242 lines
29 KiB
XML
242 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab111" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ac891843-392a-4f0e-a282-dbc25e8d4d43" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7031445" checkinTime="1661766949213" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rota, Emilia" docDate="2022" docId="715E87BFFFF83729FC633D16FDCEFB4F" docLanguage="en" docName="zlab111.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (1)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/1/1/6517660" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.6:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Criodrilus Hoffmeister 1845" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="8D67FFC7FFEA373DFFE73912FFA2FFFF" masterDocTitle="REVIEW How the discovery of oligochaete regeneration during the Enlightenment was pivotal to the advancement of annelid research" masterLastPageNumber="24" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1661927280604" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>REVIEW How the discovery of oligochaete regeneration during the Enlightenment was pivotal to the advancement of annelid research</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-09-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number>196</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab111</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7036849" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199898624" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7036849" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:715E87BFFFF83729FC633D16FDCEFB4F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/715E87BFFFF83729FC633D16FDCEFB4F" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<subSubSection box="[900,1333,1028,1052]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="18.[900,1333,1028,1052]" box="[900,1333,1028,1052]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<heading box="[900,1333,1028,1052]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hoffmeister" authorityYear="1845" box="[900,1079,1028,1051]" class="Clitellata" family="Criodrilidae" genus="Criodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[900,1079,1028,1051]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">CRIODRILUS</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, THE BOAT-WORM
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="18.[809,1426,1075,1496]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName authority="Hoffmeister, 1845" authorityName="Hoffmeister" authorityYear="1845" box="[809,1209,1075,1097]" class="Clitellata" family="Criodrilidae" genus="Criodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="lacuum">
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<emphasis box="[809,1012,1075,1096]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Criodrilus lacuum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmeister W" box="[1015,1209,1075,1097]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref18400" refString="Hoffmeister W. 1845. Die bis jetzt bekannten Arten aus der Familie der Regenwurmer. Als grundlage zu einer Monographie dieser Familie. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg." type="book" year="1845">Hoffmeister, 1845</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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is well known today as a limicolous earthworm, with a long quadrangular body comprising 200–450 segments and dorsally grooved from the midregion, inhabiting the muddy banks and bottom of rivers, ditches, ponds, swamps and even rice paddy systems. Its anatomy is similar to that of common earthworms, except for the lack of dorsal pores, gizzard and spermathecae. Spallanzani provided an exhaustive description of it on
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<date box="[1197,1352,1320,1342]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1766-06-12">12 June 1766</date>
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, when its odd floating-tail posture first attracted his attention in the ditches at La Villetta, near Modena, suggesting the name of boat-worm (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spallanzani L" box="[1093,1413,1413,1435]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref19798" refString="Spallanzani L. 2003. I quaderni delle rigenerazioni animali. In: Lazzaro Spallanzani, Edizione nazionale delle opere, Part VI (' Manoscritti'), Volume I, tomes 1 - 3. Modena: Mucchi." type="book" year="2003">Spallanzani, 2003: 212–214</bibRefCitation>
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), or the ‘Modena worms’. A more complete morphological account was given in the
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<emphasis box="[1090,1200,1474,1495]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Prodromo</emphasis>
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:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="18.[833,1400,1521,1757]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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Its size towards the head is equal to one of the largest goose quills, and its length about a span. The largest ones indeed may reach to the middle of the arm, especially when stretched. The colour of their back is dark, but grows lighter towards the tail; the belly is of a pale flesh hue. [It lives] in sweet, shallow, and clear waters, either stagnating or flowing gently. (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spallanzani L" box="[1043,1329,1735,1757]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref19589" refString="Spallanzani L. 1769. An essay on animal reproductions. London: Becket & De Hondt. [Translation of: Spallanzani L. 1768. Prodromo di un'opera da imprimersi sopra le riproduzioni animali. Modena: Giovanni Montanari.]" type="book" year="1769">Spallanzani, 1769: 19–20</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="18.[833,1419,1782,1804]" box="[833,1419,1782,1804]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">The boat-worm showed a great regenerative power:</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="18.[833,1400,1829,1881]" lastBlockId="19.[187,755,196,280]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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The three earthworms [of the ditch of Modena], which the first of this month I mutilated for the 12
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<superScript attach="left" box="[217,232,196,208]" fontSize="5" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">th</superScript>
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time, and which is more than a year that I have [
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<date box="[277,470,228,250]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1766-09">September 1766</date>
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–
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<date box="[485,680,228,250]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1767-09">September 1767</date>
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], have reproduced a lot of tail. (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spallanzani L" box="[467,726,258,280]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref19798" refString="Spallanzani L. 2003. I quaderni delle rigenerazioni animali. In: Lazzaro Spallanzani, Edizione nazionale delle opere, Part VI (' Manoscritti'), Volume I, tomes 1 - 3. Modena: Mucchi." type="book" year="2003">Spallanzani, 2003: 548</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[163,778,305,388]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">It was also prone to self-amputation, and frequently (95%) on collection showed evidence of one or multiple episodes of tail regeneration.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[187,756,413,772]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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In some of the worms extracted from the ditch, I discovered two reproductions that occurred at different times, as shown so well by their different colour. The head together with a portion of the body had its natural brown; the other portion closer to the tail had a lighter brown colour; and the third one which hung to the tail was reddish white. I also found a worm in which one could clearly distinguish three successive reproductions. (letter to Bonnet dated
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<date box="[479,716,689,711]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1766-09-21">21 September 1766</date>
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, in
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<bibRefCitation author="Biagi B" box="[187,369,720,742]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref17421" refString="Biagi B. 1958. Lazzaro Spallanzani: Epistolario. Vol. 1 (1750 - 1773). Florence: Sansoni." type="book" year="1958">Biagi, 1958: 109</bibRefCitation>
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, translated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Tsonis PA & Fox TP" box="[535,748,720,742]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="2357 - 2363" refId="ref20013" refString="Tsonis PA, Fox TP. 2009. Regeneration according to Spallanzani. Developmental Dynamics 238: 2357 - 2363." type="journal article" year="2009">Tsonis & Fox, 2009</bibRefCitation>
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, here partly revised)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[163,778,797,850]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">The broken worms never failed to become boat shaped at their posterior end.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[187,756,874,1479]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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I have learned that though I have cut a slice of the tail, the end of the stump did not stop appearing on the surface of water and become boat-shaped as usual. I had the idea of successively shortening the length of the worm by taking off new slices at different steps. With this experiment I had two objectives: the first was to know if the fresh water worm would always use the remaining part of the body to make a boat-shaped structure; the second was to know if the reproduction would show in different sites of the length of the sectioned animal. Both were proven wonderfully. Regeneration and the boat shape did not stop to appear. The length of the worm so sectioned again and again had been reduced to one thumb and a quarter. I found I had the right to draw that conclusion: that the strength of regeneration is present almost in the whole length of the worm. (letter to Bonnet, dated
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<date pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1766-09-21">21 September 1766</date>
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, in
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<bibRefCitation author="Biagi B" box="[283,516,1426,1448]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref17421" refString="Biagi B. 1958. Lazzaro Spallanzani: Epistolario. Vol. 1 (1750 - 1773). Florence: Sansoni." type="book" year="1958">Biagi, 1958: 110–111</bibRefCitation>
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, translated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Tsonis PA & Fox TP" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="2357 - 2363" refId="ref20013" refString="Tsonis PA, Fox TP. 2009. Regeneration according to Spallanzani. Developmental Dynamics 238: 2357 - 2363." type="journal article" year="2009">Tsonis & Fox, 2009</bibRefCitation>
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, partly revised)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[163,779,1504,1587]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Regeneration proceeded much faster and more easily than in terrestrial species, also at the front end and in the winter season.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[187,754,1612,1818]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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These worms reform their heads also when they are cut posteriorly; and the reproduction of the head is easier in these, than in those inhabiting the earth. These reproduce even in winter; even the head. I have had twelve consecutive reproductions, and nevertheless they have not diminished much in size. (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spallanzani L" box="[485,744,1796,1818]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref19798" refString="Spallanzani L. 2003. I quaderni delle rigenerazioni animali. In: Lazzaro Spallanzani, Edizione nazionale delle opere, Part VI (' Manoscritti'), Volume I, tomes 1 - 3. Modena: Mucchi." type="book" year="2003">Spallanzani, 2003: 550</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[163,778,1842,1895]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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The anus gradually reformed as a subterminal, dorsal, elliptic opening (
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<figureCitation box="[436,499,1873,1895]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[163,242,1788,1810]" captionTargetBox="[227,1379,1090,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-471@15.[227,1379,1090,1749]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Spallanzani’s observations on his ‘lombrico a batello’, or ‘boat-worm’ (Criodrilus lacuum Hoffmeister, 1845). A, B, respiratory posture, with the head buried in the mud and the tail floating on the water surface. C, close-up of the richly vascular tail. D, E, regeneration of the caudal region and reforming of the anus. A, C–E, reproduced from Spallanzani (2003). B, reproduced from Biagi (1958: 108)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7031467/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[851,1419,197,771]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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The shape of the anus stretches out, the cone surrounding it grows, particularly at the base, where it is implanted in the stump. The extremity of the anus towards the head shows no sign of reproduction but is marked by a small dorsal red line having the same direction as the artery of the stump. Blood circulation appears the next day and it can be seen that the blood in that vessel moves rhythmically as in the gross artery, into which it flows. The cone gradually grows and becomes longer.The edges of the anus acquire more redness, and after one day and a half, blood is seen flowing in them, and continuing in the reproduced vessel. So, it is certain the gross artery draws its origin from the two branches united in an oval structure corresponding to the edges of the anus. Then the cone is finally seen being composed by rings; but these rings are so tightly close to each other that it is impossible to catch the exact number of them. (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spallanzani L" box="[954,1202,749,771]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref19798" refString="Spallanzani L. 2003. I quaderni delle rigenerazioni animali. In: Lazzaro Spallanzani, Edizione nazionale delle opere, Part VI (' Manoscritti'), Volume I, tomes 1 - 3. Modena: Mucchi." type="book" year="2003">Spallanzani, 2003: 550</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[827,1442,796,848]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">The behaviour of the boat-worm was different in cold weather:</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[850,1419,873,1232]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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Concerning my Modena worms, during the winter, although some have raised their tails a bit out of the mud, yet none has put it out of the water making the boat. One day at La Villetta, exploring the ditch where they live in abundance, I found it frozen and covered in snow. So, I noted that they do not necessarily live in warm springs like many other insects, and they do not need to keep the tails out of the water to survive. I also noticed that once they get out of the mud they retreat slowly, while in the summer they do it very quickly. (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spallanzani L" box="[860,1118,1210,1232]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref19798" refString="Spallanzani L. 2003. I quaderni delle rigenerazioni animali. In: Lazzaro Spallanzani, Edizione nazionale delle opere, Part VI (' Manoscritti'), Volume I, tomes 1 - 3. Modena: Mucchi." type="book" year="2003">Spallanzani, 2003: 359</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[827,1443,1257,1892]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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Although all the above is typical of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hoffmeister" authorityYear="1845" box="[1270,1391,1257,1278]" class="Clitellata" family="Criodrilidae" genus="Criodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1270,1391,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Criodrilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the boat-worm remained unrecognized and mysterious until 1976, when the species was identified by Andreina Paoletti Di Chiara (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Belloni L" box="[1222,1376,1349,1371]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="104 - 111" refId="ref17279" refString="Belloni L. 1976. Asterischi spallanzaniani. Physis 18: 104 - 111." type="journal article" year="1976">Belloni, 1976</bibRefCitation>
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). The long failure to identify the boat-worm can be explained by the seasonally changing respiratory posture and by the very rough freehand sketches published by Spallanzani. Formally first described from Tegelsee, near
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<collectingRegion box="[887,962,1502,1524]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Berlin</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[973,1081,1503,1524]" name="Germany" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Germany</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmeister W" box="[1097,1301,1502,1524]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref18400" refString="Hoffmeister W. 1845. Die bis jetzt bekannten Arten aus der Familie der Regenwurmer. Als grundlage zu einer Monographie dieser Familie. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg." type="book" year="1845">Hoffmeister, 1845</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hoffmeister" authorityYear="1845" class="Clitellata" family="Criodrilidae" genus="Criodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="lacuum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Criodrilus lacuum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was recorded a second time under this name only 30 years later, from rice fields along the Po River (
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<bibRefCitation author="Panceri P" box="[836,999,1594,1616]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref19149" refString="Panceri P. 1875. Catalogo degli Annelidi, Gefirei e Turbellarie d'Italia. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali 18: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1875">Panceri, 1875</bibRefCitation>
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) in
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<collectingCountry box="[1050,1106,1594,1616]" name="Italy" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Italy</collectingCountry>
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, and then from the Danube Basin in
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<collectingCountry box="[944,1038,1625,1647]" name="Austria" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Austria</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Hatschek B" box="[1060,1255,1625,1647]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="443 - 461" refId="ref18373" refString="Hatschek B. 1876. Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte und Morphologie des Anneliden. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien 74: 443 - 461." type="journal article" year="1876">Hatschek, 1876</bibRefCitation>
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) and
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<collectingCountry box="[1333,1441,1626,1647]" name="Hungary" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Hungary</collectingCountry>
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(Örley, 1885). In 1886, Rosa found it again in
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<collectingCountry box="[1354,1408,1656,1678]" name="Italy" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Italy</collectingCountry>
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, in the Venetian area near Treviso and in marshes near Turin, and in 1920 at a locality close to Spallanzani’s site: Saliceta Panaro, in the periphery of Modena.
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<bibRefCitation author="Rosa D" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="167 - 180" refId="ref19448" refString="Rosa D. 1888. Sul Criodrilus lacuum, studio zoologico ed anatomico. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino ser. 2 38: 167 - 180." type="journal article" year="1888">Rosa (1888)</bibRefCitation>
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was the first to observe and effectively describe the respiratory behaviour of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hoffmeister" authorityYear="1845" box="[1191,1318,1809,1830]" class="Clitellata" family="Criodrilidae" genus="Criodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1191,1318,1809,1830]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Criodrilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, probably because the thermal regime of water bodies in
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<collectingCountry box="[1386,1442,1840,1862]" name="Italy" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Italy</collectingCountry>
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induces the floating-tail posture more frequently.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="20.[145,762,197,1200]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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Many early accounts of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hoffmeister" authorityYear="1845" box="[457,580,197,218]" class="Clitellata" family="Criodrilidae" genus="Criodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[457,580,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Criodrilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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mentioned the conspicuous horn-like spermatophores and the long (≤
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<quantity box="[175,230,258,280]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
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) spindle-shaped cocoons, fixed to surrounding plants; but the worms never showed any trace of a clitellum.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Benham WB" box="[295,483,320,342]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="561 - 572" refId="ref17328" refString="Benham WB. 1887. Studies on earthworms: no. III. Criodrilus lacuum Hoffmeister. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 2: 561 - 572." type="journal article" year="1887">Benham (1887)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based on histological sections, first located this organ, over segments XVI– L. Such a long clitellum, subject to seasonal regression and producing elongate cocoons, is not unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hoffmeister" authorityYear="1845" box="[179,308,442,463]" class="Clitellata" family="Criodrilidae" genus="Criodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[179,308,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Criodrilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nor is the floating-tail respiratory behaviour unique among aquatic megadriles [e.g. see remarks on the lumbricids
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Orley, 1880)" baseAuthorityName="Orley" baseAuthorityYear="1880" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Allolobophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="dubiosa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[485,761,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Allolobophora dubiosa</emphasis>
|
||
(Örley, 1880)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Zicsi, 1974)" baseAuthorityName="Zicsi" baseAuthorityYear="1974" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Helodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mozsaryorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[370,676,534,556]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Helodrilus mozsaryorum</emphasis>
|
||
(Zicsi, 1974)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Csuzdi C & Zicsi A" box="[257,579,565,587]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref17998" refString="Csuzdi C, Zicsi A. 2003. Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum." type="book" year="2003">Csuzdi & Zicsi (2003: 102</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and 174); and the biwadrilid
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Stephenson, 1917)" baseAuthorityName="Stephenson" baseAuthorityYear="1917" class="Clitellata" family="Biwadrilidae" genus="Biwadrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bathybates">
|
||
<emphasis box="[325,597,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Biwadrilus bathybates</emphasis>
|
||
(Stephenson, 1917)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Blakemore RJ" box="[266,497,626,648]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="11 - 22" refId="ref17462" refString="Blakemore RJ. 2008. Review of Criodrilidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta) including Biwadrilus from Japan. Opuscula Zoologica Budapest 37: 11 - 22." type="journal article" year="2008">Blakemore (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. Perhaps the most astonishing similarities are found among
|
||
<taxonomicName pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis box="[615,760,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Glyphidrilus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(family
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Duboscq" authorityYear="1902" box="[317,413,688,710]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Almidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) inhabiting rivers in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[651,757,688,710]" name="Thailand" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
: their clitellum can cover ≤ 50 segments, the posterior part of the body is dorsally grooved to form a U-shaped channel allowing water circulation down the burrow, and the expanded and flattened tail tip protrudes over the substrate or on the water surface (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chanabun R & Sutcharit C & Tongkerd P & Panha S" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref17821" refString="Chanabun R, Sutcharit C, Tongkerd P, Panha S. 2013. The semi-aquatic freshwater earthworms of the genus Glyphidrilus Horst, 1889 from Thailand (Oligochaeta, Almidae) with re-descriptions of several species. ZooKeys 265: 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Chanabun
|
||
<emphasis box="[700,754,841,863]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 1B, 23B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[145,762,197,1200]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
The extraordinary power of regeneration of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hoffmeister" authorityYear="1845" box="[145,361,933,954]" class="Clitellata" family="Criodrilidae" genus="Criodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="lacuum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[145,361,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Criodrilus lacuum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been noticed since its formal taxonomic description (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmeister W" box="[424,634,964,986]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref18400" refString="Hoffmeister W. 1845. Die bis jetzt bekannten Arten aus der Familie der Regenwurmer. Als grundlage zu einer Monographie dieser Familie. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg." type="book" year="1845">Hoffmeister, 1845</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and later thorough investigation by various authors (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Collin A" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="472 - 496" refId="ref17866" refString="Collin A. 1888. Criodrilus lacuum Hoffm. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Oligochaeten. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 46: 472 - 496." type="journal article" year="1888">Collin, 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janda V" box="[215,357,1025,1047]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="557 - 587" refId="ref18445" refString="Janda V. 1912. Die Regeneration der Geschlechtsorgane bei Criodrilus lacuum Hoffm. II. Roux Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen 34: 557 - 587." type="journal article" year="1912">Janda, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janda V" box="[372,428,1025,1047]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="423 - 455" refId="ref18473" refString="Janda V. 1926. Die Veranderung des Geschlechtscharakters und die Neubildung des Geschlechtsappaprats von Criodrilus lacuum Hoffm. unter kunstlichen Bedingungen. Roux Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen 197: 423 - 455." type="journal article" year="1926">1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tirala LG" box="[442,585,1025,1047]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="522 - 524" refId="ref19935" refString="Tirala LG. 1913. Regeneration und transplantation bei Criodrilus. Roux Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen 35: 522 - 524." type="journal article" year="1913">Tirala, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janda V" box="[608,761,1025,1047]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="557 - 587" refId="ref18445" refString="Janda V. 1912. Die Regeneration der Geschlechtsorgane bei Criodrilus lacuum Hoffm. II. Roux Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen 34: 557 - 587." type="journal article" year="1912">Janda (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hoffmeister" authorityYear="1845" box="[300,423,1056,1077]" class="Clitellata" family="Criodrilidae" genus="Criodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[300,423,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Criodrilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can regenerate the same or almost the same number of segments after the loss of the entire genital region and even larger parts of the body; after removal of 40 front segments, the worm was still capable of anterior regeneration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |