371 lines
66 KiB
XML
371 lines
66 KiB
XML
<document id="2EF6F6DA64ED2BF64E7BCC24CB4617B4" ID-CLB-Dataset="29502" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4484.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="74b777c9-eae0-4770-8c86-dcbb10fb06b3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1437848" ID-ZooBank="D66524CF-9C6D-4DF4-8CA2-B2C9708CF5FD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1538125412450" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. & Melnik, Viacheslav P." docDate="2018" docId="521587E4560D554409EEFB41884FF9F3" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4484.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4484 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Rallocytus ridiculus Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik 2018, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="68" masterDocId="AE2CFF9C563255070979FF888A4AFF87" masterDocTitle="Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining" masterLastPageNumber="91" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="64" updateTime="1698557051871" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7E5AC95A513B646AF1AF06F0447F3181">
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<mods:title id="53E07D029AD8FE7353B963474329A57B">Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B41E4CF2F243952DEB495EBB1A2CF931" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="037B2CF41F79CD221537706919A106F8">Grischenko, Andrei V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0EEED4E884F6F57B9A619FC74BCEFF46">Gordon, Dennis P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="862E90F8773D5632818A37694B3C574F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E082C4C880A1C0C9D80416D70637D8E5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1621F67A25D93DA0199459CF58785D35">Melnik, Viacheslav P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C09B7DED202A31AD90E652648739F8A2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="10FA2B2958BFD29D0614064C4EB4F788">
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<mods:date id="0F0826580A2D77C8AE4C44CAF6668E8F">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F827788D0930C5E2C178035FDDD805CC">2018-09-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="A10EAE85D7ABCA302243033E9F0F1E64">4484</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="2C0B5704CA00FCC080AD91D303CFFF18">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="87CF8F4767FD033BFB5542591C95C580" type="CLB-Dataset">29502</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="934A3C6912529C9912AE47B64A1B1706" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4484.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="521587E4560D554409EEFB41884FF9F3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5989833" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148403734" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5989833" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:521587E4560D554409EEFB41884FF9F3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/521587E4560D554409EEFB41884FF9F3" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<subSubSection id="92A66579560D553809EEFB418B1BFA82" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DA0336F2560D553809EEFB418B98FB64" blockId="63.[151,466,1225,1285]" box="[151,466,1225,1251]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<heading id="814B819E560D553809EEFB418B98FB64" bold="true" box="[151,466,1225,1251]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0560D553809EEFB418B98FB64" bold="true" box="[151,466,1225,1251]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<taxonomicName id="1DBC4D71560D553809EEFB418BC3FB64" authority="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik, 2018" authorityName="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,393,1225,1251]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Lichenoporidae" genus="Rallocytus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ridiculus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0560D553809EEFB418BC3FB64" bold="true" box="[151,393,1225,1251]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Rallocytus ridiculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="F3FB579B560D553808E9FB418B98FB64" box="[400,466,1225,1251]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DA0336F2560D553809EEFB648B1BFA82" blockId="63.[151,466,1225,1285]" box="[151,337,1260,1285]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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(
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<figureCitation id="42872A77560D553809E6FB648B6AFA83" box="[159,288,1260,1285]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 42" captionStart-1="FIGURE 43" captionStart-2="FIGURE 44" captionStartId-0="64.[151,250,1833,1855]" captionStartId-1="65.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionStartId-2="66.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetBox-1="[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetBox-2="[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetId-0="figure@64.[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetId-1="figure@65.[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetId-2="figure@66.[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetPageId-0="64" captionTargetPageId-1="65" captionTargetPageId-2="66" captionText-0="FIGURE 42. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50723. A–D, apical and oblique-lateral rotational views of colony with single dimorphic zooid, its smaller aperture (arrowed) facing frontalwards; E–G, peristomes and apertures of dimorphic zooid and adjacent autozooids; H, malleated colony surface at junction of capitulum and column. Scale bars: A–D, 250 µm; E–H, 100 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 43. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50724. A–D, apical and oblique views of fertile colony with two dimorphic zooids (arrowed), one with its aperture facing frontalwards, the other peristome turned slightly toward calyx center; E, F, peristomes, including a smaller frontally facing dimorphic one; G, two autozooidal peristomes with incurved dimorphic peristome between; H, base of column; I, skeletal microstructure; J, K, showing dimorphic and autozooidal apertures, respectively. Scale bars: A–C, 250 µm; D–H, 100 µm; J, K, 50 µm; I, 25 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE 44. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Progressive stages of development of ancestrulate colonies. A–D, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 340, at three-zooid stage, with no distinction among peristomes; E–H, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 183, with four functional zooids, one dimorphic; I–L, specimen GLD4–08, Stn 159, with six functional zooids, one dimorphic; M–P, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 206, five functional zooids, none dimorphic. Scale bars: A, E, 150 µm; B–D, F–P, 200 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1437933/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1437935/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1437937/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Figs 42–44</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="42872A77560D55380852FB648B02FA82" box="[299,328,1260,1285]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="79.[151,250,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 54. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Micro-CT scans of paratype 2, NIWA 127726, as surface (A) and back-face isosurface renders showing colony interiors. A, surface and interior views of seven-zooid colony with dimorphic ancestrular zooid (daz) colored purple in the right-hand image; note small cluster of flattened kenozooidal chambers surrounding protoecium but absent from sides of column; B, lateral view, with entire dimorphic ancestrular zooid seen in left half; C, apical view of calyx, showing flattened kenozooidal/alveolar chambers filling center, dimorphic peristome at right indicated by arrowhead. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437957/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">54</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="92A66579560D553809EEFABC8E48F9CF" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="DA0336F2560D553809EEFABC8E48F9CF" blockId="63.[151,1437,1332,2005]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0560D553809EEFABC8BCFFACA" bold="true" box="[151,389,1332,1357]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0560D553808EBFABC8BB2FACA" box="[402,504,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Holotype</emphasis>
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: ZIRAS 1/50723, colony detached from nodule, YMG R.V.
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<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0560D55380DB4FABC8FD3FACA" box="[1229,1433,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Yuzhmorgeologiya</emphasis>
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cruise YMG4–06, Stn 79,
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<date id="AE021032560D553808B1FADF88C9FAF7" box="[456,643,1367,1392]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2006-08-16">16 August 2006</date>
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, 13.23973° N, 134.39873° W,
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<quantity id="1D449B17560D55380A91FAD08E08FAE8" box="[1000,1090,1368,1392]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.81" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="4810.0">4810 m</quantity>
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.
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<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0560D55380D36FAD18EFCFAF7" box="[1103,1206,1369,1392]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Paratype</emphasis>
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1: ZIRAS 2/50724, colony detached from nodule, YMG R.V.
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<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0560D55380B15FAF48970FA12" box="[620,826,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Yuzhmorgeologiya</emphasis>
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cruise YMG4–07, Stn 130,
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<date id="AE021032560D55380D0CFAF48F57FA13" box="[1141,1309,1404,1428]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2007-08-04">4 August 2007</date>
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, 13.22832° N, 134.56370° W,
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<quantity id="1D449B17560D553808EBFA288BB2FA30" box="[402,504,1440,1464]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.83" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="4830.0">4830 m</quantity>
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.
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<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0560D55380B68FA298832FA3F" box="[529,632,1441,1464]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Paratype</emphasis>
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2: NIWA 127726, colony detached from nodule, YMG R.V.
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<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0560D553809EEFA4C8B2FFA5A" box="[151,357,1476,1501]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Yuzhmorgeologiya</emphasis>
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cruise YMG4–14, Stn 359,
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<date id="AE021032560D55380BDFFA4C892EFA5A" box="[678,868,1476,1501]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2016-01-19">19 January 2016</date>
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, 14.08687° N, 131.78558° W,
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<quantity id="1D449B17560D55380DB8FA4C8F50FA5B" box="[1217,1306,1476,1501]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.122" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="5122.0">5122 m</quantity>
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.
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<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0560D55380C5CFA4C8ABCF987" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Additional material</emphasis>
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: YMG18–01, Stns 6, 31, 34; YMG4–06, Stn 83; YMG4–07, Stn 116; GLD4–08, Stns 155, 159; GLD4–09, Stns 173, 183, 196; GLD4–11, Stns 206, 223; GLD4–12, Stn 262; YMG4–13, Stn 283; YMG4–14, Stns 323, 328, 338, 340. Total specimens examined 23, 18 with dimorphic orifices.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="92A66579560D553809BEF9DC8BBFF917" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="DA0336F2560D553809BEF9DC8BBFF917" blockId="63.[151,1437,1332,2005]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0560D553809BEF9DC8B04F9EA" bold="true" box="[199,334,1620,1645]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Etymology.</emphasis>
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Latin,
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<taxonomicName id="1DBC4D71560D553808D5F9DC885AF9EA" authorityName="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik" authorityYear="2018" box="[428,528,1620,1645]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Lichenoporidae" genus="Rallocytus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ridiculus">
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<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0560D553808D5F9DC885AF9EA" box="[428,528,1620,1645]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ridiculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, absurd, alluding to the dimorphic zooid(s), which can sometimes include/ comprise the ancestrular zooid.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="92A66579560D554409BEF9148907FD03" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="description">
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<paragraph id="DA0336F2560D553809BEF914898FF852" blockId="63.[151,1437,1332,2005]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0560D553809BEF9148B13F932" bold="true" box="[199,345,1692,1717]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Description.</emphasis>
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Colony erect, pedunculate, with autozooidal peristomes radiating outwards around periphery of capitulum; maximum of nine autozooidal peristomes and one dimorphic peristome (
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<figureCitation id="42872A77560D55380DF2F9378F56F95F" box="[1163,1308,1727,1752]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1833,1855]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 42. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50723. A–D, apical and oblique-lateral rotational views of colony with single dimorphic zooid, its smaller aperture (arrowed) facing frontalwards; E–G, peristomes and apertures of dimorphic zooid and adjacent autozooids; H, malleated colony surface at junction of capitulum and column. Scale bars: A–D, 250 µm; E–H, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437933/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 42A–D</figureCitation>
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), or seven autozooidal peristomes and two dimorphic peristomes (
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<figureCitation id="42872A77560D55380A6DF96C89EAF97B" box="[788,928,1764,1789]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 43. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50724. A–D, apical and oblique views of fertile colony with two dimorphic zooids (arrowed), one with its aperture facing frontalwards, the other peristome turned slightly toward calyx center; E, F, peristomes, including a smaller frontally facing dimorphic one; G, two autozooidal peristomes with incurved dimorphic peristome between; H, base of column; I, skeletal microstructure; J, K, showing dimorphic and autozooidal apertures, respectively. Scale bars: A–C, 250 µm; D–H, 100 µm; J, K, 50 µm; I, 25 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437935/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 43A–C</figureCitation>
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), in single uneven whorl. Column relatively short, flaring proximally to skirt-like base (
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<figureCitation id="42872A77560D55380BFCF88F88A7F8A7" box="[645,749,1799,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 43. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50724. A–D, apical and oblique views of fertile colony with two dimorphic zooids (arrowed), one with its aperture facing frontalwards, the other peristome turned slightly toward calyx center; E, F, peristomes, including a smaller frontally facing dimorphic one; G, two autozooidal peristomes with incurved dimorphic peristome between; H, base of column; I, skeletal microstructure; J, K, showing dimorphic and autozooidal apertures, respectively. Scale bars: A–C, 250 µm; D–H, 100 µm; J, K, 50 µm; I, 25 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437935/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 43C</figureCitation>
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), distally to wider capitulum. Entire colony surface strongly malleate, each dimple surrounded by distinct angular ridge (
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<figureCitation id="42872A77560D55380A4EF8A489F5F8C3" box="[823,959,1836,1861]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1833,1855]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 42. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50723. A–D, apical and oblique-lateral rotational views of colony with single dimorphic zooid, its smaller aperture (arrowed) facing frontalwards; E–G, peristomes and apertures of dimorphic zooid and adjacent autozooids; H, malleated colony surface at junction of capitulum and column. Scale bars: A–D, 250 µm; E–H, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437933/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Figs 42F, H</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77560D55380AB3F8A48E55F8C3" box="[970,1055,1836,1860]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 43. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50724. A–D, apical and oblique views of fertile colony with two dimorphic zooids (arrowed), one with its aperture facing frontalwards, the other peristome turned slightly toward calyx center; E, F, peristomes, including a smaller frontally facing dimorphic one; G, two autozooidal peristomes with incurved dimorphic peristome between; H, base of column; I, skeletal microstructure; J, K, showing dimorphic and autozooidal apertures, respectively. Scale bars: A–C, 250 µm; D–H, 100 µm; J, K, 50 µm; I, 25 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437935/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">43D–H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77560D55380D53F8A48E14F8C2" box="[1066,1118,1836,1861]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="79.[151,250,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 54. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Micro-CT scans of paratype 2, NIWA 127726, as surface (A) and back-face isosurface renders showing colony interiors. A, surface and interior views of seven-zooid colony with dimorphic ancestrular zooid (daz) colored purple in the right-hand image; note small cluster of flattened kenozooidal chambers surrounding protoecium but absent from sides of column; B, lateral view, with entire dimorphic ancestrular zooid seen in left half; C, apical view of calyx, showing flattened kenozooidal/alveolar chambers filling center, dimorphic peristome at right indicated by arrowhead. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437957/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">54A</figureCitation>
|
||
); pores simple, sparse, more evident in CT scans (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77560D553808FAF8C78BA0F8EF" box="[387,490,1871,1896]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="79.[151,250,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 54. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Micro-CT scans of paratype 2, NIWA 127726, as surface (A) and back-face isosurface renders showing colony interiors. A, surface and interior views of seven-zooid colony with dimorphic ancestrular zooid (daz) colored purple in the right-hand image; note small cluster of flattened kenozooidal chambers surrounding protoecium but absent from sides of column; B, lateral view, with entire dimorphic ancestrular zooid seen in left half; C, apical view of calyx, showing flattened kenozooidal/alveolar chambers filling center, dimorphic peristome at right indicated by arrowhead. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437957/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 54B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Surface ultrastructure generally of imbricated platy crystallites (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77560D55380DB0F8C78F6CF8EF" box="[1225,1318,1871,1896]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 43. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50724. A–D, apical and oblique views of fertile colony with two dimorphic zooids (arrowed), one with its aperture facing frontalwards, the other peristome turned slightly toward calyx center; E, F, peristomes, including a smaller frontally facing dimorphic one; G, two autozooidal peristomes with incurved dimorphic peristome between; H, base of column; I, skeletal microstructure; J, K, showing dimorphic and autozooidal apertures, respectively. Scale bars: A–C, 250 µm; D–H, 100 µm; J, K, 50 µm; I, 25 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437935/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="AE021032560D55380D84F8D88F6CF8EF" box="[1277,1318,1872,1896]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1943-01">43I</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), in places irregularly arranged and lacking preferred growth direction. Capitulum broadly and shallowly calyciform, calyx center with few to several shallow alveoli and other smaller such openings at surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77560D55380D2FF8108EA8F837" box="[1110,1250,1944,1969]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1833,1855]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 42. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50723. A–D, apical and oblique-lateral rotational views of colony with single dimorphic zooid, its smaller aperture (arrowed) facing frontalwards; E–G, peristomes and apertures of dimorphic zooid and adjacent autozooids; H, malleated colony surface at junction of capitulum and column. Scale bars: A–D, 250 µm; E–H, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437933/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Figs 42A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77560D55380D94F8108F6BF837" box="[1261,1313,1944,1968]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 43. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50724. A–D, apical and oblique views of fertile colony with two dimorphic zooids (arrowed), one with its aperture facing frontalwards, the other peristome turned slightly toward calyx center; E, F, peristomes, including a smaller frontally facing dimorphic one; G, two autozooidal peristomes with incurved dimorphic peristome between; H, base of column; I, skeletal microstructure; J, K, showing dimorphic and autozooidal apertures, respectively. Scale bars: A–C, 250 µm; D–H, 100 µm; J, K, 50 µm; I, 25 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437935/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">43A</figureCitation>
|
||
); CT scans indicate these appear as flattened chambers in optical section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77560D55380A28F83489F2F852" box="[849,952,1980,2005]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="79.[151,250,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 54. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Micro-CT scans of paratype 2, NIWA 127726, as surface (A) and back-face isosurface renders showing colony interiors. A, surface and interior views of seven-zooid colony with dimorphic ancestrular zooid (daz) colored purple in the right-hand image; note small cluster of flattened kenozooidal chambers surrounding protoecium but absent from sides of column; B, lateral view, with entire dimorphic ancestrular zooid seen in left half; C, apical view of calyx, showing flattened kenozooidal/alveolar chambers filling center, dimorphic peristome at right indicated by arrowhead. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437957/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 54C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA0336F25672554709BEFF1F8E22FF7F" blockId="64.[151,1437,151,248]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Autozooidal peristomes in single subregular series, skeletal surface like that of column, with very sparse pores. Peristomial apertures mostly slightly irregular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567255470BCDFF34890FFF53" box="[692,837,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1833,1855]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 42. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50723. A–D, apical and oblique-lateral rotational views of colony with single dimorphic zooid, its smaller aperture (arrowed) facing frontalwards; E–G, peristomes and apertures of dimorphic zooid and adjacent autozooids; H, malleated colony surface at junction of capitulum and column. Scale bars: A–D, 250 µm; E–H, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437933/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Figs 42A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567255470A2BFF3489E3FF53" box="[850,937,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 43. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50724. A–D, apical and oblique views of fertile colony with two dimorphic zooids (arrowed), one with its aperture facing frontalwards, the other peristome turned slightly toward calyx center; E, F, peristomes, including a smaller frontally facing dimorphic one; G, two autozooidal peristomes with incurved dimorphic peristome between; H, base of column; I, skeletal microstructure; J, K, showing dimorphic and autozooidal apertures, respectively. Scale bars: A–C, 250 µm; D–H, 100 µm; J, K, 50 µm; I, 25 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437935/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">43A–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Inner surface of peristome tubes typically weakly corrugated, smooth to lightly textured, no pustules or spinules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567255470ACAFF578E56FF7F" box="[947,1052,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1833,1855]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 42. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50723. A–D, apical and oblique-lateral rotational views of colony with single dimorphic zooid, its smaller aperture (arrowed) facing frontalwards; E–G, peristomes and apertures of dimorphic zooid and adjacent autozooids; H, malleated colony surface at junction of capitulum and column. Scale bars: A–D, 250 µm; E–H, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437933/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Figs 42G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567255470D5EFF688E16FF7F" box="[1063,1116,224,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 43. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50724. A–D, apical and oblique views of fertile colony with two dimorphic zooids (arrowed), one with its aperture facing frontalwards, the other peristome turned slightly toward calyx center; E, F, peristomes, including a smaller frontally facing dimorphic one; G, two autozooidal peristomes with incurved dimorphic peristome between; H, base of column; I, skeletal microstructure; J, K, showing dimorphic and autozooidal apertures, respectively. Scale bars: A–C, 250 µm; D–H, 100 µm; J, K, 50 µm; I, 25 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437935/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">43K</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8EC3667A5672554709EEF8A18BC9F81C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437933/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" startId="64.[151,250,1833,1855]" targetBox="[151,1436,301,1812]" targetPageId="64">
|
||
<paragraph id="DA0336F25672554709EEF8A18BC9F81C" blockId="64.[151,1436,1833,1947]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE05672554709EEF8A18B6BF8B8" bold="true" box="[151,289,1833,1855]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 42.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DBC4D7156725547085EF8A18BB9F8B8" authority="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik, 2018" authorityName="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik" authorityYear="2018" box="[295,499,1833,1855]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Lichenoporidae" genus="Rallocytus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ridiculus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE056725547085EF8A18BB9F8B8" box="[295,499,1833,1855]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Rallocytus ridiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F3FB579B567255470882F8A188C1F8B8" box="[507,651,1833,1855]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567255470882F8A18809F8B8" bold="true" box="[507,579,1833,1855]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567255470B28F8A188C1F8B8" bold="true" box="[593,651,1833,1855]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50723.
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567255470AD6F8A189AAF8B8" bold="true" box="[943,992,1833,1855]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">A–D</emphasis>
|
||
, apical and oblique-lateral rotational views of colony with single dimorphic zooid, its smaller aperture (arrowed) facing frontalwards;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567255470D3AF8C08E3BF8D9" bold="true" box="[1091,1137,1864,1886]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">E–G</emphasis>
|
||
, peristomes and apertures of dimorphic zooid and adjacent autozooids;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567255470B31F8EF8816F8FA" bold="true" box="[584,604,1895,1917]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">H</emphasis>
|
||
, malleated colony surface at junction of capitulum and column. Scale bars: A–D, 250 µm; E–H, 100 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="8EC3667A5673554609EEF8D38E45F86C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437935/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" startId="65.[151,250,1883,1905]" targetBox="[229,1363,193,1861]" targetPageId="65">
|
||
<paragraph id="DA0336F25673554609EEF8D38E45F86C" blockId="65.[151,1436,1883,2027]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE05673554609EEF8D38B6AF8F6" bold="true" box="[151,288,1883,1905]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 43.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DBC4D7156735546085FF8D38BB8F8F6" authority="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik, 2018" authorityName="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik" authorityYear="2018" box="[294,498,1883,1905]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Lichenoporidae" genus="Rallocytus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ridiculus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE056735546085FF8D38BB8F8F6" box="[294,498,1883,1905]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Rallocytus ridiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F3FB579B567355460880F8D388CDF8F6" box="[505,647,1883,1905]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567355460880F8D3880BF8F6" bold="true" box="[505,577,1883,1905]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567355460B34F8D388CDF8F6" bold="true" box="[589,647,1883,1905]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50724.
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567355460ACFF8D389ADF8F6" bold="true" box="[950,999,1883,1905]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A–D</emphasis>
|
||
, apical and oblique views of fertile colony with two dimorphic zooids (arrowed), one with its aperture facing frontalwards, the other peristome turned slightly toward calyx center;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567355460867F8108B65F829" bold="true" box="[286,303,1944,1966]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">E</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567355460845F8108B03F829" bold="true" box="[316,329,1944,1966]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">F</emphasis>
|
||
, peristomes, including a smaller frontally facing dimorphic one;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567355460AA1F81089A3F829" bold="true" box="[984,1001,1944,1966]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G</emphasis>
|
||
, two autozooidal peristomes with incurved dimorphic peristome between;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567355460898F83F8BBFF84A" bold="true" box="[481,501,1975,1997]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">H</emphasis>
|
||
, base of column;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567355460BB9F83F8880F84A" bold="true" box="[704,714,1975,1997]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">I</emphasis>
|
||
, skeletal microstructure;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567355460AA2F83F89A2F84A" bold="true" box="[987,1000,1975,1997]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">J</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567355460A83F83F8E44F84A" bold="true" box="[1018,1038,1975,1997]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">K</emphasis>
|
||
, showing dimorphic and autozooidal apertures, respectively. Scale bars: A–C, 250 µm; D–H, 100 µm; J, K, 50 µm; I, 25 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="8EC3667A5670554509EEF8FD8F65F876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437937/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" startId="66.[151,250,1909,1931]" targetBox="[164,1429,188,1891]" targetPageId="66">
|
||
<paragraph id="DA0336F25670554509EEF8FD8F65F876" blockId="66.[151,1436,1909,2033]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE05670554509EEF8FD8B6BF80C" bold="true" box="[151,289,1909,1931]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">FIGURE 44.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DBC4D71567055450851F8FD8BBEF80C" authority="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik, 2018" authorityName="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik" authorityYear="2018" box="[296,500,1909,1931]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Lichenoporidae" genus="Rallocytus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ridiculus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567055450851F8FD8BBEF80C" box="[296,500,1909,1931]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Rallocytus ridiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F3FB579B567055450885F8FD88C6F80C" box="[508,652,1909,1931]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567055450885F8FD880FF80C" bold="true" box="[508,581,1909,1931]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F3FB579B567055450885F8FD880FF80C" box="[508,581,1909,1931]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567055450B2BF8FD88C6F80C" bold="true" box="[594,652,1909,1931]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Progressive stages of development of ancestrulate colonies.
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567055450D84F8FD8F64F80C" bold="true" box="[1277,1326,1909,1931]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">A–D</emphasis>
|
||
, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 340, at three-zooid stage, with no distinction among peristomes;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567055450AB5F81E89B7F82B" bold="true" box="[972,1021,1942,1964]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">E–H</emphasis>
|
||
, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 183, with four functional zooids, one dimorphic;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567055450B73F83F887BF84A" bold="true" box="[522,561,1975,1997]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">I–L</emphasis>
|
||
, specimen GLD4–08, Stn 159, with six functional zooids, one dimorphic;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567055450C1DF83F8FDFF84A" bold="true" box="[1380,1429,1975,1997]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">M–P</emphasis>
|
||
, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 206, five functional zooids, none dimorphic. Scale bars: A, E, 150 µm; B–D, F–P, 200 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA0336F25671554409BEFF1F894FFEC7" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Dimorphic peristomes
|
||
<quantity id="1D449B175671554408B5FF10885FFF37" box="[460,533,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" metricValueMax="5.08" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="in" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 in</quantity>
|
||
calyx whorl, evident from their smaller apertures, chamber size as in ordinary zooids; dimorphism sometimes pertaining to ancestrular peristome (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567155440AD6FF348E0AFF53" box="[943,1088,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="79.[151,250,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 54. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Micro-CT scans of paratype 2, NIWA 127726, as surface (A) and back-face isosurface renders showing colony interiors. A, surface and interior views of seven-zooid colony with dimorphic ancestrular zooid (daz) colored purple in the right-hand image; note small cluster of flattened kenozooidal chambers surrounding protoecium but absent from sides of column; B, lateral view, with entire dimorphic ancestrular zooid seen in left half; C, apical view of calyx, showing flattened kenozooidal/alveolar chambers filling center, dimorphic peristome at right indicated by arrowhead. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437957/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 54A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Capacious gonozooid(s) not seen. Dimorphic apertures inferred to be female, facing frontalwards (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567155440ADFFF578E38FF7F" box="[934,1138,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1833,1855]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 42. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50723. A–D, apical and oblique-lateral rotational views of colony with single dimorphic zooid, its smaller aperture (arrowed) facing frontalwards; E–G, peristomes and apertures of dimorphic zooid and adjacent autozooids; H, malleated colony surface at junction of capitulum and column. Scale bars: A–D, 250 µm; E–H, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437933/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 42A, B, D–G</figureCitation>
|
||
) or inclined towards calyx center (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567155440994FE8C8B30FE9B" box="[237,378,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 43. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50724. A–D, apical and oblique views of fertile colony with two dimorphic zooids (arrowed), one with its aperture facing frontalwards, the other peristome turned slightly toward calyx center; E, F, peristomes, including a smaller frontally facing dimorphic one; G, two autozooidal peristomes with incurved dimorphic peristome between; H, base of column; I, skeletal microstructure; J, K, showing dimorphic and autozooidal apertures, respectively. Scale bars: A–C, 250 µm; D–H, 100 µm; J, K, 50 µm; I, 25 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437935/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 43A–G</figureCitation>
|
||
; one of the two such apertures). Dimorphic zooids seen as early as four-zooid stage colony (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A775671554409E6FEAF8B6BFEC7" box="[159,289,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 44. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Progressive stages of development of ancestrulate colonies. A–D, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 340, at three-zooid stage, with no distinction among peristomes; E–H, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 183, with four functional zooids, one dimorphic; I–L, specimen GLD4–08, Stn 159, with six functional zooids, one dimorphic; M–P, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 206, five functional zooids, none dimorphic. Scale bars: A, E, 150 µm; B–D, F–P, 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437937/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 44E–L</figureCitation>
|
||
) or lacking in young colony (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567155440B14FEAF88B3FEC7" box="[621,761,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 44. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Progressive stages of development of ancestrulate colonies. A–D, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 340, at three-zooid stage, with no distinction among peristomes; E–H, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 183, with four functional zooids, one dimorphic; I–L, specimen GLD4–08, Stn 159, with six functional zooids, one dimorphic; M–P, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 206, five functional zooids, none dimorphic. Scale bars: A, E, 150 µm; B–D, F–P, 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437937/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 44M–P</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA0336F25671554409BEFEC48E8FFE72" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Ancestrula not seen in isolation, but obviously erect judging from smallest (three-zooid) colony stage seen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A775671554409E6FEE78B66FE0F" box="[159,300,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 44. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Progressive stages of development of ancestrulate colonies. A–D, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 340, at three-zooid stage, with no distinction among peristomes; E–H, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 183, with four functional zooids, one dimorphic; I–L, specimen GLD4–08, Stn 159, with six functional zooids, one dimorphic; M–P, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 206, five functional zooids, none dimorphic. Scale bars: A, E, 150 µm; B–D, F–P, 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437937/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 44A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
), which lacks expanded base; CT scans confirm that ancestrular peristome originates from center of dome-like protoecium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A775671554408DAFE1C8BB2FE2A" box="[419,504,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="79.[151,250,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 54. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Micro-CT scans of paratype 2, NIWA 127726, as surface (A) and back-face isosurface renders showing colony interiors. A, surface and interior views of seven-zooid colony with dimorphic ancestrular zooid (daz) colored purple in the right-hand image; note small cluster of flattened kenozooidal chambers surrounding protoecium but absent from sides of column; B, lateral view, with entire dimorphic ancestrular zooid seen in left half; C, apical view of calyx, showing flattened kenozooidal/alveolar chambers filling center, dimorphic peristome at right indicated by arrowhead. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437957/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
|
||
, right image). First daughter zooid budded from ancestrular peristome soon after development to achieve two-zooid colony; third zooid develops between these (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567155440D60FE3F8EC8FE57" box="[1049,1154,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 44. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Progressive stages of development of ancestrulate colonies. A–D, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 340, at three-zooid stage, with no distinction among peristomes; E–H, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 183, with four functional zooids, one dimorphic; I–L, specimen GLD4–08, Stn 159, with six functional zooids, one dimorphic; M–P, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 206, five functional zooids, none dimorphic. Scale bars: A, E, 150 µm; B–D, F–P, 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437937/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 44A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Medium-sized colonies with central space (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567155440809FE548B9EFE73" box="[368,468,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 44. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Progressive stages of development of ancestrulate colonies. A–D, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 340, at three-zooid stage, with no distinction among peristomes; E–H, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 183, with four functional zooids, one dimorphic; I–L, specimen GLD4–08, Stn 159, with six functional zooids, one dimorphic; M–P, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 206, five functional zooids, none dimorphic. Scale bars: A, E, 150 µm; B–D, F–P, 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437937/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 44E</figureCitation>
|
||
) filling with alveoli as capitulum expands radially (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567155440D6EFE548E30FE73" box="[1047,1146,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 44. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Progressive stages of development of ancestrulate colonies. A–D, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 340, at three-zooid stage, with no distinction among peristomes; E–H, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 183, with four functional zooids, one dimorphic; I–L, specimen GLD4–08, Stn 159, with six functional zooids, one dimorphic; M–P, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 206, five functional zooids, none dimorphic. Scale bars: A, E, 150 µm; B–D, F–P, 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437937/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 44E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567155440DFFFE548EF3FE72" box="[1158,1209,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="79.[151,250,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 54. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Micro-CT scans of paratype 2, NIWA 127726, as surface (A) and back-face isosurface renders showing colony interiors. A, surface and interior views of seven-zooid colony with dimorphic ancestrular zooid (daz) colored purple in the right-hand image; note small cluster of flattened kenozooidal chambers surrounding protoecium but absent from sides of column; B, lateral view, with entire dimorphic ancestrular zooid seen in left half; C, apical view of calyx, showing flattened kenozooidal/alveolar chambers filling center, dimorphic peristome at right indicated by arrowhead. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437957/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">54C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA0336F25671554409BEFE778907FD03" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE05671554409BEFE778B8DFD9F" bold="true" box="[199,455,511,536]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Measurements (mm).</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="050788505671554408A8FE778876FD9F" box="[465,572,511,536]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, ZIRAS 1/50723 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567155440A68FE778922FD9F" box="[785,872,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1833,1855]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[151,1436,301,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 42. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50723. A–D, apical and oblique-lateral rotational views of colony with single dimorphic zooid, its smaller aperture (arrowed) facing frontalwards; E–G, peristomes and apertures of dimorphic zooid and adjacent autozooids; H, malleated colony surface at junction of capitulum and column. Scale bars: A–D, 250 µm; E–H, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437933/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
|
||
): Colony height 1.24; capitulum 1.23 × 0.88; ZL 0.440–0.598 (0.524 ± 0.051) (
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE056715544089FFDAD8BBEFDBB" box="[486,500,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 9); PeL 0.085–0.242 (0.167 ± 0.054) (
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567155440AC1FDAD898CFDBB" box="[952,966,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 9); PeD 0.163–0.202 (0.185 ± 0.013) (
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567155440CF7FDAD8FD6FDBB" box="[1422,1436,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 9); ApL 0.118–0.151 (0.136 ± 0.012) (
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567155440B1DFDC18838FDE7" box="[612,626,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 9); ApW 0.113–0.142 (0.126 ± 0.009) (
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567155440D2BFDC18E2AFDE7" box="[1106,1120,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 9). Dimorphic zooid (
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567155440C0FFDC18FCEFDE7" box="[1398,1412,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 1): ZL 0.553; PeL 0.218; PeD 0.213; OpL 0.083; OpW 0.092.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="92A665795671554409BEFD078AA4F9AA" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="DA0336F25671554409BEFD0789C3FD4A" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE05671554409BEFD078B71FD2F" bold="true" box="[199,315,655,680]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DBC4D7156715544083DFD078863FD2F" authority="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik, 2018" authorityName="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik" authorityYear="2018" box="[324,553,655,680]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Lichenoporidae" genus="Rallocytus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ridiculus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE056715544083DFD078863FD2F" box="[324,553,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Rallocytus ridiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567155440B4BFD07883EFD2F" bold="true" box="[562,628,655,680]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F3FB579B567155440B4BFD07883EFD2F" box="[562,628,655,680]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is striking for its malleated surface texture (seen also in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DBC4D71567155440C77FD078B46FD4B" authority="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik, 2018" authorityName="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik" authorityYear="2018" class="Stenolaemata" family="Lichenoporidae" genus="Calyssopora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="vasiformis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567155440C77FD078B46FD4B" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Calyssopora vasiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE056715544086BFD3C8B1BFD4A" bold="true" box="[274,337,692,717]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F3FB579B56715544086BFD3C8B1BFD4A" box="[274,337,692,717]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) and the dimorphic zooids within the calyx whorl.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA0336F25671554409BEFD5F88B0FBB3" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
There are significant implications attached to a potential female reproductive function for the dimorphic zooids. First, a CT scan of one mature colony in which a dimorphic peristome appears in the calyx whorl shows this zooid to be the ancestrula (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A7756715544088EFC9788C8FCBF" box="[503,642,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="79.[151,250,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[162,1427,190,1827]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 54. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Micro-CT scans of paratype 2, NIWA 127726, as surface (A) and back-face isosurface renders showing colony interiors. A, surface and interior views of seven-zooid colony with dimorphic ancestrular zooid (daz) colored purple in the right-hand image; note small cluster of flattened kenozooidal chambers surrounding protoecium but absent from sides of column; B, lateral view, with entire dimorphic ancestrular zooid seen in left half; C, apical view of calyx, showing flattened kenozooidal/alveolar chambers filling center, dimorphic peristome at right indicated by arrowhead. Scale bars: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437957/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 54A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Can this mean that the dimorphic peristomes seen in several juvenile colonies (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A7756715544084FFCCC8BB9FCDB" box="[310,499,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 44. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Progressive stages of development of ancestrulate colonies. A–D, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 340, at three-zooid stage, with no distinction among peristomes; E–H, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 183, with four functional zooids, one dimorphic; I–L, specimen GLD4–08, Stn 159, with six functional zooids, one dimorphic; M–P, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 206, five functional zooids, none dimorphic. Scale bars: A, E, 150 µm; B–D, F–P, 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437937/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 44E–H, I–L</figureCitation>
|
||
) also pertain to the ancestrula? We cannot be sure; another mature colony had two dimorphic peristomes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A775671554408E4FCEF886DFC07" box="[413,551,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[229,1363,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 43. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50724. A–D, apical and oblique views of fertile colony with two dimorphic zooids (arrowed), one with its aperture facing frontalwards, the other peristome turned slightly toward calyx center; E, F, peristomes, including a smaller frontally facing dimorphic one; G, two autozooidal peristomes with incurved dimorphic peristome between; H, base of column; I, skeletal microstructure; J, K, showing dimorphic and autozooidal apertures, respectively. Scale bars: A–C, 250 µm; D–H, 100 µm; J, K, 50 µm; I, 25 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437935/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 43A–E</figureCitation>
|
||
), and either one, or neither, was ancestrular. But, if so, then it would seem to pose an energetic problem for early colony development, unless the dimorphic ancestrular zooid also has a feeding polypide, as seems likely. Alternatively (or additionally), the timing of budding of the first daughter zooid (from the ancestrular peristome, not the protoecium) may be such as to ensure that at least one feeding zooid is contemporaneous with a non-feeding ancestrula. A zooid pair in
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567155440A13FC7F8987FB97" box="[874,973,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 44. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Progressive stages of development of ancestrulate colonies. A–D, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 340, at three-zooid stage, with no distinction among peristomes; E–H, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 183, with four functional zooids, one dimorphic; I–L, specimen GLD4–08, Stn 159, with six functional zooids, one dimorphic; M–P, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 206, five functional zooids, none dimorphic. Scale bars: A, E, 150 µm; B–D, F–P, 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437937/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 44A</figureCitation>
|
||
indicates simultaneity of development of the first two zooids (apparent autozooids, in this case).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA0336F25671554409BEFBB788DEFA8A" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Second, if a dimorphic peristome occurs in a juvenile colony (as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567155440AABFBB78ED9FBDF" box="[978,1171,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[164,1429,188,1891]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 44. Rallocytus ridiculus n. gen., n. sp. Progressive stages of development of ancestrulate colonies. A–D, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 340, at three-zooid stage, with no distinction among peristomes; E–H, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 183, with four functional zooids, one dimorphic; I–L, specimen GLD4–08, Stn 159, with six functional zooids, one dimorphic; M–P, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 206, five functional zooids, none dimorphic. Scale bars: A, E, 150 µm; B–D, F–P, 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437937/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 44E–H, I–L</figureCitation>
|
||
), how is this peristome maintained as the zooid grows upwards? Or is the modified peristomial aperture shed and regrown during polypide recycling? Such a thing has never been reported. The fact that at least one cyclostome species in this fauna has multiple brown bodies (i.e. in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DBC4D71567155440892FB2488F6FB42" authority="" authorityName="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik" authorityYear="2018" box="[491,700,1196,1221]" class="Stenolaemata" genus="Pandanipora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomata" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="helix">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567155440892FB2488F6FB42" box="[491,700,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Pandanipora helix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="42872A77567155440BB5FB24896AFB42" box="[716,800,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1698,1720]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1677]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pandanipora helix n. gen., n. sp. A, K, specimen YMG4–13, Stn 289; B, C, specimen YMG4–13, Stn 308; D, specimen YMG4–07, Stn 143; E, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 219; F, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 330; G–I, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 326; J, specimen GLD4–12, Stn 258; L, specimen YMG4–13, Stn 321. A–D, F, prop morphology: A, vertical and oblique columnar props attached to nodule by expanded tips; B, curved props attached to nodule irregularities by expanded tips with complex outlines; C, same, close-up; D, single elongated prop from its inception in the zooid basal wall to its distal expansion; E, light micrograph of colony showing successively overlapping zooids with their coelomic cavities continuing into the props with no intervening septum or pore, as well as 2–5 brown bodies located centrally to proximally in several zooids; F, prop tip showing opening towards substratum and internal surface with wedge-shaped crystallites, structurally analogous to peristome; G–I, ancestrula and daughter zooid budded from peristome; J–L, ancestrula and postancestrular zooids. Scale bars: A, B, E, 500 µm; C, D, J–L, 250 µm; F, 50 µm; G–I, 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1437858/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
|
||
) shows that polypide recycling can happen in this stable environment, so perhaps peristomial shape might be labile. Indeed, conventional gonozooids begin as normal autozooids, modifying during further growth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA0336F25671554409BEFA9F8AA4F9AA" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Third, the lack of a capacious incubation chamber in any of the numerous specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DBC4D71567155440DE7FA9F8F3EFAB7" box="[1182,1396,1303,1328]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Lichenoporidae" genus="Rallocytus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ridiculu">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567155440DE7FA9F8F3EFAB7" box="[1182,1396,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Rallocytus ridiculu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567155440CFCFA9F8A82FAD2" bold="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE05671554409A3FAB48B57FAD2" bold="true" box="[218,285,1340,1365]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
(and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DBC4D7156715544081CFAB48861FAD3" authority="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik, 2018" authorityName="Grischenko & Gordon & Melnik" authorityYear="2018" box="[357,555,1340,1364]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Lichenoporidae" genus="Anyuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="anastema" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE056715544081CFAB48861FAD3" box="[357,555,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Anyuta anastema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F3FB579B567155440B4FFAB48894FAD2" box="[566,734,1340,1365]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567155440B4FFAB488C3FAD2" bold="true" box="[566,649,1340,1365]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567155440BE2FAB48894FAD2" bold="true" box="[667,734,1340,1365]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
) suggests that embryonic cloning (polyembryony) might be secondarily suppressed (wholly or partly) in these taxa—the dimorphic zooid, being the same size as an ordinary autozooid, would have little volume for cloning (unlike in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DBC4D71567155440A5AFA0C898BFA1A" box="[803,961,1412,1437]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Cinctiporidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Cinctiporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). If the ancestrular zooid can produce eggs precociously in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DBC4D71567155440835FA218B8FFA47" box="[332,453,1447,1472]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Lichenoporidae" genus="Rallocytus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ridiculu">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567155440835FA218B8FFA47" box="[332,453,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">R. ridiculu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s, then the apparent strategy could be that of reproducing one or a few larvae early and several times therafter, instead of producing a capacious gonozooid for the delayed mass production of embryos, either during a very narrow time period or, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DBC4D71567155440BCAFA678ECEF98F" authority="(Jenkins et al. 2017)" authorityName="Jenkins et al." authorityYear="2017" box="[691,1156,1519,1544]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Crisiidae" genus="Filicrisia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="geniculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567155440BCAFA6789D2F98F" box="[691,920,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Filicrisia geniculata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BE2D4B03567155440ADFFA678E36F98F" box="[934,1148,1519,1544]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refId="ref35233" refString="Jenkins, H. L., Waeschenbach, A., Okamura, B., Hughes, R. N. & Bishop, J. D. D. (2017) Phylogenetically widespread polyembryony in cyclostome bryozoans and the protracted asynchronous release of clonal brood mates. PLoS ONE, 12 (1), e 0170010. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journalpone. 0170010" type="journal article">
|
||
Jenkins
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE0567155440D7BFA798E78F98F" box="[1026,1074,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, over an extended period of time.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="92A665795671554409BEF9BF884FF9F3" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="DA0336F25671554409BEF9BF884FF9F3" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8C8EAE05671554409BEF9BF8B2AF9D7" bold="true" box="[199,352,1591,1616]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Recorded from 21 stations within coordinates 12.65742–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="BF885035567155440A8FF9BF8EC2F9D7" box="[1014,1160,1591,1616]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" precision="1" value="14.41137">14.41137° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 129.08067–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="BF885035567155440C62F9BF8AF8F9F3" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" precision="1" value="-134.5637">134.56370° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, at depth range
|
||
<quantity id="1D449B1756715544081BF9D4884AF9F3" box="[354,512,1628,1653]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9265" metricValueMax="5.212999999999999" metricValueMin="4.64" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="m" value="4926.5" valueMax="5213.0" valueMin="4640.0">4640–5213 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |