did not contact other skull bones; and the frontoparietals were paired and not in broad contact anteriorly with the nasals, although they likely at least partially overlapped the sphenethmoid
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C6336E46671FFCFFC931128F8B2FE67" blockId="4.[820,1460,1328,2099]" lastBlockId="5.[129,768,152,2099]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">
|
||
R e m a r k s: The monotypic species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676671FFCEFAEA1128FA95FAEF" authorityName="ESTES" authorityYear="1969" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66671FFCEFAEA1128FA95FAEF" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">Scotiophryne pustulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the distinction of being the first Cretaceous anuran species to be named from North America (Estes 1969). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="C36788466671FFCEFC7E1189FD1FFA20" box="[951,1046,1425,1448]" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is an ilium, but more distinctive are the referred skull bones (maxilla, squamosal, nasal, and frontoparietal) bearing the characteristic bead-like or pustulate ornament that inspired the specific epithet. The skull bones figured here from the Kaiparowits Formation are assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676671FFCEFC16122CFD6BF9C3" authorityName="ESTES" authorityYear="1969" box="[991,1122,1588,1611]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66671FFCEFC16122CFD6BF9C3" box="[991,1122,1588,1611]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">S. pustulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because they closely resemble geologically younger (late Maastrichtian and?early Paleocene) examples of the same bones previously referred to the species (Estes 1969: fig. 2;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156671FFCEFB13128EFC72F925" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[1242,1403,1686,1709]" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" pagination="219 - 249" refId="ref24635" refString="Gardner, J. D. (2008): New information on frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Lance Formation (late Maastrichtian) and Bug Creek Anthills (late Maastrichtian and early Paleoecene), Hell Creek Formation, USA. - In: Sankey, J. T., Baszio, B. (eds), Vertebrate Microfossil Assemblages: Their Role in Paleoecology and Paleobiogeography, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 219 - 249." type="book chapter" year="2008">Gardner 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 13.1L–T) and because they conform to the most recent, revised diagnoses for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676671FFCEFBE212CFFDB8F966" authorityName="ESTES" authorityYear="1969" box="[1067,1201,1751,1774]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66671FFCEFBE212CFFDB8F966" box="[1067,1201,1751,1774]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">S. pustulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156671FFCEFB0B12CFFC69F966" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[1218,1376,1751,1774]" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" pagination="219 - 249" refId="ref24635" refString="Gardner, J. D. (2008): New information on frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Lance Formation (late Maastrichtian) and Bug Creek Anthills (late Maastrichtian and early Paleoecene), Hell Creek Formation, USA. - In: Sankey, J. T., Baszio, B. (eds), Vertebrate Microfossil Assemblages: Their Role in Paleoecology and Paleobiogeography, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 219 - 249." type="book chapter" year="2008">Gardner 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Roček 2013). The newly reported maxillae and squamosals provide no new information about these elements in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676671FFCEFAEF1300FCA5F8A7" authorityName="ESTES" authorityYear="1969" box="[1318,1452,1816,1839]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66671FFCEFAEF1300FCA5F8A7" box="[1318,1452,1816,1839]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">S. pustulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, because these specimens are less complete than examples previously reported from the Bug Creek Anthills and the Lance Formation. The new frontoparietal specimens confirm that these bones were paired and one (OMNH 67110:
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616671FFCEFCFD13A3FAD8F85A" box="[820,977,1979,2002]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="4.[106,193,865,886]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,824]" captionTargetId="figure-464@4.[106,1460,157,825]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Skull bones of Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969 and cf. Scotiophryne sp. from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Utah and Montana, USA. All images are photographs and most depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a–k – Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969, all from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah: a, b – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67093, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views; c–e – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67105, entire specimen in labial (c) and lingual (d) views and close up (e) of partially obscured, in situ replacement tooth crown (arrow) in lingual view; f, g – dorsal part of left squamosal, OMNH 67107, in lateral (f) and medial (g) views; h, i – anterior part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67109, in dorsal (h) and ventral (i) views; j, k – median part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67110, in dorsal (j) and ventral (k) views. l, m – cf. Scotiophryne sp., incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 33045, in labial (l) and lingual (m) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773070/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="82">Text-fig. 3j, k</figureCitation>
|
||
) provides new information about the more posterior portion of this bone, as follows: the margo orbitalis is broadly concave medially and laterally overhangs the braincase wall; the processus lateralis projects only a short distance laterally and is blunt in dorsal or ventral outline; medial to the margo orbitalis and processus lateralis, the ventral surface bears a ventrally projecting flange (pars contacta) that extends anteroposteriorly (the anterior continuation of this flange can be seen on the other frontoparietal, OMNH 67109:
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616670FFCFFE251520FB7AFEC7" box="[492,627,312,335]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="4.[106,193,865,886]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,824]" captionTargetId="figure-464@4.[106,1460,157,825]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Skull bones of Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969 and cf. Scotiophryne sp. from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Utah and Montana, USA. All images are photographs and most depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a–k – Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969, all from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah: a, b – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67093, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views; c–e – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67105, entire specimen in labial (c) and lingual (d) views and close up (e) of partially obscured, in situ replacement tooth crown (arrow) in lingual view; f, g – dorsal part of left squamosal, OMNH 67107, in lateral (f) and medial (g) views; h, i – anterior part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67109, in dorsal (h) and ventral (i) views; j, k – median part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67110, in dorsal (j) and ventral (k) views. l, m – cf. Scotiophryne sp., incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 33045, in labial (l) and lingual (m) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773070/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">Text-fig. 3i</figureCitation>
|
||
); and more medially the ventral surface bears a shallow, ventrallyprojecting, bony patch that represents part of an incrassatio frontoparietalis. Unfortunately, OMNH 67110 is too fragmentary to establish further details about the incrassation, such as its outline and extent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C6336E46670FFCFFF6F15E0FCC2FF47" blockId="5.[129,768,152,2099]" lastBlockId="5.[843,1483,152,207]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">
|
||
Originally described from the late Maastrichtian and early Paleocene of Montana and Wyoming (Estes 1969),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676670FFCFFF481620F818FDC7" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1969" box="[129,273,568,591]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66670FFCFFF481620F818FDC7" box="[129,273,568,591]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">Scotiophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
since has been reported from at least nine formations of Campanian – Paleocene age in the Western Interior of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="64CB76746670FFCFFF3D1660F84DFD07" box="[244,324,632,655]" name="Canada" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="64CB76746670FFCFFE691660F8DDFD07" box="[416,468,632,655]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see summaries by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFD611660F9B0FD38" author="Gardner, J. D." pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="219 - 249" refId="ref24635" refString="Gardner, J. D. (2008): New information on frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Lance Formation (late Maastrichtian) and Bug Creek Anthills (late Maastrichtian and early Paleoecene), Hell Creek Formation, USA. - In: Sankey, J. T., Baszio, B. (eds), Vertebrate Microfossil Assemblages: Their Role in Paleoecology and Paleobiogeography, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 219 - 249." type="book chapter" year="2008">Gardner 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Roček 2013,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFE9F1681FB7AFD38" author="Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr." box="[342,627,665,688]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="459 - 515" refId="ref24890" refString="Gardner, J. D., DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013): Mesozoic and Paleocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. - Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93 (4): 459 - 515. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 013 - 0130 - z" type="journal article" year="2013">Gardner and DeMar 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ours is not the first report of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676670FFCFFEAF16A1F8FAFD58" authorityName="ESTES" authorityYear="1969" box="[358,499,697,720]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66670FFCFFEAF16A1F8FAFD58" box="[358,499,697,720]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">S. pustulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Kaiparowits Formation.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFF3416C1F8B4FD78" author="Eaton, J. G. & Cifelli, R. L. & Hutchison, J. H. & Kirkland, J. I. & Parrish, J. M." box="[253,445,729,752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="345 - 353" refId="ref23018" refString="Eaton, J. G., Cifelli, R. L., Hutchison, J. H., Kirkland, J. I., Parrish, J. M. (1999): Cretaceous vertebrate faunas from the Kaiparowits Plateau, south-central Utah. - In: Gillette, D. D. (ed.), Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah, Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication, 99 - 1: 345 - 353." type="journal article" year="1999">Eaton et al. (1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: table 11) included the species in a faunal list for the formation and subsequently
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFD6816E1F829FCB8" author="Rocek, Z. & Eaton, J. G. & Gardner, J. D. & Prikryl, T." pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="341 - 394" refId="ref26694" refString="Rocek, Z., Eaton, J. G., Gardner, J. D., Prikryl, T. (2010): Evolution of anuran assemblages in the Late Cretaceous of Utah, USA. - Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 90 (4): 341 - 394. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 010 - 0040 - 2" type="journal article" year="2010">Roček et al. (2010: 379</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 16Aj–l and Bd) described incomplete
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676670FFCFFF481721F80CFCD8" authorityName="ESTES" authorityYear="1969" box="[129,261,825,848]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66670FFCFFF481721F80CFCD8" box="[129,261,825,848]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">S. pustulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
maxillae from UMNH locality VP
|
||
<quantity id="DB249B016670FFCFFD591721FBDFFCD8" box="[656,726,825,848]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7432" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" unit="in" value="108.0">108 in</quantity>
|
||
the lower part of the formation. Skull bones reported here come from localities in both the lower (OMNH V9) and upper (OMNH V5 and V61) parts of the Kaiparowits Formation, and demonstrate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676670FFCFFEA617A1F8FDFC58" authorityName="ESTES" authorityYear="1969" box="[367,500,953,976]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pustulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66670FFCFFEA617A1F8FDFC58" box="[367,500,953,976]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">S. pustulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was broadly distributed stratigraphically through the formation. Other Judithian reports for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676670FFCFFEC417E1F8A8FB98" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1969" box="[269,417,1017,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66670FFCFFEC417E1F8A8FB98" box="[269,417,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">Scotiophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Western Interior (see Appendix 2) are in the Mesaverde Formation in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066670FFCFFD5C1001FBF6FBB8" box="[661,767,1049,1072]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFF411022F837FBD9" author="Breithaupt, B. H." box="[136,318,1082,1105]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="159 - 175" refId="ref21860" refString="Breithaupt, B. H. (1985): Nonmammalian vertebrate faunas from the Late Cretaceous of Wyoming. - In: Wyoming Geological Association, Thirty-sixth Annual Field Conference Guidebook, pp. 159 - 175." type="proceedings paper" year="1985">Breithaupt 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFE831022FB8AFBD9" author="DeMar, D. G., Jr. & Breithaupt, B. H." box="[330,643,1082,1105]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="33 - 53" refId="ref22669" refString="DeMar, D. G., Jr., Breithaupt, B. H. (2006): The nonmammalian vertebrate microfossil assemblages of the Mesaverde Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Campanian) of the Wind River and Bighorn basins, Wyoming. - New Mexico Museum of Natural History Science Bulletin, 35: 33 - 53." type="journal article" year="2006">DeMar and Breithaupt 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFD591022FBC3FBD9" author="DeMar, D. G., Jr. & Breithaupt, B. H." box="[656,714,1082,1105]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="78 - 103" refId="ref22730" refString="DeMar, D. G., Jr., Breithaupt, B. H. (2008): Terrestrial and aquatic vertebrate paleocommunities of the Mesaverde Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Campanian) of the Wind River and Bighorn basins, Wyoming. - In: Sankey, J. T., Baszio, B. (eds), Vertebrate Microfossil Assemblages: Their Role in Paleoecology and Paleobiogeography, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 78 - 103." type="book chapter" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the upper (Judithian) portion of the Wahweap Formation in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066670FFCFFD051042FA09FBF9" box="[716,768,1114,1137]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFF411062F85DFB19" author="Rocek, Z. & Eaton, J. G. & Gardner, J. D. & Prikryl, T." box="[136,340,1146,1169]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="341 - 394" refId="ref26694" refString="Rocek, Z., Eaton, J. G., Gardner, J. D., Prikryl, T. (2010): Evolution of anuran assemblages in the Late Cretaceous of Utah, USA. - Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 90 (4): 341 - 394. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 010 - 0040 - 2" type="journal article" year="2010">Roček et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the Fruitland Formation in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066670FFCFFD051062F9DDFB39" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFF2C1082F8F1FB39" author="Armstrong-Ziegler, J. G." box="[229,504,1178,1201]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="480 - 483" refId="ref21542" refString="Armstrong-Ziegler, J. G. (1978): An aniliid snake and associated vertebrates from the Campanian of New Mexico. - Journal of Paleontology, 52 (2): 480 - 483." type="journal article" year="1978">Armstrong-Ziegler 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFDCF1082FB36FB39" author="Armstrong-Ziegler, J. G." box="[518,575,1178,1201]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 39" refId="ref21579" refString="Armstrong-Ziegler, J. G. (1980): Amphibia and Reptilia from the Campanian of New Mexico. - Fieldiana Geology, New Series, 4: 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFD841082F9B0FB59" author="Hunt, A. P. & Lucas, S. G." pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="217 - 239" refId="ref25351" refString="Hunt, A. P., Lucas, S. G. (1992): Stratigraphy, paleontology and age of the Fruitland and Kirtland Formations (Upper Cretaceous), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. - In: Lucas, S. G., Kues, B. S., Williamson, T. E., Hunt, A. P. (eds), San Juan Basin IV. New Mexico Geological Society 43 rd Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, pp. 217 - 239." type="proceedings paper" year="1992">Hunt and Lucas 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFF0A10A2F9F5FB59" author="Hunt, A. P. & Lucas, S. G." box="[195,252,1210,1233]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="77 - 81" refId="ref25448" refString="Hunt, A. P., Lucas, S. G. (1993): Cretaceous vertebrates of New Mexico. - New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 2: 77 - 81." type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFEC710A2F8D3FB59" author="Rocek, Z. & Eaton, J. G. & Gardner, J. D. & Prikryl, T." box="[270,474,1210,1233]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="341 - 394" refId="ref26694" refString="Rocek, Z., Eaton, J. G., Gardner, J. D., Prikryl, T. (2010): Evolution of anuran assemblages in the Late Cretaceous of Utah, USA. - Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 90 (4): 341 - 394. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 010 - 0040 - 2" type="journal article" year="2010">Roček et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reported slightly older occurrences for the species (all founded on ilia) at three localities in south-central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066670FFCFFE6D10E2F8D4FA99" box="[420,477,1274,1297]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
: one locality in the lower (early Campanian) part of the Wahweap Formation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFD701102F9F0FAD9" author="Rocek, Z. & Eaton, J. G. & Gardner, J. D. & Prikryl, T." pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="341 - 394" refId="ref26694" refString="Rocek, Z., Eaton, J. G., Gardner, J. D., Prikryl, T. (2010): Evolution of anuran assemblages in the Late Cretaceous of Utah, USA. - Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 90 (4): 341 - 394. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 010 - 0040 - 2" type="journal article" year="2010">Roček et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 13a, b, d); a second locality of similar age that may also lie in the Wahweap Formation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFDB31142F9B3FA19" author="Rocek, Z. & Eaton, J. G. & Gardner, J. D. & Prikryl, T." pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="341 - 394" refId="ref26694" refString="Rocek, Z., Eaton, J. G., Gardner, J. D., Prikryl, T. (2010): Evolution of anuran assemblages in the Late Cretaceous of Utah, USA. - Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 90 (4): 341 - 394. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 010 - 0040 - 2" type="journal article" year="2010">Roček et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig.
|
||
<quantity id="DB249B016670FFCFFF261162F81CFA19" box="[239,277,1402,1425]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" unit="t" value="14.0">14t</quantity>
|
||
); and a late Santonian age locality in the John Henry Member of the Straight Cliffs Formation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFD481182F9B3FA5A" author="Rocek, Z. & Eaton, J. G. & Gardner, J. D. & Prikryl, T." pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="341 - 394" refId="ref26694" refString="Rocek, Z., Eaton, J. G., Gardner, J. D., Prikryl, T. (2010): Evolution of anuran assemblages in the Late Cretaceous of Utah, USA. - Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 90 (4): 341 - 394. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 010 - 0040 - 2" type="journal article" year="2010">Roček et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 10B). The last is likely the oldest occurrence for the species. Recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFE4D11C3FB66FA7A" author="Oreska, M. P. J. & Carrano, M. T. & Dzikiewicz, K. M." box="[388,623,1499,1522]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="264 - 292" refId="ref26141" refString="Oreska, M. P. J., Carrano, M. T., Dzikiewicz, K. M. (2013): Vertebrate paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), 1: Faunal composition, biogeographic relationships, and sampling. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33 (2): 264 - 292. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2012.717567" type="journal article" year="2013">Oreska et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676670FFCFFF4811E3F83AF99A" box="[129,307,1531,1554]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66670FFCFFF4811E3F807F99A" box="[129,270,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">Scotiophryne</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of fragmentary skull bones (a maxilla and some indeterminate bones) from the middle part of the Cloverly Formation (Aptian – Albian) of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066670FFCFFD461223FBF5F9DA" box="[655,764,1595,1618]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Although their figured maxilla does bear pustulate ornament (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFF411263F846F91A" author="Oreska, M. P. J. & Carrano, M. T. & Dzikiewicz, K. M." box="[136,335,1659,1682]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="264 - 292" refId="ref26141" refString="Oreska, M. P. J., Carrano, M. T., Dzikiewicz, K. M. (2013): Vertebrate paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), 1: Faunal composition, biogeographic relationships, and sampling. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33 (2): 264 - 292. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2012.717567" type="journal article" year="2013">Oreska et al 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 8A, B), considering that pattern of ornament is not unique among anurans to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676670FFCFFDB91283FA09F93A" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1969" box="[624,768,1691,1714]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66670FFCFFDB91283FA09F93A" box="[624,768,1691,1714]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">Scotiophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and that the Cloverly specimens are at least 15 million years older than the oldest
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066670FFCFFE9412C3F898F97A" box="[349,401,1755,1778]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
examples, we (as did
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFDB212C3F9B0F89A" author="Oreska, M. P. J. & Carrano, M. T. & Dzikiewicz, K. M." pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="264 - 292" refId="ref26141" refString="Oreska, M. P. J., Carrano, M. T., Dzikiewicz, K. M. (2013): Vertebrate paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), 1: Faunal composition, biogeographic relationships, and sampling. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33 (2): 264 - 292. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2012.717567" type="journal article" year="2013">Oreska et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suspect the Cloverly specimens do not pertain to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676670FFCFFF481303F818F8BA" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1969" box="[129,273,1819,1842]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66670FFCFFF481303F818F8BA" box="[129,273,1819,1842]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">Scotiophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Outside of the Western Interior, there are reports of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676670FFCFFF221323F87EF8DA" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1969" box="[235,375,1851,1874]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66670FFCFFF221323F87EF8DA" box="[235,375,1851,1874]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">Scotiophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in two Campanian formations: the El Gallo Formation (possibly “Edmontonian” equivalent; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFF481364F84AF81B" author="Cifelli, R. L. & Eberle, J. J. & Lofgren, D. L. & Lillegraven, J. A. & Clemens, W. A." box="[129,323,1916,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="21 - 42" refId="ref22191" refString="Cifelli, R. L., Eberle, J. J., Lofgren, D. L., Lillegraven, J. A., Clemens, W. A. (2004): Mammalian biochronology of the latest Cretaceous. - In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 21 - 42." type="book chapter" year="2004">Cifelli et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFE991364FBA8F81B" author="Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. & Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z. - X." box="[336,673,1916,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" refId="ref25705" refString="Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L., Luo, Z. - X. (2004): Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure. - Columbia University Press, New York, 630 pp." type="book" year="2004">Kielan-Jaworowska et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066670FFCFFD071364F9FAF83B" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">Baja California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="64CB76746670FFCFFECF1384F850F83B" box="[262,345,1948,1971]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFEB91384FB99F83B" author="Estes, R. & Sanchiz, B." box="[368,656,1948,1971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="9 - 20" refId="ref23827" refString="Estes, R., Sanchiz, B. (1982): New discoglossid and palaeobatrachid frogs from the Late Cretaceous of Wyoming and Montana, and a review of other frogs from the Lance and Hell Creek formations. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2 (1): 9 - 20. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1982.10011914" type="journal article" year="1982">Estes and Sanchiz 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the Marshalltown Formation (possibly Judithian or Aquilan equivalent; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFEEE13C4F8ECF87B" author="Cifelli, R. L. & Eberle, J. J. & Lofgren, D. L. & Lillegraven, J. A. & Clemens, W. A." box="[295,485,2012,2035]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="21 - 42" refId="ref22191" refString="Cifelli, R. L., Eberle, J. J., Lofgren, D. L., Lillegraven, J. A., Clemens, W. A. (2004): Mammalian biochronology of the latest Cretaceous. - In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 21 - 42." type="book chapter" year="2004">Cifelli et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFE3913C4F9B0F79B" author="Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. & Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z. - X." pageId="5" pageNumber="83" refId="ref25705" refString="Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L., Luo, Z. - X. (2004): Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure. - Columbia University Press, New York, 630 pp." type="book" year="2004">Kielan-Jaworowska et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066670FFCFFF2413E4F878F79B" box="[237,369,2044,2067]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="64CB76746670FFCFFE4813E4F8BCF79B" box="[385,437,2044,2067]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156670FFCFFE0113E4FBFBF79B" author="Denton, R. K., Jr. & O'Neill, R. C." box="[456,754,2044,2067]" pageId="5" pageNumber="83" pagination="484 - 494" refId="ref22816" refString="Denton, R. K., Jr., O'Neill, R. C. (1998): Parrisia neocesariensis, a new batrachosauroidid salamander and other amphibians from the Campanian of eastern North America. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18 (3): 484 - 494. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1998.10011076" type="journal article" year="1998">Denton and O’Neill 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); neither occurrence can be verified, because the relevant specimens (skull and postcranial bones from Baja
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066670FFCFFA9E1480FCCCFF27" box="[1367,1477,152,175]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
; maxilla from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066670FFCFFC1E14A0FD58FF47" box="[983,1105,184,207]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="5" pageNumber="83">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
|
||
) have not been described or figured.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |