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<document id="88C174EF1A8056442ACCAEF388DC7B02" ID-CLB-Dataset="26978" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4587.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="30b2e4dc-5996-46b6-8be8-7bccdd041563" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2651448" ID-ZooBank="CC6CDA5A-E283-49AD-9F31-CE95C123A379" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1556225796868" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Samaai, Toufiek, Pillay, Ruwen &amp; Janson, Liesl" docDate="2019" docId="224C879C2B7CFFF9FF088A84FD056466" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4587.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4587 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.16:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="16" docTitle="Cliona grandis Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="17" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="DE75FFE42B77FFF5FF9F8829FFDF6316" masterDocTitle="Shallow-water Demospongiae (Porifera) from Sodwana Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1701997008732" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="B66330523A1291F3DCAECCC3CEB1DD6F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="224BC8AB104D322EFCEB11C96465DEA7">
<mods:title id="85F1090666182B110B4A68ACB8F1BB34">Shallow-water Demospongiae (Porifera) from Sodwana Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="F047AF09C228CFAEF855269EE4150CC7" type="personal">
<mods:role id="71C7CF7E130387AC728AAA38684A06F5">
<mods:roleTerm id="1EBD3D21DAF467A069D4078573EF9B6B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="EB151F602F24BD379B29E41A21F8A6BF">Samaai, Toufiek</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="435481FDA63384AB003EC71F20AB69B3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="3DBBBFE707B409025D9C074EBB6C6044">
<mods:roleTerm id="23914666FB57FADF2311EC9EA240A703">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="7C9D7614CF34E99E202DE08911814A52">Pillay, Ruwen</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="0244824B9B86CE3EE436B3DC3FDE0975" type="personal">
<mods:role id="4F72774D9104797EFC98BD4A781CD737">
<mods:roleTerm id="670D7931A10D4E39EEFD80B52C49D0DF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="B74D61D556B3B03C7F8C7E8164768011">Janson, Liesl</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="5DFA83F7F51262648A9D1B1EEA285338">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="0F85FAD520993A94A2C7BD3BA234B61F" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="52A6E530E915A139291CFC2ADB32D1E0">
<mods:title id="C1E606630401F4676A9CE4F51F7B6A8C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="861FEC0B535AF27930B9C31C0C14EDD7">
<mods:date id="5132A39ADF4597564EB735B843C2C4C4">2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="A23B284693860CB349AAAEE01CA869D8" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="99ECA8031E8CCF200A09A780C3578ECF">2019-04-23</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="787F7D0E56469D3227DAA86D016A7D97" type="volume">
<mods:number id="88939F9DD96D485547801F1294385E88">4587</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="4CCF3B4EAEEE85642A911021FF349F51" type="issue">
<mods:number id="03D8C4EFAC2D09194B8061DA7A65D885">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="C6FF4BB9AF11C8A79F6624AFDB0AC84E">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="129BC85810DD2763D218715C87D1EBFF">85</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:classification id="BEB69C271C194ED8CECE3574B98AA0FA">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="88C517F7314ADAD79F3C8BC68821F571" type="CLB-Dataset">26978</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0AF54DF506687BE54D32710D2A14E3A1" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4587.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0AF3A739E9A94F25F3FDEB8BA5D226DE" type="GBIF-Dataset">30b2e4dc-5996-46b6-8be8-7bccdd041563</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="6E641E44A0B79FC58F617A094F9DCC05" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="AD2B56122F65A0AAD839421E73164F0D" type="Zenodo-Dep">2651448</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F261D341E80D403BDB36EF6586DB8A1D" type="ZooBank">CC6CDA5A-E283-49AD-9F31-CE95C123A379</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="224C879C2B7CFFF9FF088A84FD056466" ID-GBIF-Taxon="156843736" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:224C879C2B7CFFF9FF088A84FD056466" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/224C879C2B7CFFF9FF088A84FD056466" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<subSubSection id="E2FF65012B7CFFFEFF088A84FE6F61D1" box="[151,432,685,711]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7CFFFEFF088A84FE6F61D1" blockId="11.[151,432,685,744]" box="[151,432,685,711]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="F11281E62B7CFFFEFF088A84FE6F61D1" bold="true" box="[151,432,685,711]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFF088A84FE6F61D1" bold="true" box="[151,432,685,711]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7CFFFEFF088A84FE9561D1" authority="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson, 2019" authorityName="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,330,685,711]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFF088A84FE9561D1" bold="true" box="[151,330,685,711]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cliona grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83A257E32B7CFFFEFECD8A84FE6F61D1" box="[338,432,685,711]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E2FF65012B7CFFFEFF088AE6FEFD61FE" box="[151,290,719,744]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7CFFFEFF088AE6FEFD61FE" blockId="11.[151,432,685,744]" box="[151,290,719,744]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
(
<figureCitation id="32DE2A0F2B7CFFFEFF008AE6FF3F61FE" box="[159,224,719,744]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1981,2003]" captionTargetBox="[189,1397,185,1959]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[189,1397,185,1960]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona grandis sp. nov. A &amp; B. In situ; C &amp; D. Skeletal archtecture (C, x5; D, x 10); E. Tylostyles; F &amp; G. close up of the tylostyle heads." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2651454/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A–G)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E2FF65012B7CFFFEFF088B3EFBD860D6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7CFFFEFF088B3EFA846042" blockId="11.[151,1437,791,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFF088B3EFE596026" bold="true" box="[151,390,791,816]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="1A8D3CD72B7CFFFEFE0C8B3EFA846042" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2236964314" collectingDate="2003-11-05" collectionCode="SAMC-A" collectorName="T. Samaai" country="South Africa" elevation="8" latitude="-27.533" location="Quarter Mile" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="32.6808" municipality="Sodwana Bay" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCode="SAMC-A24722" specimenCount="8" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="755E88282B7CFFFEFE0C8B3EFE246026" box="[403,507,791,816]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCode id="FA439EF12B7CFFFEFD968B31FD1F6026" box="[521,704,792,816]" collectionCode="SAMC-A" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">SAMC–A24722</specimenCode>
(cross-reference TS 840 &amp; Saf 3-Sod51),
<location id="AF3A60512B7CFFFEFB5A8B31FA836026" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:224C879C2B7CFFF9FF088A84FD056466:AF3A60512B7CFFFEFB5A8B31FA836026" box="[1221,1372,791,816]" country="South Africa" latitude="-27.533" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="32.6808" municipality="Sodwana Bay" name="Quarter Mile" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Quarter Mile</location>
reef,
<collectingMunicipality id="4A3EACF02B7CFFFEFF088B15FEEC6043" box="[151,307,828,853]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sodwana Bay</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="D2F2761A2B7CFFFEFEA18B15FE126043" box="[318,461,828,853]" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="CFD1504D2B7CFFFEFE428B15FD896043" box="[477,598,828,853]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="5" value="-27.533">27.5330°S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CFD1504D2B7CFFFEFDFD8B15FD026043" box="[610,733,828,853]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="5" value="32.6808">32.6808°E</geoCoordinate>
), 0
<date id="DE5B104A2B7CFFFEFD608B15FC146042" box="[767,971,828,853]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="2003-11-05">
<collectingDate id="CE1FE9A22B7CFFFEFD608B15FC146042" box="[767,971,828,853]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="2003-11-05">5 November 2003</collectingDate>
</date>
, collected by
<collectorName id="0710535C2B7CFFFEFBF98B14FB076043" box="[1126,1240,828,853]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T. Samaai</collectorName>
, depth
<specimenCount id="BCE3FD032B7CFFFEFAB78B15FA846042" box="[1320,1371,828,852]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="generic">
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7CFFFEFAB78B15FA896042" box="[1320,1366,828,852]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="8.0">
<elevation id="21C8D1B92B7CFFFEFAB78B15FA896042" box="[1320,1366,828,852]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</elevation>
</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7CFFFEFF588B76FD06608B" blockId="11.[151,1437,791,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFF588B76FD87606E" bold="true" box="[199,600,863,888]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Comparative material examined.</emphasis>
SAM-H4889 (TS 203), South Paw, Oudekraal (
<geoCoordinate id="CFD1504D2B7CFFFEFB138B49FADA606E" box="[1164,1285,864,888]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="5" value="-33.9333">33.9333°S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CFD1504D2B7CFFFEFA8B8B76FA4F606E" box="[1300,1424,863,888]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="5" value="17.0166">17.0166°E</geoCoordinate>
), depth
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7CFFFEFF488BADFEE5608A" box="[215,314,900,925]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="18.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="17.0">17–20 m</quantity>
, collected by P. Coetzee,
<date id="DE5B104A2B7CFFFEFDC78BADFD0A608B" box="[600,725,900,925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1996-04">April 1996</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7CFFFEFF588B8EFBD860D6" blockId="11.[151,1437,791,2005]" box="[199,1031,935,960]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<materialsCitation id="1A8D3CD72B7CFFFEFF588B8EFBD860D6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2236964341" box="[199,1031,935,960]" country="South Africa" location="Quarter Mile" municipality="Sodwana Bay" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFF588B8EFEBA60D6" bold="true" box="[199,357,935,960]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<typeStatus id="755E88282B7CFFFEFF588B8EFEDD60D6" box="[199,258,935,960]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
<location id="AF3A60512B7CFFFEFEF38B81FE2260D6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:224C879C2B7CFFF9FF088A84FD056466:AF3A60512B7CFFFEFEF38B81FE2260D6" box="[364,509,935,960]" country="South Africa" municipality="Sodwana Bay" name="Quarter Mile" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Quarter Mile</location>
reef,
<collectingMunicipality id="4A3EACF02B7CFFFEFDA18B8EFD0560D6" box="[574,730,935,960]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sodwana Bay</collectingMunicipality>
, east coast of
<collectingCountry id="D2F2761A2B7CFFFEFCE98B8EFBD860D6" box="[886,1031,935,960]" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">South Africa</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E2FF65012B7CFFFEFF588BE5FB4066CA" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7CFFFEFF588BE5FE71678E" blockId="11.[151,1437,791,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFF588BE5FE8660F3" bold="true" box="[199,345,972,997]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Description.</emphasis>
Massive mount-like sponge, 1100 × 700 ×
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7CFFFEFCA08BE5FC4360F2" box="[831,924,972,996]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="180.0">180 mm</quantity>
diameter, apical ridge visible, with numerous oscules (
<figureCitation id="32DE2A0F2B7CFFFEFF638BC6FEA2671E" box="[252,381,1007,1032]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1981,2003]" captionTargetBox="[189,1397,185,1959]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[189,1397,185,1960]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona grandis sp. nov. A &amp; B. In situ; C &amp; D. Skeletal archtecture (C, x5; D, x 10); E. Tylostyles; F &amp; G. close up of the tylostyle heads." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2651454/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
). Surface bumpy and undulating, but smooth, with polygonal pattern formed by numerous indented oscules and retractable inhalant papillae,
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7CFFFEFD528C3DFCE7673A" box="[717,824,1044,1069]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 mm</quantity>
diameter. Oscules found along the ridge of the sponge and evenly distributed. Inhalant poral structure (ostia) raised
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7CFFFEFCFB8C11FC746759" box="[868,939,1080,1104]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7CFFFEFC248C11FBDF6759" box="[955,1024,1080,1104]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
diameter, covered with membrane. Texture firm, leathery to the touch, barely compressible. Colour in life orange-yellow, interior dirty orange; in preservative dark brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7CFFFEFF588C8DFCB36666" blockId="11.[151,1437,791,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFF588C8DFEF167AB" bold="true" box="[199,302,1188,1213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Skeleton</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="32DE2A0F2B7CFFFEFEA28C8DFE6367AA" box="[317,444,1188,1213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1981,2003]" captionTargetBox="[189,1397,185,1959]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[189,1397,185,1960]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona grandis sp. nov. A &amp; B. In situ; C &amp; D. Skeletal archtecture (C, x5; D, x 10); E. Tylostyles; F &amp; G. close up of the tylostyle heads." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2651454/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3 C, D</figureCitation>
). Choanosomal skeleton is a confused irregular reticulation of tylostyles with a complex mix of sponge tissue and sand debris haphazardly distributed through the tissue. The ectosomal skeleton consists of a distinct compact mass of tylostyles, 100
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7CFFFEFDF08CC5FD2E6613" box="[623,753,1260,1285]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="1000.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="0.0">0–2000 µm</quantity>
wide, orientated perpendicular to the surface. The ectosome is not readily distinguishable from underlying choanosome.
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFCA78D26FC45663E" bold="true" box="[824,922,1295,1320]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spicules</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFC288D26FB96663E" bold="true" box="[951,1097,1295,1320]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megascleres</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="32DE2A0F2B7CFFFEFBF78D26FB66663E" box="[1128,1209,1295,1320]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1981,2003]" captionTargetBox="[189,1397,185,1959]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[189,1397,185,1960]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona grandis sp. nov. A &amp; B. In situ; C &amp; D. Skeletal archtecture (C, x5; D, x 10); E. Tylostyles; F &amp; G. close up of the tylostyle heads." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2651454/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
E–G). Tylostyles smooth, straight or curved with prominent tylote heads, distal end fusiform, in one size category: 320 (176–370) × 8 (8) µm, n = 10. Tylostyle head variable.
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFDEF8D7EFCD06666" bold="true" box="[624,783,1367,1392]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Microscleres.</emphasis>
Absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7CFFFEFF588D55FB4066CA" blockId="11.[151,1437,791,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFF588D55FD4F6683" bold="true" box="[199,656,1404,1429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Substratum, depth range and ecology.</emphasis>
The new species is common on shallow rocky reef areas with sandy patches at a depth range
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7CFFFEFE278DB6FDD566AE" box="[440,522,1439,1464]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="15.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="5.0">
5–
<specimenCount id="BCE3FD032B7CFFFEFE4A8DB6FDD566AE" box="[469,522,1439,1464]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="generic">25m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. This sponge has been observed the southwestern cape biozone in the southern Benguala ecoregion and off the Agulhas &amp; Natal bioregions where inshore upwelling occur.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E2FF65012B7CFFFEFF588DCEFB506516" box="[199,1167,1511,1536]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7CFFFEFF588DCEFB506516" blockId="11.[151,1437,791,2005]" box="[199,1167,1511,1536]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFF588DCEFE916516" bold="true" box="[199,334,1511,1536]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Etymology.</emphasis>
Named for the large, mount-like morphology of this species (
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7CFFFEFB9C8DCEFB876516" authorityName="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson" authorityYear="2019" box="[1027,1112,1511,1536]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFB9C8DCEFB876516" box="[1027,1112,1511,1536]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, L.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E2FF65012B7CFFF9FF588E25FC7C63EE" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7CFFFEFF588E25FF076453" blockId="11.[151,1437,791,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFF588E25FEE46533" bold="true" box="[199,315,1548,1573]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Remarks.</emphasis>
This sponge is conspicuous and would be difficult to mistake for any other
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7CFFFEFB198E25FB0C6533" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[1158,1235,1548,1573]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFB198E25FB0C6533" box="[1158,1235,1548,1573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cliona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species occurring in the WIO. Unfortunately,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7CFFFEFE4A8E06FDFD655E" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[469,546,1583,1608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFE4A8E06FDFD655E" box="[469,546,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cliona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are challenging to identify (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7CFFFEFC698E06FB5C655E" author="Rosell" box="[1014,1155,1583,1608]" firstAuthor="Rosell" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="37 - 50" refId="ref48286" refString="Rosell, D. (1994) Morphological and ecological relationships of two clionid sponges. Ophelia, pp. 37 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.1994.10429549" type="book chapter" year="1994">Rosell 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7CFFFEFB0F8E06FA48655E" author="Bavestrello" box="[1168,1431,1583,1608]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bavestrello" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="85 - 195" refId="ref41206" refString="Bavestrello, G., Calcinai, B., Cerrano, C., Pansini, M. &amp; Sara, M. (1996) The taxonomic status of some Mediterranean clionids (Porifera: Demospongiae) according to morphological and genetic characters. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique. 66 (Supplementary 1,) 85 - 195." type="journal article" year="1996">
Bavestrello
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFA868E18FA93655E" box="[1305,1356,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 1996
</bibRefCitation>
; Schönberg 2002;
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7CFFFEFEFB8E7DFD48657A" author="Schonberg &amp; Beuck" box="[356,663,1620,1645]" firstAuthor="Schonberg" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1459 - 1476" refId="ref49742" refString="Schonberg, C. H. L. &amp; Beuck, L. (2007) Where Topsent went wrong. Aka infesta a. k. a. Aka labyrinthica (Demospongiae: Phloeodictyidae) and implications for other Aka species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87, 1459 - 1476. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315407058249" type="journal article" year="2007">Schönberg &amp; Beuck 2007</bibRefCitation>
); key features for differentiating
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7CFFFEFB818E7DFBB4657B" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[1054,1131,1620,1645]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFB818E7DFBB4657B" box="[1054,1131,1620,1645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cliona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are growth forms (alpha: endolithic-papillate, beta: endolithic-encrusting, gamma: free-living massive), papillar characters, and the size and morphology of spicules and excavation patterns (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7CFFFEFCE38EB4FC2565A2" author="Pang" box="[892,1018,1692,1717]" firstAuthor="Pang" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref47873" refString="Pang, R. K. (1973) The systematics of some Jamaican excavating sponges (Porifera). Postilla, 161, 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24559" type="journal article" year="1973">Pang 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7CFFFEFB948EB5FB4665A2" author="Rosell" box="[1035,1177,1692,1717]" firstAuthor="Rosell" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="37 - 50" refId="ref48286" refString="Rosell, D. (1994) Morphological and ecological relationships of two clionid sponges. Ophelia, pp. 37 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.1994.10429549" type="book chapter" year="1994">Rosell 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7CFFFEFB358EB5FA4865A2" author="Rosell &amp; Uriz" box="[1194,1431,1692,1717]" firstAuthor="Rosell" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="349 - 366" refId="ref48320" refString="Rosell, D. &amp; Uriz, M. J. (1997) Phylogenetic Relationships within the Excavating Hadromerida (Porifera), with a Systematic Revision. Cladistics, 13 (4), 349 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.1997. tb 00324. x" type="journal article" year="1997">Rosell &amp; Uriz 1997</bibRefCitation>
; Schönberg 2002;
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7CFFFEFEC28E96FE2D65CE" author="Rutzler" box="[349,498,1727,1752]" firstAuthor="Rutzler" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="173 - 185" refId="ref48524" refString="Rutzler, K. (2002) Family Clionaidae D'Orbigny, 1851. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Fol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 173 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 19" type="book chapter" year="2002">Rützler 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7CFFFEFE608E96FD2465CE" author="Schonberg" box="[511,763,1727,1752]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schonberg" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref49690" refString="Schonberg, C. H. L., Grass, S. &amp; Heiermann, A. S. (2006) Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (Hadromerida: Clionaidae) and other bioeroding sponges that only contain tylostyles. Zootaxa, 1312, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2006">
Schönberg
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFDE28EE8FD7165CE" box="[637,686,1727,1752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
). This massive-lobose species is placed in the genus
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7CFFFEFACF8E96FA4365CE" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[1360,1436,1727,1752]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFACF8E96FA4365CE" box="[1360,1436,1727,1752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cliona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to the presence of tylostyles as principal megascleres, the skeleton showing no differentiation into ectosomal and internal architecture, the presence of tuberculate retractable inhalent papillae and raphyrus (gamma) growth stage.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7CFFF9FF588F66FC7C63EE" blockId="11.[151,1437,791,2005]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,1905]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7CFFFEFED88F66FE4C647E" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[327,403,1871,1896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFED88F66FE4C647E" box="[327,403,1871,1896]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cliona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consists of approximately 79 valid species (Van
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7CFFFEFC538F79FB4C647E" author="Soest" box="[972,1171,1871,1896]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Soest" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref50982" refString="Soest, R. W. M Van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schonberg, C., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Diaz, M. C., Cardenas, P., Carballo, J. L., Rios, P. &amp; Downey, R. (2017) World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 5 December 2017)" type="url" year="2017">
Soest
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFB8D8F78FB9A647E" box="[1042,1093,1871,1896]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
), many described from tropical-subtropical seas, i.e. Northwest Indo-Pacific (2 species), Central Indo-Pacific (12 species) and the Tropical Atlantic (33 species) (see Van
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7CFFFEFE738FB1FD7764A6" author="Soest" box="[492,680,1943,1968]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Soest" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref50982" refString="Soest, R. W. M Van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schonberg, C., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Diaz, M. C., Cardenas, P., Carballo, J. L., Rios, P. &amp; Downey, R. (2017) World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 5 December 2017)" type="url" year="2017">
Soest
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFDB08FB0FDBF64A6" box="[559,608,1943,1968]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
) considered a hot spot for
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7CFFFEFC4E8FBEFBC164A6" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[977,1054,1943,1968]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFC4E8FBEFBC164A6" box="[977,1054,1943,1968]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cliona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
diversity (
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7CFFFEFB0A8FBEFA4E64A6" author="Schonberg" box="[1173,1425,1943,1968]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schonberg" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref49690" refString="Schonberg, C. H. L., Grass, S. &amp; Heiermann, A. S. (2006) Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (Hadromerida: Clionaidae) and other bioeroding sponges that only contain tylostyles. Zootaxa, 1312, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2006">
Schönberg
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFA8A8FB0FA9A64A6" box="[1301,1349,1943,1968]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
). Four
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7CFFFEFF4B8F95FEFE64C3" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[212,289,1980,2005]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFF4B8F95FEFE64C3" box="[212,289,1980,2005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cliona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are recorded from the WIO (Van
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7CFFFEFD658F95FC6664C2" author="Soest" box="[762,953,1980,2005]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Soest" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref50982" refString="Soest, R. W. M Van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schonberg, C., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Diaz, M. C., Cardenas, P., Carballo, J. L., Rios, P. &amp; Downey, R. (2017) World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 5 December 2017)" type="url" year="2017">
Soest
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7CFFFEFCA18F94FCAF64C3" box="[830,880,1980,2005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
) and two from the west and south coast of
<collectingCountry id="D2F2761A2B7BFFF9FF0888BEFEF663A6" box="[151,297,151,176]" name="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FEF988B1FE0663A6" author="Day" box="[358,473,152,176]" firstAuthor="Day" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref42923" refString="Day, J. H. (1974) A Guide to Marine Life on South African Shores. 2 nd Edition. A. A. Balkema, Cape Town, 300 pp." type="book" year="1974">Day 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FE7988BEFCDB63A6" author="Samaai &amp; Gibbons" box="[486,772,151,176]" firstAuthor="Samaai" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 96" refId="ref48897" refString="Samaai, T. &amp; Gibbons, M. J. (2005) Demospongiae taxonomy and biodiversity of the Benguela region on the west coast of South Africa. African Natural History, 1, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="2005">Samaai &amp; Gibbons 2005</bibRefCitation>
). The new species is well differentiated from the Western/ Central Indo-Pacific and Tropical Atlantic
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FD1E8895FD1263C3" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[641,717,188,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FD1E8895FD1263C3" box="[641,717,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cliona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in being massive mound-shaped, having oscula organized in a line and lacking the microscleres compliment (raphides or spirasters).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E2FF65012B7BFFF9FF58892DFF306563" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7BFFF9FF58892DFCAC6002" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1905]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FF58892DFEAC620B" authority="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson, 2019" authorityName="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson" authorityYear="2019" box="[199,371,260,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FF58892DFEAC620B" box="[199,371,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cliona grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FEE3892DFE08620B" bold="true" box="[380,471,260,285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83A257E32B7BFFF9FEE3892DFE08620B" box="[380,471,260,285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
contains only tylostyles, whereas the WIO
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FC4D892DFBC0620B" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[978,1055,260,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FC4D892DFBC0620B" box="[978,1055,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cliona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have spirasters.
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FB7E892DFF3E6256" author="Schonberg" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schonberg" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref49690" refString="Schonberg, C. H. L., Grass, S. &amp; Heiermann, A. S. (2006) Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (Hadromerida: Clionaidae) and other bioeroding sponges that only contain tylostyles. Zootaxa, 1312, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2006">
Schönberg
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FAFE892CFA4A620B" box="[1377,1429,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
list 15
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FEA3890EFE576256" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[316,392,295,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FEA3890EFE576256" box="[316,392,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cliona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possessing only tylostyles (see table
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7BFFF9FCA58901FCB86256" box="[826,871,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FCEF890EFBAE6256" author="Schonberg" box="[880,1137,295,320]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schonberg" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref49690" refString="Schonberg, C. H. L., Grass, S. &amp; Heiermann, A. S. (2006) Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (Hadromerida: Clionaidae) and other bioeroding sponges that only contain tylostyles. Zootaxa, 1312, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2006">
Schönberg
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FC6E8900FBFB6256" box="[1009,1060,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
). Comparison with the 15 species that contain only tylostyles [
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FDB18964FCFD6273" authority="Grant, 1826" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[558,802,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="celata">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FDB18964FD4C6273" box="[558,659,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. celata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FD058965FCFD6273" author="Grant" box="[666,802,332,357]" firstAuthor="Grant" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="78 - 81" refId="ref43814" refString="Grant, R. E. (1826) Notice of a New Zoophyte (Cliona celata Gr.) from the Firth of Forth. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 1, 78 - 81." type="journal article" year="1826">Grant, 1826</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FCB18964FAA86273" authority="Schonberg, Grass &amp; Heiermann, 2006" authorityName="Schonberg, Grass &amp; Heiermann" authorityYear="2006" box="[814,1399,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="minuscula">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FCB18964FC1C6273" box="[814,963,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. minuscula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FC568965FAA86273" author="Schonberg, Grass &amp; Heiermann" box="[969,1399,332,357]" firstAuthor="Schonberg" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref49690" refString="Schonberg, C. H. L., Grass, S. &amp; Heiermann, A. S. (2006) Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (Hadromerida: Clionaidae) and other bioeroding sponges that only contain tylostyles. Zootaxa, 1312, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2006">Schönberg, Grass &amp; Heiermann, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FA1D8964FE69629E" ID-CoL="4NC3N" authority="(Schmidt, 1870)" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arenosa">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FA1D8964FF2F629E" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. arenosa</emphasis>
(Schmidt, 1870)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FE5A8959FC5E629E" authority="? (de Laubenfels, 1932)" authorityName="? (de Laubenfels" authorityYear="1932" baseAuthorityName="de Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[453,897,367,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FE5A8959FD5E629E" box="[453,641,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. californiana?</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FD168946FCA6629E" author="Laubenfels, M. W. de" box="[649,889,367,392]" firstAuthor="de Laubenfels" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 140" refId="ref46229" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1932) The marine and fresh-water sponges of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81 (2927), 1 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.81 - 2927.1" type="journal article" year="1932">de Laubenfels, 1932</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FC0F8959FB4C629E" authority="Pang, 1973" authorityName="Pang" authorityYear="1973" box="[912,1171,367,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="delitrix">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FC0F8959FBDA629E" box="[912,1029,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. delitrix</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FB908959FB4C629E" author="Pang" box="[1039,1171,368,392]" firstAuthor="Pang" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref47873" refString="Pang, R. K. (1973) The systematics of some Jamaican excavating sponges (Porifera). Postilla, 161, 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24559" type="journal article" year="1973">Pang, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FB3D8959FF0462BA" authority="(Schonberg, 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Schonberg" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="caesia">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FB3D8959FAD2629E" box="[1186,1293,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. caesia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FA838946FF0C62BA" author="Schonberg" firstAuthor="Schonberg" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="161 - 221" refId="ref49626" refString="Schonberg, C. H. L. (2000) Bioeroding sponges common to the Central Great Barrier Reef: descriptions of three new species, two new records, and additions to two previously described species. Senckenbergiana marit, 30 (3 - 6), 161 - 221. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 03042965" type="journal article" year="2000">Schönberg, 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FF6D89BCFD6B62BB" authority="Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886" authorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" authorityYear="1886" box="[242,692,404,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dissimilis">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FF6D89BCFE5662BB" box="[242,393,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. dissimilis</emphasis>
Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FD5389BCFBDD62BA" authority="Topsent, 1932" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1932" box="[716,1026,404,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ecaudis">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FD5389BCFC9162BB" box="[716,846,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. ecaudis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FCCA89BCFBDD62BA" author="Topsent" box="[853,1026,404,428]" firstAuthor="Topsent" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="549 - 579" refId="ref52049" refString="Topsent, E. (1932) Notes sur les Clionides. Archives Zoologiques Experimentales de Geneva, 74, 549 - 579." type="journal article" year="1932">Topsent, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FB8589BCFAB462BA" authority="Hancock, 1849" authorityName="Hancock" authorityYear="1849" box="[1050,1387,404,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="insidiosa">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FB8589BCFB7462BB" box="[1050,1195,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. insidiosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FB2D89BDFAB462BA" author="Hancock" box="[1202,1387,404,429]" firstAuthor="Hancock" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="321 - 347" refId="ref44895" refString="Hancock, A. (1849) On the excavating powers of certain sponges belonging to the genus Cliona with descriptions of several new species, and an allied form. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 3, 321 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745485909494773" type="journal article" year="1849">Hancock, 1849</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FA1D89BCFE4A62C6" authority="Topsent, 1932" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1932" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="janitrix">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FA1D89BCFF3562C6" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. janitrix</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FF6F8991FE4A62C6" author="Topsent" box="[240,405,440,464]" firstAuthor="Topsent" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="549 - 579" refId="ref52049" refString="Topsent, E. (1932) Notes sur les Clionides. Archives Zoologiques Experimentales de Geneva, 74, 549 - 579." type="journal article" year="1932">Topsent, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FE3B8991FD0662C6" authority="Annandale, 1915" authorityName="Annandale" authorityYear="1915" box="[420,729,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kempi">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FE3B8991FDD362C6" box="[420,524,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. kempi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FD8C899EFD0662C6" author="Annandale" box="[531,729,439,464]" firstAuthor="Annandale" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref41019" refString="Annandale, N. (1915) Indian sponges of the family Clionaidae. Records of the Indian Museum of Calcutta, 11, 1 - 24, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1915">Annandale, 1915</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FD788991FBC362C6" authority="Pang, 1973" authorityName="Pang" authorityYear="1973" box="[743,1052,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="laticavicola">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FD788991FC4F62C6" box="[743,912,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. laticavicola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FC088991FBC362C6" author="Pang" box="[919,1052,440,464]" firstAuthor="Pang" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref47873" refString="Pang, R. K. (1973) The systematics of some Jamaican excavating sponges (Porifera). Postilla, 161, 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24559" type="journal article" year="1973">Pang, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FBB48991FAAC62C6" authority="Holmes, 2000" authorityName="Holmes" authorityYear="2000" box="[1067,1395,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="macgeachi">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FBB48991FB1762C6" box="[1067,1224,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. macgeachi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FB50899EFAAC62C6" author="Holmes" box="[1231,1395,439,464]" firstAuthor="Holmes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="125 - 138" refId="ref45176" refString="Holmes, K. E. (2000) Effects of eutrophication on bioeroding sponge communities with the description of new West Indian sponges, Cliona spp. (Porifera: Hadromerida: Clionidae). Invertebrate Biology, 119, 125 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7410.2000. tb 00001. x" type="journal article" year="2000">Holmes, 2000</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FA1D8991FE3C62E2" authority="Hancock, 1849" authorityName="Hancock" authorityYear="1849" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="millepunctata">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FA1D8991FEEE62E3" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. millepunctata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FEA789F5FE3C62E2" author="Hancock" box="[312,483,476,501]" firstAuthor="Hancock" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="321 - 347" refId="ref44895" refString="Hancock, A. (1849) On the excavating powers of certain sponges belonging to the genus Cliona with descriptions of several new species, and an allied form. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 3, 321 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745485909494773" type="journal article" year="1849">Hancock, 1849</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FD8489F4FCEC62E2" authority="Pang, 1973" authorityName="Pang" authorityYear="1973" box="[539,819,476,501]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="peponaca">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FD8489F4FD7562E2" box="[539,682,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. peponaca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FD2E89F4FCEC62E2" author="Pang" box="[689,819,476,501]" firstAuthor="Pang" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref47873" refString="Pang, R. K. (1973) The systematics of some Jamaican excavating sponges (Porifera). Postilla, 161, 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24559" type="journal article" year="1973">Pang, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
] showed that the new species has not previously been described. The form and dimensions of the megascleres of
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FCAA8A29FC72610E" authority="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson, 2019" authorityName="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson" authorityYear="2019" box="[821,941,511,536]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FCAA8A29FC72610E" box="[821,941,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FC2B89D6FBD0610E" bold="true" box="[948,1039,511,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83A257E32B7BFFF9FC2B89D6FBD0610E" box="[948,1039,511,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
indicates that it is distinct from all species with tylostyles. For example,
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FDD88A0CFC64612B" box="[583,955,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FDD88A0CFD1D612B" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1932" box="[583,706,548,573]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ecaudis">C. ecaudis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FD4F8A0CFC97612A" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1932" box="[720,840,549,572]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="janitrix">C. janitrix</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FCCA8A0CFC64612B" authorityName="Annandale" authorityYear="1915" box="[853,955,548,573]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kempi">C. kempi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FC698A0CFB45612B" authorityName="Holmes" authorityYear="2000" box="[1014,1178,548,573]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="macgeachii">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FC698A0CFB45612B" box="[1014,1178,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. macgeachii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has tylostyles that are shorter and often wider than in
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FE618A61FDAA6176" authority="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson, 2019" authorityName="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson" authorityYear="2019" box="[510,629,583,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FE618A61FDAA6176" box="[510,629,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FDE28A6EFD076176" bold="true" box="[637,728,583,608]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83A257E32B7BFFF9FDE28A6EFD076176" box="[637,728,583,608]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
These species are also encrusting and have erosion chambers.
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FF088A45FE236193" box="[151,508,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FF088A45FE996192" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[151,326,620,645]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arenosa">Cliona arenosa</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FECE8A44FE236193" authorityName="? (de Laubenfels" authorityYear="1932" box="[337,508,620,645]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">C. californiana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FD958A44FCCA6193" box="[522,789,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FD958A44FDA06193" authorityName="Pang" authorityYear="1973" box="[522,639,620,645]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="delitrix">C. delitrix</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FD158A44FCCA6193" authorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" authorityYear="1886" box="[650,789,620,645]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dissimilis">C. dissimilis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FCD48A44FC2F6193" authorityName="Pang" authorityYear="1973" box="[843,1008,620,645]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="laticavicola">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FCD48A44FC2F6193" box="[843,1008,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. laticavicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are yellow to orange and have similar tylostyles dimensions to
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FE5C8AB9FD9F61BE" authority="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson, 2019" authorityName="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson" authorityYear="2019" box="[451,576,655,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FE5C8AB9FD9F61BE" box="[451,576,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83A257E32B7BFFF9FDD08AA6FD7061B1" box="[591,687,655,680]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FDD08AA6FD7661BE" bold="true" box="[591,681,655,680]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">sp. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, but the spicule shapes differ. Furthermore, these species are encrusting and has only been found in the Caribbean, Atlantic, and in the Western Pacific, which reduces the chance of conspecifity with
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FE4B8AF1FD9461E6" authority="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson, 2019" authorityName="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson" authorityYear="2019" box="[468,587,727,752]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FE4B8AF1FD9461E6" box="[468,587,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FDCC8AFEFD7261E6" bold="true" box="[595,685,727,752]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83A257E32B7BFFF9FDCC8AFEFD7261E6" box="[595,685,727,752]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Cosmopolitism within sponges is questionable due to the inability of larvae to travel long distances (Maldonado &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FD288AD5FCBA6002" author="Bergquist" box="[695,869,764,789]" firstAuthor="Bergquist" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1094 - 1096" refId="ref41384" refString="Bergquist, P. R. &amp; Cook, S. D. C. (2002) Family Aplysinellidae Bergquist, 1980. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Fol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 1094 - 1096. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 112" type="book chapter" year="2002">Bergquist 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7BFFF9FF588B36FEC467FE" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1905]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The only known records of
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FD8E8B36FD82602E" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[529,605,799,824]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FD8E8B36FD82602E" box="[529,605,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cliona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species recorded from
<collectingCountry id="D2F2761A2B7BFFF9FCEC8B36FBD8602E" box="[883,1031,799,824]" name="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">South Africa</collectingCountry>
are by
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FBF98B09FB35602E" author="Day" box="[1126,1258,800,824]" firstAuthor="Day" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref42923" refString="Day, J. H. (1974) A Guide to Marine Life on South African Shores. 2 nd Edition. A. A. Balkema, Cape Town, 300 pp." type="book" year="1974">Day (1974)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FAB68B36FE93604B" author="Samaai &amp; Gibbons" firstAuthor="Samaai" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 96" refId="ref48897" refString="Samaai, T. &amp; Gibbons, M. J. (2005) Demospongiae taxonomy and biodiversity of the Benguela region on the west coast of South Africa. African Natural History, 1, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="2005">Samaai &amp; Gibbons (2005)</bibRefCitation>
. The record by
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FD9B8B6CFD59604A" author="Day" box="[516,646,836,861]" firstAuthor="Day" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref42923" refString="Day, J. H. (1974) A Guide to Marine Life on South African Shores. 2 nd Edition. A. A. Balkema, Cape Town, 300 pp." type="book" year="1974">Day (1974)</bibRefCitation>
of an unidentified
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FCFB8B6DFC6F604B" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[868,944,836,861]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FCFB8B6DFC6F604B" box="[868,944,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cliona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. from an unknown location is brief and vague. The species had an excavating habit (
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7BFFF9FD0A8B41FD066069" box="[661,729,872,896]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
diameter) and possessed spirasters as microscleres. No length measurements were provided for the undescribed species. The specimens described by
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FBFB8BA5FA4360B3" author="Samaai and Gibbons" box="[1124,1436,908,933]" firstAuthor="Samaai" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 96" refId="ref48897" refString="Samaai, T. &amp; Gibbons, M. J. (2005) Demospongiae taxonomy and biodiversity of the Benguela region on the west coast of South Africa. African Natural History, 1, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="2005">Samaai and Gibbons (2005)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FF258B99FE9160DE" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[186,334,943,968]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="celata">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FF258B99FF0B60D1" box="[186,212,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FE968B86FE9160DE" box="[265,334,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">celata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the west coast of
<collectingCountry id="D2F2761A2B7BFFF9FDEC8B86FCD760DE" box="[627,776,943,968]" name="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(and
<collectingCountry id="D2F2761A2B7BFFF9FCCD8B86FC6B60DE" box="[850,948,943,968]" name="Namibia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Namibia</collectingCountry>
) lack spirasters and had similar tylostyle dimensions [320 (182–373) × 8 (8) µm as found in
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FC988BFCFC5E60FB" authority="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson, 2019" authorityName="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson" authorityYear="2019" box="[775,897,980,1005]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FC988BFCFC5E60FB" box="[775,897,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FC118BFDFC3360FB" bold="true" box="[910,1004,980,1005]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83A257E32B7BFFF9FC118BFDFC3360FB" box="[910,1004,980,1005]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
[320 (176–370) × 8 (8) µm]. Other similarities between the west coast specimens and
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FD568BD1FCE16706" authority="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson, 2019" authorityName="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson" authorityYear="2019" box="[713,830,1015,1040]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FD568BD1FCE16706" box="[713,830,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83A257E32B7BFFF9FCDA8BDEFC416719" box="[837,926,1015,1040]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FCDA8BDEFC486706" bold="true" box="[837,919,1015,1040]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">sp. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
are: they are massive mounded sponges, with a huge apical ridge, along which numerous oscules are situated. The inhalant poral structures are delicate and covered by a fine membrane marking the surface in a polygonal pattern. Colour
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FBB48C68FBAE674E" box="[1067,1137,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">in situ</emphasis>
yellow, orange to orangeyellow with the interior dirty orange. The tylostyles exhibit noticeable plasticity in head shape and placement of the head along the shaft. It is considered that the west coast specimens were wrongly identified by
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FB298CAEFF3E67D3" author="Samaai and Gibbons" firstAuthor="Samaai" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 96" refId="ref48897" refString="Samaai, T. &amp; Gibbons, M. J. (2005) Demospongiae taxonomy and biodiversity of the Benguela region on the west coast of South Africa. African Natural History, 1, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="2005">Samaai and Gibbons (2005)</bibRefCitation>
as
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FE938C84FEF967D2" box="[268,294,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C.</emphasis>
cf
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FED18C85FE4C67D3" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[334,403,1196,1221]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="celata">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FED18C85FE4C67D3" box="[334,403,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">celata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and considered here to be conspecific to
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FCE98C84FC3167D3" authority="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson, 2019" authorityName="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson" authorityYear="2019" box="[886,1006,1196,1221]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FCE98C84FC3167D3" box="[886,1006,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FC678C85FB8B67D3" bold="true" box="[1016,1108,1196,1221]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83A257E32B7BFFF9FC678C85FB8B67D3" box="[1016,1108,1196,1221]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
based on the morphological similarities.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7BFFF9FF588CDDFF306563" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1905]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FF588CDDFE31661B" authority="Grant, 1826" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[199,494,1268,1293]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="celata">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FF588CDDFEBF661B" box="[199,352,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cliona celata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FEF78CDDFE31661B" author="Grant" box="[360,494,1268,1293]" firstAuthor="Grant" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="78 - 81" refId="ref43814" refString="Grant, R. E. (1826) Notice of a New Zoophyte (Cliona celata Gr.) from the Firth of Forth. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 1, 78 - 81." type="journal article" year="1826">Grant, 1826</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is originally described as an endolithic, greenish-yellow sponge growing on oyster shells in a Scottish estuary. In its gamma stage the sponge is free, massive and looks like a pumpkin. The tylostyles are long and slim with dimension between
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7BFFF9FDE18D15FCD16643" box="[638,782,1340,1365]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="300.0" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="200.0">200–400 µm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7BFFF9FCE08D15FC3A6643" box="[895,997,1340,1365]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="3.0">3–12 µm</quantity>
thick. Apart from these,
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FA9E8D14FAB76643" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[1281,1384,1340,1365]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="celata">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FA9E8D14FAB76643" box="[1281,1384,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. celata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also possess rhaphides [100–150 × &lt;
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7BFFF9FD988D49FD9C666E" box="[519,579,1376,1400]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 µm</quantity>
] and spirasters have been found mainly in the papillae of young specimens [20–25 ×
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7BFFF9FE9C8DADFE83668B" box="[259,348,1412,1437]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 µm</quantity>
] (see
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FE018DADFDEB668A" author="Rutzler" box="[414,564,1412,1437]" firstAuthor="Rutzler" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="173 - 185" refId="ref48524" refString="Rutzler, K. (2002) Family Clionaidae D'Orbigny, 1851. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Fol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 173 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 19" type="book chapter" year="2002">Rützler 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FDD98DADFD31668B" authority="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson, 2019" authorityName="Samaai &amp; Pillay &amp; Janson" authorityYear="2019" box="[582,750,1412,1437]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FDD98DADFD31668B" box="[582,750,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cliona grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83A257E32B7BFFF9FD6A8DADFC91668A" box="[757,846,1412,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FD6A8DADFC98668B" bold="true" box="[757,839,1412,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">sp. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FC7E8DACFB98668B" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[993,1095,1412,1437]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="celata">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FC7E8DACFB98668B" box="[993,1095,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. celata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its spicule length and width of the tylostyles [320 (176–370) × 8 (8) µm vs.
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7BFFF9FD388D81FCE966D6" box="[679,822,1448,1472]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="300.0" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="200.0">200–400 µm</quantity>
×
<quantity id="6D1D9B6F2B7BFFF9FCCD8D81FC6566D6" box="[850,954,1448,1472]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="3.0">3–12 µm</quantity>
],, It is highly unlikely that
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FB748D81FA8F66D6" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[1259,1360,1447,1472]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="celata">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FB748D81FA8F66D6" box="[1259,1360,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. celata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would be spread across the entire Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FCED8DE5FBD466F3" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1826" box="[882,1035,1484,1509]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="celata">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FCED8DE5FBD466F3" box="[882,1035,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cliona celata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considered a dustbin assemblage and in need of taxonomic revision (
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FDB58DC6FD1E651E" author="Rutzler" box="[554,705,1519,1544]" firstAuthor="Rutzler" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="173 - 185" refId="ref48524" refString="Rutzler, K. (2002) Family Clionaidae D'Orbigny, 1851. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Fol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 173 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 19" type="book chapter" year="2002">Rützler 2002</bibRefCitation>
; Rosell &amp; Uriz 2002,
<bibRefCitation id="CE744B7B2B7BFFF9FC238DC6FB69651E" author="Schonberg" box="[956,1206,1519,1544]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schonberg" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref49690" refString="Schonberg, C. H. L., Grass, S. &amp; Heiermann, A. S. (2006) Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (Hadromerida: Clionaidae) and other bioeroding sponges that only contain tylostyles. Zootaxa, 1312, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2006">
Schönberg
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FBA48DD8FBB2651E" box="[1083,1133,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
) as it may contain a series of cryptic undetected species, as noted for the
<taxonomicName id="6DE54D092B7BFFF9FD738E3CFC89653B" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[748,854,1556,1581]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FD738E3CFC89653B" box="[748,854,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species complex (Leal
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FBFD8E3CFB4D653B" box="[1122,1170,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2015; Zea and López-
<collectingRegion id="6821F8682B7BFFF9FF088E1EFF2E6546" box="[151,241,1591,1616]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victoria</collectingRegion>
2016). Rosell &amp; Uriz (2002) indicated that specimens with and without raphides often belong to different species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E2FF65012B7BFFF9FF588E56FDE465AB" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="key">
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7BFFF9FF588E56FDDC658E" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1905]" box="[199,515,1663,1688]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="9891EA982B7BFFF9FF588E56FDDC658E" bold="true" box="[199,515,1663,1688]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Key diagnostic characters.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7BFFF9FF588E8CFDE465AB" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1905]" box="[199,571,1700,1725]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">• Sponge massive, mount-like.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E2FF65012B7BFFF9FF588EE0FD056466" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7BFFF9FF588EE0FABC65F6" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1905]" box="[199,1379,1735,1760]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">• Surface has numerous indented oscules and retractable inhalant papillae forming a polygonal pattern.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7BFFF9FF588EC4FD506413" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1905]" box="[199,655,1772,1797]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">• Absence of rhaphides and spirasters.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7BFFF9FF588F38FC3E643E" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1905]" box="[199,993,1807,1832]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">• Presence of sand debris distributed haphazardly through the tissue.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7BFFF9FF588F1CFD7E645B" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1905]" box="[199,673,1844,1869]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">• Presence of a distinct ectosomal layer.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA5A368A2B7BFFF9FF588F70FD056466" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1905]" box="[199,730,1879,1905]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">• Huge apical ridge where oscules are found.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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