405 lines
43 KiB
XML
405 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document id="8745209A11ED46563A116DEBBA05FC5E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274194" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ea451091-d23b-4a65-adcc-b862d82d62f2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274194" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459829416511" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Magnacca, Karl N., Foote, David & O’Grady, Patrick M." docDate="2008" docId="01205760B9330B66FF3BFDFEFB68FBB2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01728p058.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1728" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Drosophila grimshawi" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="FD192F18B9290B7DFFACFF89FE3BFFC0" masterDocTitle="A review of the endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae and their host plants" masterLastPageNumber="58" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1698222769895" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="92060F0ACF6818360EAAB03AA7471613">
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<mods:title id="7B481A0C27A9FDF75D3C7BBDB8F76000">A review of the endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae and their host plants</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6759A993531A6789494E8C4D20AD5386">Magnacca, Karl N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="208F0D7C550025DACE037FA97F68AF1C">Foote, David</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FB189BC7E32D9A555D6E00231FE53DBB">O’Grady, Patrick M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="39756AF41D7D810AC370C45FB1CB898B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C75748960BD7EE5C84AA9BEFC457A8C3">
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<mods:date id="C2AC616B41C69D57EA51986EE62657DC">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0E9193116E7C550BEF738F844AF3E46B">1728</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="3CAC5D4D76C9658417B13FF80A8A26E2" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.274194</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="01205760B9330B66FF3BFDFEFB68FBB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5623983" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119357580" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5623983" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:01205760B9330B66FF3BFDFEFB68FBB2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/01205760B9330B66FF3BFDFEFB68FBB2" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<paragraph id="8936E676B9330B67FF3BFDFEFF66FD51" blockId="26.[151,1436,631,1258]" box="[151,349,631,657]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<heading id="D27E511AB9330B67FF3BFDFEFF66FD51" bold="true" box="[151,349,631,657]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FF3BFDFEFF66FD51" bold="true" box="[151,349,631,657]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FF3BFDFEFF2DFD51" ID-CoL="8BWBZ" box="[151,278,631,657]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimshawi">grimshawi</taxonomicName>
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clade
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8936E676B9330B67FF69FD29FFA1FB2A" blockId="26.[151,1436,631,1258]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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With 77 species, the
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FE68FD29FC7BFD79" box="[452,576,672,697]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimshawi">
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FE68FD29FC7BFD79" box="[452,576,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">grimshawi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade accounts for the bulk of
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FC11FD29FA69FD79" box="[957,1106,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">picture wing</emphasis>
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species. It is also the most diverse in host usage, comparable to the
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FDDFFD41FD5CFD21" box="[627,871,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">modified mouthparts</emphasis>
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clade. On a finer scale, however, more specificity emerges. Within each species subgroup, a relatively small number of host shifts appears to have taken place (
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<tableCitation id="C40BD3CDB9330B67FF48FC91FF04FCF2" box="[228,319,792,818]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="26.[151,239,1311,1335]" captionText="TABLE 5. Distribution of host family usage among subgroups of the grimshawi clade, picture wing group." pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Table 5</tableCitation>
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; to avoid confusion with the larger clade, their “
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FCD6FC91FDCDFCF1" box="[890,1014,792,817]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimshawi">
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FCD6FC91FDCDFCF1" box="[890,1014,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">grimshawi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subgroup” is referred to here as the
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FF3BFCC9FF32FC99" box="[151,265,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crucigera">
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FF3BFCC9FF32FC99" box="[151,265,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">crucigera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subgroup). For example, 12 of the 17
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FD75FCC9FD5FFC99" box="[729,868,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orphnopeza">
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FD75FCC9FD5FFC99" box="[729,868,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">orphnopeza</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subgroup species are from either
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FB56FCC9FB40FC9A" box="[1274,1403,832,858]" class="Liliopsida" family="Agavaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Agavaceae</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FF3BFCE1FF23FC42" box="[151,280,872,898]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
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, including one oligophagous species that uses both; species of the
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FBE5FCE1FA88FC41" box="[1097,1203,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesciseta">
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FBE5FCE1FA88FC41" box="[1097,1203,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">vesciseta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subgroup use only
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FF3BFC19FF6BFC6A" box="[151,336,912,938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FEF0FC19FC37FC6A" box="[348,524,912,938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Nyctaginaceae</taxonomicName>
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, or
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FD9BFC19FC83FC6A" box="[567,696,912,938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
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; the
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FD5CFC19FDA3FC69" box="[752,920,912,937]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="odontophallus">
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FD5CFC19FDA3FC69" box="[752,920,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">odontophallus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subgroup is exclusively on
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FB4DFC19FB5EFC6A" box="[1249,1381,912,938]" class="Liliopsida" family="Agavaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Agavaceae</taxonomicName>
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; and monophagous species of the
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FE4BFC31FC62FC11" box="[487,601,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crucigera">
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FE4BFC31FC62FC11" box="[487,601,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">crucigera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subgroup use only
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FC91FC31FDEFFC12" box="[829,980,952,978]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pandanaceae</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FC56FC31FA8FFC12" box="[1018,1204,952,978]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thymelaeaceae</taxonomicName>
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. The low overlap in host families between subgroups implies that specialization on a host plant may have played a
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FAAEFC69FB7DFC3A" box="[1282,1350,992,1018]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Peperomia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
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role in the early diversification of the
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FDA3FB81FC9FFBE1" box="[527,676,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">picture wing</emphasis>
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clade. This is in contrast to the AMC clade, where little hostswitching has taken place across the whole group, and the
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FCE3FBB9FA7FFB89" box="[847,1092,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">modified mouthparts</emphasis>
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group, where the
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FAB0FBB9FB52FB89" box="[1308,1385,1072,1097]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dissita">
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FAB0FBB9FB52FB89" box="[1308,1385,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">dissita</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FF3BFBD1FF19FBB1" box="[151,290,1112,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrisetae">
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FF3BFBD1FF19FBB1" box="[151,290,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">quadrisetae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subgroups show no clear pattern of host usage. The lack of a detailed species-level phylogeny such as exists for the
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FE3CFB09FC39FB59" box="[400,514,1152,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planitibia">
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FE3CFB09FC39FB59" box="[400,514,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">planitibia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group (
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<bibRefCitation id="ED189B87B9330B67FDF0FB09FD58FB5A" author="Bonacum" box="[604,867,1152,1178]" pageId="26" pageNumber="35" refString="Bonacum, J., O'Grady, P. M., Kambysellis, M. P. & DeSalle, R. (2005) Phylogeny and age of diversification of the planitibia species group of the Hawaiian Drosophila. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 37, 73 - 82." type="journal article" year="2005">
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Bonacum,
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FD70FB09FD2DFB59" box="[732,790,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2005
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</bibRefCitation>
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), and numerous confounding shifts to rarer hosts such as
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FF5BFB21FF9FFB02" box="[247,420,1192,1218]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Nyctaginaceae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FE4DFB21FC4DFB02" box="[481,630,1192,1218]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
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, preclude further speculation on evolution of host usage among the
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FF3BFB59FF28FB29" box="[151,275,1232,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimshawi">
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FF3BFB59FF28FB29" box="[151,275,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">grimshawi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subgroups.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DDF6B6FEB9330B67FF3BFA96FB36FAF7" box="[151,1293,1311,1335]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<paragraph id="8936E676B9330B67FF3BFA96FB36FAF7" blockId="26.[151,1293,1311,1335]" box="[151,1293,1311,1335]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FF3BFA96FF33FAF7" bold="true" box="[151,264,1311,1335]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">TABLE 5.</emphasis>
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Distribution of host family usage among subgroups of the
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FCD3FAA9FDCBFAF7" box="[895,1008,1312,1335]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimshawi">
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||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FCD3FAA9FDCBFAF7" box="[895,1008,1312,1335]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">grimshawi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade,
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<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FB90FAA9FAFAFAF7" box="[1084,1217,1312,1335]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">picture wing</emphasis>
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group.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C193B5FDB9330B66FF33FAD3FB68FBB2" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8936E676B9330B67FF33FAD3FF8FFAAF" blockId="26.[159,1359,1368,1924]" box="[159,436,1368,1460]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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species
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FF5FFAD3FF75FAB1" box="[243,334,1370,1393]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="complex">complex</taxonomicName>
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a data species
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8936E676B9330B67FECBFAF3FFEEFA51" blockId="26.[159,1359,1368,1924]" box="[359,469,1402,1425]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">ecological</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8936E676B9330B67FE10FAD1FB74F948" blockId="26.[159,1359,1368,1924]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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with polyphagous y n
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FE50F99AFC28F948" box="[508,531,1555,1672]" class="Liliopsida" family="Agavaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Agavaceae</taxonomicName>
|
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<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FDFAFA6BFC56F948" box="[598,621,1506,1672]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FD04F99CFC84F947" box="[680,703,1557,1671]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FD56F9ADFD2AF947" box="[762,785,1572,1671]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FCE0FA7FFD58F947" box="[844,867,1526,1671]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myoporaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Myoporaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FC32FA62FD8EF948" box="[926,949,1515,1672]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Nyctaginaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FC5CFA77FA3CF948" box="[1008,1031,1534,1672]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pandanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FBEEF98BFA62F947" box="[1090,1113,1538,1671]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FB38FA6BFA90F948" box="[1172,1195,1506,1672]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thymelaeaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FB4AF99CFAC6F947" box="[1254,1277,1557,1671]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ oligophagous
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8936E676B9330B67FF33F911FB7FF844" blockId="26.[159,1359,1368,1924]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FF33F911FF3CF96F" box="[159,263,1688,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crucigera">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FF33F911FF3CF96F" box="[159,263,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">crucigera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
8 1 3 2 3
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FF33F94BFF26F919" box="[159,285,1730,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FF33F94BFF26F919" box="[159,285,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">hawaiiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
9 5 3 3 1 2
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FF33F964FF03F8C4" box="[159,312,1773,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="odontophallus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FF33F964FF03F8C4" box="[159,312,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">odontophallus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
4 4
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FF33F891FF26F8EF" box="[159,285,1816,1839]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orphnopeza">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FF33F891FF26F8EF" box="[159,285,1816,1839]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">orphnopeza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<date id="FD37C0B6B9330B67FECBF891FC33F8EF" box="[359,520,1816,1839]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1917-02-02">17 2 2</date>
|
||
9 1 1 1 3
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FF33F8CBFECCF899" box="[159,247,1858,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punalua">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FF33F8CBFECCF899" box="[159,247,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">punalua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
5 3 1 2 1 1
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FF33F8E4FEC4F844" box="[159,255,1901,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesciseta">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FF33F8E4FEC4F844" box="[159,255,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">vesciseta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<date id="FD37C0B6B9330B67FECBF8E4FC59F844" box="[359,610,1901,1924]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1911-05-05">11 5 5</date>
|
||
2 3 1
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8936E676B9330B67FF3BF827FBB4F807" blockId="26.[151,1423,1966,1991]" box="[151,1423,1966,1991]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
a The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FF78F839FF13F807" box="[212,296,1968,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="discreta">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FF78F839FF13F807" box="[212,296,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">discreta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9330B67FEF1F839FFDCF807" box="[349,487,1968,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distinguenda">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9330B67FEF1F839FFDCF807" box="[349,487,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">distinguenda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgroups are not shown since rearing data is only available for one species from each.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8936E676B9320B66FF69FF11FA79FE92" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,1138]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Despite the wide diversity of host families used by the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FCFDFF11FDF6FF71" box="[849,973,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimshawi">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FCFDFF11FDF6FF71" box="[849,973,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">grimshawi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, the only substrate shift has been from stems and bark proper to sap flux in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FD04FF49FD08FF19" box="[680,819,192,217]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FD04FF49FD08FF19" box="[680,819,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">hawaiiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgroup. The latter is a similar habitat that is sometimes used by other
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FE22FF61FC18FEC1" box="[398,547,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">picture wing</emphasis>
|
||
species, particularly in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FCDFFF61FDC5FEC1" box="[883,1022,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orphnopeza">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FCDFFF61FDC5FEC1" box="[883,1022,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">orphnopeza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgroup. Only two species commonly use other substrate
|
||
<typeStatus id="563258D4B9320B66FE66FE99FC37FEEA" box="[458,524,272,298]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">types</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FDBBFE99FCA0FEE9" box="[535,667,272,297]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punalua">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FDBBFE99FCA0FEE9" box="[535,667,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">D. punalua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will sometimes use the fruit and leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FB3DFE99FB2CFEE9" box="[1169,1303,272,297]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Freycinetia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FB3DFE99FB2CFEE9" box="[1169,1303,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Freycinetia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in addition to the stems, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FECFFEB1FFC2FE91" box="[355,505,312,337]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crucigera">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FECFFEB1FFC2FE91" box="[355,505,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">D. crucigera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a highly polyphagous species, will also use fruit.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8936E676B9320B66FF69FEE9FBB7FDAA" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,1138]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The most striking aspect of the breeding records for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FCFEFEE9FDF5FEB9" box="[850,974,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimshawi">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FCFEFEE9FDF5FEB9" box="[850,974,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">grimshawi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade is not so much the variety of host families that are used, as one that is not:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FDD0FE01FD01FE62" box="[636,826,392,418]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Campanulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Campanulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This is considered one of the most important hosts for Hawaiian drosophilids in general, but especially for the other clades (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FC54FE39FA5EFE09" box="[1016,1125,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adiastola">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FC54FE39FA5EFE09" box="[1016,1125,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">adiastola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FB33FE39FB2AFE09" box="[1183,1297,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planitibia">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FB33FE39FB2AFE09" box="[1183,1297,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">planitibia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FAC2FE39FF33FE31" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">picture wing</emphasis>
|
||
group. Yet there are almost no records for the family in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FC46FE51FA5DFE31" box="[1002,1126,472,497]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimshawi">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FC46FE51FA5DFE31" box="[1002,1126,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">grimshawi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade; in addition to four polyphagous species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FE37FD89FC09FDD9" box="[411,562,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crucigera">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FE37FD89FC09FDD9" box="[411,562,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">D. crucigera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FDEDFD89FCEBFDD9" box="[577,720,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="disjuncta">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FDEDFD89FCEBFDD9" box="[577,720,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">D. disjuncta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FD4CFD89FDBBFDD9" box="[736,896,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimshawi">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FD4CFD89FDBBFDD9" box="[736,896,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">D. grimshawi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FC6EFD89FA50FDD9" box="[962,1131,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosipedis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FC6EFD89FA50FDD9" box="[962,1131,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">D. villosipedis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), there are only 4 records from 2 species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FEF4FDA1FFE2FD81" box="[344,473,552,577]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FEF4FDA1FFE2FD81" box="[344,473,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">D. limitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FDBAFDA1FCA5FD81" box="[534,670,552,577]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="murphyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FDBAFDA1FCA5FD81" box="[534,670,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">D. murphyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and even these may be incidental. The near-absence of such a significant host from this large, highly host-variable group is remarkable, and warrants further investigation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8936E676B9320B66FF69FDF1FDF2FC42" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,1138]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FF69FDF1FF7EFD52" box="[197,325,632,658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, particularly the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FDDDFDF1FD19FD51" box="[625,802,632,657]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Cheirodendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FDDDFDF1FD19FD51" box="[625,802,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cheirodendron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is another very common host plant for Hawaiian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FF3BFD29FF7AFD7A" box="[151,321,672,698]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Drosophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. While there are several records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FD59FD29FD4AFD79" box="[757,881,672,697]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimshawi">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FD59FD29FD4AFD79" box="[757,881,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">grimshawi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade species using
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FBC1FD29FAD6FD7A" box="[1133,1261,672,698]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nearly all are confined to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FEFEFD41FFE6FD21" box="[338,477,712,737]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orphnopeza">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FEFEFD41FFE6FD21" box="[338,477,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">orphnopeza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgroup, the same 4 polyphagous species mentioned above, and scattered incidental records. Of those species that do use
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FD0CFD79FD1BFCCA" box="[672,800,752,778]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 80% have been reared from either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FB6BFD79FB40FCC9" box="[1223,1403,752,777]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Tetraplasandra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FB6BFD79FB40FCC9" box="[1223,1403,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Tetraplasandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FF3BFC91FF22FCF1" box="[151,281,792,817]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Reynoldsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FF3BFC91FF22FCF1" box="[151,281,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Reynoldsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Appendix 1), often in lowland and/or relatively dry habitats. In contrast, none of the 240
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FACAFC91FED3FC9A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
records from the AMC and
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FDEAFCC9FD06FC99" box="[582,829,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">modified mouthparts</emphasis>
|
||
clades are from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FBA0FCC9FAB5FC99" box="[1036,1166,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Reynoldsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FBA0FCC9FAB5FC99" box="[1036,1166,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Reynoldsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and only 22 (9%) are from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FF7BFCE1FFB0FC41" box="[215,395,872,897]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Tetraplasandra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FF7BFCE1FFB0FC41" box="[215,395,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Tetraplasandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and all but one are from montane wet locations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8936E676B9320B66FF69FC19FB68FBB2" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,1138]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
In general, the species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FDB6FC19FCADFC69" box="[538,662,912,937]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimshawi">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FDB6FC19FCADFC69" box="[538,662,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">grimshawi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade tend to favor more mesic to dry forest plants:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FB5AFC19FB7CFC69" box="[1270,1351,912,937]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FB5AFC19FB7CFC69" box="[1270,1351,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Acacia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FAFAFC19FEC2FC11" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Charpentiera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FAFAFC19FEC2FC11" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Charpentiera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FEA1FC31FFB6FC11" box="[269,397,952,977]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Myoporum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FEA1FC31FFB6FC11" box="[269,397,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Myoporum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FE0EFC31FFC7FC11" box="[418,508,952,977]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" genus="Pisonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FE0EFC31FFC7FC11" box="[418,508,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pisonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FDBCFC31FC46FC11" box="[528,637,952,977]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Pleomele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FDBCFC31FC46FC11" box="[528,637,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pleomele</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FD3EFC31FD2FFC11" box="[658,788,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Reynoldsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FD3EFC31FD2FFC11" box="[658,788,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Reynoldsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FC84FC31FDA8FC11" box="[808,915,952,977]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Sapindus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FC84FC31FDA8FC11" box="[808,915,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Sapindus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FC04FC31FA67FC11" box="[936,1116,952,977]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Tetraplasandra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FC04FC31FA67FC11" box="[936,1116,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Tetraplasandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FBDDFC31FA8CFC11" box="[1137,1207,952,977]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FBDDFC31FA8CFC11" box="[1137,1207,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Urera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FAAFFC31FBA8FC11" box="[1283,1427,952,977]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Wikstroemia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FAAFFC31FBA8FC11" box="[1283,1427,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Wikstroemia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although many of these live in wet forest as well, it appears likely that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FB9AFC69FA89FC39" box="[1078,1202,992,1017]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimshawi">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FB9AFC69FA89FC39" box="[1078,1202,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">grimshawi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade evolved as a mesic assemblage, perhaps as sister to the
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FD2AFB81FD03FBE1" box="[646,824,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">nudidrosophila</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FCDCFB81FA1CFBE1" box="[880,1063,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">ateledrosophila</emphasis>
|
||
groups. It is perhaps not so surprising then that the characteristic plants of the wet forest –
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FCDCFBB9FA1AFB89" box="[880,1057,1072,1097]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Cheirodendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FCDCFBB9FA1AFB89" box="[880,1057,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cheirodendron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FB9EFBB9FA8CFB89" box="[1074,1207,1072,1097]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Clermontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FB9EFBB9FA8CFB89" box="[1074,1207,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Clermontia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E899DF5B9320B66FB50FBB9FB6DFB89" box="[1276,1366,1072,1097]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FB50FBB9FB6DFB89" box="[1276,1366,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cyanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– are lacking from their diet, especially when these plants are already heavily utilized by other
|
||
<emphasis id="BBFD3A64B9320B66FB02FBD1FB70FBB1" box="[1198,1355,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">picture wings</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |