1028 lines
132 KiB
XML
1028 lines
132 KiB
XML
<document id="F40D6F7C9E5C9B03C8A35E20DD80DCF4" ID-CLB-Dataset="39304" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4057.1.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fb29f3e3-da6d-4994-af6c-80a883d19e65" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="238857" ID-ZooBank="EC1CE292-B0C5-4A92-89FC-72482C70DED4" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461354692541" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="López, J. Manuel Perilla, Johnson, Paul J., Gagné, Raymond J. & Boe, Arvid" docDate="2015" docId="03BB87AAE107FFD9F28CFF227FFFC99D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04057p124.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4057 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Stenodiplosis spartinae Gagne, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="122" masterDocId="FF82FFD2E105FFDEF21BFFFF7B41CA1D" masterDocTitle="A new species of Stenodiplosis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Spartina grasses (Poaceae) with notes on its biology and its parasitoid Tetrastichus bromi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)" masterLastPageNumber="124" masterPageNumber="115" pageNumber="117" updateTime="1698661448271" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="AD0AE8A280ADAFC5A47D7B13C90B262C">A new species of Stenodiplosis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Spartina grasses (Poaceae) with notes on its biology and its parasitoid Tetrastichus bromi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="745B79BD7A21A6A708C144291C55CACE">López, J. Manuel Perilla</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9C2145A1A5CFA8569EBDB2D8FBA32EE3">Johnson, Paul J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="26336909D5F0F6EB2A1B7C95DCD9AAFD" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B57D94D85741B628C604D67CD9FF51E8">Gagné, Raymond J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="4DE2438EF63227BDC3E568633F270ED2" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F87A75FF0DB853EB5B9B5F9C9C23706F">Boe, Arvid</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C7F92468B323F45452888EAB8D1185B1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="96EF90F7D7CB188623DA8D03438B27DE">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="729B67BFE01B86745952ABC8A7ACFE25">4057</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03BB87AAE107FFD9F28CFF227FFFC99D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6096136" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119647142" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6096136" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB87AAE107FFD9F28CFF227FFFC99D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87AAE107FFD9F28CFF227FFFC99D" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
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<subSubSection id="C3086537E107FFDCF28CFF227AA2CB05" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE107FFDCF28CFF2279E5CAEA" blockId="2.[151,676,221,280]" box="[151,676,221,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
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<heading id="D0E581D0E107FFDCF28CFF2279E5CAEA" bold="true" box="[151,676,221,247]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF28CFF2279E5CAEA" bold="true" box="[151,676,221,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF28CFF227946CAEA" ID-CoL="9HZPZ" authority="Gagne" authorityName="Gagne" box="[151,519,221,247]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF28CFF227AECCAEA" bold="true" box="[151,429,221,247]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Stenodiplosis spartinae</emphasis>
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Gagné
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25557D5E107FFDCF00FFF2279E5CAEA" box="[532,676,221,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE107FFDCF28CFF007AA2CB05" blockId="2.[151,676,221,280]" box="[151,483,255,280]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF284FF007A1FCB05" box="[159,350,255,280]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1344,267,1753]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Stenodiplosis species. Figs. 1 – 8. Stenodiplosis spartinae: 1. Acropod. 2. Palpi and labella (frontal). 3. Onesegmented palpus. 4. Male fourth flagellomere (ventral). 5, Male terminalia (dorsal). 6, Male cerci (dorsal). 7, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral). 8, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral). Fig. 9. Stenodiplosis phragmites, male hypoproct (dorsal). Figs. 10 – 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, 10. female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal). 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae). Fig. 12. Stenodiplosis phragmites, female cerci (dorsal). Fig. 13. Stenodiplosis albescentis, female cerci (dorsal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Figs. 1–8, 10–11</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF372FF007AF0CB05" box="[361,433,255,280]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 15" captionStartId="4.[151,264,861,884]" captionTargetBox="[158,1421,158,829]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,147,840]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 15. Stenodiplosis spartinae. Fig. 14. Adult Stenodiplosis spartinae on spike of Spartina pectinata; scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 15. Stenodiplosis spartinae third instar (ventral); scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238859/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">14–15</figureCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF3A6FEFF7A9BCB05" box="[445,474,256,280]" captionStart="FIGURES 18 – 19" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1093,1116]" captionTargetBox="[173,1415,365,1063]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,337,1072]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 18 – 19. Spartina pectinata floret showing Tetrastichus bromi larva (black arrow) with Stenodiplosis spartinae larva (white arrow) in situ, scale bar = 0.5 mm. Fig. 19. Spartina pectinata caryopsis sheath, fully developed on left; caryopsis sheaths with ovule damaged by Stenodiplosis spartinae on right; scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238861/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">18</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3086537E107FFDCF28CFEB878BDCE4A" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE107FFDCF28CFEB87A81CBED" blockId="2.[151,1437,327,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
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<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF28CFEB87A68CB7D" bold="true" box="[151,297,327,352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Description.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF322FEB87A37CB7D" box="[313,374,327,352]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Adult</emphasis>
|
||
. Head: Eyes connate, 3–4 facets long at vertex, facets circular, slightly farther apart laterodorsally than elsewhere. Frons with 9–20 setae. Mouthparts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF18DFE937F44CB99" box="[918,1029,364,389]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1344,267,1753]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Stenodiplosis species. Figs. 1 – 8. Stenodiplosis spartinae: 1. Acropod. 2. Palpi and labella (frontal). 3. Onesegmented palpus. 4. Male fourth flagellomere (ventral). 5, Male terminalia (dorsal). 6, Male cerci (dorsal). 7, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral). 8, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral). Fig. 9. Stenodiplosis phragmites, male hypoproct (dorsal). Figs. 10 – 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, 10. female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal). 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae). Fig. 12. Stenodiplosis phragmites, female cerci (dorsal). Fig. 13. Stenodiplosis albescentis, female cerci (dorsal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Figs. 2–3</figureCitation>
|
||
): labella spheroid, pointed apically, setulose, each with 3–5 lateral setae; palpus 1- or 2-segmented; when 2-segmented, second palpal segment less than half length of first. Male antennal flagellomeres (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF0E2FE4B787CCBD1" box="[761,829,436,461]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1344,267,1753]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Stenodiplosis species. Figs. 1 – 8. Stenodiplosis spartinae: 1. Acropod. 2. Palpi and labella (frontal). 3. Onesegmented palpus. 4. Male fourth flagellomere (ventral). 5, Male terminalia (dorsal). 6, Male cerci (dorsal). 7, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral). 8, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral). Fig. 9. Stenodiplosis phragmites, male hypoproct (dorsal). Figs. 10 – 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, 10. female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal). 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae). Fig. 12. Stenodiplosis phragmites, female cerci (dorsal). Fig. 13. Stenodiplosis albescentis, female cerci (dorsal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) with short internode and neck. Female flagellomeres cylindrical, without necks.
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE107FFDCF2DCFE037FC4C842" blockId="2.[151,1437,327,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
|
||
Thorax: Wing: hyaline; length in male, 1.9–2.4 (n=10), in female, 2.2–2.6 (n=10); R5 with slight curve, joining C near wing apex; CuA forked. Acropods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF065FDDD7981C826" box="[638,704,546,571]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1344,267,1753]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Stenodiplosis species. Figs. 1 – 8. Stenodiplosis spartinae: 1. Acropod. 2. Palpi and labella (frontal). 3. Onesegmented palpus. 4. Male fourth flagellomere (ventral). 5, Male terminalia (dorsal). 6, Male cerci (dorsal). 7, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral). 8, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral). Fig. 9. Stenodiplosis phragmites, male hypoproct (dorsal). Figs. 10 – 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, 10. female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal). 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae). Fig. 12. Stenodiplosis phragmites, female cerci (dorsal). Fig. 13. Stenodiplosis albescentis, female cerci (dorsal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
): about half as long as fifth tarsomeres; claws untoothed, curved beyond midlength; empodia slightly longer than claws; pulvilli ca. 1/3 length of empodia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE107FFDCF2DCFD9578BDCE4A" blockId="2.[151,1437,327,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
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Male abdomen: Tergites rectangular, all lacking scales, first through fifth with posterior setae in a mostly single, medially discontinuous row, sixth and seventh with mostly double row of posterior setae nearly or wholly continuous medially, eighth pigmented only on anterior half, without vestiture except for anterior pair of trichoid sensilla. Sternites rectangular with single to double row of posterior setae, scattered setae and setiform scales near midlength, and with anterior pair of trichoid sensilla present only on eighth sternite. Terminalia (
|
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<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF6C8FD057E00C90E" box="[1235,1345,762,787]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1344,267,1753]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Stenodiplosis species. Figs. 1 – 8. Stenodiplosis spartinae: 1. Acropod. 2. Palpi and labella (frontal). 3. Onesegmented palpus. 4. Male fourth flagellomere (ventral). 5, Male terminalia (dorsal). 6, Male cerci (dorsal). 7, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral). 8, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral). Fig. 9. Stenodiplosis phragmites, male hypoproct (dorsal). Figs. 10 – 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, 10. female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal). 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae). Fig. 12. Stenodiplosis phragmites, female cerci (dorsal). Fig. 13. Stenodiplosis albescentis, female cerci (dorsal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Figs. 5–8</figureCitation>
|
||
): cercus ellipsoid, with a few setae along distal edge; hypoproct deeply notched apically, the resulting cylindrical lobes broadly rounded apically, each with a long apical seta and several shorter ventral setae; gonocoxite bulbous; gonostylus broadest near midlength, completely setulose, with several short, scattered setae; apodeme broad, anterior margin deeply concave; aedeagus tapered, about as long as hypoproct, with pair of sensilla on each side. Female abdomen (
|
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<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF376FC517AB4C9DA" box="[365,501,942,967]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1344,267,1753]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Stenodiplosis species. Figs. 1 – 8. Stenodiplosis spartinae: 1. Acropod. 2. Palpi and labella (frontal). 3. Onesegmented palpus. 4. Male fourth flagellomere (ventral). 5, Male terminalia (dorsal). 6, Male cerci (dorsal). 7, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral). 8, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral). Fig. 9. Stenodiplosis phragmites, male hypoproct (dorsal). Figs. 10 – 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, 10. female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal). 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae). Fig. 12. Stenodiplosis phragmites, female cerci (dorsal). Fig. 13. Stenodiplosis albescentis, female cerci (dorsal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Figs. 10–11</figureCitation>
|
||
): Tergites first through seventh as in male, eighth tergite square, about half width of seventh, with single row of short posterior setae and pair of anterior trichoid sensilla. Sternites as for male except eighth sternite evanescent and marked only by presence of anterior pair of trichoid sensilla. Cerci elongate, gradually tapered, asetulose; each with 2–3 comparatively long setae near base, a pair of stiff, thick setae subapically (
|
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<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF33DFBC17A36CE4A" box="[294,375,1086,1111]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1344,267,1753]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Stenodiplosis species. Figs. 1 – 8. Stenodiplosis spartinae: 1. Acropod. 2. Palpi and labella (frontal). 3. Onesegmented palpus. 4. Male fourth flagellomere (ventral). 5, Male terminalia (dorsal). 6, Male cerci (dorsal). 7, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral). 8, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral). Fig. 9. Stenodiplosis phragmites, male hypoproct (dorsal). Figs. 10 – 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, 10. female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal). 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae). Fig. 12. Stenodiplosis phragmites, female cerci (dorsal). Fig. 13. Stenodiplosis albescentis, female cerci (dorsal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
, arrow), and several smaller setae along length and at tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3086537E107FFDCF2DCFB9D7978CFFE" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE107FFDCF2DCFB9D7AD0CEDE" blockId="2.[151,1437,327,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
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<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF2DCFB9D7AC6CE66" bold="true" box="[199,391,1122,1147]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
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<typeStatus id="54A9881EE107FFDCF2DCFB9D7A43CE66" box="[199,258,1122,1147]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Type</typeStatus>
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Specimens
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</emphasis>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54A9881EE107FFDCF38DFB9C796CCE66" box="[406,557,1123,1147]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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||
, male; labelled from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF106FB9C7F0ACE66" authority="Aurora" authorityName="Aurora" box="[797,1099,1123,1147]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF106FB9C78ACCE66" box="[797,1005,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Spartina pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
, Aurora
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Research Farm,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B59E107FFDCF717FB9C7E1ACE66" box="[1292,1371,1122,1147]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" unit="km" value="2.7">2.7 km</quantity>
|
||
NNE of Aurora, el.
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B59E107FFDCF32EFB797A3FCE82" box="[309,382,1158,1183]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" unit="m" value="505.0">505 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE26507BE107FFDCF391FB797AAFCE82" box="[394,494,1158,1183]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" precision="55" value="44.306">44.306N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE26507BE107FFDCF3E1FB797920CE82" box="[506,609,1158,1183]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" precision="55" value="-96.671">96.671W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Brookings Co. SD, coll.
|
||
<date id="FFAC107CE107FFDCF19AFB797F50CE82" box="[897,1041,1158,1183]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" value="2013-07-15">VII-15-2013</date>
|
||
, em.
|
||
<date id="FFAC107CE107FFDCF656FB787FFECE82" box="[1101,1215,1159,1183]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" value="1920-07-18">VII-18/20</date>
|
||
-2013, P.J. Johnson, (deposited in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED03AE79E107FFDCF334FB547AC4CEDE" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[303,389,1195,1219]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE107FFDCF2DCFB3078A5CF4E" blockId="2.[151,1437,327,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A9881EE107FFDCF2DCFB307A23CEFA" box="[199,354,1231,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
|
||
(all from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF3CDFB3079E6CEFA" box="[470,679,1231,1255]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF3CDFB3079E6CEFA" box="[470,679,1231,1255]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Spartina pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
):
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D14FD35E107FFDCF0DAFB30785ACEFA" box="[705,795,1230,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D14FD35E107FFDCF133FB3178D9CEFA" box="[808,920,1230,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="female">5 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, same data as
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A9881EE107FFDCF626FB317FDECEFA" box="[1085,1183,1230,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D14FD35E107FFDCF6AAFB307F93CEFA" box="[1201,1234,1231,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
2
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF6F9FB317FB6CEFA" bold="true" box="[1250,1271,1230,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">♀</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED03AE79E107FFDCF6E4FB307E08CEFA" box="[1279,1353,1231,1255]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/j1yc-pyd8" name="Severin-McDaniel Insect Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">SDSU</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D14FD35E107FFDCF74DFB307E39CEFA" box="[1366,1400,1231,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF79CFB317EDDCEFA" bold="true" box="[1415,1436,1230,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">♀</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED03AE79E107FFDCF28CFB0C7BACCF16" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[151,237,1267,1291]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
);
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D14FD35E107FFDCF319FB0C7A1DCF16" box="[258,348,1266,1291]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D14FD35E107FFDCF372FB0C7A9BCF16" box="[361,474,1266,1291]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="female">4 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, Felt Family Farm,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B59E107FFDCF0A5FB0D784CCF16" box="[702,781,1266,1291]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" unit="km" value="6.3">6.3 km</quantity>
|
||
N of Brookings,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE26507BE107FFDCF1CCFB0D7F7ACF16" box="[983,1083,1266,1291]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" precision="55" value="44.369">44.369N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE26507BE107FFDCF653FB0D7FF1CF16" box="[1096,1200,1266,1291]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" precision="55" value="-96.795">96.795W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Brookings Co., SD,
|
||
<date id="FFAC107CE107FFDCF28CFAE97A70CF32" box="[151,305,1302,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" value="2012-08-16">VIII-16-2012</date>
|
||
, P.J. Johnson (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D14FD35E107FFDCF3C9FAE87AB4CF32" box="[466,501,1303,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED03AE79E107FFDCF3E0FAE87907CF32" box="[507,582,1303,1327]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/j1yc-pyd8" name="Severin-McDaniel Insect Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">SDSU</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D14FD35E107FFDCF04BFAE87932CF32" box="[592,627,1303,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="generic">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
4
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF09AFAE979D7CF32" bold="true" box="[641,662,1302,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">♀</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED03AE79E107FFDCF087FAE879B3CF32" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[668,754,1303,1327]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
);
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D14FD35E107FFDCF11EFAE97832CF32" box="[773,883,1302,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="female">6 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, 12 Km NNE of Coleman,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE26507BE107FFDCF6BBFAE87E44CF32" box="[1184,1285,1303,1327]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" precision="55" value="44.087">44.087N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE26507BE107FFDCF714FAE97E36CF32" box="[1295,1399,1302,1327]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" precision="55" value="-96.799">96.799W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, el.
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B59E107FFDCF28CFAC57B9ECF4F" box="[151,223,1338,1363]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.11" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" unit="m" value="511.0">511 m</quantity>
|
||
, Moody Co., SD, coll.
|
||
<date id="FFAC107CE107FFDCF3F9FAC47933CF4E" box="[482,626,1339,1363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" value="2014-07-23">VII-23-2014</date>
|
||
, em.
|
||
<date id="FFAC107CE107FFDCF0B5FAC579B5CF4E" box="[686,756,1338,1363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">VIII-1</date>
|
||
/6-2014, J.M. Perilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE107FFDCF2DCFAA17978CFFE" blockId="2.[151,1437,327,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF2DCFAA17A8ECF6A" bold="true" box="[199,463,1374,1399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Additional specimens</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D14FD35E107FFDCF3FDFAA07906CF6A" box="[486,583,1374,1399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D14FD35E107FFDCF040FAA07993CF6A" box="[603,722,1374,1399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, from inflorescences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF619FAA07ED7CF6A" authority="Ocracoke I." authorityName="Ocracoke I." box="[1026,1430,1374,1399]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alterniflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF619FAA07FB2CF6A" box="[1026,1267,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Spartina alterniflora</emphasis>
|
||
, Ocracoke I.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE26507BE107FFDCF28CFA7D7A52CF86" box="[151,275,1410,1435]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" precision="5" value="35.1128">35.1128°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE26507BE107FFDCF333FA7D7AE9CF86" box="[296,424,1410,1435]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" precision="5" value="-75.9758">75.9758°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Hyde Co., NC, coll.
|
||
<date id="FFAC107CE107FFDCF0D0FA7D7810CF86" box="[715,849,1410,1435]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" value="1968-09-14">IX-14-1968</date>
|
||
, M.T. Mooring; and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D14FD35E107FFDCF67AFA7C7F82CF86" box="[1121,1219,1410,1435]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D14FD35E107FFDCF6C3FA7C7E10CF86" box="[1240,1361,1410,1435]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, from inflorescences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF370FA58780FCFA2" authority="Pine Knoll Shores" authorityName="Pine Knoll Shores" box="[363,846,1446,1471]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alterniflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF370FA58791ACFA2" box="[363,603,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Spartina alterniflora</emphasis>
|
||
, Pine Knoll Shores
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE26507BE107FFDCF17BFA59789CCFA2" box="[864,989,1446,1471]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" precision="5" value="34.6958">34.6958°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE26507BE107FFDCF1EBFA597F30CFA2" box="[1008,1137,1446,1471]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" precision="5" value="-76.8178">76.8178°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Carteret Co., NC, N.H. Newton. All deposited in the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED03AE79E107FFDCF3FAFA347974CFFE" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[481,565,1483,1507]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3086537E107FFDCF2DCFA117BA4CC36" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE107FFDCF2DCFA117BA4CC36" blockId="2.[151,1437,327,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF2DCFA117A07CC1A" bold="true" box="[199,326,1518,1543]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. The epithet “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF3FEFA0F790ECC1A" box="[485,591,1520,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF3FEFA0F790ECC1A" box="[485,591,1520,1543]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” is derived from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF10FFA107835CC1B" box="[788,884,1519,1542]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF10FFA107835CC1B" box="[788,884,1519,1542]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Spartina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the genus of the host for this new species of gall midge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3086537E107FFDCF2DCF9C97F8CCC52" box="[199,1229,1590,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE107FFDCF2DCF9C97F8CCC52" blockId="2.[151,1437,327,2011]" box="[199,1229,1590,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF2DCF9C97A18CC52" bold="true" box="[199,345,1590,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. This species is known from eastern South Dakota and coastal North Carolina.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3086537E107FFDDF2DCF9A57F13CAC9" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE107FFDDF2DCF9A57F13CAC9" blockId="2.[151,1437,327,2011]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF2DCF9A57A7ACC6E" bold="true" box="[199,315,1626,1651]" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Of the seven species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF041F9A579AACC6E" box="[602,747,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF041F9A579AACC6E" box="[602,747,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Stenodiplosis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
now known from North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305762CE107FFDCF616F9A57F2ECC6E" box="[1037,1135,1626,1651]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
, four have palpi with four segments, and three, including the new species, have palpi with one or two segments. The three species with reduced palpal segments,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF37BF95C7AA9CCA6" box="[352,488,1699,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF37BF95C7AA9CCA6" box="[352,488,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">S. spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF3E0F95C79D7CCA6" box="[507,662,1698,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albescentis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF3E0F95C79D7CCA6" box="[507,662,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">S. albescentis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF0CDF95C78C2CCA6" box="[726,899,1698,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phragmicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF0CDF95C78C2CCA6" box="[726,899,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">S. phragmicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are all native Nearctic species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF71CF95D7A40CCC2" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF71CF95D7A40CCC2" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Stenodiplosis spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows variation in having either one (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF0D6F9397855CCC2" box="[717,788,1734,1759]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1344,267,1753]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Stenodiplosis species. Figs. 1 – 8. Stenodiplosis spartinae: 1. Acropod. 2. Palpi and labella (frontal). 3. Onesegmented palpus. 4. Male fourth flagellomere (ventral). 5, Male terminalia (dorsal). 6, Male cerci (dorsal). 7, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral). 8, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral). Fig. 9. Stenodiplosis phragmites, male hypoproct (dorsal). Figs. 10 – 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, 10. female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal). 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae). Fig. 12. Stenodiplosis phragmites, female cerci (dorsal). Fig. 13. Stenodiplosis albescentis, female cerci (dorsal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) or two segments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF1E7F9397F04CCC2" box="[1020,1093,1734,1759]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1344,267,1753]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Stenodiplosis species. Figs. 1 – 8. Stenodiplosis spartinae: 1. Acropod. 2. Palpi and labella (frontal). 3. Onesegmented palpus. 4. Male fourth flagellomere (ventral). 5, Male terminalia (dorsal). 6, Male cerci (dorsal). 7, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral). 8, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral). Fig. 9. Stenodiplosis phragmites, male hypoproct (dorsal). Figs. 10 – 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, 10. female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal). 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae). Fig. 12. Stenodiplosis phragmites, female cerci (dorsal). Fig. 13. Stenodiplosis albescentis, female cerci (dorsal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF6ABF9387E0BCCC2" box="[1200,1354,1734,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albescentis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF6ABF9387E0BCCC2" box="[1200,1354,1734,1759]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">S. albescentis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF79CF9387A62CD1E" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phragmicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF79CF9387A62CD1E" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">S. phragmicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which have palpi with two equally long segments. This may occur even on the same specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF74AF9157ED5CD1E" box="[1361,1428,1770,1795]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1344,267,1753]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Stenodiplosis species. Figs. 1 – 8. Stenodiplosis spartinae: 1. Acropod. 2. Palpi and labella (frontal). 3. Onesegmented palpus. 4. Male fourth flagellomere (ventral). 5, Male terminalia (dorsal). 6, Male cerci (dorsal). 7, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral). 8, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral). Fig. 9. Stenodiplosis phragmites, male hypoproct (dorsal). Figs. 10 – 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, 10. female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal). 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae). Fig. 12. Stenodiplosis phragmites, female cerci (dorsal). Fig. 13. Stenodiplosis albescentis, female cerci (dorsal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) and, when two-segmented, the second palpal segment is never more than half the length of the first segment.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF28CF8CD7ADDCD56" box="[151,412,1842,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF28CF8CD7ADDCD56" box="[151,412,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Stenodiplosis spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
further differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF09AF8CC786ACD56" box="[641,811,1842,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phragmicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF09AF8CC786ACD56" box="[641,811,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">S. phragmicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the ventrally setose and more cylindrical lobes of the male hypoproct (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF343F8A97ADACD72" box="[344,411,1878,1903]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1344,267,1753]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Stenodiplosis species. Figs. 1 – 8. Stenodiplosis spartinae: 1. Acropod. 2. Palpi and labella (frontal). 3. Onesegmented palpus. 4. Male fourth flagellomere (ventral). 5, Male terminalia (dorsal). 6, Male cerci (dorsal). 7, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral). 8, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral). Fig. 9. Stenodiplosis phragmites, male hypoproct (dorsal). Figs. 10 – 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, 10. female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal). 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae). Fig. 12. Stenodiplosis phragmites, female cerci (dorsal). Fig. 13. Stenodiplosis albescentis, female cerci (dorsal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) and in the less strongly tapered female cerci, with the subapical pair of setae longer than the width of both cerci at the point where the cerci are inserted (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF169F8857884CD8E" box="[882,965,1914,1939]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1344,267,1753]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Stenodiplosis species. Figs. 1 – 8. Stenodiplosis spartinae: 1. Acropod. 2. Palpi and labella (frontal). 3. Onesegmented palpus. 4. Male fourth flagellomere (ventral). 5, Male terminalia (dorsal). 6, Male cerci (dorsal). 7, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral). 8, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral). Fig. 9. Stenodiplosis phragmites, male hypoproct (dorsal). Figs. 10 – 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, 10. female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal). 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae). Fig. 12. Stenodiplosis phragmites, female cerci (dorsal). Fig. 13. Stenodiplosis albescentis, female cerci (dorsal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF1E1F8847FE7CD8E" box="[1018,1190,1914,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phragmicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF1E1F8847FE7CD8E" box="[1018,1190,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">S. phragmicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lobes of the male hypoproct (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF303F8617A1ACDAA" box="[280,347,1950,1975]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1344,267,1753]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Stenodiplosis species. Figs. 1 – 8. Stenodiplosis spartinae: 1. Acropod. 2. Palpi and labella (frontal). 3. Onesegmented palpus. 4. Male fourth flagellomere (ventral). 5, Male terminalia (dorsal). 6, Male cerci (dorsal). 7, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral). 8, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral). Fig. 9. Stenodiplosis phragmites, male hypoproct (dorsal). Figs. 10 – 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, 10. female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal). 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae). Fig. 12. Stenodiplosis phragmites, female cerci (dorsal). Fig. 13. Stenodiplosis albescentis, female cerci (dorsal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) are flatter and more triangular and have no ventral setae, and the female cerci are more strongly tapered and their subapical pair of setae are shorter than the width of both cerci (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E107FFDCF604F83D7F33CDC6" box="[1055,1138,1986,2011]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1344,267,1753]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Stenodiplosis species. Figs. 1 – 8. Stenodiplosis spartinae: 1. Acropod. 2. Palpi and labella (frontal). 3. Onesegmented palpus. 4. Male fourth flagellomere (ventral). 5, Male terminalia (dorsal). 6, Male cerci (dorsal). 7, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral). 8, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral). Fig. 9. Stenodiplosis phragmites, male hypoproct (dorsal). Figs. 10 – 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, 10. female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal). 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae). Fig. 12. Stenodiplosis phragmites, female cerci (dorsal). Fig. 13. Stenodiplosis albescentis, female cerci (dorsal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE107FFDCF69DF83D7EDDCDC6" box="[1158,1436,1986,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albescentis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE107FFDCF69DF83D7EDDCDC6" box="[1158,1436,1986,2011]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Stenodiplosis albescentis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE106FFDDF33DFF677AEACAAD" box="[294,427,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF33DFF677AEACAAD" box="[294,427,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">S. spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the length of the acropods that are as long, rather than half as long, as the fifth tarsal segment, and in the female cerci that have longer and pointed subapical setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E106FFDDF1EFFF437F04CAC9" box="[1012,1093,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1344,267,1753]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Stenodiplosis species. Figs. 1 – 8. Stenodiplosis spartinae: 1. Acropod. 2. Palpi and labella (frontal). 3. Onesegmented palpus. 4. Male fourth flagellomere (ventral). 5, Male terminalia (dorsal). 6, Male cerci (dorsal). 7, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral). 8, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral). Fig. 9. Stenodiplosis phragmites, male hypoproct (dorsal). Figs. 10 – 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, 10. female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal). 11. Stenodiplosis spartinae, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae). Fig. 12. Stenodiplosis phragmites, female cerci (dorsal). Fig. 13. Stenodiplosis albescentis, female cerci (dorsal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF6D6634E106FFDDF28CF90E7938CDBC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238858/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" targetBox="[253,1336,268,1739]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE106FFDDF28CF90E7938CDBC" blockId="3.[151,1436,1777,1953]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF28CF90E7A09CD1A" bold="true" box="[151,328,1777,1800]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">FIGURES 1–13.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE106FFDDF354F90D7A94CD15" box="[335,469,1778,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF354F90D7A94CD15" box="[335,469,1778,1800]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Stenodiplosis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF02FF90D79DACD1A" bold="true" box="[564,667,1778,1800]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Figs. 1–8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE106FFDDF0B8F90D78D1CD15" box="[675,912,1778,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF0B8F90D78D1CD15" box="[675,912,1778,1800]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Stenodiplosis spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF185F90D78F3CD1A" bold="true" box="[926,946,1778,1799]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">1.</emphasis>
|
||
Acropod.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF604F90D7F73CD1A" bold="true" box="[1055,1074,1778,1799]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">2.</emphasis>
|
||
Palpi and labella (frontal).
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF754F90D7E23CD1A" bold="true" box="[1359,1378,1778,1799]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">3.</emphasis>
|
||
Onesegmented palpus.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF340F8EF7A2CCD38" bold="true" box="[347,365,1808,1829]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">4.</emphasis>
|
||
Male fourth flagellomere (ventral).
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF0FFF8EE79B0CD3B" bold="true" box="[740,753,1809,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">5</emphasis>
|
||
, Male terminalia (dorsal).
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF61EF8EF7F50CD38" bold="true" box="[1029,1041,1808,1829]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">6</emphasis>
|
||
, Male cerci (dorsal).
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF6EAF8EE7FBFCD3B" bold="true" box="[1265,1278,1809,1830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">7</emphasis>
|
||
, Aedeagus and hypoproct (ventral).
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF37DF8D07A32CD59" bold="true" box="[358,371,1839,1860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">8</emphasis>
|
||
, Cerci, hypoproct and aedeagus (lateral).
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF103F8D0781BCD59" bold="true" box="[792,858,1839,1861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Fig. 9.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE106FFDDF17BF8D07F1FCD58" box="[864,1118,1839,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phragmites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF17BF8D07F1FCD58" box="[864,1118,1839,1861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Stenodiplosis phragmites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male hypoproct (dorsal).
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF772F8D07B9DCD7E" bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Figs. 10–11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE106FFDDF2FFF8B17A92CD79" box="[228,467,1870,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF2FFF8B17A92CD79" box="[228,467,1870,1892]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Stenodiplosis spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF3FAF8B17940CD7E" bold="true" box="[481,513,1870,1891]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">10.</emphasis>
|
||
female postabdomen, fifth segment to cerci (dorsal).
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF628F8B17F11CD7E" bold="true" box="[1075,1104,1870,1891]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE106FFDDF641F8B17E09CD79" box="[1114,1352,1870,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF641F8B17E09CD79" box="[1114,1352,1870,1892]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Stenodiplosis spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female cerci (detail, dorsal; arrow indicates subapical pair of setae).
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF11CF8927816CD9F" bold="true" box="[775,855,1901,1923]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Fig. 12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE106FFDDF145F8937F1FCD9F" box="[862,1118,1900,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phragmites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF145F8937F1FCD9F" box="[862,1118,1900,1922]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Stenodiplosis phragmites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female cerci (dorsal).
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF757F8927EDDCD9F" bold="true" box="[1356,1436,1901,1923]" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Fig. 13.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE106FFDDF28CF8747AD5CDBC" box="[151,404,1931,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albescentis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE106FFDDF28CF8747AD5CDBC" box="[151,404,1931,1953]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Stenodiplosis albescentis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female cerci (dorsal).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6D6634E101FFDAF28CFCA2789AC98F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238859/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" targetBox="[158,1421,158,829]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE101FFDAF28CFCA2789AC98F" blockId="4.[151,1435,861,914]" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF28CFCA27A0FC96E" bold="true" box="[151,334,861,884]" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">FIGURES 14–15</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF347FCA27908C969" box="[348,585,861,884]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF347FCA27908C969" box="[348,585,861,884]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Stenodiplosis spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF04CFCA279E6C96E" bold="true" box="[599,679,861,883]" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Fig. 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF0EAFCA2789FC969" box="[753,990,861,884]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF0EAFCA2789FC969" box="[753,990,861,884]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Stenodiplosis spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on spike of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF67BFCA17E5CC969" box="[1120,1309,862,884]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF67BFCA17E5CC969" box="[1120,1309,862,884]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Spartina pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; scale bar = 1.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF2EAFC837A01C98C" bold="true" box="[241,320,892,914]" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Fig. 15.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF35DFC837972C98F" box="[326,563,892,914]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF35DFC837972C98F" box="[326,563,892,914]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Stenodiplosis spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
third instar (ventral); scale bar = 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6D6634E101FFDAF28CFAA279C1CF8E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238860/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" targetBox="[294,1315,953,1350]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE101FFDAF28CFAA279C1CF8E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1373,1427]" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF28CFAA27A12CF6E" bold="true" box="[151,339,1373,1396]" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">FIGURES 16–17.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF3FFFAA179E0CF69" box="[484,673,1374,1396]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF3FFFAA179E0CF69" box="[484,673,1374,1396]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Tetrastichus bromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on spikelet of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF12DFAA078B0CF69" box="[822,1009,1375,1396]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF12DFAA078B0CF69" box="[822,1009,1375,1396]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Spartina pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; scale bar = 0.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF6D7FAA17E5ACF6E" bold="true" box="[1228,1307,1374,1396]" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Fig. 17.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF73AFAA17B92CF8E" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF73AFAA17B92CF8E" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Tetrastichus bromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
third instar (lateral); scale bar = 0.25 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3086537E101FFD8F2DCFA2678D8CDB3" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE101FFDAF2DCFA267FD3CD0F" blockId="4.[151,1436,1497,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF2DCFA267A5ECFEF" bold="true" box="[199,287,1497,1522]" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Biology</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF335FA267975CFEC" box="[302,564,1497,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF335FA267975CFEC" box="[302,564,1497,1522]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Stenodiplosis spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is associated with the inflorescence of its host
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF65CFA257E56CFEC" box="[1095,1303,1498,1521]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF65CFA257E56CFEC" box="[1095,1303,1498,1521]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Spartina pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This is the first identified gall midge reported from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF044FA0279A5CC08" box="[607,740,1533,1557]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF044FA0279A5CC08" box="[607,740,1533,1557]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">S. pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and from an inflorescence of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF652FA027FEBCC09" box="[1097,1194,1533,1556]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF652FA027FEBCC09" box="[1097,1194,1533,1556]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Spartina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, although the “dipteran larval seed parasites” of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE101FFDAF031F9DD7864CC24" box="[554,805,1569,1594]" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" refString="Bertness, M. D., Wise, C. & Ellison, A. M. (1987) Consumer pressure and seed set in a salt marsh perennial plant community. Oecologia, 71, 190 - 200. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00377284" type="journal article">
|
||
Bertness
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF08EF9DD7991CC27" box="[661,720,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1987)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF14DF9DD78B7CC27" box="[854,1014,1569,1594]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alterniflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF14DF9DD78B7CC27" box="[854,1014,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">S. alterniflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF628F9DD7FDDCC24" box="[1075,1180,1570,1593]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF628F9DD7FDDCC24" box="[1075,1180,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">S. patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were most likely gall midges. A reproductive culm, or tiller, of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF083F9BA7863CC40" box="[664,802,1605,1629]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF083F9BA7863CC40" box="[664,802,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">S. pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may exceed
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B59E101FFDAF1D2F9BA78BACC40" box="[969,1019,1605,1629]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
|
||
in length under optimum growing conditions, and the inflorescence normally projects well above the canopy height of the leaves. An individual spike of the inflorescence has from 11–25 spikelet pairs arranged in two appressed rows along a rachis, with upwards of 30 spikes per panicle. Spikelets of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF004F94D79E2CCD4" box="[543,675,1714,1737]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF004F94D79E2CCD4" box="[543,675,1714,1737]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">S. pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are deciduous and fall to the ground in late autumn through winter, where they may be consumed by various invertebrates and small vertebrates. Many of the spikelets remain mostly intact and surviving caryopses may germinate the following spring, or in subsequent years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE101FFDAF2DCF8E27F56CDF7" blockId="4.[151,1436,1497,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE101FFDAF2DCF8E27A92CD28" box="[199,467,1821,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE101FFDAF2DCF8E27A92CD28" box="[199,467,1821,1846]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Stenodiplosis spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E101FFDAF022F8E279D0CD28" box="[569,657,1821,1846]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 15" captionStartId="4.[151,264,861,884]" captionTargetBox="[158,1421,158,829]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,147,840]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 15. Stenodiplosis spartinae. Fig. 14. Adult Stenodiplosis spartinae on spike of Spartina pectinata; scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 15. Stenodiplosis spartinae third instar (ventral); scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238859/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
) were found active from mid-July through August, when prairie cordgrass blooms regionally. The flies appeared and began ovipositing as the inflorescence emerged from the sheath of the flag leaf, with peak oviposition at about 75% extrusion of the inflorescence. Within a few days of first observed oviposition, first instars were found feeding on pre-anthesis unfertilized ovules. During larval feeding no external change in color or shape of spikelets was observed. Oviposition continued post-anthesis, but progressively diminished and was eventually restricted to only late developing inflorescences.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE100FFDBF2DCFF687FB2CB78" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
|
||
Adults reared in laboratory conditions emerged from
|
||
<date id="FFAC107CE100FFDBF13EFF677838CAAD" box="[805,889,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" value="1931-07">31 July</date>
|
||
to 0
|
||
<date id="FFAC107CE100FFDBF1ABFF677F7ACAAD" box="[944,1083,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">1 September</date>
|
||
in 2014, with
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D14FD35E100FFDBF6F9FF687E09CAAD" box="[1250,1352,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" type="male">15 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D14FD35E100FFDBF79AFF677BAFCAC8" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" type="female">11 females</specimenCount>
|
||
(sex ratio 0.57:0.43) emerging from 849 spikelets. However, infestation rates could not be accurately established in the field, due to the complementary spikelet and floral structure damage inflicted by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF74AFF207935CB00" authority="Barnes and McDunnough" authorityName="Barnes and McDunnough" class="Insecta" family="Dryophthoridae" genus="Aethes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF74AFF207A50CB01" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Aethes spartinana</emphasis>
|
||
(Barnes and McDunnough)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF08AFEFB785ECB00" box="[657,799,260,285]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF12CFEFB78F5CB00" box="[823,948,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF1CCFEFB7E6BCB01" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[983,1322,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Melanoplus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF1CCFEFB7F98CB00" box="[983,1241,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Melanoplus bivittatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Say)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF766FEFA7AF2CB5D" authority="De Geer" authorityName="De Geer" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Melanoplus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femurrubrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF766FEFA7A6DCB5D" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">M. femurrubrum</emphasis>
|
||
(De Geer)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF3D2FED87908CB5D" box="[457,585,295,320]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF040FED8798FCB5D" box="[603,718,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acrididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF104FED87E40CB22" authority="Smith and Lawrence" authorityName="Smith and Lawrence" box="[799,1281,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Diabrotica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF104FED878BDCB5D" box="[799,1020,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Diabrotica barberi</emphasis>
|
||
Smith and Lawrence
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF703FED87ED8CB5D" box="[1304,1433,295,320]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF28CFEB37A07CB78" box="[151,326,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chrysomelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Each of these species prevents pollination of florets through their feeding damage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE100FFDBF2DCFE9079ABC898" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
|
||
Adult gall midge activity was observed in the field from approximately 09:30–20:00 hrs from mid-July through August. Beginning on
|
||
<date id="FFAC107CE100FFDBF3E5FE6B79D9CBB1" box="[510,664,404,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" value="2014-07-16">16 July 2014</date>
|
||
, individual females were observed to oviposit repeatedly in florets before, during, and shortly after initiation of anthesis. Female activity occurred from mid-morning to evening, with the greatest activity occurring on overcast days from 16:00–18:00 hrs, when the wind was <
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B59E100FFDBF6ADFE237E40CBE8" box="[1206,1281,476,501]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" unit="km" value="14.0">14 km</quantity>
|
||
/h. If a gravid female landed on the basal areas of a spike, she would oviposit in several florets while moving apicad. Oviposition was observed near the apex of the floret where the pliable ovipositor was inserted under the apical edges of either the palea or lemma. A female that alights at or near the apex of an upright spike walks circularly near the apex while ovipositing in several of the terminal spikelets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE100FFDBF2DCFD6F7AD9C925" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">By the first week of August, some orange-colored third instars were found leaving the spikelets, moving down the rachis, and presumably dropping into the duff and soil at the base of the host plant. These larvae may be endoparasitized or may be entering the soil before a winter diapause. Third instars were not found on plants by the first week of September and we were unable to verify that larvae remained within the deciduous spikelets in the field during the winter.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE100FFDBF2DCFCBB7A21C9F0" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">The initial emergence of adults in mid-July was evidently from overwintering larvae. Field observations of activity patterns and the detection of two midsummer emergence peaks, followed by similar activity peaks by parasitoids, suggests that there may be development periods of two to three weeks each during July and August, allowing at least two, or possibly three, generations per year. It is likely that there is some degree of overlap of these generations.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE100FFDBF2DCFC087F82CF2D" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
|
||
The larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF345FC077AA6CE0D" box="[350,487,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF345FC077AA6CE0D" box="[350,487,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">S. spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E100FFDBF3E2FC08790DCE0D" box="[505,588,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 15" captionStartId="4.[151,264,861,884]" captionTargetBox="[158,1421,158,829]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,147,840]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 15. Stenodiplosis spartinae. Fig. 14. Adult Stenodiplosis spartinae on spike of Spartina pectinata; scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 15. Stenodiplosis spartinae third instar (ventral); scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238859/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
) feeds on the ovule and developing caryopsis during its early clear fluid, milky and soft dough developmental stages, when the pericarp is soft and before the nutrient fluids solidify into endosperm. Larval feeding kills an ovule, and causes collapse, shrinking, and death of the developing caryopsis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E100FFDBF284FB9B7BB5CE61" box="[159,244,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURES 18 – 19" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1093,1116]" captionTargetBox="[173,1415,365,1063]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,337,1072]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 18 – 19. Spartina pectinata floret showing Tetrastichus bromi larva (black arrow) with Stenodiplosis spartinae larva (white arrow) in situ, scale bar = 0.5 mm. Fig. 19. Spartina pectinata caryopsis sheath, fully developed on left; caryopsis sheaths with ovule damaged by Stenodiplosis spartinae on right; scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238861/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
, right). This feeding is similar to damage described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE100FFDBF163FB9A7F5BCE60" author="Barnes" box="[888,1050,1124,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" refString="Barnes, H. F. (1956) Gall Midges of Economic Importance. Vol. VII. Gall Midges of Cereal Crops. Crosby Lockwood & Son, Ltd, London, 261 pp." type="book" year="1956">Barnes (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF655FB9A7FA2CE60" box="[1102,1251,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Contarinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sorghicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF655FB9A7FA2CE60" box="[1102,1251,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">S. sorghicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on sorghum. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF28CFB777A29CEBD" box="[151,360,1160,1184]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF28CFB777A29CEBD" box="[151,360,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Spartina pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lengths of infested caryopses were approximately 12–25% of undamaged, fully developed caryopses. During larval feeding we observed that the head of the larva is pressed against the ovule or soft seed coat, and the larva either consumed the ovule or embryo, or entered and completed its development within the immature caryopsis, the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF017FB0A79D5CF11" box="[524,660,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF017FB0A79D5CF11" box="[524,660,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">S. spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks oral structures for rasping or boring through tissues. A similar observation on feeding was reported by Agafanova (1962) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF148FAE778A0CF2D" box="[851,993,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF148FAE778A0CF2D" box="[851,993,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">S. bromicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF610FAE67FFDCF2D" box="[1035,1212,1305,1328]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bromus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF610FAE67FFDCF2D" box="[1035,1212,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Bromus inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE100FFDBF2DCFAC279C3CFF8" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">In dissected florets that were not pollinated, the ovule remained small and pallid, and was occupied by visibly weak second instars that appeared unable to complete their development. Apparently, active metabolic activity of the plant embryo is necessary for complete larval development. Third instars were found only in florets with fully consumed ovules, or those that were pollinated, and larvae were in the developing caryopses. Peak larval feeding was observed from late July to mid-August.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE100FFDBF2DCFA107A47CD35" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE100FFDBF2DCFA107AF7CC15" box="[199,438,1519,1544]" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" refString="Prasifka, J. R., Lee, D. K., Bradshaw, J., Parrish, A. S. & Gray, M. E. (2012) Seed reduction in prairie cordgrass, Spartina pectinata Link., by the floret-feeding caterpillar Aethes spartinana (Barnes and McDunnough). Bioenergy Research, 5, 189 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12155 - 011 - 9120 - z" type="journal article">
|
||
Prasifka
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF330FA0E7A25CC15" box="[299,356,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that the caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF11CFA107895CC15" box="[775,980,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Dryophthoridae" genus="Aethes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF11CFA107895CC15" box="[775,980,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Aethes spartinana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were “seed predators” and concentrated on the central spikelets of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF3D7F9EA79DFCC31" box="[460,670,1557,1580]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF3D7F9EA79DFCC31" box="[460,670,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Spartina pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a 38% loss of seed production due to this insect.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE100FFDBF731F9EA7BA0CC4D" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" refString="Boe, A., Owens, V., Gonzalez-Hernandez, J. & Lee, D. K. (2013) Seed set in prairie cordgrass. Crop Science, 53, 403 - 410. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2135 / cropsci 2012.04.0250" type="journal article">
|
||
Boe
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF77AF9EA7EDDCC30" box="[1377,1436,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not specifically mention a predator, but considered insect predation a significant factor in low seed set in native stands of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF356F9A2795DCC69" box="[333,540,1629,1652]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF356F9A2795DCC69" box="[333,540,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Spartina pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We found no evidence of co-occupation of a spikelet by the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF6D2F9A37E1FCC68" box="[1225,1374,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF6D2F9A37E1FCC68" box="[1225,1374,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Stenodiplosis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larva and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF2D4F9807AEACC85" box="[207,427,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Dryophthoridae" genus="Aethes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartiniana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF2D4F9807AEACC85" box="[207,427,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Aethes spartiniana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
caterpillar. This suggests that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF146F97F78ADCC85" box="[861,1004,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF146F97F78ADCC85" box="[861,1004,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">S. spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larva feeding on ovules and early development caryopses, versus later stage development caryopses for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF1A6F95A7F19CCA1" box="[957,1112,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Dryophthoridae" genus="Aethes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF1A6F95A7F19CCA1" box="[957,1112,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">A. spartinana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
caterpillars, segregate these species phenologically, thereby avoiding direct competition. Ovule and early caryopsis feeding by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF708F9377EDDCCFD" box="[1299,1436,1736,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF708F9377EDDCCFD" box="[1299,1436,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">S. spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests that this gall midge may contribute significantly to natural and commercial seed loss in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF727F9127BBECD35" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF727F9127BBECD35" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Spartina pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE100FFD8F2DCF8CB7954CB00" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
|
||
During activity periods of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF3E8F8CA793BCD51" box="[499,634,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF3E8F8CA793BCD51" box="[499,634,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">S. spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a parasitoid determined by Z. Yefremova, Tel Aviv University (in litt.) as the Palaearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF344F8A879F1CD6D" authority="Kostyukov" authorityName="Kostyukov" box="[351,688,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF344F8A8796ECD6D" box="[351,559,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Tetrastichus bromi</emphasis>
|
||
Kostyukov
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E100FFDBF0A4F8A87851CD6D" box="[703,784,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1373,1396]" captionTargetBox="[294,1315,953,1350]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[790,1320,953,1338]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 17. Adult female Tetrastichus bromi on spikelet of Spartina pectinata; scale bar = 0.5 mm. Fig. 17. Tetrastichus bromi third instar (lateral); scale bar = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238860/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
) was found commonly on the spikes of each inflorescence and was reared from the gall midge. A transfer of this species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF171F8827F36CD88" authority="Westwood" authorityName="Westwood" box="[874,1143,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF171F88278BACD89" box="[874,1019,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Aprostocetus</emphasis>
|
||
Westwood
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is pending (Z. Yefremova in litt.). This wasp was active on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF023F85E784FCDA5" box="[568,782,1953,1976]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF023F85E784FCDA5" box="[568,782,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Spartina pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE100FFDBF147F85E78A9CDA5" box="[860,1000,1953,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE100FFDBF147F85E78A9CDA5" box="[860,1000,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">S. spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the time of emergence of the inflorescence in July until the first week of September, with up to eight adult females often present simultaneously on early spikes when
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F381FF677964CAAD" box="[410,549,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F381FF677964CAAD" box="[410,549,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">S. spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was ovipositing. It was common to find both the wasp and the gall midge simultaneously on a given spike. The wasp actively searched the spike and individual spikelets, frequently stopping to oviposit into the base of a floret. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F049FF1E79EFCAE5" box="[594,686,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F049FF1E79EFCAE5" box="[594,686,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">T. bromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larva (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E103FFD8F0E7FF20780DCAE5" box="[764,844,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1373,1396]" captionTargetBox="[294,1315,953,1350]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[790,1320,953,1338]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 17. Adult female Tetrastichus bromi on spikelet of Spartina pectinata; scale bar = 0.5 mm. Fig. 17. Tetrastichus bromi third instar (lateral); scale bar = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238860/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
) is ectoparasitic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A39E103FFD8F60BFF207F20CAE5" box="[1040,1121,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 18 – 19" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1093,1116]" captionTargetBox="[173,1415,365,1063]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,337,1072]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 18 – 19. Spartina pectinata floret showing Tetrastichus bromi larva (black arrow) with Stenodiplosis spartinae larva (white arrow) in situ, scale bar = 0.5 mm. Fig. 19. Spartina pectinata caryopsis sheath, fully developed on left; caryopsis sheaths with ovule damaged by Stenodiplosis spartinae on right; scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238861/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
) suggesting that oviposition is external to the gall midge larva.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6D6634E103FFD8F28CFBBA78B2CE84" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238861/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" targetBox="[173,1415,365,1063]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE103FFD8F28CFBBA78B2CE84" blockId="6.[151,1436,1093,1177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F28CFBBA7A15CE46" bold="true" box="[151,340,1093,1116]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">FIGURES 18–19.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F341FBB87957CE41" box="[346,534,1095,1116]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F341FBB87957CE41" box="[346,534,1095,1116]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Spartina pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
floret showing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F0ADFBB97835CE41" box="[694,884,1094,1116]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F0ADFBB97835CE41" box="[694,884,1094,1116]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Tetrastichus bromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larva (black arrow) with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F66DFBB97E23CE41" box="[1142,1378,1094,1116]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F66DFBB97E23CE41" box="[1142,1378,1094,1116]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Stenodiplosis spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larva (white arrow) in situ, scale bar = 0.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F045FB9A79F1CE67" bold="true" box="[606,688,1125,1147]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Fig. 19.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F0A1FB9A7838CE66" box="[698,889,1125,1147]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F0A1FB9A7838CE66" box="[698,889,1125,1147]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Spartina pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
caryopsis sheath, fully developed on left; caryopsis sheaths with ovule damaged by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F3C0FB7C7986CE84" box="[475,711,1155,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F3C0FB7C7986CE84" box="[475,711,1155,1177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Stenodiplosis spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on right; scale bar = 1.0 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE103FFD8F2DCFB3A7A5FCCAF" blockId="6.[151,1437,1221,2003]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">
|
||
The association of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F38FFB3A7929CEC3" box="[404,616,1221,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F38FFB3A7929CEC3" box="[404,616,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Tetrastichus bromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with this gall midge is notable because of the wasp’s host association with other grasses and gall midge species, and its introduction from European
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305762CE103FFD8F632FB157F36CF1E" box="[1065,1143,1258,1283]" name="Russia" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. This wasp was formerly reported as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F301FAF179ECCF3B" authority="Girault" authorityName="Girault" box="[282,685,1293,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebraskensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F301FAF17902CF3B" box="[282,579,1293,1318]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Aprostocetus nebraskensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Girault)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F0C1FAF27883CF3B" authority="Haliday" authorityName="Haliday" box="[730,962,1293,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F0C1FAF27823CF3B" box="[730,866,1293,1318]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Tetrastichus</emphasis>
|
||
Haliday
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F1CBFAF27F16CF3B" author="Burks" box="[976,1111,1293,1318]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Burks, B. D. (1979) Family Eulophidae. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D., Jr., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico, Vol. 1, Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 967 - 1022" type="journal volume" year="1979">Burks 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F679FAF07FACCF3B" author="Noyes" box="[1122,1261,1294,1319]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Noyes, J. S. (2014) Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available from: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / chalcidoids (accessed 0 1 December 2014)" type="journal article" year="2014">Noyes 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)] and under the older binomial is transcontinental and was reported from New Brunswick to British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305762CE103FFD8F658FACD7FF3CF56" box="[1091,1202,1330,1355]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305762CE103FFD8F6CEFACD7E6DCF56" box="[1237,1324,1330,1355]" name="Canada" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and from Maine and South Carolina to New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305762CE103FFD8F035FAAA79C5CF73" box="[558,644,1365,1390]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Oregon in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305762CE103FFD8F171FAAA7F42CF73" box="[874,1027,1365,1390]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F60FFAAA7FDCCF73" author="Burks" box="[1044,1181,1365,1390]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Burks, B. D. (1943) The North American parasitic wasps of the genus Tetrastichus - a contribution to biological control of insect pests. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 93 (3170), 505 - 608. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.93 - 3170.505" type="journal article" year="1943">Burks 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F6B0FAA97FA7CF73" author="Burks" box="[1195,1254,1366,1390]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Burks, B. D. (1979) Family Eulophidae. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D., Jr., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico, Vol. 1, Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 967 - 1022" type="journal volume" year="1979">1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F6EFFAAA7ED1CF73" author="LaSalle" box="[1268,1424,1365,1390]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="LaSalle, J. (1993) North American genera of Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Journal of Natural History, 28, 109 - 236. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939400770091" type="journal article" year="1993">LaSalle 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F28CFA847AA3CF8E" box="[151,482,1402,1427]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F28CFA847A69CF8F" box="[151,296,1403,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aprostocetus</taxonomicName>
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F321FA857A9BCF8E" box="[314,474,1402,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebraskensis">nebraskensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was historically placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F104FA8578E6CF8E" box="[799,935,1402,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F104FA8578E6CF8E" box="[799,935,1402,1427]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Tetrastichus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, often without determination to species. In South Dakota,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F35CFA607938CFAB" author="Boe" box="[327,633,1437,1462]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Boe, A. & McDaniel, B. (1990) Conioscinella nuda (Adams) and Tetrastichus nebraskensis (Girault) reared from big bluestem inflorescences in South Dakota. Prairie Naturalist, 22 (3), 207 - 210." type="journal article" year="1990">Boe and McDaniel (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
confirmed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F119FA617F71CFAB" box="[770,1072,1437,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebraskensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F119FA617F71CFAB" box="[770,1072,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Aprostocetus nebraskensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a parasitoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F70AFA617E34CFAB" box="[1297,1397,1438,1462]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Sorghum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wattsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F70AFA617E34CFAB" box="[1297,1397,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">S. wattsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F28CFA3D7AC7CFC6" box="[151,390,1474,1499]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gerardii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F28CFA3D7AC7CFC6" box="[151,390,1474,1499]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Andropogon gerardii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We also observed this wasp, sometimes abundantly, on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F609FA3D7E40CFC7" box="[1042,1281,1474,1499]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F609FA3D7E40CFC7" box="[1042,1281,1474,1499]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Alopecurus pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F70AFA3D7BB3CFE3" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gerardii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F70AFA3D7BB3CFE3" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Andropogon gerardii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F2E4FA187AF1CFE3" box="[255,432,1511,1534]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bromus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F2E4FA187AF1CFE3" box="[255,432,1511,1534]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Bromus inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F3A5FA1A799ECFE3" box="[446,735,1509,1534]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Schizachyrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F3A5FA1A799ECFE3" box="[446,735,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Schizachyrium scoparium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F107FA1A78BFCFE3" box="[796,1022,1509,1534]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Sorghastrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nutans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F107FA1A78BFCFE3" box="[796,1022,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Sorghastrum nutans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Parasitoids reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F70DFA197EDDCFE3" box="[1302,1436,1510,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F70DFA197EDDCFE3" box="[1302,1436,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">S. spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F311F9F47AD9CC3E" box="[266,408,1546,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F311F9F47AD9CC3E" box="[266,408,1546,1571]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">S. bromicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F3BDF9F47973CC3E" box="[422,562,1546,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geniculati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F3BDF9F47973CC3E" box="[422,562,1546,1571]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">S. geniculati</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F074F9F4798FCC3F" box="[623,718,1547,1570]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Sorghum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wattsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F074F9F4798FCC3F" box="[623,718,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">S. wattsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were determined as a combination of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F661F9F47F94CC3E" box="[1146,1237,1546,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F661F9F47F94CC3E" box="[1146,1237,1546,1571]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">T. bromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F6FEF9F47ED4CC3E" box="[1253,1429,1546,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebraskensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F6FEF9F47ED4CC3E" box="[1253,1429,1546,1571]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">A. nebraskensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and three additional unnamed and apparently undescribed species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F1BBF9D17F70CC58" box="[928,1073,1582,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F1BBF9D17F70CC58" box="[928,1073,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Aprostocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These form what appears to be a guild of parasitoids specialized on a set of native and introduced grass-associated gall midges. Multiple species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F28CF9897A69CC90" box="[151,296,1654,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F28CF9897A69CC90" box="[151,296,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Aprostocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also known to parasitize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F074F9897843CC93" box="[623,770,1653,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Contarinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sorghicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F074F9897843CC93" box="[623,770,1653,1678]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">S. sorghicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F152F98A7F01CC93" author="Baxendale" box="[841,1088,1653,1678]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Baxendale, F. P., Lippincott, C. L. & Teetes, G. L. (1983) Biology and seasonal abundance of hymenopterous parasitoids of sorghum midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Environmental Entomology, 12, 872 - 877. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / 12.3.871" type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Baxendale
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F1DDF98878BFCC93" box="[966,1022,1653,1678]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1983
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F657F98A7E74CC93" author="Kausalya" box="[1100,1333,1653,1678]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Kausalya, K. G., Nwanze, K. F., Reddy, V. R., Nwilene, F. E. & Reddy, D. D. R. (1997) Emergence pattern of sorghum midge and its major parasitoids on midge-resistant and susceptible genotypes. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 7, 259 - 269. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 09583159730956" type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Kausalya
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F6A0F9887FB2CC93" box="[1211,1267,1653,1678]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F75BF9887A53CCAF" author="Nwanze" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Nwanze, K. F., Reddy, Y. V. R., Nwilene, F. E., Kausalya, K. G. & Reddy, D. D. R. (1998) Tritrophic interactions in sorghum, midge (Stenodiplosis sorghicola) and its parasitoid (Aprostocetus spp.). Crop Protection, 17 (2), 165 - 169. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0261 - 2194 (97) 00049 - 5" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Nwanze
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F28CF9647B8ECCAE" box="[151,207,1690,1715]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE103FFD8F2DCF94178D8CDB3" blockId="6.[151,1437,1221,2003]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">
|
||
A “
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F2EEF9427ACCCCCB" box="[245,397,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F2EEF9427AC4CCCB" box="[245,389,1725,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tetrastichus</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp. parasitizing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F043F94179ACCCCB" box="[600,749,1725,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F043F94179ACCCCB" box="[600,749,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">S. bromicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on cultivated selections of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F659F9407FB8CCCB" box="[1090,1273,1727,1750]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bromus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F659F9407FB8CCCB" box="[1090,1273,1727,1750]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Bromus inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Nebraska, Oklahoma, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305762CE103FFD8F351F91D7AE0CCE6" box="[330,417,1762,1787]" name="Canada" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, was reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F073F91D784DCCE6" author="Ahring" box="[616,780,1762,1787]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Ahring, R. M. (1965) The Production of Southland Smooth Bromegrass Seed, Bromus inermis Leyss., in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, T- 117, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1965">Ahring (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F103F91D7F23CCE7" author="Neiman" box="[792,1122,1762,1787]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Neiman, E. L. & Manglitz, G. R. (1972) The Biology and Ecology of the Bromegrass Seed Midge in Nebraska. Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin, 252, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1972">Neiman and Manglitz (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F674F91D7E0ECCE7" box="[1135,1359,1762,1787]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Carter, M. R., Manglitz, G. R., Rethwisch, M. D. & Vogel, K. P. (1988) A seed midge pest of big bluestem. Journal of Range Management, 41 (3), 253 - 254. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3899180" type="journal article">
|
||
Carter,
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F6D9F91C7FBACCE6" box="[1218,1275,1762,1787]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1988)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F740F91D7A3ECD03" author="Vogel" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Vogel, K. P. & Manglitz, G. R. (1989) Bluestem seed midge influence on sexual reproduction of big bluestem: a review, pp. 267 - 270. In: Bragg, T. B. & Stubbendieck, J. (Eds.), Prairie Pioneers: Ecology, History and Culture: Proceedings of the Eleventh North American Prairie Conference, August 7 - 11, 1988, Lincoln, Nebraska. University of Nebraska Printing, Lincoln, Nebraska, 292 pp." type="book" year="1989">Vogel and Manglitz (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F3A0F8FA798CCD03" box="[443,717,1797,1822]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Otfinowski, R., Kenkel, N. C. & Catling, P. M. (2007) The biology of Canadian weeds. 134. Bromus inermis Leyss. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 87 (1), 183 - 198. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4141 / P 06 - 071" type="journal article">
|
||
Otfinowski
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F05BF8F87939CD03" box="[576,632,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Elsewhere this wasp may not be restricted to grass-feeding gall midges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F2ECF8D57AC7CD5E" author="Guppy" box="[247,390,1834,1859]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Guppy, J. C. (1961) Life-history, behaviour, and ecology of the clover seed midge, Dasyneura leguminicola (Lint.) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in eastern Ontario. The Canadian Entomologist, 93, 59 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 9359 - 1" type="journal article" year="1961">Guppy 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F389F8D4795DCD5E" author="Moser" box="[402,540,1834,1859]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Moser, S. J. (1965) The Interrelationships of Three Gall Makers and Their Natural Enemies, on Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.). New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin, 402, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1965">Moser 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), if these identifications were correct.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F1D0F8D57E53CD5F" author="Neiman" box="[971,1298,1834,1859]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Neiman, E. L. & Manglitz, G. R. (1972) The Biology and Ecology of the Bromegrass Seed Midge in Nebraska. Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin, 252, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1972">Neiman and Manglitz (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
commented that it “is probable” that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F3C0F8B27922CD7B" box="[475,611,1869,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F3C0F8B27922CD7B" box="[475,611,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Tetrastichus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. parasitizing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F106F8B178EDCD7B" box="[797,940,1869,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F106F8B178EDCD7B" box="[797,940,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">S. bromicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Nebraska is the same as one reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F28CF88D7A27CD96" author="Agafonova" box="[151,358,1906,1931]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Agafonova, Z. Y. (1962) Development of the midge Stenodiplosis bromicola Mar. et Ag. (Diptera: Itonididae), in relation to peculiarities of brome biology (Bromus inermis Leyss. and riparius Rehm). Entomological Review, 41 (1), 11 - 21. [Russian version not seen.]" type="journal article" year="1962">Agafonova (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from Kursk,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305762CE103FFD8F01AF88D790ECD96" box="[513,591,1906,1931]" name="Russia" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and probably described as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F197F88C7F84CD97" authority="Kostyukov (1978)" authorityName="Kostyukov" authorityYear="1978" box="[908,1221,1906,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F197F88C78AACD96" box="[908,1003,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">T. bromi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE103FFD8F1E8F88D7F84CD97" author="Kostyukov" box="[1011,1221,1906,1931]" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" refString="Kostyukov, V. V. (1978) Subfamily Tetrastichinae. In: Medvedev, G. S. (Ed.), 1987, Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR. Vol. III. Hymenoptera. Part II. Oxonian Press Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 796 - 861. [English translation by B. R. Sharma, B. R. (Kothekar, K. S. (ed. )) of Opredelitle' Nasekomykh Evropeiskoi Chasti SSSR, Tom III, Pereponchatokrylye, Vtoraia Chast'. Nauka Publishers, Leningrad.]" type="journal article" year="1978">Kostyukov (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The question then arises as to the source and distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F073F8687982CDB3" box="[616,707,1941,1966]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F073F8687982CDB3" box="[616,707,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">T. bromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305762CE103FFD8F12AF86A78D4CDB3" box="[817,917,1941,1966]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3086537E103FFD9F2DCF8447FFFC99D" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE103FFD9F2DCF8447E31C898" blockId="6.[151,1437,1221,2003]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,896]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE103FFD8F2DCF8447A39CDCF" ID-CoL="ND3L" box="[199,376,1979,2002]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bromus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE103FFD8F2DCF8447A39CDCF" box="[199,376,1979,2002]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Bromus inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first documented as intentionally introduced to North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305762CE103FFD8F617F8457F2DCDCE" box="[1036,1132,1978,2003]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
and into California around 1880 when seeds from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305762CE102FFD9F3B9FF677945CAAD" box="[418,516,152,176]" name="Hungary" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
were sold in
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B59E102FFD9F0B9FF677992CAB2" box="[674,723,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.1339809239999998" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" unit="oz" value="4.0">4 oz</quantity>
|
||
packets (Dwinelle 1884).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE102FFD9F619FF677FCECAAD" author="Lyon" box="[1026,1167,152,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" refString="Lyon, T. L. (1899) Hungarian brome grass (Bromus inermis). Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin 62, 28 pp." type="book" year="1899">Lyon (1899)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that this grass was first cultivated at the Nebraska Experiment Station in 1897. In 1898 N.E. Hansen, working for the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305762CE102FFD9F771FF437EDDCAC9" box="[1386,1436,188,212]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
Department of Agriculture Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, was authorized to purchase and import
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B59E102FFD9F28CFEFB7BA8CB01" box="[151,233,260,284]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" unit="t" value="12.0">12 tons</quantity>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F30AFEFA7AC4CB01" ID-CoL="ND3L" box="[273,389,261,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bromus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F30AFEFA7AC4CB01" box="[273,389,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">B. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seed from the Penza Province of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305762CE102FFD9F11EFEFB7811CB00" box="[773,848,260,285]" name="Russia" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305762CE102FFD9F184FEFB789BCB01" box="[927,986,260,284]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with the shipment arriving in
|
||
<date id="FFAC107CE102FFD9F72CFEFB7B8ECB5D" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" value="1899-02">February 1899</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE102FFD9F2C5FED87AA9CB5D" author="Newell" box="[222,488,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" refString="Newell, L. C. & Keim, F. D. (1943) Field performance of bromegrass strains from different regional seed sources. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy, 35, 420 - 434. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2134 / agronj 1943.00021962003500050008 x" type="journal article" year="1943">Newell and Keim 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE102FFD9F3E8FED879C7CB5D" author="Newell" box="[499,646,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" refString="Newell, L. C. (1973) Smooth Bromegrass. In: Heath, M. E., Metcalfe, D. S. & Barnes, R. F. (Eds.), Forages: The Science of Grassland Agriculture. 3 rd Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, pp. 254 - 262." type="book chapter" year="1973">Newell 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE102FFD9F08AFED77850CB5D" author="Dunn" box="[657,785,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" refString="Dunn, P. H. (1985) Origins of leafy spurge in North America, Chapter 2 (3). In: Watson, A. K. (Ed.), Leafy Spurge, Monograph Series of the Weed Science Society of America. Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, pp. 7 - 13" type="book chapter" year="1985">Dunn 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE102FFD9F106FED87F5ECB5D" author="Otfinowski" box="[797,1055,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" refString="Otfinowski, R., Kenkel, N. C. & Catling, P. M. (2007) The biology of Canadian weeds. 134. Bromus inermis Leyss. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 87 (1), 183 - 198. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4141 / P 06 - 071" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Otfinowski
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F1B9FED6789ACB5D" box="[930,987,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Of this amount over 375 pounds of seed was sent to the Nebraska experiment station for testing and redistribution, with the remainder sent to at least 41 other states (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE102FFD9F392FE8F794FCB95" author="Dunn" box="[393,526,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" refString="Dunn, P. H. (1985) Origins of leafy spurge in North America, Chapter 2 (3). In: Watson, A. K. (Ed.), Leafy Spurge, Monograph Series of the Weed Science Society of America. Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, pp. 7 - 13" type="book chapter" year="1985">Dunn 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F147FE8F7FB3CB95" authority="Girault" authorityName="Girault" box="[860,1266,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebraskensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F147FE8F7FC6CB95" box="[860,1159,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">Aprostocetus nebraskensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Girault)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was published during the subsequent active period of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F077FE6A7863CBB1" ID-CoL="ND3L" box="[620,802,405,428]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bromus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F077FE6A7863CBB1" box="[620,802,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">Bromus inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
varietal selection and testing in and around Lincoln, Nebraska, from which its association as a common gall midge parasitoid began.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F600FE487E69CBCD" ID-CoL="896LM" box="[1051,1320,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F600FE487E69CBCD" box="[1051,1320,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">Stenodiplosis bromicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diapauses within bromegrass spikelets and may remain in diapause for two years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE102FFD9F1C8FE237FD7CBE8" author="Agafonova" box="[979,1174,476,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" refString="Agafonova, Z. Y. (1962) Development of the midge Stenodiplosis bromicola Mar. et Ag. (Diptera: Itonididae), in relation to peculiarities of brome biology (Bromus inermis Leyss. and riparius Rehm). Entomological Review, 41 (1), 11 - 21. [Russian version not seen.]" type="journal article" year="1962">Agafonova 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE102FFD9F6B8FE237B92C805" author="Neiman" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" refString="Neiman, E. L. & Manglitz, G. R. (1972) The Biology and Ecology of the Bromegrass Seed Midge in Nebraska. Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin, 252, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1972">Neiman and Manglitz 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), supporting the suggestion that this gall midge may have been introduced in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F62DFDFF7F85C805" ID-CoL="896LM" box="[1078,1220,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F62DFDFF7F85C805" box="[1078,1220,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">S. bromicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infested seed. This gall midge was first reported in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305762CE102FFD9F032FDDB79FEC821" box="[553,703,548,573]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
from Lancaster Co., Nebraska (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE102FFD9F63CFDDB7FF4C820" author="Gagne" box="[1063,1205,548,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" refString="Gagne, R. J. (1966) A seed midge new to North America. Cooperative Economic Insect Report, 16 (14), 283." type="journal article" year="1966">Gagné 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which includes the Lincoln area. This introduction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F002FDB779E6C87D" ID-CoL="896LM" box="[537,679,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F002FDB779E6C87D" box="[537,679,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">S. bromicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F0C6FDB67878C87D" ID-CoL="7BSL7" box="[733,825,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F0C6FDB67878C87D" box="[733,825,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">T. bromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parallels the probable mode of introduction of seed of Russian genotypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F396FD937906C898" ID-CoL="3CNRT" box="[397,583,620,645]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="esula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F396FD937906C898" box="[397,583,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">Euphorbia esula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(leafy spurge) with the Hansen bromegrass seed purchase (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE102FFD9F6FAFD937E25C898" author="Dunn" box="[1249,1380,620,645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" refString="Dunn, P. H. (1985) Origins of leafy spurge in North America, Chapter 2 (3). In: Watson, A. K. (Ed.), Leafy Spurge, Monograph Series of the Weed Science Society of America. Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, pp. 7 - 13" type="book chapter" year="1985">Dunn 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE102FFD9F2DCFD6F7FFFC99D" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">
|
||
We found “
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F352FD6F79C8C8B5" box="[329,649,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F352FD6F793CC8B5" box="[329,637,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebraskensis">Aprostocetus nebraskensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
”,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
now determined as
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F176FD707F04C8B5" box="[877,1093,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F176FD707F00C8B5" ID-CoL="7BSL7" box="[877,1089,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromi">Tetrastichus bromi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
on or reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F707FD707BBFC8D1" ID-CoL="C56N" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F707FD707BBFC8D1" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">Alopecurus pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F32CFD4A7AA8C8D1" ID-CoL="ND3L" box="[311,489,693,716]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bromus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F32CFD4A7AA8C8D1" box="[311,489,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">Bromus inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both Eurasian cool-season grasses. The true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F1E9FD4B7FE2C8D0" box="[1010,1187,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebraskensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F1E9FD4B7FE2C8D0" box="[1010,1187,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">A. nebraskensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems restricted to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F79CFD4A7B9BC8ED" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Sorghum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wattsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F79CFD4A7B9BC8ED" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">S. wattsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the native warm-season grasses
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F089FD2878C4C8ED" box="[658,901,727,752]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gerardii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F089FD2878C4C8ED" box="[658,901,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">Andropogon gerardii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F182FD287F83C8ED" ID-CoL="4V9YT" box="[921,1218,727,752]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Schizachyrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F182FD287F83C8ED" box="[921,1218,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">Schizachyrium scoparium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F717FD287BA3C909" ID-CoL="4YC4N" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Sorghastrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nutans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F717FD287BA3C909" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">Sorghastrum nutans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The host gall midges,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F3F1FD027938C908" ID-CoL="896LM" box="[490,633,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F3F1FD027938C908" box="[490,633,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">S. bromicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F0ABFD02787CC908" box="[688,829,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geniculati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F0ABFD02787CC908" box="[688,829,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">S. geniculati</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the introduced grasses are also Eurasian species. It appears that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F32BFCDE7AD5C925" ID-CoL="7BSL7" box="[304,404,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F32BFCDE7AD5C925" box="[304,404,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">T. bromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an oligophagous Eurasian introduction specialized on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F659FCE07F97C925" ID-CoL="7MLN" box="[1090,1238,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F659FCE07F97C925" box="[1090,1238,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">Stenodiplosis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae that then transferred to North American native
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F05AFCBB7997C940" ID-CoL="7MLN" box="[577,726,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F05AFCBB7997C940" box="[577,726,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">Stenodiplosis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F197FCBA7F52C941" ID-CoL="9HZPZ" box="[908,1043,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spartinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F197FCBA7F52C941" box="[908,1043,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">S. spartinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The community dynamics impact of this wasp host shifting onto the native
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE102FFD9F07EFC9879B8C99D" ID-CoL="7MLN" box="[613,761,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Stenodiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE102FFD9F07EFC9879B8C99D" box="[613,761,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="122">Stenodiplosis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasitoid guild remains to be explored.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |