398 lines
48 KiB
XML
398 lines
48 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="541C07568B872C715E47D1D78F8FA6DF">Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="33E81D959CE1F983477BDC2754343828">Sereno, Paul C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:identifier id="841AFF98DE06B3AA3B419891C25DEBE7" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.223.2840</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A005FC2D67BE66C0B726BA78F76872EE" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037239" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A005FC2D67BE66C0B726BA78F76872EE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A005FC2D67BE66C0B726BA78F76872EE" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" scope_family="Heterodontosauridae">
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<subSubSection id="41228757CE529CFA3EAE88869E541D64" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="990BC30A7541538E5554F0D54270E8E0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<taxonomicName id="96BB4BFE010A7301A880E7019A200962" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Fruitadens_haagarorum" authority="Butler et al., 2010" authorityName="Butler et al." authorityYear="2010" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens haagarorum" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="species" species="haagarorum">
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<pageBreakToken id="E0657A79442838A06846505822784951" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" start="start">Fruitadens</pageBreakToken>
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haagarorum Butler et al., 2010
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</taxonomicName>
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Fig. 9ATables 13
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="030DBDAA8F601CC3B56280E59395FD42" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="5AC1D5087432D9151C604D53770A922B" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<taxonomicName id="C6B3B618F4C9F4DB75BC12BABB5E13A2" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens haagarorum" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="species" species="haagarorum">Fruitadens haagarorum</taxonomicName>
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Butler et al., 2010 -
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<bibRefCitation id="7BFE7D36AC83A958F2E4893BCBF90962" author="Callison, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" title="Tiny dinosaurs: are they fully grown? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3: 200 - 209." url="10.1080/02724634.1984.10011975" year="1984">Callison and Quimby (1984</bibRefCitation>
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||
: fig. 3B, C);
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<bibRefCitation id="96D9520F1831BEB9EC7047A8577E7BEF" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Callison (1987</bibRefCitation>
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||
, fig. 4);
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<bibRefCitation id="2F4C24CA7B0F677F36B13511583E2107" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Kirkland (2006</bibRefCitation>
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||
: fig. 22A); Galton (2006: fig. 2.7
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<normalizedToken id="D9E51EBFA855AD399232E7063B1F30E6" originalValue="A–G">A-G</normalizedToken>
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||
);
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||
<bibRefCitation id="4EE337343FFD154501C0B4E36B6BD7F4" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Galton (2007</bibRefCitation>
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||
: Figs 2.6
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||
<normalizedToken id="BE58FA0D29CDB6466D7F307B7396652A" originalValue="E–G">E-G</normalizedToken>
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||
, 2.7
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<normalizedToken id="A1246D9CF809962ED31D70A68DD010EA" originalValue="A–G">A-G</normalizedToken>
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);
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<bibRefCitation id="EC499F134BDF43DA09F05A9E8BF012AD" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. (2010</bibRefCitation>
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: Figs 1-3);
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<bibRefCitation id="51E52E7EF63D77A41DC63219860E08C7" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" title="Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PLoS One 7: e 31556." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0031556." year="2012">Butler et al. (2012</bibRefCitation>
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||
: Figs 1-7, 8A, B, 9-16)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="945C6F529D0DEC663E54E963B89FD142" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">
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<paragraph id="FE129EB508B6B150DF18692DF911C024" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="949DD5B115492F650A44A8D3AF1DA4E7" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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LACM 115747, adult with partial maxillae and dentaries, cervical, dorsal, sacral and caudal vertebrae, proximal right femur, proximal and distal ends of the tibiae, and partial right metatarsal 1 (
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<bibRefCitation id="1D23CBE555E857366E7ACAF07D25C6C4" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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||
: fig. 2b, e, i;
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<bibRefCitation id="44BFE141A768F2F49B05CF8D0A4DBBC6" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" title="Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PLoS One 7: e 31556." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0031556." year="2012">Butler et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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||
: Figs 1, 2-4, 8A, 9-12, 13
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<normalizedToken id="E3A4BDE6085F165E41A042F6F11342EC" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
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, 14G, H).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D1C25BE0E71FD9CEEF7D68DCC34C77BC" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="referred material">
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||
<paragraph id="02FD06F042EC01AC03E5BF93A6E62FF4" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Referred material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="81F29FB1D775AC358E3533CD7326F0D4" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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LACM 115727, adult partial postcranial skeleton with partial cervical, dorsal and caudal vertebrae, partial right and left femora, and an articulated distal left tibia and coossified astragalocalcaneum; LACM 120478, subadult with left humerus, distal left femur, and an articulated left tibia, fibula and coossified astragalocalcaneum; LACM 120602, distal caudal vertebra, left astragalocalcaneum, partial metatarsus and pes; LACM 128258, subadult with right premaxilla, partial left maxilla, partial left and right dentaries, and one dorsal and one distal caudal vertebra; LACM 128303, anterior left dentary (
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<bibRefCitation id="8CFFBD86918E2C340A636789C8420243" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="3E7C221A87E20045A9D91FBA163A77E2" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" title="Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PLoS One 7: e 31556." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0031556." year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="15C99E9D41C73FE14F5DC8EB6A278A22" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="type locality">
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<paragraph id="2758FB0CA04597B49C74AC73703F9523" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="98A28C9B5E5A524F553423473F8FDA73" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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Fruita Paleontological Area, approximately 10 kms southwest of Fruita, Mesa County, west-central Colorado, USA; approximately
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<geoCoordinate id="82A298AE7AFCC5C7503E32469BDF9B6D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="39.166668">N39°10'</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="A2A4A43F5D3FE28F8356133F794DB764" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-108.8">W108°48'</geoCoordinate>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E8FD5DB032E3E1FAE2FA447BDE739B68" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="horizon">
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<paragraph id="8F4B2A1EAC1AE05B4DC75A0C87A29054" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Horizon.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FF688BC93D584BD5449C7DEC9899D95A" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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Just above the "clay change" near the base of the Brushy Basin Member and about 100 m from the base of the Morrison Formation (
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<bibRefCitation id="F7F42759911F642541A28A42FFFB9DEE" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Kirkland et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 6;
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<bibRefCitation id="03706991AC9C15EBE80BBEBD815748A6" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Kirkland 2006</bibRefCitation>
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); Upper Jurassic (early Tithonian), ca. 153 Ma (
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<bibRefCitation id="13E9D3495E5405A251104E6650CCC8C3" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Kirkland 2006</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="928E5C66EC028EF2D767531020617E85" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Gradstein and Ogg 2009</bibRefCitation>
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). The boundary between the Salt Wash and Brushy Basin Members has undergone revision in the Fruita Paleontological Area (
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<bibRefCitation id="C840DAF634A9754DE626B35A74142F5C" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Kirkland 2006</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="C4129B55BBDB42EB9025C83C51949EE7" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Galton (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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reported that the fossils were found in the Salt Wash Member but later correctly cited the overlying Brushy Basin Member as the unit of origin (
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<bibRefCitation id="24BD967153329312F4C7CF35A0BEA9C6" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Galton 2007</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6A0AF3155700C4B7B7407604D1BDFF4A" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="revised diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="B334BF53B32FD26D0D4D0CFA9DECD6EB" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Revised diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0F300EFD255A4CB32A5E2CD9F8643E9B" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Heterodontosaurid with (1) a discordantly small dentary tooth immediately distal to the caniniform dentary tooth and (2) a prominent anteromedial flange on the distal end of the tibia.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3FCEC347115B3850C34DD528341DEED" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="comments">
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<paragraph id="31D0C7057B6DAC53EDFA890C1E985209" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Comments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="375251268299D141E6C34C4766296A7E" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<bibRefCitation id="3BB4F2B9E6E116BB78906B0D32B706E1" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. (2010</bibRefCitation>
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: 376) listed nine features in the original diagnosis for
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<taxonomicName id="43C8452E39BA046614B5FBFC74264F3E" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens haagarorum" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="species" species="haagarorum">Fruitadens haagarorum</taxonomicName>
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, indicating that some were primitive and others
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<normalizedToken id="C0B214DF852E36FF57CB143355BB4712" originalValue="“autapomorphic”">"autapomorphic"</normalizedToken>
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at different phylogenetic levels.
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<bibRefCitation id="B70D413588103E59DAC614A2F9397969" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" title="Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PLoS One 7: e 31556." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0031556." year="2012">Butler et al. (2012</bibRefCitation>
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: 3) added one character, "small foramen on the anteroventral aspect of the medial dentary", for a total of ten features.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B9AA0CC114CC1BB316E6046AFA177112" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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This suite of features constitutes a differential diagnosis-a unique combination of the features that describes a monospecific genus rather than a set of autapomorphies hypothesized to have arisen in the immediate ancestry of the taxon (
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<bibRefCitation id="405F9623F889477F44986B237A7700BB" author="Sereno, PC" editor="Carpenter, K" journalOrPublisher="National Geographic Research" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" title="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" url="10.1017/CBO9780511608377.004" year="1990">Sereno 1990</bibRefCitation>
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). In the revised diagnosis above, a higher bar is applied that restricts listed features to those
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<pageBreakToken id="436C69395B7FA8F49AFA3816D885587D" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" start="start">that</pageBreakToken>
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are plausibly unique to
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<taxonomicName id="B5696BAF3EA00FFD677DDEB31D7A0F9D" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
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or derived for
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<taxonomicName id="23146D5408EC6322BC084DD0E4EAFDFD" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
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within
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<taxonomicName id="2110B9854DF74BBA3596767CEFC18A5A" family="Heterodontosauridae" lsidName="" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="family">Heterodontosauridae</taxonomicName>
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. One of the features stands out as plausibly unique to
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<taxonomicName id="ECA016AB82A09D7BE0456F69B7FD4A63" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
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and present in the holotype-the prominent anteromedial flange on the distal end of the tibia (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="E449E0CB9504F6527DD781E59A0E11A0" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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||
: fig. 2i). Comparison to other heterodontosaurids, however, is limited to
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<taxonomicName id="BD762C2D9C9F539CB3ADAD6E68FCCC2E" genus="Heterodontosaurus" lsidName="Heterodontosaurus" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Heterodontosaurus</taxonomicName>
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, which does not exhibit the condition. The small medial dentary foramen, which was added by
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<bibRefCitation id="9C031D1717A199A9E52F6ED0822EC255" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" title="Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PLoS One 7: e 31556." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0031556." year="2012">Butler et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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as an autapomorphy, is not present in one of the two dentaries that preserve the region (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="70C7E1986A794A9BBFAED7E3B5F421E5" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" title="Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PLoS One 7: e 31556." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0031556." year="2012">Butler et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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||
: fig. 5D).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="440DFA6E9692E98EBCB444D199C1EA76" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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One dental feature listed in the revised diagnosis may be an autapomorphy but is homoplasious among heterodontosaurids. The dentary tooth immediately distal to the caniniform tooth in
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<taxonomicName id="5100BFF65D49C7211FCF3BFC190F996F" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
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is unusually small, its crown apparently somewhat smaller than the rudimentary first dentary tooth (Fig. 9A).
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<taxonomicName id="170A503B440F344B34CA456B5A0932EC" genus="Heterodontosaurus" lsidName="Heterodontosaurus" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Heterodontosaurus</taxonomicName>
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and a new taxon from southern Africa,
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<taxonomicName id="C62F53122EC65885D35EC6D74AD98470" genus="Pegomastax" lsidName="Pegomastax" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Pegomastax</taxonomicName>
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gen. n. sp. n., are the only other heterodontosaurids with a discordantly small tooth immediately distal to the caniniform tooth.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AB50414B854F28486D5231466CB2BE6C" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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The other features listed in the diagnosis by
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<bibRefCitation id="816E1BF7194B38E32C180D37B18EC1A1" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. (2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CCD8C0C441136E9FE2D0B26D819ABD4B" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" title="Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PLoS One 7: e 31556." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0031556." year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are demonstrably primitive within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A5504867DCE1C23AD9D2B83E3D60FB2A" family="Heterodontosauridae" lsidName="" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="family">Heterodontosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
or may be artifacts of preservation. The lack of a maxillary caniniform tooth, for example, is the common condition; only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94261C223B2F9AB8B8976B86D19CF65B" genus="Echinodon" lsidName="Echinodon" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Echinodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a caniniform tooth in the maxillary series among heterodontosaurids. Denticles that extend along more than one-half of the crown occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6B46AF56114878841326D72431C719FF" genus="Tianyulong" lsidName="Tianyulong" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Tianyulong</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in ornithischian outgroups such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A360A2FFD12EEE55FF02C0ECE5BC4C4" genus="Lesothosaurus" lsidName="Lesothosaurus" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Lesothosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Other features have broader distributions within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C60F9262450428CE5B1B95F65BC56E34" family="Heterodontosauridae" lsidName="" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="family">Heterodontosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as the small peglike first dentary tooth, which is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2962BEFFCB5575F81C49C98D7F0D0AE1" genus="Echinodon" lsidName="Echinodon" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Echinodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="811BA45369629D5763CDD94B35340C5E" genus="Lycorhinus" lsidName="Lycorhinus" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Lycorhinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB4E84E82840F1E1E45A1DD80A419A14" genus="Abrictosaurus" lsidName="Abrictosaurus" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Abrictosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The dentary caniniform tooth was said to be shorter than in some heterodontosaurids and more nearly equal in depth to noncaniniform dentary crowns. The relative depth of individual crowns, however, depends to a great extent on the stage of replacement, which can be difficult to estimate in the case of caniniform teeth. The dentary caniniform tooth in the Kayenta heterodontosaurid, for example, has a similar relative depth to that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5CFCD48D0B8866A68E1C3F02750CDFE6" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although it is clearly undergoing eruption and would be considerably larger when fully functional (Fig. 9A, B). Most of the caniniform tooth in question (LACM 128258), furthermore, seems to have broken away by the time the specimen was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="93D05A7D63551F432052AA47ECAE8FA8" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. (2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2d; compare
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A8CA5F90DA7939A3865103F98CB2F26B" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Galton 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2.7B). The pair of foramina on the anterior aspect of the astragalus can be compared only in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8DF1588B5DECE14C5015FEE5CF726A2" genus="Heterodontosaurus" lsidName="Heterodontosaurus" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Heterodontosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
among heterodontosaurids, and there is some evidence the condition is present (SAM-PK-K1332).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D892A46DFA2462B67DCC4EC9923F6813" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The separation of the ascending process of the astragalus as a separate ossification was listed among the autapomorphies. The suture separating the distal tip of the astragalar ascending process, however, seems to continue laterally as a fracture line across the distal shaft of the fibula. The ascending process had been viewed as a separate ossification in the theropod
|
||
<taxonomicName id="87788B036C714F344C010CD95C7B7EA2" genus="Dilophosaurus" lsidName="Dilophosaurus" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Dilophosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Welles 1984); review of this specimen, however, suggests that it also appears to be a postmortem fracture passing through vascular foramina. Persistence of such a suture in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98BB3F48A36CCDDC81AB5F8117C9B0ED" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in addition, seems unlikely in a taxon distinguished by coossification in this particular region of the limb skeleton (e.g., the tibiotarsus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="85893C149D7EB70508DEEE45F51ED7BB" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discovery">
|
||
<paragraph id="DE76E8C7913223C66E76245B6FB06F46" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="10DC0806ECD975085B46E7DB240DC34C" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" start="start">Discovery</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="75229A95BA5C7BEB00C6B37CDDE59304" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The six available specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB026341DC41C0783E2BDFE9F18FC9DA" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens haagarorum" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="species" species="haagarorum">Fruitadens haagarorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected between 1975 and 1980 in the Fruita Paleontological Area from four separate localities above a distinctive horizon ("clay change") near the base of the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="88BB78DAD8E623AD82F529A936382A03" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Kirkland et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A23B934828EF59DFB3F5C09B35CE05EB" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Kirkland 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The localities were not discovered in a single horizon but rather within a zone perhaps 10-15 m in thickness above the "clay change" (G. Callison, pers. comm.). Four specimens were described in the initial description (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD3F00B03DE6FA6997C26E06679D656B" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); two additional fragmentary specimens were included more recently (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87606FAFB61821B58FA59E3A8A9C33DF" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" title="Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PLoS One 7: e 31556." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0031556." year="2012">Butler et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; LACM 120602, 128303).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E31DFBA57298E296A1FC5ACC7478540A" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="60CF2818848103F71B06825EEA44B6CC" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a small-bodied heterodontosaurid, the adult specimens of which appear to be slightly larger than two other small-bodied heterodontosaurids,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="189BB82D2668C7DE492FCB0357EAD1B2" genus="Echinodon" lsidName="Echinodon" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="genus">Echinodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BA518F2C3702B8C319CE5C2F7B4D1256" genus="Tianyulong" lsidName="Tianyulong" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="genus">Tianyulong</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table 3). The sole specimen known of the Kayenta heterodontosaurid is the smallest heterodontosaurid on record (skull length estimate of 53 mm), but histologic evidence suggests that it is a subadult roughly the same size as half-grown individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8430722E9FDBA3A9B4D0D4058172B91" genus="Heterodontosaurus" lsidName="Heterodontosaurus" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="genus">Heterodontosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., AMNH 24000; Fig. 2C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B20B6A93A410D9F2A9D3959B09495988" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="association">
|
||
<paragraph id="544C7E3C373F9E074B553B5B4572F987" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Association.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A26047F2F44DCDAD802ACD93AA9F12B2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3F027F8B4668F1268D01F7292705AC88" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
and three referred specimens were described as associated individuals, the supportive evidence limited to the lack of duplicate bones and consistent state of preservation within each specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="08E156E2CE0A0611035A37411352103F" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: suppl. info.;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="603285EE300725100D6C0C3AD3BE51EF" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" title="Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PLoS One 7: e 31556." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0031556." year="2012">Butler et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A first-hand account of the discovery of the holotype (LACM 115747) and a referred subadult specimen (LACM 120478) confirms their association as individuals. The first pieces of the holotype were surface-collected on a slope, which led to an in situ portion of the specimen that was recovered in a small field jacket (G. Callison, pers. comm.). The subadult specimen LACM 120478, which preserves the most complete long bone lengths, was also found in a confined space by quarrying at a nearby locality 5572 ("Main Callison Quarry"). A referred adult specimen was found at locality 5576 (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EEA43596B2C05F0525CB2D40E14BCF65" originalValue="“George’s">"George's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Coelurosaur site"), and there is no specific site information available for a referred subadult with the most complete set of jaws (LACM 128258), except that it comes from the same general area (Fruita Paleontological Area).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2A32C7EB0DD715BEC2801E4614CBBE92" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="jaws">
|
||
<paragraph id="F7963694DC0E0DF788C0768FF8B70BDA" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Jaws.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F2FA307D8C0C1979C97C0FF2CAA666DC" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The dentary in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7C3BB76F3DDCE6D77CDF4E540C80BE87" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a vascularized buccal emargination, presumably as an aid to the processing plant materials within the oral cavity (Fig. 9A). The anterior end of the dentary in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95C873EB6F4EF6C1521B297FF47CE6FB" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
is subrectangular, whereas in as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88EBCAB25D426A9A7909189EAF6A72AA" genus="Echinodon" lsidName="Echinodon" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="genus">Echinodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
the ventral side of the anterior end of the dentary is strongly beveled. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65FFB1678C22EF6D523E0B48FCA95E51" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="459C2F48AC97822B8A8DFD1FF8D1ECC8" genus="Echinodon" lsidName="Echinodon" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="genus">Echinodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a well-demarcated vessel tract passing from the anterior dentary foramen toward the predentary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6FBFB6F6516F0A436709F1072C194F9F" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
A jaw fragment housing three teeth was identified as a right premaxilla (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CDD5C6532BB60791466D60E83164F994" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2a). Only the middle tooth preserves the entire crown; only the base of the distal crown is preserved, and the first crown in the series appears to have been lost.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4CD07972C20AD0949D076F0F8B12B7DC" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. (2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 376) noted that all of these teeth have waisted, subtriangular crowns; there is no development of a caniniform crown.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="141AFDA0D8131E0BF00A661A7A72EF43" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" title="Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PLoS One 7: e 31556." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0031556." year="2012">Butler et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, further, suggested that a small portion of the left premaxilla might be attached across the median palatal suture. A portion of an ascending ramus has been shown as preserved on the premaxilla (Fig. 9A), but no part of this ramus appears to be preserved on the actual specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B68C117CFB43E0D4955B5480EEFC9A15" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" title="Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PLoS One 7: e 31556." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0031556." year="2012">Butler et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 7A). In other heterodontosaurids, the narial fossa
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="C254FF26E9BC9F2B3CCFD0A6E231E3EC" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" start="start">extends</pageBreakToken>
|
||
close to the ventral margin of the premaxilla, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54CABD7DC86DD63687E3328AB5308042" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
the narial fossa is not evident in lateral view. The identification of this jaw fragment as a portion of the right premaxilla may be correct, but it exhibits several unusual features as compared to more completely known premaxillae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9740257B5D691CEA34DBD005650A18E1" genus="Echinodon" lsidName="Echinodon" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Echinodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49C4689AC3680543A266089FAABB7121" genus="Tianyulong" lsidName="Tianyulong" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Tianyulong</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C0D435544B84F8CBB0A82DF45BE21B03" genus="Lycorhinus" lsidName="Lycorhinus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Lycorhinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FB0636B482288D7A44BE95B2A12CDB12" genus="Heterodontosaurus" lsidName="Heterodontosaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Heterodontosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B3AADBFB8C310FEBF3B96229D7671826" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The maxilla in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9754955B51463FE19A02CE6F305EF3EF" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a deep margin between the antorbital fenestra and the maxillary tooth row, although this depth can appear greater with postmortem compression (Fig. 9A). As preserved it most closely resembles the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF6BF2C7285E7C23E4410B146854E960" genus="Echinodon" lsidName="Echinodon" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Echinodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D99751D0FB83DAA90EACF87425420DE5" genus="Lycorhinus" lsidName="Lycorhinus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Lycorhinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The buccal emargination is approximately one-half as deep in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A03A079D17C4EA205FCF4B93D4C0526E" genus="Tianyulong" lsidName="Tianyulong" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Tianyulong</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88C533F71E5719C123C9EA8F1DA86152" genus="Abrictosaurus" lsidName="Abrictosaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Abrictosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D1BAA63CBF9047A2CF88DAE3A67F605" genus="Heterodontosaurus" lsidName="Heterodontosaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Heterodontosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="34CC9E578B781C701F1FF1F3D109CB9C" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. (2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 376, fig. 2c) correctly identified a partial left maxilla in a subadult (LACM 128258), whereas
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4360FF7E087773D009FE2A531DF37F30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Galton (2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Figs 2.6E, 2.7A) identified the same specimen as a right maxilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B07CB31237649FF5185ADC758652030B" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="dentition">
|
||
<paragraph id="0F11174A87A4F3E4587E760EE7457FAB" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Dentition.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C86F7DDE34EE8F1BE331A7C636ADBFA2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The location, size and shape of the anterior dentary teeth differ between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D0578A97ECE1FDB1E618B2C24AC2833B" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6F8A2FF3DC566D4569655ACDD4D58FF" genus="Echinodon" lsidName="Echinodon" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Echinodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE6DC1D838D8689521966651F9DD808" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 9A) the first dentary tooth is closer to the anterior end of the dentary than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D505134547FEEFD570DC653C7433592B" genus="Echinodon" lsidName="Echinodon" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Echinodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which a short edentulous margin precedes the first dentary tooth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4651EFE4B17542B902496BB231B8BF7" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Galton 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2.7B;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="081344FEA8A1CD32D8E371131DFF847F" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2d). Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DD6238D00165E107DE6A0C28E71F07" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(LACM 115747) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6D0F71FA432F5FF03C3F7295FCB5D675" genus="Echinodon" lsidName="Echinodon" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Echinodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a small peg-shaped first dentary tooth. Although described as unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="641C612651EEF297D199ACE138516AA6" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0445A7C462E7FA70A672A1F3588F387" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 376, 378), a rudimentary first dentary tooth (or tiny alveolus) is also known in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9525F8F5B6AB7BF68FFABCBE16A13E0F" genus="Echinodon" lsidName="Echinodon" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Echinodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02470D39F4B688190CDB2C4AA1A59006" genus="Lycorhinus" lsidName="Lycorhinus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Lycorhinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5898E321CA3A767E66A657DBBE5D2FA2" genus="Abrictosaurus" lsidName="Abrictosaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Abrictosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In some heterodontosaurids, including the Kayenta heterodontosaurid,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9DD3452FCF33BCC5C4F141BABFE4BF8" genus="Pegomastax" lsidName="Pegomastax" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Pegomastax</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen n. sp. n., and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="771934EC4BD806A28DEAD1DD4392233F" genus="Heterodontosaurus" lsidName="Heterodontosaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Heterodontosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there are no teeth mesial to the caniniform tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="32E6674BDBB8FBA332D65A47DC0F83ED" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The third dentary tooth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0CC023DC480D52DD03682D94A52105A0" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or the first
|
||
<normalizedToken id="476B9F67A301F999D3FDC6FF726ECA69" originalValue="“cheek”">"cheek"</normalizedToken>
|
||
tooth, is the smallest tooth in the dentary series (Fig. 9A). Although described as present in "other heterodontosaurids" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9A4A0208CD03D37B1B0951668DAE96DF" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 378), such a diminutive tooth is known only in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B37E8F313FB2EAD2D7BF9BB00B063CB1" genus="Pegomastax" lsidName="Pegomastax" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Pegomastax</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen n. sp. n. and possibly in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D6DE00C5C98BDBC0FC36C73055D12105" genus="Heterodontosaurus" lsidName="Heterodontosaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Heterodontosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In other heterodontosaurids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2A89CE639BFBC3609934DE7EF1A64CED" genus="Echinodon" lsidName="Echinodon" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Echinodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3F5261131144700E8386CAB5945CABB3" genus="Lycorhinus" lsidName="Lycorhinus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Lycorhinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FAC44497EF8347C35B5F12A2C21333B7" genus="Abrictosaurus" lsidName="Abrictosaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Abrictosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the first cheek tooth is subequal to successive crowns at the anterior end of the dentary tooth series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D1B87CCC2F1BAC46A29179AB2E6522F" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The premaxillary teeth described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="982F391E8455FFA6DBD05CD0575CF6B1" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
would be unusual in form for heterodontosaurids, but identification of the jaw fragment as a right premaxilla may be problematic as discussed above.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EC592C1400A815A2187CA6519086DB91" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Galton (2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 28) reported the presence of five premaxillary teeth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="804874ECB6F54A4343C0FC86F0D3E81B" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but there appears to be no evidence in support of this statement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="08C7474E215FBF63263BE1539A9CC997" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The largest maxillary crowns in the distal portion of the series have a bulbous cingulum with well-defined basal and apical edges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D57D25139E6BAE7C06B543C6115A202A" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2b:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D79E8A1B6F73665537A3FF5B129CDC83" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Galton 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2.7C, F, G). The apical edge of the cingulum is maintained in the center of the crown base, where the median eminence joins the base of the crown (Fig. 9A). This well-defined cingulum is present only in the largest crowns and resembles the condition in the cheek teeth of thyreophoran ornithischians. A similar condition is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F790823D814F3FF35E2EF3D2CBAAAB62" genus="Tianyulong" lsidName="Tianyulong" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Tianyulong</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The apical edge of the cingulum merges with the crowns face in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E85D64BF43607F4B7A0029D00D98BF2" genus="Echinodon" lsidName="Echinodon" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Echinodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
and most other heterodontosaurids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9907BD2597CE9925E24F7EE1FB9FEDF2" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Computed-tomographic scans show active tooth replacement in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B7793DE3D076A584EEF7DD06544BF4B9" genus="Fruitadens" lsidName="Fruitadens" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Fruitadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D18FB0149ABAEA84BF88AEE0EC81BC0A" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="375 - 381" title="Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America." url="10.1098/rspb.2009.1494" volume="277" year="2010">Butler et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Figs 2f, 3d, 3a-c;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91B5070DA2084DAEF86D396FAF5DBBBD" author="Butler, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" title="Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PLoS One 7: e 31556." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0031556." year="2012">Butler et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Figs 3, 4). Wear facets from tooth
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="AD6DD5559F8E9E92093F3127EC50A73B" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" start="start">-</pageBreakToken>
|
||
to-tooth occlusion, however, have not been identified. The presence or absence of wear facets is difficult to determine with so few available crowns. Some of these specimens, in addition, are from younger individuals, which may not show wear typical of adults. The low-angle wear facets in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FA035177652FB1211F569DC61B465CE" genus="Echinodon" lsidName="Echinodon" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="genus">Echinodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
are less obvious and sometimes absent on newly erupted crowns.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |