treatments-xml/data/03/F7/A2/03F7A2328D52FFB4FF52FA97FAB45256.xml

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<mods:title id="6C3F7BE19A59C96EC49A2789C43B6419">Rediscovery and IUCN threat assessment of Themeda saxicola (Poaceae: Andropogoneae), an endemic grass from the Eastern Ghats, India</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C34440AF8D52FFB3FF52FA97FD825358" box="[136,554,1367,1390]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE113248D52FFB3FF52FA97FD825358" blockId="1.[136,1451,1367,1462]" box="[136,554,1367,1390]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">
<taxonomicName id="4C5E68A78D52FFB3FF52FA97FE745358" ID-CoL="56BBJ" authority="Bor (1951: 452)" authorityName="Bor" authorityPageNumber="452" authorityYear="1951" box="[136,476,1367,1390]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Themeda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saxicola">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D52FFB3FF52FA97FE93535B" bold="true" box="[136,315,1367,1389]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">Themeda saxicola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF6ED58D52FFB3FE9BFA98FE745358" author="Bor, N. L." box="[321,476,1368,1390]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" pagination="451 - 452" refId="ref2080" refString="Bor, N. L. (1951) Some new species of Indian grasses. Kew Bulletin 1951: 451 - 452. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 4120594" type="journal article" year="1951">Bor (1951: 452)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13650FA18D52FFB3FE33FA98FD8B5358" box="[489,547,1368,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[136,229,1991,2013]" captionTargetBox="[185,1402,245,1966]" captionTargetId="figure-52@2.[185,1402,245,1966]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Themeda saxicola Bor: A. Habit, B. Raceme; Involucral spikelet: C. Spikelet, D. Lower glume, E. Upper glume, F. Lower lemma, G. Upper lemma; Sessile spikelet: H. Spikelet, I. Lower glume, J. Upper glume K. Upper lemma; Pedicelled spikelet: L. Spikelet, M. Lower glume, N. Upper glume, O. Lower lemma." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5912622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5912622/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C34440AF8D52FFB3FF52FABCFEFA5380" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE113248D52FFB3FF52FABCFEFA5380" blockId="1.[136,1451,1367,1462]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D52FFB3FF52FABCFF7253A7" bold="true" box="[136,218,1404,1425]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">
Type: 
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D52FFB3FF18FABCFF7253A7" bold="true" box="[194,218,1404,1425]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">—</emphasis>
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B3619798D52FFB3FF00FABCFEE65380" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3459456301" collectingDate="1950-10-25" collectorName="H. F. Mooney" country="India" elevation="1000" location="Raisili Village" municipality="Koraput District" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Odisha" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="F34953B48D52FFB3FF00FABCFE8953A7" box="[218,289,1404,1425]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">INDIA</collectingCountry>
. 
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, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B85895E8D52FFB3FE59FABCFD8F53A4" box="[387,551,1404,1426]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">Koraput District</collectingMunicipality>
, 
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, alt. 
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, 
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, 
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<collectorName id="26AB76F28D52FFB3FBD2FABCFB3A53A7" box="[1032,1170,1404,1425]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">H. F. Mooney</collectorName>
4241
</emphasis>
(
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K, barcode K000245985!)
</materialsCitation>
.
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<subSubSection id="C34440AF8D52FFB0FF52FA24FE1156EA" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE113248D52FFB0FF52FA24FE1156EA" blockId="1.[136,1452,1508,2075]" lastBlockId="2.[136,1452,158,221]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">
Perennial; compact mass of dead basal sheath with dormant buds in the basal leaf axils. Culms tufted, erect to decumbent, up to 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FF14F9C8FEBE5015" box="[206,278,1544,1571]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="cm" value="35.0">35 cm</quantity>
long; nodes glabrous. Leaf-sheaths keeled, glabrous; ligules membranous, ciliate at apex; leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, 5.0–6.0 × 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FE1AF9ECFDE85071" box="[448,576,1580,1607]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="cm" value="0.25" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.3 cm</quantity>
; attenuate at apex, pilose above, tubercle based hairy on both the surface of the blade. Inflorescence composed of a solitary raceme, terminal, exserted, subtended by a spatheole. Raceme comprises 4 involucral spikelets i.e., 2 sessile and 2 pedicelled. Involucral spikelets inserted at different levels, elliptic-lanceolate, 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FF52F958FEAC5085" box="[136,260,1688,1715]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="13.0">13–15 mm</quantity>
long, staminate, pedicelled. Lower glume elliptic-lanceolate, 11–15 × 1.0– 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FBB2F958FB685085" box="[1128,1216,1688,1715]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
long, acute at apex, 11–13-nerved, 2-keeled, glabrous, margins inflexed. Upper glume 6–7 × 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FC08F97CFBF650E1" box="[978,1118,1724,1751]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.1" valueMin="0.9">0.9–1.1 mm</quantity>
, 3-nerved, glabrous, margins ciliate. Florets 2; lower barren, epaleate; upper staminate, epaleate. Lower lemma 5–6 × ca. 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FB54F920FB4E50CD" box="[1166,1254,1760,1787]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
, hyaline, margins ciliate. Upper lemma 5.0–5.5 × 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FE2EF8C4FDD65129" box="[500,638,1796,1823]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="0.3" valueMax="0.4" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.4 mm</quantity>
, hyaline, epaleate. Stamens 3; anther 3.5–4.0 mm long. Sessile spikelet elliptic-oblong, 7.5–8.0 mm long; callus pungent, 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FD6EF8E8FD5C5175" box="[692,756,1832,1859]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long, hairy. Lower glume elliptic-oblong, 7.5–8.0 × 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FAE1F8E8FA045175" box="[1339,1452,1832,1859]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="0.9" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1 mm</quantity>
long, truncate at apex, coriaceous, pilose, 5-nerved. Upper glume 4.5 – 5.0 × ca. 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FBDBF88CFBF05151" box="[1025,1112,1868,1895]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
, oblong, obtuse, membranous, 3-nerved. Florets 2; lower barren, upper female. Lower lemma 3–4 × 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FC7DF8B0FB9A51BD" box="[935,1074,1904,1931]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="0.4" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.5 mm</quantity>
, obtuse, hyaline, epaleate. Upper lemma linear, hyaline, 1-awned; awn geniculate, 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FD6DF854FCA35199" box="[695,779,1940,1967]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 cm</quantity>
long. Upper palea 2.0–2.5 × 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FB81F854FB1D5199" box="[1115,1205,1940,1967]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
, linear, hyaline. Style 2, stigma plumos. Pedicelled spikelets, staminate, elliptic, ca. 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FC9EF878FC3C51E5" box="[836,916,1976,2003]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
long; callus linear, 2.0 mm long, hairy; pedicel linear, 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FF0DF81CFE8751C1" box="[215,303,2012,2039]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
long. Lower glume elliptic, 8–10 × 1.0– 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FCDCF81CFCF551C1" box="[774,861,2012,2039]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
long, chartaceous, acute at apex, margins narrowly winged. Upper glume 5.8–6.5 × 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D52FFB3FE23F7C0FDC55E2D" box="[505,621,2048,2075]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="0.9" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1 mm</quantity>
, elliptic, acute at apex, 3-nerved, membranous, margins ciliate. Florets 2; both epaleate, upper staminate. Lower lemma 5–6 × 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D51FFB0FD07FF5EFCCF568F" box="[733,871,158,185]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="0.8" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.7">0.7–0.9 mm</quantity>
, barren, hyaline, 3-nerved. Upper lemma 5.0–5.5 × ca. 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D51FFB0FF75FF02FEAF56EB" box="[175,263,194,221]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
, linear, hyaline.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2143AC8D51FFB0FF52F807FD205E13" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5912622" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5912622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5912622/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" startId="2.[136,229,1991,2013]" targetBox="[185,1402,245,1966]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BE113248D51FFB0FF52F807FD205E13" blockId="2.[136,1452,1991,2085]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D51FFB0FF52F807FF5051EA" bold="true" box="[136,248,1991,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E68A78D51FFB0FEDFF807FE4C51EA" authority="Bor" authorityName="Bor" authorityYear="1951" box="[261,484,1991,2012]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Themeda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saxicola">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D51FFB0FEDFF807FE1C51EA" box="[261,436,1991,2012]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Themeda saxicola</emphasis>
Bor
</taxonomicName>
: A. Habit, B. Raceme; 
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D51FFB0FD1FF807FCD151EA" box="[709,889,1991,2012]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Involucral spikelet</emphasis>
: C. Spikelet, D. Lower glume, E. Upper glume, F. Lower lemma, G. Upper lemma; 
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D51FFB0FE58F82BFDBA5E36" box="[386,530,2027,2048]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Sessile spikelet</emphasis>
: H. Spikelet, I. Lower glume, J. Upper glume K. Upper lemma; 
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D51FFB0FBA1F82BFA875E36" box="[1147,1327,2027,2048]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Pedicelled spikelet</emphasis>
: L. Spikelet, M. Lower glume, N. Upper glume, O. Lower lemma.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BE113248D50FFB1FF52F8F4FDD3517C" blockId="3.[136,635,1844,1866]" box="[136,635,1844,1866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D50FFB1FF52F8F4FF56517F" bold="true" box="[136,254,1844,1866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Distribution map of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E68A78D50FFB1FE1DF8F4FDDD517F" authorityName="Bor" authorityYear="1951" box="[455,629,1844,1865]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Themeda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saxicola">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D50FFB1FE1DF8F4FDDD517F" box="[455,629,1844,1865]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Themeda saxicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34440AF8D50FFB6FF67F8B8FE555E28" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="165" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE113248D50FFB1FF67F8B8FD7C51A4" blockId="3.[136,1452,1912,2083]" box="[189,724,1912,1939]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D50FFB1FF67F8B8FE7F51A4" bold="true" box="[189,471,1912,1939]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Flowering and fruiting:</emphasis>
—October–December.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE113248D50FFB1FF67F85CFEBB5E15" blockId="3.[136,1452,1912,2083]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D50FFB1FF67F85CFD8C5180" bold="true" box="[189,548,1948,1974]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Habitat &amp; associated species:</emphasis>
—Rocky crevices (Granite rock). 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E68A78D50FFB1FC76F85CFBD25180" authorityName="Bor" authorityYear="1951" box="[940,1146,1948,1974]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Themeda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saxicola">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D50FFB1FC76F85CFBD25180" box="[940,1146,1948,1974]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Themeda saxicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows in association with annual grass species such as, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E68A78D50FFB1FE03F801FC3D51ED" authority="Hackel (1889: 689)" authorityName="Hackel" authorityPageNumber="689" authorityYear="1889" box="[473,917,1984,2011]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dimeria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="connivens">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D50FFB1FE03F801FD0751EC" box="[473,687,1985,2010]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Dimeria connivens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF6ED58D50FFB1FD62F800FC3D51ED" author="Hackel, E." box="[696,917,1984,2011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="1 - 716" refId="ref2258" refString="Hackel, E. (1889) Andropogoneae. In: Candolle, A. L. P. P. &amp; Candolle, A. C. P. (Eds.) Monographiae Phanerogamarum, vol. 6. Sumptibus G. Masson, Paris, pp. 1 - 716." type="book chapter" year="1889">Hackel (1889: 689)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E68A78D50FFB1FC7EF801FAD251ED" authority="Trinius (1820: 167)" authorityName="Trinius" authorityPageNumber="167" authorityYear="1820" box="[932,1402,1984,2011]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dimeria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ornithopoda">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D50FFB1FC7EF801FB3C51EC" box="[932,1172,1984,2010]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Dimeria ornithopoda</emphasis>
Trinius (1820: 167)
</taxonomicName>
and also perennial grass species like 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E68A78D50FFB1FDD9F824FC3F51C9" authority="Bor (1951: 451)" authorityName="Bor" authorityPageNumber="451" authorityYear="1951" box="[515,919,2020,2047]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Themeda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mooneyi">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D50FFB1FDD9F824FD7B51C8" box="[515,723,2020,2046]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Themeda mooneyi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF6ED58D50FFB1FD07F825FC3F51C9" author="Bor, N. L." box="[733,919,2020,2047]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="451 - 452" refId="ref2080" refString="Bor, N. L. (1951) Some new species of Indian grasses. Kew Bulletin 1951: 451 - 452. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 4120594" type="journal article" year="1951">Bor (1951: 451)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E68A78D50FFB1FC00F825FEA75E15" authority="Roemer &amp; Schultes (1817: 600)" authorityName="Roemer &amp; Schultes" authorityPageNumber="600" authorityYear="1817" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Tripogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bromoides">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D50FFB1FC00F825FB6851C8" box="[986,1216,2020,2046]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Tripogon bromoides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF6ED58D50FFB1FB10F825FEA75E15" author="Roemer, J. J. &amp; Schultes, J. A." pageId="3" pageNumber="164" refId="ref2612" refString="Roemer, J. J. &amp; Schultes, J. A. (1817) Systema Vegetabilium 2. J. G. Cottae: Stuttgart, 964 pp." type="book" year="1817">Roemer &amp; Schultes (1817: 600)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2143AC8D57FFB6FF52F8EFFB3E5173" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5912626" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5912626" box="[136,1174,1839,1861]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5912626/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" startId="4.[136,229,1839,1861]" targetBox="[191,1401,208,1796]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BE113248D57FFB6FF52F8EFFB3E5173" blockId="4.[136,1174,1839,1861]" box="[136,1174,1839,1861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D57FFB6FF52F8EFFF565172" bold="true" box="[136,254,1839,1861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
A. Estimation of habitat distribution from Google Earth. B. Google Earth Image of Raisili Hill.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE113248D57FFB6FF67F8B4FE555E28" blockId="4.[136,1452,1908,2078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D57FFB6FF67F8B4FEB451B8" bold="true" box="[189,284,1908,1934]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">Ecology</emphasis>
:— 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E68A78D57FFB6FE9AF8B4FDA351B8" authorityName="Bor" authorityYear="1951" box="[320,523,1908,1934]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Themeda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saxicola">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D57FFB6FE9AF8B4FDA351B8" box="[320,523,1908,1934]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">Themeda saxicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows in the patch of shallow soil over granite-gneiss (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF6ED58D57FFB6FBA2F8B4FB4451B9" author="Bor, N. L." box="[1144,1260,1908,1935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" pagination="451 - 452" refId="ref2080" refString="Bor, N. L. (1951) Some new species of Indian grasses. Kew Bulletin 1951: 451 - 452. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 4120594" type="journal article" year="1951">Bor, 1951</bibRefCitation>
). For most of the year (nearly 8 months) water is scarce and plants deal with extreme summer temperature and also with surface heat generated from granite rocks. Basal old leaf sheaths forms compact mass that protects buds from desiccating during the dry season. These buds start germinating on the onset of rains. It completes flowering and fruiting (till December) before the start of the dry season.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2143AC8D56FFB7FF52F86DFBF951F2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5912630" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5912630" box="[136,1105,1965,1988]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5912630/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" startId="5.[136,229,1965,1987]" targetBox="[196,1390,207,1922]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BE113248D56FFB7FF52F86DFBF951F2" blockId="5.[136,1105,1965,1988]" box="[136,1105,1965,1988]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D56FFB7FF52F86DFF5F51F5" bold="true" box="[136,247,1965,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
. A. Mining activity in Raisili Hill. B. Invasive alien species in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E68A78D56FFB7FC8FF86EFBAB51F5" authorityName="Bor" authorityYear="1951" box="[853,1027,1966,1987]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Themeda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saxicola">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D56FFB7FC8FF86EFBAB51F5" box="[853,1027,1966,1987]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">Themeda saxicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
habitat.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34440AF8D55FFB4FF67FF5DFAED568E" box="[189,1349,157,185]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BE113248D55FFB4FF67FF5DFAED568E" blockId="6.[136,1452,157,292]" box="[189,1349,157,185]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D55FFB4FF67FF5DFEF15681" bold="true" box="[189,345,157,183]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Distribution:</emphasis>
—Raisili (
<typeStatus id="54E5AD868D55FFB4FE17FF5EFDAE568E" box="[461,518,158,184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Type</typeStatus>
locality) and Deomali in Koraput District, 
<collectingRegion id="499ADDC68D55FFB4FC30FF5EFB95568E" box="[1002,1085,158,184]" country="India" name="Odisha" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Odisha</collectingRegion>
; endemic. (
<figureCitation id="13650FA18D55FFB4FB67FF5EFAA2568E" box="[1213,1290,158,184]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[136,229,1844,1866]" captionTargetBox="[196,1394,211,1786]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[164,1423,190,1820]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Distribution map of Themeda saxicola." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5912624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5912624/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="13650FA18D55FFB4FAF4FF5EFA95568E" box="[1326,1341,158,184]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[136,229,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[191,1401,208,1796]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[151,1436,190,1815]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. A. Estimation of habitat distribution from Google Earth. B. Google Earth Image of Raisili Hill." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5912626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5912626/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">4</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34440AF8D55FFB4FF67FF01FE815712" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE113248D55FFB4FF67FF01FE815712" blockId="6.[136,1452,157,292]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D55FFB4FF67FF01FE6856ED" bold="true" box="[189,448,193,219]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Specimens examined:</emphasis>
— 
<collectingCountry id="F34953B48D55FFB4FE04FF02FD9856EA" box="[478,560,194,220]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">INDIA</collectingCountry>
. Koraput, Laxmipur (Raisili) 
<date id="FFE035E48D55FFB4FC58FF02FBE956EB" box="[898,1089,194,221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" value="1950-10-15">15 October 1950</date>
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D55FFB4FB90FF03FB4D56EA" box="[1098,1253,195,220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">H. F. Mooney</emphasis>
4241 (K! Digital Image); Raisili Hill, 
<date id="FFE035E48D55FFB4FEA8FF26FDE75736" box="[370,591,230,256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" value="2017-11-21">21 November 2017</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D55FFB4FD80FF26FCBE5736" box="[602,790,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Alok R. Chorghe</emphasis>
206437 &amp; Deomali 
<date id="FFE035E48D55FFB4FC25FF26FB745736" box="[1023,1244,230,256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" value="2017-11-22">22 November 2017</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D55FFB4FB35FF26FA035736" box="[1263,1451,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Alok R. Chorghe</emphasis>
206438 (BSI).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34440AF8D55FFB4FF52FE92FAB45256" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" type="conservation">
<subSection id="E2D10ACF8D55FFB4FF52FE92FB7D5472" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BE113248D55FFB4FF52FE92FF72575A" blockId="6.[136,1452,338,580]" box="[136,218,338,364]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">
<heading id="D0A9A4488D55FFB4FF52FE92FF72575A" bold="true" box="[136,218,338,364]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D55FFB4FF52FE92FF72575A" bold="true" box="[136,218,338,364]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Threat</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE113248D55FFB4FF52FEB6FAD45782" blockId="6.[136,1452,338,580]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">
1. Native habitat of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E68A78D55FFB4FEA7FEB6FDEF57A6" authorityName="Bor" authorityYear="1951" box="[381,583,374,400]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Themeda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saxicola">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D55FFB4FEA7FEB6FDEF57A6" box="[381,583,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Themeda saxicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is under a considerable anthropogenic pressure. The stone quarrying activities were observed in the habitat of this species; and this can become major cause for population reduction (
<figureCitation id="13650FA18D55FFB4FACAFE5AFAD85782" box="[1296,1392,410,437]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1965,1987]" captionTargetBox="[196,1390,207,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,190,1941]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Mining activity in Raisili Hill. B. Invasive alien species in Themeda saxicola habitat." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5912630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5912630/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Fig. 5 A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE113248D55FFB4FF67FE7EFB7D5472" blockId="6.[136,1452,338,580]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">
2. The native habitat is invaded by alien invasive species such as: 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E68A78D55FFB4FC12FE7EFE4B57CA" authority="(Candolle 1836: 181) King &amp; Robinson (1970: 223)" authorityName="King &amp; Robinson" authorityPageNumber="223" authorityYear="1970" baseAuthorityName="Candolle" baseAuthorityPageNumber="181" baseAuthorityYear="1836" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ageratina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ligustrina">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D55FFB4FC12FE7EFB0657EE" box="[968,1198,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Ageratina ligustrina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF6ED58D55FFB4FB65FE7EFA0B57EE" author="Candolle, A. P. de" box="[1215,1443,446,472]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" refId="ref2116" refString="Candolle, A. P. de (1836) Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, vol. 5. Treuttel &amp; Wurtz, Paris, 181 pp." type="book" year="1836">Candolle 1836: 181</bibRefCitation>
) 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF6ED58D55FFB4FF52FE22FE4B57CA" author="King, R. M. &amp; Robinson, H." box="[136,483,482,508]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" pagination="223" refId="ref2438" refString="King, R. M. &amp; Robinson, H. (1970) Studies in the Eupatorieae (Compositae). XIX. New combinations in Areratina. Phytologia 19: 223. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 14771" type="journal article" year="1970">King &amp; Robinson (1970: 223)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E68A78D55FFB4FE2AFE22FB4857CA" authority="(Schumacher 1827: 44) Morrone (2010: 129)" authorityName="Morrone" authorityPageNumber="129" authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="Schumacher" baseAuthorityPageNumber="44" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[496,1248,482,508]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpureus">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D55FFB4FE2AFE22FD7E57CA" box="[496,726,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Cenchrus purpureus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF6ED58D55FFB4FD3FFE22FC7757CA" author="Schumacher, H. C. F." box="[741,991,482,508]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" refId="ref2643" refString="Schumacher, H. C. F. (1827) Beskrivelse af Guineeiske Planter som ere fundne af dankse Botanikere, isaer af Etatsraad Thonning ved F. C. Schumacher, Saerskilt aftrykt af det kongelige danske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter. Kjobenhavn, 44 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51454" type="book" year="1827">Schumacher 1827: 44</bibRefCitation>
) Morrone (2010: 129)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E68A78D55FFB4FB2AFE23FED15417" authority="Linnaeus (1753: 627)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="627" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Lantana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="camara">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D55FFB4FB2AFE23FA0457CA" box="[1264,1452,483,508]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Lantana camara</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF6ED58D55FFB4FF52FDC6FED15417" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[136,377,518,545]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" refId="ref2557" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum 2. Salvius, Stockholm, 627 pp." type="book" year="1753">Linnaeus (1753: 627)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E68A78D55FFB4FE74FDC6FB685417" authority="(Linnaeus 1759: 1100) Kuntze (1891: 525)" authorityName="Kuntze" authorityPageNumber="525" authorityYear="1891" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityPageNumber="1100" baseAuthorityYear="1759" box="[430,1216,518,545]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Mesosphaerum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="suaveolens">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D55FFB4FE74FDC6FD735416" box="[430,731,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Mesosphaerum suaveolens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF6ED58D55FFB4FD33FDC6FC705416" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[745,984,518,545]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" refId="ref2538" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1759) Systema Naturae Editio decima, reformata. Stockholm, 1100 pp." type="book" year="1759">Linnaeus 1759: 1100</bibRefCitation>
) 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF6ED58D55FFB4FC3CFDC6FB685417" author="Kuntze, C. E. O." box="[998,1216,518,545]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" refId="ref2486" refString="Kuntze, C. E. O. (1891) Revisio Generum Plantarum: vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomeclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum. Leipzig, 525 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 124064" type="book" year="1891">Kuntze (1891: 525)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13650FA18D55FFB4FB15FDC6FA855416" box="[1231,1325,518,545]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1965,1987]" captionTargetBox="[196,1390,207,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,190,1941]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Mining activity in Raisili Hill. B. Invasive alien species in Themeda saxicola habitat." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5912630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5912630/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Fig. 5 B</figureCitation>
). There are possibilities that these alien species can spread all over these habitats and affect these populations.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="E2D10ACF8D55FFB4FF52FDB1FE2B5552" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BE113248D55FFB4FF52FDB1FDBF54BA" blockId="6.[136,1452,625,868]" box="[136,535,625,652]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">
<heading id="D0A9A4488D55FFB4FF52FDB1FDBF54BA" bold="true" box="[136,535,625,652]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D55FFB4FF52FDB1FDBF54BA" bold="true" box="[136,535,625,652]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">IUCN threat category assessment</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE113248D55FFB4FF52FD56FE2B5552" blockId="6.[136,1452,625,868]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">
Area of occupancy (AOO) was calculated using GeoCat (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF6ED58D55FFB4FCC2FD56FBA75486" author="Bachman, S. &amp; Moat, J. &amp; Hill, A. W. &amp; de la Torre, J. &amp; Scott, B." box="[792,1039,662,688]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" pagination="117 - 126" refId="ref2001" refString="Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A. W., de la Torre, J. and Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. In: Smith, V. &amp; Penev, L. (Eds.) e-Infrastructures for data publishing in biodiversity science. ZooKeys 150: 117 - 126. (Version BETA) *" type="journal article" year="2011">
Bachman 
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D55FFB4FC57FD57FC6E5486" box="[909,966,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011
</bibRefCitation>
) online software developed by Kew Botanic Gardens. GPS locations of two localities of occurrence were used as input data and grid size was kept 
<quantity id="4CA6BEC18D55FFB4FAB9FD7AFA3454E2" box="[1379,1436,698,724]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
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. Based on GPS data of the populations in the two localities, we found AOO to be 
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and EOO to be 
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(i.e. in Deomali area is 
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and in Raisili 
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). We have also observed shrinkage in the habitats due to mining activities. The EOO is &lt;
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and AOO is &lt;
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. Thus, based on 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF6ED58D55FFB4FCFAFCE6FC1D5576" author="IUCN" box="[800,949,806,832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" refId="ref2312" refString="IUCN (2022) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021 - 3. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge U. K. Available from: https: // www. iucnredlist. org (assessed 8 January 2022)" type="url" year="2022">IUCN (2022)</bibRefCitation>
we assign this plant as Critically Endangered (CR) under B1 B2biii.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="E2D10ACF8D55FFB4FF52FC51FAB45256" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BE113248D55FFB4FF52FC51FE36559A" blockId="6.[136,1452,913,1120]" box="[136,414,913,940]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">
<heading id="D0A9A4488D55FFB4FF52FC51FE36559A" bold="true" box="[136,414,913,940]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B92ACF368D55FFB4FF52FC51FE36559A" bold="true" box="[136,414,913,940]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Conservation measures</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE113248D55FFB4FF52FC76FCCA522E" blockId="6.[136,1452,913,1120]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">
The population of 
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<emphasis id="B92ACF368D55FFB4FE8EFC76FDB555E6" box="[340,541,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Themeda saxicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Raisili hill is good and healthy. But it will be in threat if this hill is not protected from mining activity. Whereas the population of Deomali is less, with no mining activity reported. But its population growth is affected by the encroachment of alien invasive species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE113248D55FFB4FF67FBE2FC62520A" blockId="6.[136,1452,913,1120]" box="[189,970,1058,1084]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">1. Mining activities should be controlled and if possible, minimized.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE113248D55FFB4FF67FB86FAB45256" blockId="6.[136,1452,913,1120]" box="[189,1308,1094,1120]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">2. Implementation of species recovery programme to protect the populations in the native habitats.</paragraph>
</subSection>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>