2821 lines
433 KiB
XML
2821 lines
433 KiB
XML
<document id="DCE2233D4BCB9BF6D4D302DCEBE40486" ID-DOI="doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.2424.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f6d26f10-5c7e-4640-a37b-27f027c65477" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="194550" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460214726139" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ferrari, Augusto, Schwertner, Cristiano Feldens & Grazia, Jocelia" docDate="2010" docId="5347AD2BFFD4E875EDCDFF5052D1A996" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02424p041.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2424" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Nezara Amyot & Serville 1843" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="AF7ED553FFD0E87AED5AFF8F5744AF01" masterDocTitle="Review, cladistic analysis and biogeography of Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)" masterLastPageNumber="41" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698236960562" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="268D50FD9CD47EAE6D2241B1CAD231DD">
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<mods:title id="16EAE77A8E8908526D7CCD73D09DF773">Review, cladistic analysis and biogeography of Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="6335293A0AE730B9E676DD63676F8461" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="88C660E2AFD5055092DC2C3BEB7F0F78">
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<mods:roleTerm id="AB6EF4FE4CADBCABAFCA40208479A5BE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="340BE35437BE19901A4069B5815F2EF9">Ferrari, Augusto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A59AF892CD83DC6A8D9A0A8CF39D8E03">Laboratório de Entomologia Sistemática, Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bloco IV, prédio 43435, 91501 - 970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9EE1E9760E372B8E009A4732DE7AA989" type="email">ferrariaugusto@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="E7FC42B079AEC4F35C10DD3DEF8977DB" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3C12E4733DFE926EF3C0D3516CBB976D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8C362553BD413DEB56F30E2C5F28A972">Schwertner, Cristiano Feldens</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C0564B0FFFED35B4FE00F6F7760284DE">Laboratório de Entomologia Sistemática, Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bloco IV, prédio 43435, 91501 - 970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil & Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Campus Diadema, Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, 09972 - 270, Diadema, SP, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0CF429B23D18167114A236C94951F11B" type="email">acrosternum@yahoo.com.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="4CB3A68BC79AD582281D3AFF7D244F77">Grazia, Jocelia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="828A16E03B19878857C0477EA74D7450">Laboratório de Entomologia Sistemática, Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bloco IV, prédio 43435, 91501 - 970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="41DE42AE6C6F3C78B38619F7BA60AF4D" type="email">jocelia@ufrgs.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="DDDF61AD40A222A9CC65C93D24244A21">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="6D546A3F5E6BFC4D0BD2E8B6BAB74EAD">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2D0E6780C3E51636C1F4F7FA691CD991">
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<mods:date id="416FEC92166F5F4FE302979269468FB4">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9FFE8AE5E798DBD0C1CEA739D071134B">2010-04-13</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="983DE14F9B57B1B2BAD958192EB26B4F" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="728F0D419A75F5804AD5B82983B908E1">2424</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="8E7EE74B2C49DD1614746D0199CF44F9">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="B3FC79EBC1CAA0C69D911B96CBDCE448">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E652E41111850D287C1DC5834F047CDB" type="DOI">doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2424.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F9A6D0790F9DF4DBB61492FE0D7775F9" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D498B2584B0CBEED89B1DF9B19D1C5F0" type="Zenodo-Dep">194550</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5347AD2BFFD4E875EDCDFF5052D1A996" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164674278" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5347AD2BFFD4E875EDCDFF5052D1A996" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5347AD2BFFD4E875EDCDFF5052D1A996" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="93F44FB6FFD4E87EEDCDFF505632AFF8" box="[151,374,223,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD4E87EEDCDFF505632AFF8" blockId="4.[151,374,223,249]" box="[151,374,223,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
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<heading id="8019AB51FFD4E87EEDCDFF505632AFF8" bold="true" box="[151,374,223,249]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
|
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<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEDCDFF505632AFF8" bold="true" box="[151,374,223,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEDCDFF505650AFF8" bold="true" box="[151,276,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">The genus</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEC46FF505632AFF8" ID-CoL="63VD" ID-ENA="85309" authority="Amyot & Serville, 1843" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[284,374,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nezara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="93F44FB6FFD4E87FEDCDFEA75237AD73" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD4E87EEDCDFEA7527DAD6D" blockId="4.[151,1437,296,2002]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The revision work of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EECC6FEA75518AE43" author="Freeman" box="[412,604,296,322]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374." type="journal article" year="1940">Freeman (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
established the current classification of the genus, including 11 valid species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEC4EFEC2562DAE67" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[276,361,333,358]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEC4EFEC2562DAE67" box="[276,361,333,358]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEC23FEC25557AE67" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[377,531,333,358]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEC23FEC25557AE67" box="[377,531,333,358]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. antennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEF78FEC254CAAE66" authority="Freeman, 1940" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1940" box="[546,910,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEF78FEC25571AE67" box="[546,565,333,358]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEF1FFEC25595AE67" box="[581,721,333,358]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">immaculata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEF83FEC254CAAE66" author="Freeman" box="[729,910,333,359]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374." type="journal article" year="1940">Freeman, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEEC1FEC25242AE66" authority="(Westwood, 1837)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[923,1286,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEEC1FEC25365AE67" box="[923,1057,333,358]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EE96BFEC253B9AE66" author="Westwood" box="[1073,1277,333,359]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1837) A Catalogue of Hemiptera in the Collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope, M. A. with Short Latin Diagnosiss of the New Species. London. 46 pp." type="book" year="1837">Westwood, 1837</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EE849FEC2560DAE8D" authority="(Dallas, 1851)" baseAuthorityName="Dallas" baseAuthorityYear="1851" class="Insecta" family="Acanthosomatidae" genus="Rhaphigaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naspirus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE849FEC252D8AE67" box="[1299,1436,333,358]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. naspirus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEDC5FEFD5605AE8D" author="Dallas" box="[159,321,370,396]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Dallas, W. S. (1851) List of the specimens of hemipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. London, British Museum, 592 pp." type="book" year="1851">Dallas, 1851</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEC0DFEFD55FFAE8D" authority="(Distant, 1890)" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[343,699,370,396]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Zangis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEC0DFEFD56B2AE8A" box="[343,502,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. niamensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEF5DFEFD55F6AE8D" author="Distant" box="[519,690,370,396]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Distant, W. L. (1890) Ethiopian Rhynchota in the collection of the Brussels Museum. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 34, 51 - 59." type="journal article" year="1890">Distant, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEF93FEFD5377AE8D" authority="(Distant, 1890)" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[713,1075,370,396]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEF93FEFD542AAE8A" box="[713,878,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. orbiculata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEE25FEFD536EAE8D" author="Distant" box="[895,1066,370,396]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Distant, W. L. (1890) Ethiopian Rhynchota in the collection of the Brussels Museum. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 34, 51 - 59." type="journal article" year="1890">Distant, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EE91BFEFD5237AE8D" authority="Distant, 1898" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1898" box="[1089,1395,370,396]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE91BFEFD5385AE8A" box="[1089,1217,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EE990FEFD5237AE8D" author="Distant" box="[1226,1395,370,396]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Distant, W. L. (1898) Rhynchota from the Transvaal, Mashonaland, and British Nyasaland. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7) 2, 294 - 316." type="journal article" year="1898">Distant, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EE8DAFEFD56DFAEB3" authority="Freeman, 1940" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1940" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE8DAFEFD57A0AEB0" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. similis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEDB0FE1756DFAEB3" author="Freeman" box="[234,411,408,434]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374." type="journal article" year="1940">Freeman, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EECFDFE1755A5AEB3" authority="Schouteden, 1905" authorityName="Schouteden" authorityYear="1905" box="[423,737,408,434]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EECFDFE175543AEB0" box="[423,519,408,433]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. soror</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEF57FE1755A5AEB3" author="Schouteden" box="[525,737,408,434]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" refString="Schouteden, H. (1905) Neue Pentatomiden aus Afrika und Madagaskar, nebst synonymischen Bemerkungen. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 24 (1 - 2), 51 - 55." type="journal article" year="1905">Schouteden, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEFB6FE17536AAEB3" authority="Schouteden, 1905" authorityName="Schouteden" authorityYear="1905" box="[748,1070,408,434]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congo">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEFB6FE175412AEB0" box="[748,854,408,433]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. congo</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEE06FE17536AAEB3" author="Schouteden" box="[860,1070,408,434]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" refString="Schouteden, H. (1905) Neue Pentatomiden aus Afrika und Madagaskar, nebst synonymischen Bemerkungen. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 24 (1 - 2), 51 - 55." type="journal article" year="1905">Schouteden, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[synonymized to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EE9A4FE17523CAEB0" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1898" box="[1278,1400,408,433]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE9A4FE17523CAEB0" box="[1278,1400,408,433]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEDCDFE325620AED6" author="Freeman" box="[151,356,445,471]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1946) Further notes on the hemipterous genera Calidea LaPorte (Scutellerinae) and Nezara Amyot & Serville (Pentatominae). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B), 15 (3 - 4), 32." type="journal article" year="1946">Freeman (1946)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EECF4FE325572AED7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[430,566,445,470]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EECF4FE325572AED7" box="[430,566,445,470]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEF1DFE32546FAED6" author="Linnavuori" box="[583,811,445,471]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refString="Linnavuori, R. E. (1972) Studies on African Pentatomoidea. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, 3 (15), 395 - 434." type="journal article" year="1972">Linnavuori (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redescribed two species not included by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EE86BFE3257AFAEFD" author="Freeman" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374." type="journal article" year="1940">Freeman (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEDA2FE6D556BAEFD" authority="Breddin, 1908" authorityName="Breddin" authorityYear="1908" box="[248,559,482,508]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendax">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEDA2FE6D563DAEFA" box="[248,377,482,507]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. mendax</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EECD8FE6D556BAEFD" author="Breddin" box="[386,559,482,508]" pageId="4" pageNumber="36" refString="Breddin, G. (1908) Zwei neue Nezara - Arten (Rhynchota, Heteroptera). Societas Entomologica, 23, 68 - 69." type="journal article" year="1908">Breddin, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEF31FE6D5494AEFD" authority="Breddin, 1908" authorityName="Breddin" authorityYear="1908" box="[619,976,482,508]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subrotunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEF31FE6D5453AEFA" box="[619,791,482,507]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. subrotunda</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEE45FE6D5494AEFD" author="Breddin" box="[799,976,482,508]" pageId="4" pageNumber="36" refString="Breddin, G. (1908) Zwei neue Nezara - Arten (Rhynchota, Heteroptera). Societas Entomologica, 23, 68 - 69." type="journal article" year="1908">Breddin, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. After studying the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EE99BFE6D53B1AEFD" box="[1217,1269,482,508]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens of both species, we now consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEF5AFD875538AD20" authorityName="Breddin" authorityYear="1908" box="[512,636,520,545]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendax">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEF5AFD875538AD20" box="[512,636,520,545]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. mendax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a valid species and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEEFEFD87530DAD20" authorityName="Breddin" authorityYear="1908" box="[932,1097,520,545]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subrotunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEEFEFD87530DAD20" box="[932,1097,520,545]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. subrotunda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EE8DBFD8756ECAD46" authority="(Dallas, 1851)" baseAuthorityName="Dallas" baseAuthorityYear="1851" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naspira">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE8DBFD8757B6AD47" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. naspira</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEC58FDA256E4AD46" author="Dallas" box="[258,416,557,583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Dallas, W. S. (1851) List of the specimens of hemipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. London, British Museum, 592 pp." type="book" year="1851">Dallas, 1851</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EECEFFDA2551DAD46" author="Zheng" box="[437,601,557,583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" refString="Zheng, Z. M. (1982) A new species of Pentatomidae (Heteroptera) from Qinling. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 25 (2), 195 - 196." type="journal article" year="1982">Zheng (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
added the last known species to the genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EE932FDA253B5AD47" box="[1128,1265,557,582]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yunanna">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE932FDA253B5AD47" box="[1128,1265,557,582]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. yunanna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from Duanli, Yunnan, based on
|
||
<specimenCount id="CDE8D7B4FFD4E87EEC34FDDD56F9AD6D" box="[366,445,594,620]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">5 male</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="CDE8D7B4FFD4E87EECAFFDDD5518AD6D" box="[501,604,594,620]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="female">2 female</specimenCount>
|
||
specimens deposited in the Nankai University,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD4E87EE9D3FDDD53A4AD6D" box="[1161,1248,594,620]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tianjin</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD4E87EE9B1FDDD5271AD6D" box="[1259,1333,594,620]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD4E87EED9EFDF7579CAC96" blockId="4.[151,1437,296,2002]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
At least seven other species are assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEFB4FDF75403AD90" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[750,839,632,657]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEFB4FDF75403AD90" box="[750,839,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the literature. Four of them were considered
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEDCDFD125679ADB7" box="[151,317,669,694]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
, two are transferred to different genera, and one is considered a junior synonym, as follows.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEDCDFD4D5522ADDD" authority="Ellenrieder, 1862" authorityName="Ellenrieder" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,614,706,732]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="griseipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEDCDFD4D56CDADDA" box="[151,393,706,731]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nezara griseipennis</emphasis>
|
||
Ellenrieder, 1862
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEFFDFD4D5306ADDD" authority="Ellenrieder, 1862" authorityName="Ellenrieder" authorityYear="1862" box="[679,1090,706,732]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raropunctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEFFDFD4D542DADDA" box="[679,873,706,731]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. raropunctata</emphasis>
|
||
Ellenrieder, 1862
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were considered as
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE863FD4D5796AC00" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEDA7FD6756C7AC03" author="Stal" box="[253,387,744,770]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" refString="Stal, C. (1876) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en Forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, Jemte Systematiska Meddelanden. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 14 (4), 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1876">Stål (1876)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, they were listed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEFBEFD675361AC03" author="Lethierry" box="[740,1061,744,770]" pageId="4" pageNumber="38" refString="Lethierry, L. & Severin, G. (1893) Catalogue General des Hemipteres. Pentatomidae I. Bruxelles, Musee Royal Historique Naturel de Belgique, 286 pp." type="book" year="1893">Lethierry & Severin (1893)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Kirkaldy’s (1909) catalogs. These species were described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD4E87EEF63FC8255EFAC26" box="[569,683,781,807]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Sumatra), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD4E87EEE32FC82549EAC26" box="[872,986,781,807]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Java) respectively and the deposition of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EEDB6FCBD5674AC4D" box="[236,304,818,844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">types</typeStatus>
|
||
are unknown. In all collections studied, we have not examined any specimens with the characteristics described for these species. As such, we follow
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEECBFCD7535CAC73" author="Stal" box="[913,1048,856,882]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" refString="Stal, C. (1876) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en Forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, Jemte Systematiska Meddelanden. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 14 (4), 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1876">Stål (1876)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in considering them as
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE860FCD75796AC97" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD4E87EED9EFC2D5332AB2A" blockId="4.[151,1437,296,2002]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EED9EFC2D5631ACBD" author="Distant" box="[196,373,930,956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Distant, W. L. (1902) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota I. London, Taylor and Francis, 438 pp." type="book" year="1902">Distant (1902)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EECA3FC2D544EACBA" box="[505,778,930,955]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EECA3FC2D544EACBA" box="[505,778,930,955]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nezara nigromaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD4E87EEE0FFC2D54E8ACBD" box="[853,940,930,956]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
|
||
[
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD4E87EEEE6FC2D5378ACBD" box="[956,1084,930,956]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EE90AFC2D53FBACBD" box="[1104,1215,930,956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
were deposited at BMNH. Digital photographs of these specimens were sent by the curator of BMNH collection, Dr. Mick Webb. From the examination of these photographs, we conclude that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEEBEFC6253FDAB07" box="[996,1209,1005,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEEBEFC6253FDAB07" box="[996,1209,1005,1030]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. nigromaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not share the synapomorphies of
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEC24FB9D569EAB2A" box="[382,474,1042,1067]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEC24FB9D5693AB2A" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[382,471,1042,1067]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nezara</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Thus, we transfer this species to the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEE8DFB9D5332AB2A" box="[983,1142,1042,1067]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Acorsternum.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD4E87EED9EFBB7564DAA7D" blockId="4.[151,1437,296,2002]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EED9EFBB7563CAB53" author="Breddin" box="[196,376,1080,1106]" pageId="4" pageNumber="36" refString="Breddin, G. (1903) Einige afrikanische Rhynchoten. Societas Entomologica 18, 115 - 116." type="journal article" year="1903">Breddin (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EECACFBB755F2AB50" box="[502,694,1080,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchricornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EECACFBB755F2AB50" box="[502,694,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. pulchricornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD4E87EEFA7FBB754D6AB53" box="[765,914,1080,1106]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fernando Po</collectingCountry>
|
||
[= Bioko],
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD4E87EE941FBB753B0AB53" box="[1051,1268,1080,1106]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Equatorial Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
. He compared his species with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEC06FBD255CDAB76" authority="Stal, 1865" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1865" box="[348,649,1117,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fieberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEC06FBD2554CAB77" box="[348,520,1117,1142]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nezara fieberi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEF4AFBD255CDAB76" author="Stal" box="[528,649,1117,1143]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" refString="Stal, C. (1865) Hemiptera Africana I. Norstedtiana, Stockholm, 256 pp." type="book" year="1865">Stål, 1865</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which is now included in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EE91BFBD253EAAB77" authorityName="Orian" authorityYear="1965" box="[1089,1198,1117,1142]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Chinavia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE91BFBD253EAAB77" box="[1089,1198,1117,1142]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chinavia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Dr. Eckhard Groll, curator of SDEI collection, sent us digital photographs of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EEEC8FB0D5346AB9D" box="[914,1026,1154,1180]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and of the following labels of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EE8DAFB0C5671ABC0" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchricornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE8DAFB0C5671ABC0" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. pulchricornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: a)
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EEC3EFB275695ABC3" box="[356,465,1192,1218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
b) coll. Breddin /
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EEFF6FB2755B7ABC3" box="[684,755,1192,1218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Typus</typeStatus>
|
||
/ Fern. Po S. Isabel / Schouteden det. 1936 c) G. Schmitz det. 1982 [male]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEC39FB425598ABE6" authority="(Dallas)" baseAuthorityName="Dallas" box="[355,732,1229,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Acrosternum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varicorne">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEC39FB425531ABE7" box="[355,629,1229,1254]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Acrosternum varicorne</emphasis>
|
||
(Dallas)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEFAAFB4254EDABE6" author="Gaedike" box="[752,937,1229,1255]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Gaedike, H. (1971) Katalogue der in der Sammlungen des ehemaligen Deutschen Entomologischen Institutes aufbewahrten Typen - V. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 21 (1 - 2): 79 - 159." type="journal article" year="1971">Gaedike (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
referred to this specimen as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EE877FB4252D3ABE6" box="[1325,1431,1229,1255]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, but this is actually an inadvertent
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EEF65FB7D55F4AA0D" box="[575,688,1266,1292]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
designation (Rider, personnal communication). Apparently, Schmitz conclusions were never published. From the examination of these photographs, we conclude that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EE8DBFA975679AA57" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchricornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE8DBFA975679AA57" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. pulchricornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not share the synapomorphies of
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEE7EFAB254C1AA57" box="[804,901,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEE7EFAB254C5AA57" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[804,897,1341,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nezara</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Thus, we transfer this species to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEDCDFAEC5647AA7D" authorityName="Orian" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,259,1379,1404]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Chinavia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEDCDFAEC5647AA7D" box="[151,259,1379,1404]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chinavia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD4E87EED9EFA0753BCA913" blockId="4.[151,1437,296,2002]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EED9EFA075502AAA3" authority="Cachan, 1952" authorityName="Cachan" authorityYear="1952" box="[196,582,1416,1442]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EED9EFA0756DFAAA0" box="[196,411,1416,1441]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nezara paradoxus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EECF9FA075502AAA3" author="Cachan" box="[419,582,1416,1442]" pageId="4" pageNumber="36" refString="Cachan P. (1952) Les Pentatomidae de Madagascar (Hemipteres, Heteropteres). Memoires de L' Institut Scientifique de Madagascar (ser. E.), 1, 231 - 462." type="journal article" year="1952">Cachan, 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was described based on a single male specimen collected in Tananarive,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD4E87EEDCDFA225661AAC6" box="[151,293,1453,1479]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
Center, which was supposed to be deposited at MNHN. But the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EE942FA22533AAAC6" box="[1048,1150,1453,1479]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was not located by CFS (second author) during a visit to that collection in 2003. Cachan’s description does not permit recognition of this species as a distinct taxon within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEF0BFA7755E1A910" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[593,677,1528,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEF0BFA7755E1A910" box="[593,677,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Consequently, we consider it to be
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE915FA7753B5A910" box="[1103,1265,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD4E87FED9EF992550EAE90" blockId="4.[151,1437,296,2002]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,626]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EED9EF99255AEA936" authority="Horvath, 1889" authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1889" box="[196,746,1565,1591]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="antennata" variety="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EED9EF99256DEA937" box="[196,410,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nezara antennata</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEC8DF9925576A937" box="[471,562,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEF61F99255AEA936" author="Horvath" box="[571,746,1565,1591]" pageId="4" pageNumber="38" refString="Horvath, G. (1889) Analecta ad cognitionem Heteropterorum Himalayensium conscripsit. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 12, 29 - 40." type="journal article" year="1889">Horvath, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was upgraded to species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EE910F99253BCA936" author="Ghauri" box="[1098,1272,1565,1591]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Ghauri, M. S. K. (1972) Notes on the Hemiptera from Pakistan and adjoining areas. Journal of Natural History, 6, 279 - 288." type="journal article" year="1972">Ghauri (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based on the distinct morphology of the parameres. The male
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EEFABF9CD5426A95D" box="[753,866,1602,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEED6F9CC538CA95D" authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1889" box="[908,1224,1602,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="antennata" variety="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEED6F9CC536FA95D" box="[908,1067,1603,1628]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. antennata</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE930F9CC538CA95D" box="[1130,1224,1603,1628]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) was studied from a digital image sent by Dr. D. Rédei. Dr. Rédei also sent the data from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EEF70F90255D3A9A6" box="[554,663,1677,1703]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and the 3
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EEE4DF9025487A9A6" box="[791,963,1677,1703]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
labels: a) Himalaya \ Plason b)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EE81CF90252D8A9A7" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1350,1436,1677,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE81CF90252D8A9A7" box="[1350,1436,1677,1702]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[male]\
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEDADF93C56F3A9CD" authority="Scott" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[247,439,1714,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEDADF93C5634A9CD" box="[247,368,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">antennata</emphasis>
|
||
Scott
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
\
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEC8BF93D55F4A9CD" authority="Horv." authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1889" box="[465,688,1714,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="antennata" variety="icterica">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEF5CF93C5527A9CD" box="[518,611,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
Horv.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
c)
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EEF82F93D5415A9CD" box="[728,849,1714,1740]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
d) G. Schmitz det. 1984 \
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EE9CEF93C5210A9CD" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1172,1364,1715,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE9CEF93C5210A9CD" box="[1172,1364,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nezara viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) \ [male].
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EEDA2F95756E4A9F3" box="[248,416,1752,1778]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paralectotype">Paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
female a)
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD4E87EEF7FF95755C7A9F3" box="[549,643,1752,1778]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Japonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
\ Xántus b) 1 c)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEE0DF95754F4A9F0" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[855,944,1752,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEE0DF95754F4A9F0" box="[855,944,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
\
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEE9BF95753C7A9F3" authority="Scott" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[961,1155,1752,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEE9BF9575378A9F0" box="[961,1084,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">antennata</emphasis>
|
||
Scott
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
\
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EE9C4F957523FA9F3" authority="Horv" authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1889" box="[1182,1403,1752,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="antennata" variety="icterica">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE98EF9575277A9F0" box="[1236,1331,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
Horv
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
d) Paralec- \ totype \ [female] a) C. Schmitz det. 1984 \
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEE56F9725482A817" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[780,966,1789,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEE56F9725482A817" box="[780,966,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nezara viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.)\(f.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EE97CF97253C7A817" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1062,1155,1789,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE97CF97253C7A817" box="[1062,1155,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EE9C6F9725278A816" box="[1180,1340,1789,1815]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paralectotype">Paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
female: same labels as the above specimen.
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EEF63F8AD559DA83D" box="[569,729,1826,1852]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paralectotype">Paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
female: a)
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD4E87EEE07F8AD54F3A83D" box="[861,951,1826,1852]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Japonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
\ Xántus b) Paralec- \ totype \ [female] c)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEDCDF8C7562CA860" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,360,1864,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEDCDF8C7562CA860" box="[151,360,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nezara antennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
\ Scott, var. \
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EEF57F8C75522A860" authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1889" box="[525,614,1864,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EEF57F8C75522A860" box="[525,614,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nov. \
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD4E87EEFECF8C754D4A863" author="Horvath" box="[694,912,1864,1890]" pageId="4" pageNumber="38" refString="Horvath, G. (1889) Analecta ad cognitionem Heteropterorum Himalayensium conscripsit. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 12, 29 - 40." type="journal article" year="1889" yearSuffix="d">G. Horvath 1889 d</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) C. Schmitz det. 1984 \
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EE9F5F8C7522CA860" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1199,1384,1864,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE9F5F8C7522CA860" box="[1199,1384,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nezara viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) \ (f.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EED96F8E25668A887" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[204,300,1901,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EED96F8E25668A887" box="[204,300,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). He also mentioned that although the specimens were labelled
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EE967F8E253F4A886" box="[1085,1200,1901,1927]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD4E87EE9ABF8E252DCA886" box="[1265,1432,1901,1927]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, apparently these designations were never published. Taking into acount the general aspect of the male specimen and the form of paramere, we agree with G. Schmitz that this variety is conspecific with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD4E87EE84CF83752D1A8D0" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1302,1429,1976,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD4E87EE84CF83752D1A8D0" box="[1302,1429,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Also, Dr. Rédei sent similar data for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FEF18FF17531BAFB3" authority="Horvath, 1889" authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1889" box="[578,1119,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="antennata" variety="balteata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FEF18FF175456AFB0" box="[578,786,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nezara antennata</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FEE11FF1754EFAFB0" box="[843,939,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">balteata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FEEE8FF17531BAFB3" author="Horvath" box="[946,1119,152,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" refString="Horvath, G. (1889) Analecta ad cognitionem Heteropterorum Himalayensium conscripsit. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 12, 29 - 40." type="journal article" year="1889">Horvath, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: a)
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD5E87FE9DDFF1753A5AFB3" box="[1159,1249,152,178]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Japonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
\ Xántus b) 1 c)
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FEDCDFF3257BBAFD7" box="[151,255,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FEDCDFF3257A8AFD7" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,236,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nezara</taxonomicName>
|
||
\
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FEDA4FF3256F1AFD6" authority="Scott" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[254,437,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FEDA4FF325634AFD7" box="[254,368,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">antennata</emphasis>
|
||
Scott
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
\
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FEC97FF3255EEAFD6" authority="Horv." authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1889" box="[461,682,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="antennata" variety="balteata">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FEF5AFF325524AFD7" box="[512,608,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">balteata</emphasis>
|
||
Horv.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
d)
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFD5E87FEF88FF325403AFD6" box="[722,839,189,215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
\ [male] e) C. Schmitz det. 1984 \
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FE9B9FF3252D8AFD7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1251,1436,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FE9B9FF3252D8AFD7" box="[1251,1436,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nezara viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) \ f.
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FEDA1FF6D5620AFFA" box="[251,356,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">torquata</emphasis>
|
||
(F.).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FECFDFF6D5568AFFD" author="Wu" box="[423,556,226,252]" pageId="5" pageNumber="41" refString="Wu, C. F. (1933) A preliminary check list of Hemiptera heretofore recorded from Kwantung Province, South China. Lingnan Science Journal, supplement 12: 203 - 231." type="journal article" year="1933">Wu (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FEF85FF6D5366AFFA" authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1889" box="[735,1058,226,252]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="antennata" variety="balteata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FEF85FF6D543AAFFA" box="[735,894,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. antennata</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FEEE7FF6D5366AFFA" box="[957,1058,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">balteata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FE930FF6D524CAFFA" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[1130,1288,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FE930FF6D524CAFFA" box="[1130,1288,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. antennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In order to confirm the identity of this variety, we sent to Dr. Rédei illustrations of the pygophore of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FE9E3FE87524AAE20" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1209,1294,264,289]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FE9E3FE87524AAE20" box="[1209,1294,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. He disagreed with Schmitz's identification, by the form of the paramere clearly having a long, finger-like process, similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FEC3AFEDD56B3AE6A" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[352,503,338,363]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FEC3AFEDD56B3AE6A" box="[352,503,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. antennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FEF5CFEDD55A0AE6D" author="Zheng" box="[518,740,338,364]" pageId="5" pageNumber="41" refString="Zheng, Z. M. (1982) A new species of Pentatomidae (Heteroptera) from Qinling. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 25 (2), 195 - 196." type="journal article" year="1982">Zheng 1982, fig. 2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, we agree with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FE97DFEDD53E2AE6D" author="Wu" box="[1063,1190,338,364]" pageId="5" pageNumber="41" refString="Wu, C. F. (1933) A preliminary check list of Hemiptera heretofore recorded from Kwantung Province, South China. Lingnan Science Journal, supplement 12: 203 - 231." type="journal article" year="1933">Wu (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and treat this variety as a junior synonym of
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FECF1FEF7550EAE90" box="[427,586,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FECF1FEF75502AE90" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[427,582,376,401]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">N. antennata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD5E87FED9EFE125237AD73" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FED9EFE125534AEB6" authority="Azim & Shafee, 1978" authorityName="Azim & Shafee" authorityYear="1978" box="[196,624,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FED9EFE12562DAEB7" box="[196,361,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nezara indica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FEC2BFE125534AEB6" author="Azim" box="[369,624,413,439]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Azim, M. N. & Shafee, S. A. (1978) Indian species of the genus Nezara Amyot and Serville (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 75 (2), 507 - 511." type="journal article" year="1978">Azim & Shafee, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described from six female specimens collected at the University Botanical Garden, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD5E87FEFD6FE4D558FAEDD" box="[652,715,450,476]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and was deposited at the Aligarh Muslim University. Efforts to obtain this material were unsucessful. According to the original description of this species, it is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FE8DBFE6757AEAD27" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1940" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FE8DBFE6757AEAD27" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. similis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, differing by the long abdominal median tubercle surpassing the metacoxae. Another character mentioned was the presence of a tranverse impunctate band on the pronotum. Based on these characters, we conclude that this species does not share the synapomorphies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FEED0FDD7549AAD70" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[906,990,600,625]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FEED0FDD7549AAD70" box="[906,990,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and we consider it
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FE991FDD75229AD70" box="[1227,1389,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="93F44FB6FFD5E874EDCDFD485656AD46" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<subSection id="B26105D6FFD5E870EDCDFD48524BAB0D" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD5E87FEDCDFD485697ADE0" blockId="5.[151,467,711,737]" box="[151,467,711,737]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<heading id="8019AB51FFD5E87FEDCDFD485697ADE0" bold="true" box="[151,467,711,737]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FEDCDFD485697ADE0" bold="true" box="[151,467,711,737]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description of characters</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD5E87FEDCDFC9F57A8AC2B" blockId="5.[151,1437,784,996]" box="[151,236,784,810]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Thorax</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD5E87FEDCDFCBA5247AC4E" blockId="5.[151,1437,784,996]" box="[151,1283,821,847]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Character 1. Pronotum, lines of punctures: (0) absent; (1) present. ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD5E87FED9CFCD5544FACE5" blockId="5.[151,1437,784,996]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Transverse, parallel lines of punctures, concolorous or olive green to yellow, are found on the pronotum of some species. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEC17FC0F568AAC9B" box="[333,462,896,922]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="18.[151,255,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,310,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,309,1541]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira (Scale = 5mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194551/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEC17FC0F56D4AC9B" box="[333,400,896,922]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="18.[151,255,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,310,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,309,1541]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira (Scale = 5 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194551/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D–F
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lines may also be present on the scutellum and hemelytra.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FE986FC0F52D9AC9B" author="Freeman" box="[1244,1437,896,922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374." type="journal article" year="1940">Freeman (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the dorsal surface of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FEF53FC2A55E6ACBF" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[521,674,933,958]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Zangis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FEF53FC2A55E6ACBF" box="[521,674,933,958]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. niamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FEF86FC2A541DACBF" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1898" box="[732,857,933,958]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FEF86FC2A541DACBF" box="[732,857,933,958]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as having a whitish-yellow background streaked with green, corresponding to the lines here described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD5E87FEDCDFB9A5607AB7B" blockId="5.[151,1437,1045,1258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Character 2. Corium, basal third: (0) straight, not surpassing an imaginary line tangential to the humeral angles; (1) convex, surpassing an imaginary line tangential to the humeral angles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FE938FBB55384AB55" box="[1122,1216,1082,1108]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FE99AFBB55394AB55" box="[1216,1232,1082,1108]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="19.[151,258,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,195,1425]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,1426]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. capicola, B. N. orbiculata, C. N. soror, D. N. immaculata, E. N. robusta. F. N. niamensis (Scale = 5mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194552/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=100/ ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD5E87FED9CFB0A52D8ABEB" blockId="5.[151,1437,1045,1258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The general form of body can be ovate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEFF7FB0A55B0AB9E" box="[685,756,1157,1183]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="19.[151,258,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,195,1425]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,1426]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. capicola, B. N. orbiculata, C. N. soror, D. N. immaculata, E. N. robusta. F. N. niamensis (Scale = 5mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194552/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
BC) or elongate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEE9DFB0A5379AB9E" box="[967,1085,1157,1183]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="18.[151,255,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,310,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,309,1541]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira (Scale = 5mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194551/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEE9DFB0A5345AB9E" box="[967,1025,1157,1183]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="18.[151,255,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,310,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,309,1541]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira (Scale = 5 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194551/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig.1</figureCitation>
|
||
A–F
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Species with an ovate body have the connexivum well exposed and the basal third of the corium convex, surpassing an imaginary line tangential to the humeral angles. Concerning the independence of this character, see comments in Character 8.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD5E87FEDCDFA955427AA7E" blockId="5.[151,1437,1306,1967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Character 3. Ostiolar ruga: (0) ruga long with anterior margin straight and apex rhomboid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FE990FA955263AA35" box="[1226,1319,1306,1332]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FE990FA955255AA35" box="[1226,1297,1306,1332]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (1) ruga auriculate, conspicuous; (2) ruga auriculate, inconspicuous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEE24FACF5499AA5B" box="[894,989,1344,1370]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEE24FACF5483AA5B" box="[894,967,1344,1370]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (3) ruga long with anterior margin curved and apex pointed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEC9CFAEA5560AA7E" box="[454,548,1381,1407]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEC9CFAEA554FAA7E" box="[454,523,1381,1407]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=60/ri=60. Ambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD5E87FED9CFA055367A9AB" blockId="5.[151,1437,1306,1967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The morphology of ostiolar ruga is variable among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FEE7AFA055487AAA5" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[800,963,1418,1444]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The limits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FE931FA045384AAA5" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1131,1216,1419,1444]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FE931FA045384AAA5" box="[1131,1216,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and related genera were established by previous authors based on the length of ostiolar ruga (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FE94CFA3F53C8AACB" author="Stal" box="[1046,1164,1456,1482]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refString="Stal, C. (1872) Enumeratio hemipterorum. II. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1872">Stål 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FE9C3FA3F539CAACB" author="Stal" box="[1177,1240,1456,1482]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refString="Stal, C. (1876) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en Forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, Jemte Systematiska Meddelanden. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 14 (4), 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1876">1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FE9BCFA3F52D3AACB" author="Kirkaldy" box="[1254,1431,1456,1482]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" refString="Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) with biological and anatomical references, lists of foodplants and parasites, etc. Vol. I. Cimicidae. Berlin, 392 pp." type="book" year="1909">Kirkaldy 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FEDCDFA5A5600AAEE" author="Bergroth" box="[151,324,1493,1519]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Bergroth, E. (1914) Notes on some genera of Hetereoptera. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 58, 23 - 28." type="journal article" year="1914">Bergroth 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FEC0BFA5A56BBAAEE" author="Freeman" box="[337,511,1493,1519]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374." type="journal article" year="1940">Freeman 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The cuticular folding and the extension of the ruga along the anterior margin of the metapleura has also been used by many authors in phylogenetic studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FE902FA7553B6A915" author="Gapud" box="[1112,1266,1530,1556]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" refString="Gapud, V. P. (1991) A generic revision of the Asopinae, with consideration of its phylogenetic position in the family Pentatomidae and superfamily Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Philippine Entomologist, 8, 865 - 961." type="journal article" year="1991">Gapud 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FE9A5FA7552DCA915" author="Grazia" box="[1279,1432,1530,1556]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" refString="Grazia, J. (1997) Cladistic analysis of the Evoplitus genus group of Pentatomini (Heteroptera, Pentatominae). Journal of Comparative Biology, 2, 115 - 129." type="journal article" year="1997">Grazia 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FEDCDF9AF568CA93B" author="Barcellos" box="[151,456,1568,1594]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Barcellos, A. & Grazia, J. (2003) Cladistic analysis and biogeography of Brachystethus Laporte (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Edessinae). Zootaxa, 256, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="2003">Barcellos & Grazia 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FEC8EF9AF5591A93B" author="Forte" box="[468,725,1568,1594]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" refString="Fortes, N. D. F. de & Grazia, J. (2005) Revisao e analise cladistica de Serdia Stal (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 49 (3), 294 - 339." type="journal article" year="2005">Forte & Grazia 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FEFB3F9AF54D5A93B" author="Gapud" box="[745,913,1568,1594]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" refString="Gapud, V. P. (1991) A generic revision of the Asopinae, with consideration of its phylogenetic position in the family Pentatomidae and superfamily Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Philippine Entomologist, 8, 865 - 961." type="journal article" year="1991">Gapud (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered plesiomorphic a short ruga, not reaching the middle of metapleuron, because it is the common condition in most Pentatomomorpha. However, Gapud based his decision in a priori method for the determination of character polarity, a view that is not in accordance with the use of the cladistic methodology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FEE4EF91F5353A9AB" author="Cassis" box="[788,1047,1680,1706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Cassis, G. & Schuh, R. T. (2009) Systematic methods, fossils, and relationships within Heteroptera (Insecta). Cladistics, 25, 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="2009">Cassis & Schuh 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD5E87FED9CF93A563AA8AE" blockId="5.[151,1437,1306,1967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Following the outgroup method of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FEF38F93A54D9A9CE" author="Nixon" box="[610,925,1717,1743]" pageId="5" pageNumber="39" refString="Nixon, K. C. & Carpenter, J. M. (1993) On outgroups. Cladistics, (9), 413 - 426." type="journal article" year="1993">Nixon & Carpenter (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the plesiomorphic state is characterized by the anterior margin of ruga straight, with rhomboid apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEE1FF95554E7A9F5" box="[837,931,1754,1780]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEE1FF95554C8A9F5" box="[837,908,1754,1780]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); in derived states 1 and 2, the form of the ruga are similar, but the ostiolar opening distinct (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEFB0F88F5412A81B" box="[746,854,1792,1818]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,255,1109,1133]" captionTargetBox="[356,1230,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[356,1232,181,1088]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Parameres, lateral view (except when indicated), hairy region and details of microstructures, respectively. A–C. N. mendax, D–E. N. naspira (median view of paramere), G–I. N. capicola, J–L N. orbiculata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194563/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEFB0F88F5405A81B" box="[746,833,1792,1818]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,255,1109,1133]" captionTargetBox="[356,1230,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[356,1232,181,1088]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Parameres, lateral view (except when indicated), hairy region and details of microstructures, respectively. A – C. N. mendax, D – E. N. naspira (median view of paramere), G – I. N. capicola, J – L N. orbiculata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194563/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
E
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The state 3 corresponds to an anteriorly curved ruga with pointed apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEC98F8AA5562A83E" box="[450,550,1829,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEC98F8AA5548A83E" box="[450,524,1829,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD5E87FEF66F8AA55BBA83E" author="Freeman" box="[572,767,1829,1855]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374." type="journal article" year="1940">Freeman (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
characterized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FEEE8F8AA5312A83F" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[946,1110,1829,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FEEE8F8AA5481A83F" box="[946,965,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FEE8DF8AA5312A83F" box="[983,1110,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">orbiculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FE9C8F8AA5264A83F" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1170,1312,1829,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FE9C8F8AA53E1A83F" box="[1170,1189,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FE9EDF8AA5264A83F" box="[1207,1312,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">capicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as having rugae long with the apex pointed, and the remaining having auriculate rugae. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD5E87FE9C9F8C453B7A865" authorityName="Schouteden" authorityYear="1905" box="[1171,1267,1867,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD5E87FE9C9F8C453B7A865" box="[1171,1267,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. soror</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has auriculate rugae, it is reduced in relation to the other two species; it also has a pointed apex, therefore it is here codified as state 3 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEC48F81A5634A8AE" box="[274,368,1941,1967]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD5E87FEC48F81A561CA8AE" box="[274,344,1941,1967]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD6E87CEDCDFF17525CAFD6" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,327]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Character 4. Opening of odoriferous glands: (0) completely visible in ventral view, opening semi-ellyptical (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CEDC5FF325648AFD6" box="[159,268,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,255,1109,1133]" captionTargetBox="[356,1230,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[356,1232,181,1088]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Parameres, lateral view (except when indicated), hairy region and details of microstructures, respectively. A–C. N. mendax, D–E. N. naspira (median view of paramere), G–I. N. capicola, J–L N. orbiculata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194563/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CEDC5FF3257B0AFD6" box="[159,244,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,255,1109,1133]" captionTargetBox="[356,1230,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[356,1232,181,1088]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Parameres, lateral view (except when indicated), hairy region and details of microstructures, respectively. A – C. N. mendax, D – E. N. naspira (median view of paramere), G – I. N. capicola, J – L N. orbiculata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194563/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
D
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (1) partially visible in lateral view, opening circular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CEED7FF3254ACAFD6" box="[909,1000,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CEED7FF325496AFD6" box="[909,978,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=50/ri=0. Ambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD6E87CEDCDFF6D5366AE46" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,327]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The opening of the odoriferous glands can be ellyptical, easily seen in ventral view (species with long ruga and/or conspicuously auriculate) (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CEF3EFE875587AE23" box="[612,707,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CEF3EFE8755EEAE23" box="[612,682,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The apomorphic state is characterized by the ruga partially covering the scent gland opening, being visible only in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CEEE3FEA25351AE46" box="[953,1045,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CEEE3FEA254BAAE46" box="[953,1022,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD6E87CEDCDFEF7537AAEB6" blockId="6.[151,1436,376,588]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Character 5. Metapleural evaporative area: (0) occupying more than half of the metapleura (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CE9A5FEF75226AE93" box="[1279,1378,376,402]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CE9A5FEF7520CAE93" box="[1279,1352,376,402]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (1) occupying less than half of the metapleura (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CEFCDFE1255AFAEB6" box="[663,747,413,439]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CEFCDFE125593AEB6" box="[663,727,413,439]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig.3</figureCitation>
|
||
E
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=50/ri=50. Unambiguous
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD6E87CEDCDFE4D567CAD4D" blockId="6.[151,1436,376,588]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Metapleural evaporative area varies in extension, from restricted to an area around the opening to well developed occupying more than half of the metapleura. This character has been used by previous authors in phylogenetic analyses with distinct taxonomical levels (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CEE65FD82549EAD26" author="Gapud" box="[831,986,525,551]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" refString="Gapud, V. P. (1991) A generic revision of the Asopinae, with consideration of its phylogenetic position in the family Pentatomidae and superfamily Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Philippine Entomologist, 8, 865 - 961." type="journal article" year="1991">Gapud 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CEEBDFD825248AD26" author="Hasan" box="[999,1292,525,551]" pageId="6" pageNumber="38" refString="Hasan, S. A & Kitching, I. J. (1993) A cladistics analysis of the tribes of Pentatomidae (Heteroptera). Japanese Journal of Entomology, 61, 661 - 669." type="journal article" year="1993">Hasan & Kitching 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CE840FD825668AD4D" author="Campos" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" refString="Campos, L. & Grazia, J. (2006) Analise cladistica e biogeografia de Ochlerini (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Discocephalinae). Iheringia (Serie Zoologia), 96 (2), 147 - 163." type="journal article" year="2006">Campos & Grazia 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD6E87CEDCDFDF25601ADE3" blockId="6.[151,1436,637,738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Character 6. Green hemelytral veins: (0) absent; (1) present. ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous. Hemelytral veins may be greenish, especially when the membrane is observed with white paper placed below the membrane.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD6E87CEDCDFC9D564FAC2D" blockId="6.[151,1437,786,1223]" box="[151,267,786,812]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Abdomen</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD6E87CEDCDFCB75279AC53" blockId="6.[151,1437,786,1223]" box="[151,1341,824,850]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Character 7. Median tubercle on urosternite III: (0) absent; (1) present. ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD6E87CED9CFCD2538CABC7" blockId="6.[151,1437,786,1223]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The presence or the form of a median tubercle on urosternite III has been used by several previous authors, mainly to identify genera and species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CEFA8FC0D54F6AC9D" author="Atkinson" box="[754,946,898,924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" refString="Atkinson, E. T. (1888) Notes on Indian Rhynchota, Heteroptera. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 4 (57), 118 - 184." type="journal article" year="1888">Atkinson 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CEE9AFC0D532DAC9D" author="Cachan" box="[960,1129,898,924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" refString="Cachan P. (1952) Les Pentatomidae de Madagascar (Hemipteres, Heteropteres). Memoires de L' Institut Scientifique de Madagascar (ser. E.), 1, 231 - 462." type="journal article" year="1952">Cachan 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CE922FC0D5248AC9D" author="Gross" box="[1144,1292,898,924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="38" refString="Gross, G. F. (1976) Plant-feeding and other bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera - Part II. Adelaide, Handbook Flora Fauna South Australia. A. B. James, 250 pp." type="book" year="1976">Gross 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CE840FC0D5619ACC3" author="Rolston" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Rolston, L. H. & McDonald, F. D. (1981) A conspectus of Pentatomini genera of the Western Hemisphere - Part 2 (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 88, 257 - 272." type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
Rolston &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD6E87CEDCDFC275652ACC3" box="[151,278,936,962]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
1981
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CEC30FC275573ACC3" author="Linnavuori" box="[362,567,936,962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" refString="Linnavuori, R. E. (1982) Pentatomidae and Acanthosomatidae (Heteroptera) of Nigeria and the Ivory Coast, with remarks on species of the adjacent countries in West and Central Africa. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 163, 1 - 176." type="journal article" year="1982">Linnavuori 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CEF16FC275449ACC3" author="Freeman" box="[588,781,936,962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374." type="journal article" year="1940">Freeman (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
distinguished at least three states in his key of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CE81CFC2752D8ACC0" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1350,1436,936,961]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CE81CFC2752D8ACC0" box="[1350,1436,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. In phylogenetic analyses, the presence of this tubercle (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CEEE0FC42530AACE6" author="Gapud" box="[954,1102,973,999]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" refString="Gapud, V. P. (1991) A generic revision of the Asopinae, with consideration of its phylogenetic position in the family Pentatomidae and superfamily Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Philippine Entomologist, 8, 865 - 961." type="journal article" year="1991">Gapud 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CE901FC425237ACE6" author="Campos" box="[1115,1395,973,999]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" refString="Campos, L. & Grazia, J. (2006) Analise cladistica e biogeografia de Ochlerini (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Discocephalinae). Iheringia (Serie Zoologia), 96 (2), 147 - 163." type="journal article" year="2006">Campos & Grazia 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or the form of its apex (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CEC9CFC7D5518AB0D" author="Grazia" box="[454,604,1010,1036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="38" refString="Grazia, J. (1997) Cladistic analysis of the Evoplitus genus group of Pentatomini (Heteroptera, Pentatominae). Journal of Comparative Biology, 2, 115 - 129." type="journal article" year="1997">Grazia 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CEF32FC7D5429AB0D" author="Fortes" box="[616,877,1010,1036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" refString="Fortes, N. D. F. de & Grazia, J. (2005) Revisao e analise cladistica de Serdia Stal (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 49 (3), 294 - 339." type="journal article" year="2005">Fortes & Grazia 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were also used as characters. We consider the variation in form of the tubercle exhibits continuous variation among the species, making it difficult to define discrete states. Therefore, the presence of the median tubercle was codified as a derived state. In the group studied, only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CEC65FBEC56D3AB7D" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[319,407,1123,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CEC65FBEC56D3AB7D" box="[319,407,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the derived state, but a median tubercle could be present in other genera of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CEDCDFB0757B7ABA0" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,243,1160,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CEDCDFB0757B7ABA0" box="[151,243,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CECC9FB07551EABA3" authority="Orian" authorityName="Orian" authorityYear="1965" box="[403,602,1160,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Chinavia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CECC9FB07554CABA0" box="[403,520,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chinavia</emphasis>
|
||
Orian
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CEF31FB07548AABA3" authority="China, 1929" authorityName="China" authorityYear="1929" box="[619,974,1160,1186]" class="Insecta" genus="Porphyroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CEF31FB075463ABA0" box="[619,807,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Porphyroptera</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD6E87CEE6AFB0754C4ABA3" box="[816,896,1160,1186]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 1929
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CEEBAFB075201ABA3" authority="Day, 1965" authorityName="Day" authorityYear="1965" box="[992,1349,1160,1186]" class="Insecta" genus="Neoacrosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CEEBAFB0753F6ABA0" box="[992,1202,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Neoacrosternum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CE9E6FB075201ABA3" author="Day" box="[1212,1349,1160,1186]" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" refString="Day, G. M. (1965) Revision of Acrosternum auctt nec. Fieber from Madagascar. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (13) 7, 559 - 565." type="journal article" year="1965">Day, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CE825FB075655ABC7" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CE825FB075655ABC7" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. orbiculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the median tubercle is longer than in the remaining species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CEEA2FB225309ABC7" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1016,1101,1197,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CEEA2FB225309ABC7" box="[1016,1101,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CE907FB2253FCABC6" box="[1117,1208,1197,1223]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD6E87CEDCDFB7D5545AA33" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1554]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Character 8. Connexival segments IV to VII, dorsal view: (0) obscured by hemelytra; (1) exposed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CE87BFB7D523BAA0D" box="[1313,1407,1266,1292]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CE824FB7D52CAAA0D" box="[1406,1422,1266,1292]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="19.[151,258,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,195,1425]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,1426]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. capicola, B. N. orbiculata, C. N. soror, D. N. immaculata, E. N. robusta. F. N. niamensis (Scale = 5mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194552/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci= 100/ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD6E87CED9CFAB25589AA7D" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1554]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Connexiva not obscured by hemelytra are usually found in species with more oval body, which imply in a broader abdomen (see diagnoses of the species).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD6E87CED9CFA07542CA913" blockId="6.[151,1436,1266,1554]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Even though characters 2 and 8 are related to the oval body shape found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CE902FA0753B2AAA0" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1112,1270,1416,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CE902FA0753B2AAA0" box="[1112,1270,1416,1441]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. orbiculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CE869FA0752D0AAA0" authorityName="Schouteden" authorityYear="1905" box="[1331,1428,1416,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CE869FA0752D0AAA0" box="[1331,1428,1416,1441]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. soror</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both characters described modifications of different body structures: the convexity of the basal third of corium (character 2), and the expansion of abdominal width (characters 8). Thus, such consideration supports the independence of the characters in a topological point of view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD6E87CEDCDF9CD54A4A983" blockId="6.[151,1437,1602,1778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Character 9. Spiracular maculae: (0) absent; (1) less than twice the diameter of the spiracles; (2) more than twice the diameter of the spiracles diameter. ci= 66/RI=66. Ambiguous.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD6E87CED9CF90254E4A9F0" blockId="6.[151,1437,1602,1778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
A green macula juxtaposed next to each spiracles may be present and may vary in size.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CE998F90252D8A9A6" author="Schwertner" box="[1218,1436,1677,1703]" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Schwertner, C. F. (2005) Filogenia e classificacao dos percevejos-verdes do grupo Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Porto Alegre, PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 238 pp." type="book" year="2005">Schwertner (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described this character, and codified it as present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CEE4AF93C53DCA9CD" authority="Day" authorityName="Day" box="[784,1176,1714,1740]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudoacrosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cachani">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CEE4AF93C5324A9CD" box="[784,1120,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pseudoacrosternum cachani</emphasis>
|
||
Day
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CE9F2F93C5202A9CD" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1192,1350,1715,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CE9F2F93C5202A9CD" box="[1192,1350,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. orbiculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CE8DBF93C57BFA9F0" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CE8DBF93C57BCA9F0" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">N. viridula</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Here, we also codified it as present in
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CEF99F95754E4A9F0" box="[707,928,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CEF99F95754D8A9F0" box="[707,924,1752,1777]" class="Insecta" genus="Aethemenes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cloris">Aethemenes cloris</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD6E87CEDCDF89255B5A85D" blockId="6.[151,1437,1821,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Character 10. Margins of body (pronotum, hemelytra and connexiva): (0) red band absent; (1) red band present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CEDA1F8CD563EA85D" box="[251,378,1858,1884]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="19.[151,258,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,195,1425]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,1426]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. capicola, B. N. orbiculata, C. N. soror, D. N. immaculata, E. N. robusta. F. N. niamensis (Scale = 5mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194552/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD6E87CEDA1F8CD5605A85D" box="[251,321,1858,1884]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="19.[151,258,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,195,1425]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,1426]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. capicola, B. N. orbiculata, C. N. soror, D. N. immaculata, E. N. robusta. F. N. niamensis (Scale = 5 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194552/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
D–F
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD6E87CED9CF8E7534FA8F3" blockId="6.[151,1437,1821,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
A red band, sometimes extending to the head, may be present around the outer margin of the body. The band may be reduced, or absent in some areas.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD6E87CEFE3F80254D7A8A6" author="Schwertner" box="[697,915,1933,1959]" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Schwertner, C. F. (2005) Filogenia e classificacao dos percevejos-verdes do grupo Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Porto Alegre, PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 238 pp." type="book" year="2005">Schwertner (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used this character and codified it as present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CEDECF83C55C0A8CD" authority="(Breddin)" baseAuthorityName="Breddin" box="[182,644,1970,1996]" class="Insecta" genus="Neoacrosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufidorsum">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CEDECF83C554CA8CD" box="[182,520,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Neoacrosternum rufidorsum</emphasis>
|
||
(Breddin)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CEE58F83C542BA8CD" authorityName="Orian" authorityYear="1965" box="[770,879,1971,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Chinavia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CEE58F83C542BA8CD" box="[770,879,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chinavia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species included in his analysis of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD6E87CE81CF83C52D8A8CD" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1350,1436,1971,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD6E87CE81CF83C52D8A8CD" box="[1350,1436,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group; this character was homoplastic, with reversals in some of the clades.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD7E87DEDCDFF175407AFFD" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,402]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Character 11. Urosternite VII in females: (0) posterior margin arcuate, not elevated in relation to the placement of genital plates; (1) posterior margin strongly arcuate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEEF4FF32535FAFD6" box="[942,1051,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEEF4FF325341AFD6" box="[942,1029,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
B
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), well elevated in relation to the placement of genital plates. ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD7E87DED9CFE87547DAE93" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,402]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD7E87DEC30FE875543AE23" author="Baker" box="[362,519,264,290]" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" refString="Baker, A. D. (1931) A study of the male genitalia of Canadian species of Pentatomidae. Canadian Journal of Research, 4, 148 - 220." type="journal article" year="1931">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD7E87DEC30FE8756F4AE23" box="[362,432,264,290]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Baker</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1931)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
there is a trend in the development of the genitalia of both male and female: the more caudal the opening of the female genitalia, the more posterior the opening of the genital cup in males. This is true in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD7E87DECFAFEDD56B3AE6A" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[416,503,338,363]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD7E87DECFAFEDD56B3AE6A" box="[416,503,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species; the gonocoxites 8 are almost perpendicular to the sagital plan. This configuration is not observed in any of the outgroup taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD7E87DEDCDFE4D535AAD03" blockId="7.[151,1436,450,551]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Character 12. Spiracles on laterotergites 8: (0) visible in more than half of its diameter; (1) totally obscured (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEDC5FE675648AD03" box="[159,268,488,514]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEDC5FE6757B0AD03" box="[159,244,488,514]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
A
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), or less than 1/3 visible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEF63FE6755E2AD03" box="[569,678,488,514]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEF63FE6755CBAD03" box="[569,655,488,514]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
D
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD7E87DED9CFD82524AAD26" blockId="7.[151,1436,450,551]" box="[198,1294,525,551]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">The spiracles could be partially or totally obscured by the posterior margin of urosternite VII.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD7E87DEDCDFDD7561EAD73" blockId="7.[151,1436,600,924]" box="[151,346,600,626]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Female genitalia</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD7E87DEDCDFDF2538FADBD" blockId="7.[151,1436,600,924]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Character 13. Laterotergites 9, shape: (0) uniformly flat; (1) basal half concave (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DE90DFDF253ACAD96" box="[1111,1256,637,663]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DE90DFDF253EAAD96" box="[1111,1198,637,663]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
B–C
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (2) basal half laterally concave and convex at middle margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEF90FD2D5410ADBD" box="[714,852,674,700]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEF90FD2D545AADBD" box="[714,798,674,700]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
E–F
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD7E87DED9CFD4756F9AC9D" blockId="7.[151,1436,600,924]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD7E87DED9CFD4756A9ADE3" author="Fortes" box="[198,493,712,738]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Fortes, N. D. F. de & Grazia, J. (2005) Revisao e analise cladistica de Serdia Stal (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 49 (3), 294 - 339." type="journal article" year="2005">Fortes & Grazia (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered the length of laterotergites 9, compared with the length of the laterotergites 8 as a character; they also studied the form of the apex of laterotergites 9.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD7E87DE9E6FD6252D8AC06" author="Schwertner" box="[1212,1436,749,775]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" refString="Schwertner, C. F. (2005) Filogenia e classificacao dos percevejos-verdes do grupo Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Porto Alegre, PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 238 pp." type="book" year="2005">Schwertner (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
analyzed the surface of basal half of the laterotergites 9 (flat or concave), and pointed out that the strongly concave basal half was a synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD7E87DEFC1FCB755B4AC50" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[667,752,824,849]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD7E87DEFC1FCB755B4AC50" box="[667,752,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We have coded three states for this character, since in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD7E87DE8DBFCB757B0AC77" baseAuthorityName="Dallas" baseAuthorityYear="1851" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naspira">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD7E87DE8DBFCB757B0AC77" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">N. naspira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the surface is concave but could have a callus well developed on middle margins, obscuring the concave area. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEC1CFC0D56F4AC9D" box="[326,432,898,924]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEC1CFC0D56DFAC9D" box="[326,411,898,924]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
E
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD7E87DEDCDFC425632AB33" blockId="7.[151,1436,973,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Character 14. Gonocoxites 8, longitudinal sutures: (0) absent; (1) shallow sutures not attaining apical margin of urosternite VII (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEC26FC7D56AEAB0D" box="[380,490,1010,1036]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEC26FC7D5690AB0D" box="[380,468,1010,1036]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
C
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (2) deep sutures attaining apical margin of urosternite VII (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DE994FC7D527EAB0D" box="[1230,1338,1010,1036]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DE994FC7D5262AB0D" box="[1230,1318,1010,1036]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
F
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=50/ ri=66. Ambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD7E87DED9CFBB256F6ABC6" blockId="7.[151,1436,973,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Length of gonocoxites
|
||
<quantity id="1C16B1D8FFD7E87DEC80FBB2554DAB56" box="[474,521,1085,1111]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
|
||
relation to other genital plates was used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD7E87DE940FBB25387AB56" author="Grazia" box="[1050,1219,1085,1111]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" refString="Grazia, J. (1997) Cladistic analysis of the Evoplitus genus group of Pentatomini (Heteroptera, Pentatominae). Journal of Comparative Biology, 2, 115 - 129." type="journal article" year="1997">Grazia (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; form of posterior margin by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD7E87DEC4EFBED5563AB7D" author="Fortes" box="[276,551,1122,1148]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Fortes, N. D. F. de & Grazia, J. (2005) Revisao e analise cladistica de Serdia Stal (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 49 (3), 294 - 339." type="journal article" year="2005">Fortes & Grazia (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD7E87DEF68FBED5591AB7D" author="Grazia" box="[562,725,1122,1148]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" refString="Grazia, J. (1997) Cladistic analysis of the Evoplitus genus group of Pentatomini (Heteroptera, Pentatominae). Journal of Comparative Biology, 2, 115 - 129." type="journal article" year="1997">Grazia (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD7E87DEE56FBED54AFAB7D" author="Schwertner" box="[780,1003,1122,1148]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" refString="Schwertner, C. F. (2005) Filogenia e classificacao dos percevejos-verdes do grupo Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Porto Alegre, PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 238 pp." type="book" year="2005">Schwertner (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The presence of longitudinal sutures near the posterolateral angles is here used for the first time. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD7E87DEEC6FB0754B5ABA0" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[924,1009,1160,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD7E87DEEC6FB0754B5ABA0" box="[924,1009,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD7E87DE9EFFB075210ABA0" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1205,1364,1160,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD7E87DE9EFFB075210ABA0" box="[1205,1364,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">N. orbiculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have the longitudinal sutures.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD7E87DEDCDFB77557DAA5D" blockId="7.[151,1436,1272,1372]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Character 15. Gonocoxites 9, 1+1 concave areas: (0) absent; (1) present. ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous. Gonocoxites
|
||
<date id="AF503AFDFFD7E87DEC3BFA9256EEAA36" box="[353,426,1309,1335]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9 may</date>
|
||
have 1+1 concave areas near posterior margins of gonocoxites 8, resulting in a central area weakly elevated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DECC6FACD5568AA5D" box="[412,556,1346,1372]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DECC6FACD56B4AA5D" box="[412,496,1346,1372]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD7E87DEDCDFA02566CA93D" blockId="7.[151,1437,1421,1708]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Character 16. Gonapophyses 8, discal area: (0) totally exposed, sub-retangular, sutural margins of gonocoxites 8 parallel, not juxtaposed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DECBCFA3D551CAACD" box="[486,600,1458,1484]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DECBCFA3D5506AACD" box="[486,578,1458,1484]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
E
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (1) partially obscured, triangular at basal half, sutural margins of gonocoxites 8 straight at base, juxtaposed at apical half (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEE6CFA5754E0AAF3" box="[822,932,1496,1522]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEE6CFA5754C8AAF3" box="[822,908,1496,1522]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
H
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (2) partially obscured, triangular at basal half, sutural margins of gonocoxites 8 concave at base, juxtaposed at apical half (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DE9DDFA7253AAA916" box="[1159,1262,1533,1559]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DE9DDFA72539EA916" box="[1159,1242,1533,1559]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig.16</figureCitation>
|
||
F
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=66/ri=75. Ambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD7E87DED9CF9C75305A9AD" blockId="7.[151,1437,1421,1708]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Discal area of gonapophyses
|
||
<date id="AF503AFDFFD7E87DEF45F9C7552CA963" box="[543,616,1608,1634]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">8 may</date>
|
||
be exposed or obscured by gonocoxites 8. Limits and form of sutural margins of gonocoxites 8 (divergent at base and juxtaposed on apical half or parallel, not juxtaposed) determine the extension and form of the exposed discal area of gonapophyses 8.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD7E87DEDCDF952554DA81D" blockId="7.[151,1436,1757,1820]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Character 17. Gonocoxites 8, posterior margins: (0) sinuous near sutural angles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DE90DF9525386A9F6" box="[1111,1218,1757,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DE90DF95253E9A9F6" box="[1111,1197,1757,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
E
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (1) straight (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DE836F952578EA81D" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="26.[151,255,1358,1382]" captionTargetBox="[229,1355,745,1329]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[221,1366,738,1337]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 10. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A–B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani, C–D. N. viridula, E–F. N. antennata, G–H. N. yunnana (app—apical portion of paramere; bpp—basal portion of paramere.. (Scale = 0,5mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194560/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DE836F95257F2A81D" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="26.[151,255,1358,1382]" captionTargetBox="[229,1355,745,1329]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[221,1366,738,1337]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 10. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A – B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani, C – D. N. viridula, E – F. N. antennata, G – H. N. yunnana (app—apical portion of paramere; bpp—basal portion of paramere .. (Scale = 0,5 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194560/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
L
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=50/ri=80. Ambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD7E87DEDCDF8C25231A88D" blockId="7.[151,1437,1869,2007]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Character 18. Processes of capsula seminalis: (0) absent; (1) present, diameter reducing from base to acuminate apex; (2) present, sub cylindrical, rhomboid apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEE3CF8FD54B3A88D" box="[870,1015,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="33.[151,255,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[208,1334,1029,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[187,1399,1015,1907]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 17. Laterotergites, gonocoxites and gonapophyses of nigth segment and ectodermal ducts, ventral view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana (atvi—anterior thickning of vaginal intima; cs—capsula seminalis; aafanterior annular flange; paf—posterior annular flange; dr—ductus receptaculi; g9—gonapophyses 9; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la9—laterotergites 9; pcs—processes of capsula seminalis; pi—pars intermedialis; tg9—thickening of gonapophyses 9; va— vesicular area; X—tenth urosternite; Scale =1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194567/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD7E87DEE3CF8FD54FDA88D" box="[870,953,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="33.[151,255,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[208,1334,1029,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[187,1399,1015,1907]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 17. Laterotergites, gonocoxites and gonapophyses of nigth segment and ectodermal ducts, ventral view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana (atvi—anterior thickning of vaginal intima; cs—capsula seminalis; aafanterior annular flange; paf—posterior annular flange; dr—ductus receptaculi; g 9 — gonapophyses 9; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 9 — laterotergites 9; pcs—processes of capsula seminalis; pi—pars intermedialis; tg 9 — thickening of gonapophyses 9; va— vesicular area; X—tenth urosternite; Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194567/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=100/ri= 100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD7E872ED9CF81754AEAFFD" blockId="7.[151,1437,1869,2007]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,152,252]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Capsula seminalis with processes is a derived condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD7E87DEEC7F8175378A8B3" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[925,1084,1944,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD7E87DE90AF8175275A8B3" author="Grazia" box="[1104,1329,1944,1970]" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" refString="Grazia, J., Schuh, R. T. & Wheeler, W. C. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences. Cladistics, 24, 932 - 976." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Grazia
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD7E87DE9F6F81753AFA8B0" box="[1196,1259,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD7E87DE81CF8175791A8D6" author="Gapud" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Gapud, V. P. (1991) A generic revision of the Asopinae, with consideration of its phylogenetic position in the family Pentatomidae and superfamily Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Philippine Entomologist, 8, 865 - 961." type="journal article" year="1991">Gapud, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and are absent in
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD7E87DECE2F83255BBA8D7" box="[440,767,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD7E87DECE2F83255BFA8D7" baseAuthorityName="DeGeer" box="[440,763,1981,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Carpocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpureipennis">Carpocoris purpureipennis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD7E87DEE5CF8325374A8D6" author="Campos" box="[774,1072,1981,2007]" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" refString="Campos, L. & Grazia, J. (2006) Analise cladistica e biogeografia de Ochlerini (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Discocephalinae). Iheringia (Serie Zoologia), 96 (2), 147 - 163." type="journal article" year="2006">Campos & Grazia (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered the diameter of the processes as an informative character. In the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD8E872EFE9FF17544DAFB0" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[691,777,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD8E872EFE9FF17544DAFB0" box="[691,777,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, all species except
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD8E872E91BFF1752D8AFB0" box="[1089,1436,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD8E872E91BFF1752D3AFB0" box="[1089,1431,152,177]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudoacrosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cachani">Pseudoacrosternum cachani</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
have the processes of capsula seminalis, with acuminate or rhomboid apices (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD8E872E96DFF32524DAFD6" author="Schwertner" box="[1079,1289,189,215]" pageId="8" pageNumber="40" refString="Schwertner, C. F. (2005) Filogenia e classificacao dos percevejos-verdes do grupo Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Porto Alegre, PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 238 pp." type="book" year="2005">Schwertner 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD8E872E865FF3252D1AFD7" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1343,1429,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD8E872E865FF3252D1AFD7" box="[1343,1429,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the processes are sub-cylindrical, well developed, and rhomboid at apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD8E872EDCDFEA25458AE93" blockId="8.[151,1436,301,476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Character 19. Ductus receptaculi, distal area
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD8E872EFF4FEA255BEAE47" box="[686,762,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">versus</emphasis>
|
||
pars intermedialis: (0) ductus receptaculi less than three times the length of pars intermedialis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EF3CFEDD5590AE6D" box="[614,724,338,364]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="33.[151,255,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[208,1334,1029,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[187,1399,1015,1907]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 17. Laterotergites, gonocoxites and gonapophyses of nigth segment and ectodermal ducts, ventral view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana (atvi—anterior thickning of vaginal intima; cs—capsula seminalis; aafanterior annular flange; paf—posterior annular flange; dr—ductus receptaculi; g9—gonapophyses 9; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la9—laterotergites 9; pcs—processes of capsula seminalis; pi—pars intermedialis; tg9—thickening of gonapophyses 9; va— vesicular area; X—tenth urosternite; Scale =1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194567/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EF3CFEDD55FAAE6D" box="[614,702,338,364]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="33.[151,255,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[208,1334,1029,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[187,1399,1015,1907]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 17. Laterotergites, gonocoxites and gonapophyses of nigth segment and ectodermal ducts, ventral view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana (atvi—anterior thickning of vaginal intima; cs—capsula seminalis; aafanterior annular flange; paf—posterior annular flange; dr—ductus receptaculi; g 9 — gonapophyses 9; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 9 — laterotergites 9; pcs—processes of capsula seminalis; pi—pars intermedialis; tg 9 — thickening of gonapophyses 9; va— vesicular area; X—tenth urosternite; Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194567/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
C
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (1) ductus receptaculi more than three times the length of pars intermedialis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EC22FEF756A1AE93" box="[376,485,376,402]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[151,255,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,596,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[211,1375,583,1865]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Laterotergites, gonocoxites and gonapophyses of nigth segment and ectodermal ducts, ventral view A. N. naspira, B. N. capicola, C. N. orbiculata, D. N. soror, E. N. immaculata, F. N. robusta, G. N. niamensis (Scale =1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194568/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EC22FEF75688AE93" box="[376,460,376,402]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[151,255,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,596,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[211,1375,583,1865]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Laterotergites, gonocoxites and gonapophyses of nigth segment and ectodermal ducts, ventral view A. N. naspira, B. N. capicola, C. N. orbiculata, D. N. soror, E. N. immaculata, F. N. robusta, G. N. niamensis (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194568/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
D
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=50/ri=50. Ambiguous
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD8E872ED9CFE12530BAEDD" blockId="8.[151,1436,301,476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The ductus receptaculi, posterior to vesicular area, varies in length. Derived state found in some species of the ingroup has more than three times the length of pars intermedialis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EE8FFE4D5306AEDD" box="[981,1090,450,476]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[151,255,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,596,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[211,1375,583,1865]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Laterotergites, gonocoxites and gonapophyses of nigth segment and ectodermal ducts, ventral view A. N. naspira, B. N. capicola, C. N. orbiculata, D. N. soror, E. N. immaculata, F. N. robusta, G. N. niamensis (Scale =1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194568/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EE8FFE4D536EAEDD" box="[981,1066,450,476]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[151,255,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,596,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[211,1375,583,1865]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Laterotergites, gonocoxites and gonapophyses of nigth segment and ectodermal ducts, ventral view A. N. naspira, B. N. capicola, C. N. orbiculata, D. N. soror, E. N. immaculata, F. N. robusta, G. N. niamensis (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194568/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
D
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD8E872EDCDFD8254DAAD4D" blockId="8.[151,1436,525,700]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Character 20. Internal wall of ductus receptaculi: (0) without sinuosity; (1) with sinuosity, dilated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872E878FD8252C9AD26" box="[1314,1421,525,551]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[151,255,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,596,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[211,1375,583,1865]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Laterotergites, gonocoxites and gonapophyses of nigth segment and ectodermal ducts, ventral view A. N. naspira, B. N. capicola, C. N. orbiculata, D. N. soror, E. N. immaculata, F. N. robusta, G. N. niamensis (Scale =1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194568/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872E878FD82523CAD26" box="[1314,1400,525,551]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[151,255,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,596,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[211,1375,583,1865]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Laterotergites, gonocoxites and gonapophyses of nigth segment and ectodermal ducts, ventral view A. N. naspira, B. N. capicola, C. N. orbiculata, D. N. soror, E. N. immaculata, F. N. robusta, G. N. niamensis (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194568/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
B
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (2) with sinuosity, not dilated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872ECA5FDBD5522AD4D" box="[511,614,562,588]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[151,255,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,596,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[211,1375,583,1865]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Laterotergites, gonocoxites and gonapophyses of nigth segment and ectodermal ducts, ventral view A. N. naspira, B. N. capicola, C. N. orbiculata, D. N. soror, E. N. immaculata, F. N. robusta, G. N. niamensis (Scale =1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194568/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872ECA5FDBD5517AD4D" box="[511,595,562,588]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[151,255,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[211,1362,596,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[211,1375,583,1865]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Laterotergites, gonocoxites and gonapophyses of nigth segment and ectodermal ducts, ventral view A. N. naspira, B. N. capicola, C. N. orbiculata, D. N. soror, E. N. immaculata, F. N. robusta, G. N. niamensis (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194568/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
F
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=66/ri=83. Ambiguous
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD8E872ED9CFDD75371ADBD" blockId="8.[151,1436,525,700]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The vesicular area results from the invagination of ductus receptaculi, which has three distinct walls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD8E872EDC5FDF2563BAD96" author="Grazia" box="[159,383,637,663]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" refString="Grazia, J., Schuh, R. T. & Wheeler, W. C. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences. Cladistics, 24, 932 - 976." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Grazia
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD8E872EDA3FDF2566AAD97" box="[249,302,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD8E872ECCEFDF25581AD96" author="Campos" box="[404,709,637,663]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" refString="Campos, L. & Grazia, J. (2006) Analise cladistica e biogeografia de Ochlerini (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Discocephalinae). Iheringia (Serie Zoologia), 96 (2), 147 - 163." type="journal article" year="2006">Campos & Grazia (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered the diameter of the median and internal walls as informative characters. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD8E872EC96FD2D5565ADBA" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[460,545,674,699]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD8E872EC96FD2D5565ADBA" box="[460,545,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the internal wall may have a basal sinuosity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD8E872EDCDFD62521FAC2D" blockId="8.[151,1436,749,812]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Character 21. Gonapophyses 8, posterior margin: (0) without median longitudinal calloused band on posterior margin; (1) with median longitudinal calloused band on posterior margin. ri=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD8E872EDCDFCD2567BAC76" blockId="8.[151,1437,861,1186]" box="[151,319,861,887]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Male genitalia</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD8E872EDCDFC0D56E4AB0D" blockId="8.[151,1437,861,1186]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Character 22. Pygophore, ventral rim. (0) ventral rim not forming flaps; (1) flaps restricted to posterolateral angles, abruptly ending (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872ECE2FC275550ACC3" box="[440,532,936,962]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
); (2) flaps developed towards middle of ventral rim, continuous or not at mid line (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872ED8DFC425616ACE6" box="[215,338,973,999]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8E–I</figureCitation>
|
||
). (3) flaps reduced, not continuous at mid line, with a bifid projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872E99EFC42526CACE6" box="[1220,1320,973,999]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8K</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=100/ ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD8E872ED9CFB9755C0ABA3" blockId="8.[151,1437,861,1186]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Ventral rim and posterolateral angles of pygophore may have structures forming flaps visible in posterior view. These structures could be restricted to posterolateral angles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EEE1FBB25353AB56" box="[955,1047,1085,1111]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
) or developed toward middle of ventral rim, continuous or not at mid line (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EFD3FBED55B9AB7D" box="[649,765,1122,1148]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8E–I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sometimes the flaps are reduced, not continuous at mid line, and with a bifid projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EF42FB075532ABA3" box="[536,630,1160,1186]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8K</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD8E872EDCDFB5D5425AA36" blockId="8.[151,1437,1234,1596]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Character 23. Pygophore, superior process of dorsal rim: (0) posteriorly projected, apical region sclerotized; (1) forming a folded brim (semielyptical) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EFCDFB7755B6AA13" box="[663,754,1272,1298]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EFCDFB77559BAA13" box="[663,735,1272,1298]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
F
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (2) forming a long brim developed towards ventral rim (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EDC5FA9257BAAA36" box="[159,254,1309,1335]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EDC5FA9257A0AA36" box="[159,228,1309,1335]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
G
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (3) reduced or absent. ci=100/ri=100. Ambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD8E872ED9CFACD5311A93D" blockId="8.[151,1437,1234,1596]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD8E872ED9CFACD56C1AA5D" author="Schaefer" box="[198,389,1346,1372]" pageId="8" pageNumber="40" refString="Schaefer, C. W. (1977) Genital capsule of the trichophoran male (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Geocorisae). International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology, 6, 277 - 301." type="journal article" year="1977">Schaefer (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
revised the terminology adopted by previous authors to the structures found in genital cup of Trichophora. However, till now there is not agreement in this terminology, probably because the lack of hypotheses of homology with well supported morphological and phylogenetic evidence. Within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD8E872EDCDFA3D5678AACD" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[151,316,1458,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the use of distinct terminology has been very damaging to the interpretation and use of these characters in comparative studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD8E872EF69FA575440AAF3" author="Schwertner" box="[563,772,1496,1522]" pageId="8" pageNumber="40" refString="Schwertner, C. F. (2005) Filogenia e classificacao dos percevejos-verdes do grupo Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Porto Alegre, PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 238 pp." type="book" year="2005">Schwertner 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Here, we assume the correspondence of this character with the following: “superior lateral process” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD8E872EFBEFA72543FA916" author="Sharp" box="[740,891,1533,1559]" pageId="8" pageNumber="40" refString="Sharp, D. (1890) On the structure of the terminal segment in some male Hemiptera. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 3, 399 - 430." type="journal article" year="1890">Sharp 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), “genital plates” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD8E872E93CFA7253BAA916" author="Baker" box="[1126,1278,1533,1559]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" refString="Baker, A. D. (1931) A study of the male genitalia of Canadian species of Pentatomidae. Canadian Journal of Research, 4, 148 - 220." type="journal article" year="1931">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD8E872E93CFA7253F6A916" box="[1126,1202,1533,1559]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Baker</collectingCountry>
|
||
1931
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), “processus superieur” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD8E872EC7AF9AD56FEA93D" author="Dupuis" box="[288,442,1570,1596]" pageId="8" pageNumber="37" refString="Dupuis, C. (1970) Heteroptera. In: S. L. Tuxen (Ed.) Taxonomist's Glossary of Genitalia of Insects. Copenhagen, Munksgaard, pp. 190 - 208." type="book chapter" year="1970">Dupuis 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and “genital cup processes” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD8E872EE47F9AD530CA93D" author="Barcellos" box="[797,1096,1570,1596]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" refString="Barcellos, A. & Grazia, J. (2003) Cladistic analysis and biogeography of Brachystethus Laporte (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Edessinae). Zootaxa, 256, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="2003">Barcellos & Grazia 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD8E872EDCDF9E25241A9D3" blockId="8.[151,1437,1645,2007]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Character 24. Pygophore, infolding of dorsal rim: (0) absent; (1) hairy region forming a simple band (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872E86FF9E252C9A986" box="[1333,1421,1645,1671]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872E86FF9E2523DA986" box="[1333,1401,1645,1671]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
F
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (2) hairy region divided into two lobes of similar size (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EE48F91D542BA9AD" box="[786,879,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EE48F91D5412A9AD" box="[786,854,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
G
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (3) hairy region divided into two lobes, one of them extending towards the internal wall of genital cup (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EE74F93754C8A9D3" box="[814,908,1720,1746]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD8E872EE74F9375437A9D3" box="[814,883,1720,1746]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
H
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD8E873ED9CF9525615AE46" blockId="8.[151,1437,1645,2007]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,152,327]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD8E872ED9CF9525549A9F6" author="Barcellos" box="[198,525,1757,1783]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" refString="Barcellos, A. & Grazia, J. (2003) Cladistic analysis and biogeography of Brachystethus Laporte (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Edessinae). Zootaxa, 256, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="2003">Barcellos & Grazia (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD8E872EF0BF9525437A9F6" author="Fortes" box="[593,883,1757,1783]" pageId="8" pageNumber="37" refString="Fortes, N. D. F. de & Grazia, J. (2005) Revisao e analise cladistica de Serdia Stal (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 49 (3), 294 - 339." type="journal article" year="2005">Fortes & Grazia (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used characters related to expansions of the infolding of dorsal rim of the pygophore. Here, the outgroup was codified as lacking this structure because it does not have a hairy region at the infolding of the dorsal rim. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD8E872EEB7F8A7526FA840" baseAuthorityName="DeGeer" box="[1005,1323,1832,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Carpocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpureipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD8E872EEB7F8A7526FA840" box="[1005,1323,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Carpocoris purpureipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has three other structures on the genital cup (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD8E872EF15F8C2544AA866" author="Tamanini" box="[591,782,1869,1895]" pageId="8" pageNumber="40" refString="Tamanini, L. (1958) Due nuovi Carpocoris della sottoregione mediterranea (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 70, 165 - 172." type="journal article" year="1958">Tamanini 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), that could be related to this character, as well as to character 23, beside the distinct morphology of them. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD8E872EE6AF8FC5351A88D" box="[816,1045,1907,1932]" class="Insecta" genus="Aethemenes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chloris">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD8E872EE6AF8FC5351A88D" box="[816,1045,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aethemenes chloris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a line of hairs on dorsal rim, not forming a hairy band, is present, and was codified as absent for this character.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD8E872E962F8175257A8B3" author="Schwertner" box="[1080,1299,1944,1970]" pageId="8" pageNumber="40" refString="Schwertner, C. F. (2005) Filogenia e classificacao dos percevejos-verdes do grupo Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Porto Alegre, PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 238 pp." type="book" year="2005">Schwertner (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
named this structure as marginal process of the infolding of dorsal rim, and the state calloused was found as a synapomorphy for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EC26FF175696AFB0" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[380,466,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EC26FF175696AFB0" box="[380,466,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These calloused marginal processes could present the hairy region more or less expanded: in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EC62FF3256B4AFD7" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1898" box="[312,496,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EC62FF3256B4AFD7" box="[312,496,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nezara robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EF71FF32559EAFD7" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1940" box="[555,730,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EF71FF32559EAFD7" box="[555,730,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. immaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this region is expanded towards the ventral rim surpassing the imaginary line between the posterolateral angles of pygophore (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873EEF7FF6D534FAFFD" box="[941,1035,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873EEF7FF6D54B6AFFD" box="[941,1010,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
H
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873E965FF6D539FAFFA" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1087,1243,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873E965FF6D539FAFFA" box="[1087,1243,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. orbiculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the hairy region almost reaches the internal wall of genital cup. The illustrations show the limits of the hairy regions (the hairs were ommited).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD9E873EDCDFEF756BEAEDD" blockId="9.[151,1436,376,663]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Character 25. Pygophore, cup like sclerite: (0) low, not elevated, not occupying one third of the diameter of pygophore; (1) well sclerotized and elevated, occupying one third the diameter of pygophore (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873E9A6FE12521DAEB6" box="[1276,1369,413,439]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873E9A6FE125207AEB6" box="[1276,1347,413,439]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873E83CFE1252CAAEB6" box="[1382,1422,413,439]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="21.[151,256,710,734]" captionTargetBox="[216,1370,186,688]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[216,1371,186,689]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 4. N. viridula. A. Lateral view of cup-like sclerite. B. Vesica, vesica processes and conjunctiva (phallotheca removed)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194554/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD9E873ED9CFE675362AD96" blockId="9.[151,1436,376,663]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
A cup like sclerite, well sclerotized, occupying one third the diameter of pygophore, with anterior and lateral limits elevated from the internal wall of pygophore (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873EE37FD825489AD26" box="[877,973,525,551]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="21.[151,256,710,734]" captionTargetBox="[216,1370,186,688]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[216,1371,186,689]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 4. N. viridula. A. Lateral view of cup-like sclerite. B. Vesica, vesica processes and conjunctiva (phallotheca removed)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194554/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873EE37FD8254F2AD26" box="[877,950,525,551]" captionStart="FIGURE 4. N" captionStartId="21.[151,256,710,734]" captionTargetBox="[216,1370,186,688]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[216,1371,186,689]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 4. N. viridula. A. Lateral view of cup-like sclerite. B. Vesica, vesica processes and conjunctiva (phallotheca removed)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194554/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) is exclusively found in all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EDCDFDBD57AAAD4A" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,238,562,587]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EDCDFDBD57AAAD4A" box="[151,238,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In one of the outgroup species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EFD9FDBD5435AD4A" box="[643,881,562,587]" class="Insecta" genus="Aethemenes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chloris">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EFD9FDBD5435AD4A" box="[643,881,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Aethemenes chloris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has a cup like sclerite similar in diameter to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EDCDFDD757AAAD70" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,238,600,625]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EDCDFDD757AAAD70" box="[151,238,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but the anterior limit is fused to the pygophore wall. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EEF9FDD753B8AD70" box="[931,1276,600,625]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudoacrosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cachani">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EEF9FDD753B8AD70" box="[931,1276,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pseudoacrosternum cachani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the cup like sclerite is less elevated not occupying one third of the diameter of pygophore.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD9E873EDCDFD475607AC06" blockId="9.[151,1437,712,1148]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Character 26. Parameres lobes: (0) absent; (1) bilobate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873EE11FD4754EBADE3" box="[843,943,712,738]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
|
||
); (2) trilobate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873E931FD47538AADE3" box="[1131,1230,712,738]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8H</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD9E873ED9CFC9D5601AB7D" blockId="9.[151,1437,712,1148]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Morphology of parameres is often used in taxonomy and cladistics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EEA0FC9D53DEAC2D" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[1018,1178,786,812]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD9E873E98FFC9D52D3AC2D" author="McDonald" box="[1237,1431,786,812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="McDonald, F. J. D. (1966) The genitalia of North American Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Quaestiones Entomologicae, 2, 7 - 150." type="journal article" year="1966">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD9E873E98FFC9D5217AC2D" box="[1237,1363,786,812]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
1966
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Linnavouri 1972).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD9E873EC23FCB7557EAC53" author="Freeman" box="[377,570,824,850]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374." type="journal article" year="1940">Freeman (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
characterized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EFB0FCB75404AC50" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[746,832,824,849]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EFB0FCB75404AC50" box="[746,832,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species based on the morphology of parameres in posterior view, emphasizing that in this position it was not necessary to remove the genitalia to identify the species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD9E873EC5FFC0D551EAC9D" author="Barcellos" box="[261,602,898,924]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Barcellos, A. & Grazia, J. (2003) Cladistic analysis and biogeography of Brachystethus Laporte (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Edessinae). Zootaxa, 256, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="2003">Barcellos & Grazia (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD9E873EFC0FC0D5482AC9D" author="Fortes" box="[666,966,898,924]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" refString="Fortes, N. D. F. de & Grazia, J. (2005) Revisao e analise cladistica de Serdia Stal (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 49 (3), 294 - 339." type="journal article" year="2005">Fortes & Grazia (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found strong synapomorphies in the morphology of parameres to define monophyletic groups of species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD9E873EE84FC275384ACC3" author="Schwertner" box="[990,1216,936,962]" pageId="9" pageNumber="40" refString="Schwertner, C. F. (2005) Filogenia e classificacao dos percevejos-verdes do grupo Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Porto Alegre, PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 238 pp." type="book" year="2005">Schwertner (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used four distinct characters based on parameres morphology, including the development of the apical part in two or more lobes. Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EC46FC7D5636AB0A" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[284,370,1010,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EC46FC7D5636AB0A" box="[284,370,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have two or three lobes, often perpendicularly positioned in relation to the sagittal plane of the body, and easily visible in posterior view.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EE4FFB975488AB30" authorityName="Breddin" authorityYear="1908" box="[789,972,1048,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendax">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EE4FFB975488AB30" box="[789,972,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nezara mendax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873E95FFB975321AB30" authorityName="Schouteden" authorityYear="1905" box="[1029,1125,1048,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873E95FFB975321AB30" box="[1029,1125,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. soror</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the apical part of the parameres developed into three lobes, one of which in sagittal plane, appears bilobate when observed in posterior view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD9E873EDCDFB275607ABE6" blockId="9.[151,1437,1192,1330]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Character 27. Paramere, carina on median lobe: (0) absent; (1) present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873E965FB275382ABC3" box="[1087,1222,1192,1218]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8J–K</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD9E873ED9CFB7D524FAA33" blockId="9.[151,1437,1192,1330]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">If parameres are trilobate, then a carina may be present on the median lobe, posteriorly projected. This character was codified as not observed in the species having parameres without lobes or bilobate.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD9E873EDCDFAD253BEAA76" blockId="9.[151,1437,1373,1586]" box="[151,1274,1373,1399]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Character 28. Parameres, median bristles: (0) absent; (1) present. ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD9E873ED9CFA0D53B6A930" blockId="9.[151,1437,1373,1586]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Parameres with median bristles are often present in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EE02FA0D54B3AA9D" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[856,1015,1410,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD9E873E966FA0D5244AA9D" author="McDonald" box="[1084,1280,1410,1436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="McDonald, F. J. D. (1966) The genitalia of North American Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Quaestiones Entomologicae, 2, 7 - 150." type="journal article" year="1966">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD9E873E966FA0D53FEAA9D" box="[1084,1210,1410,1436]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
1966
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD9E873E857FA0D52DCAA9D" author="Gross" box="[1293,1432,1410,1436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="38" refString="Gross, G. F. (1976) Plant-feeding and other bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera - Part II. Adelaide, Handbook Flora Fauna South Australia. A. B. James, 250 pp." type="book" year="1976">Gross 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Linnavouri 1982). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873ECFFFA2755BDAAC0" baseAuthorityName="DeGeer" box="[421,761,1448,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Carpocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpureipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873ECFFFA2755BDAAC0" box="[421,761,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Carpocoris purpureipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, bristles are absent. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873E945FA27533CAAC0" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1055,1144,1448,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873E945FA27533CAAC0" box="[1055,1144,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the bristles are placed midway between the apical and basal parts of the paramere, on the internal surface. They can sometimes be reduced in number, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EC9FFA7C5502A90D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[453,582,1523,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EC9FFA7C5502A90D" box="[453,582,1523,1548]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873EF0DFA7D55A6A90D" box="[599,738,1522,1548]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="28.[151,258,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[358,1228,605,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[358,1229,605,1901]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parameres. A–B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani lateral view and details of apical portion of paramere, respectively. C–E. N. viridula, lateral view, median view and hairy region. F–H. N. antennata, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively. I–K. N. yunnana, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194562/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873EF0DFA7D55EFA90D" box="[599,683,1522,1548]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="28.[151,258,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[358,1228,605,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[358,1229,605,1901]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parameres. A – B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani lateral view and details of apical portion of paramere, respectively. C – E. N. viridula, lateral view, median view and hairy region. F – H. N. antennata, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively. I – K. N. yunnana, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194562/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
C–E
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EE7CFA7C54D2A90D" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1940" box="[806,918,1523,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EE7CFA7C54D2A90D" box="[806,918,1523,1548]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. similis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873EEF2FA7D5371A90D" box="[936,1077,1522,1548]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="27.[151,255,1760,1784]" captionTargetBox="[247,1343,374,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[230,1356,359,1749]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A–B. N. similis, C–D. N. mendax, E–F. N. naspira, G–H. N. capicola, I–J. N. orbiculata, K–L. N. soror, M–N. N. immaculata, O–P. N. robusta. (Scale = 0,5mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194561/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873EEF2FA7D54BEA90D" box="[936,1018,1522,1548]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="27.[151,255,1760,1784]" captionTargetBox="[247,1343,374,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[230,1356,359,1749]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A – B. N. similis, C – D. N. mendax, E – F. N. naspira, G – H. N. capicola, I – J. N. orbiculata, K – L. N. soror, M – N. N. immaculata, O – P. N. robusta. (Scale = 0,5 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194561/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), or may be in higher density, occupying almost the entire lateral surface of the paramere, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EECEF9975304A930" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1940" box="[916,1088,1560,1585]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EECEF9975304A930" box="[916,1088,1560,1585]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. immaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873E90AF99753A6A933" box="[1104,1250,1560,1586]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="27.[151,255,1760,1784]" captionTargetBox="[247,1343,374,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[230,1356,359,1749]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A–B. N. similis, C–D. N. mendax, E–F. N. naspira, G–H. N. capicola, I–J. N. orbiculata, K–L. N. soror, M–N. N. immaculata, O–P. N. robusta. (Scale = 0,5mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194561/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873E90AF99753E4A933" box="[1104,1184,1560,1586]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="27.[151,255,1760,1784]" captionTargetBox="[247,1343,374,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[230,1356,359,1749]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A – B. N. similis, C – D. N. mendax, E – F. N. naspira, G – H. N. capicola, I – J. N. orbiculata, K – L. N. soror, M – N. N. immaculata, O – P. N. robusta. (Scale = 0,5 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194561/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
M–N
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD9E873EDCDF9ED55BBA9C6" blockId="9.[151,1437,1634,2034]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Character 29. Parameres, attachment of median bristles: (0) attached directly on paramere wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873E85BF9ED52C9A97D" box="[1281,1421,1634,1660]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,255,1109,1133]" captionTargetBox="[356,1230,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[356,1232,181,1088]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Parameres, lateral view (except when indicated), hairy region and details of microstructures, respectively. A–C. N. mendax, D–E. N. naspira (median view of paramere), G–I. N. capicola, J–L N. orbiculata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194563/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873E85BF9ED5212A97D" box="[1281,1366,1634,1660]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,255,1109,1133]" captionTargetBox="[356,1230,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[356,1232,181,1088]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Parameres, lateral view (except when indicated), hairy region and details of microstructures, respectively. A – C. N. mendax, D – E. N. naspira (median view of paramere), G – I. N. capicola, J – L N. orbiculata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194563/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
B, E
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (1) attached on a short, digitiform process which is itself attached to the lateral surface of the paramere (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873E83BF90757ABA9C6" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="26.[151,255,1358,1382]" captionTargetBox="[229,1355,745,1329]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[221,1366,738,1337]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 10. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A–B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani, C–D. N. viridula, E–F. N. antennata, G–H. N. yunnana (app—apical portion of paramere; bpp—basal portion of paramere.. (Scale = 0,5mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194560/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873E83BF90757F0A9C6" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="26.[151,255,1358,1382]" captionTargetBox="[229,1355,745,1329]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[221,1366,738,1337]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 10. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A – B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani, C – D. N. viridula, E – F. N. antennata, G – H. N. yunnana (app—apical portion of paramere; bpp—basal portion of paramere .. (Scale = 0,5 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194560/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
C–H
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873EDA0F92256C2A9C6" box="[250,390,1709,1735]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="28.[151,258,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[358,1228,605,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[358,1229,605,1901]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parameres. A–B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani lateral view and details of apical portion of paramere, respectively. C–E. N. viridula, lateral view, median view and hairy region. F–H. N. antennata, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively. I–K. N. yunnana, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194562/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">12C, D, F, I</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFD9E873ED9CF95D5548A8F3" blockId="9.[151,1437,1634,2034]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The median bristles may be attached directly to the wall of the paramere (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873E96AF95D539EA9ED" box="[1072,1242,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="27.[151,255,1760,1784]" captionTargetBox="[247,1343,374,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[230,1356,359,1749]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A–B. N. similis, C–D. N. mendax, E–F. N. naspira, G–H. N. capicola, I–J. N. orbiculata, K–L. N. soror, M–N. N. immaculata, O–P. N. robusta. (Scale = 0,5mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194561/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873E96AF95D53C0A9ED" box="[1072,1156,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="27.[151,255,1760,1784]" captionTargetBox="[247,1343,374,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[230,1356,359,1749]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A – B. N. similis, C – D. N. mendax, E – F. N. naspira, G – H. N. capicola, I – J. N. orbiculata, K – L. N. soror, M – N. N. immaculata, O – P. N. robusta. (Scale = 0,5 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194561/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
A, I, N
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873E9BDF95D57EBA813" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,255,1109,1133]" captionTargetBox="[356,1230,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[356,1232,181,1088]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Parameres, lateral view (except when indicated), hairy region and details of microstructures, respectively. A–C. N. mendax, D–E. N. naspira (median view of paramere), G–I. N. capicola, J–L N. orbiculata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194563/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873E9BDF95D5278A9ED" box="[1255,1340,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,255,1109,1133]" captionTargetBox="[356,1230,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[356,1232,181,1088]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Parameres, lateral view (except when indicated), hairy region and details of microstructures, respectively. A – C. N. mendax, D – E. N. naspira (median view of paramere), G – I. N. capicola, J – L N. orbiculata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194563/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
B, E, H, K
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), or in a short digitiform process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873EF1AF97755A0A813" box="[576,740,1784,1810]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="28.[151,258,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[358,1228,605,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[358,1229,605,1901]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parameres. A–B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani lateral view and details of apical portion of paramere, respectively. C–E. N. viridula, lateral view, median view and hairy region. F–H. N. antennata, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively. I–K. N. yunnana, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194562/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873EF1AF97755D1A813" box="[576,661,1784,1810]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="28.[151,258,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[358,1228,605,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[358,1229,605,1901]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parameres. A – B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani lateral view and details of apical portion of paramere, respectively. C – E. N. viridula, lateral view, median view and hairy region. F – H. N. antennata, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively. I – K. N. yunnana, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194562/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
E, G, J
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EE2AF97753FAA810" box="[880,1214,1784,1809]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudoacrosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cachani">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EE2AF97753FAA810" box="[880,1214,1784,1809]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pseudoacrosternum cachani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a long process with bristles attached along its entire length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFD9E873EFEAF8925442A836" box="[688,774,1821,1847]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="28.[151,258,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[358,1228,605,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[358,1229,605,1901]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parameres. A–B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani lateral view and details of apical portion of paramere, respectively. C–E. N. viridula, lateral view, median view and hairy region. F–H. N. antennata, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively. I–K. N. yunnana, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194562/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
AB), the morphology of the process is distinct, and this character was codified as innapplicable.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD9E873EF20F8CD547CA85D" author="Freeman" box="[634,824,1858,1884]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374." type="journal article" year="1940">Freeman (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a digitiform process in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873E98AF8CC522DA85D" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[1232,1385,1859,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873E98AF8CC522DA85D" box="[1232,1385,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. antennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EDCDF8E75659A880" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,285,1896,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EDCDF8E75659A880" box="[151,285,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, state also shared by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EF73F8E755F3A880" authorityName="Zheng" authorityYear="1982" box="[553,695,1896,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yunnana">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EF73F8E755F3A880" box="[553,695,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. yunnana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD9E873EF9DF8E754C6A883" author="Santoro" box="[711,898,1896,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="40" refString="Santoro, R. (1954) 1 º Contributo alla conscenza dell' emittero eterottero Nezara viridula (L.). Napples Universita Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Bollettino, 13, 145 - 206." type="journal article" year="1954">Santoro (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrated this character in
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873E984F8E75228A880" box="[1246,1388,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873E984F8E7522CA880" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1246,1384,1896,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">N. viridula</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD9E873EDCDF802562DA8A6" author="McDonald" box="[151,361,1933,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="McDonald, F. J. D. (1966) The genitalia of North American Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Quaestiones Entomologicae, 2, 7 - 150." type="journal article" year="1966">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD9E873EDCDF8025651A8A6" box="[151,277,1933,1959]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1966)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
omitted the process in his illustration.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFD9E873EE6AF8025370A8A6" box="[816,1076,1933,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Bao-ying, Q. I., Walter, G. H. & O'Toole, A. H. (2000) Structural incompatible - an investigation on microstructures of genitalia of Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from Australia and Slovenia. Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University, 29 (1), 48 - 54." type="journal article">
|
||
Bao-ying
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EEFEF802549AA8A7" box="[932,990,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2000)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the morphology of the genital microstructures, using SEM, in distinct population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFD9E873EEC4F83C5363A8CD" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[926,1063,1971,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFD9E873EEC4F83C5363A8CD" box="[926,1063,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD9E873E92FF83D53ACA8CD" box="[1141,1256,1970,1996]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFD9E873E87DF83D52DCA8CD" box="[1319,1432,1970,1996]" name="Slovenia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, showing this character in detail.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDAE870EDCDFF175438AFFD" blockId="10.[151,1435,152,252]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Character 30. Paramere, elyptical area. (0) absent; (1) present. ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous. Some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870ECD7FF3256A6AFD7" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[397,482,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870ECD7FF3256A6AFD7" box="[397,482,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the bristles attached to an elyptical area at middle of paramere, diagnonally positioned in relation to longitudinal plane (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870EFC3FF6D55BDAFFD" box="[665,761,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="27.[151,255,1760,1784]" captionTargetBox="[247,1343,374,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[230,1356,359,1749]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A–B. N. similis, C–D. N. mendax, E–F. N. naspira, G–H. N. capicola, I–J. N. orbiculata, K–L. N. soror, M–N. N. immaculata, O–P. N. robusta. (Scale = 0,5mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194561/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870EFC3FF6D55AAAFFD" box="[665,750,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="27.[151,255,1760,1784]" captionTargetBox="[247,1343,374,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[230,1356,359,1749]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A – B. N. similis, C – D. N. mendax, E – F. N. naspira, G – H. N. capicola, I – J. N. orbiculata, K – L. N. soror, M – N. N. immaculata, O – P. N. robusta. (Scale = 0,5 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194561/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="AF503AFDFFDAE870EF8AFF6D55AAAFFD" box="[720,750,226,252]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1911-01">11</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870EE5CFF6D542AAFFD" box="[774,878,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,255,1109,1133]" captionTargetBox="[356,1230,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[356,1232,181,1088]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Parameres, lateral view (except when indicated), hairy region and details of microstructures, respectively. A–C. N. mendax, D–E. N. naspira (median view of paramere), G–I. N. capicola, J–L N. orbiculata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194563/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870EE5CFF6D541DAFFD" box="[774,857,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,255,1109,1133]" captionTargetBox="[356,1230,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[356,1232,181,1088]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Parameres, lateral view (except when indicated), hairy region and details of microstructures, respectively. A – C. N. mendax, D – E. N. naspira (median view of paramere), G – I. N. capicola, J – L N. orbiculata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194563/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
E
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDAE870EDCDFEA25560AE6D" blockId="10.[151,1437,301,551]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Character 31. Parameres, tegumentar microsculptures: (0) crenulate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870EE89FEA253C1AE46" box="[979,1157,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="28.[151,258,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[358,1228,605,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[358,1229,605,1901]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parameres. A–B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani lateral view and details of apical portion of paramere, respectively. C–E. N. viridula, lateral view, median view and hairy region. F–H. N. antennata, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively. I–K. N. yunnana, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194562/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870EE89FEA2536FAE46" box="[979,1067,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="28.[151,258,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[358,1228,605,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[358,1229,605,1901]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parameres. A – B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani lateral view and details of apical portion of paramere, respectively. C – E. N. viridula, lateral view, median view and hairy region. F – H. N. antennata, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively. I – K. N. yunnana, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194562/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
B,H, K
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
);(1) serrulate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870E86EFEA257E9AE6D" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,255,1109,1133]" captionTargetBox="[356,1230,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[356,1232,181,1088]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Parameres, lateral view (except when indicated), hairy region and details of microstructures, respectively. A–C. N. mendax, D–E. N. naspira (median view of paramere), G–I. N. capicola, J–L N. orbiculata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194563/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870E86EFEA252C8AE46" box="[1332,1420,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,255,1109,1133]" captionTargetBox="[356,1230,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[356,1232,181,1088]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Parameres, lateral view (except when indicated), hairy region and details of microstructures, respectively. A – C. N. mendax, D – E. N. naspira (median view of paramere), G – I. N. capicola, J – L N. orbiculata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194563/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="AF503AFDFFDAE870E837FEA252C8AE46" box="[1389,1420,301,327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1913-01">13</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I, L
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDAE870ED9CFEF75497AD26" blockId="10.[151,1437,301,551]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Anterior surface of apical part of paramere, in S.E.M, show two distinct tegumentar microsculptures: crenulate and serrulate. This character was illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDAE870EE3CFE125369AEB6" author="Freeman" box="[870,1069,413,439]" pageId="10" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374." type="journal article" year="1940">Freeman (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDAE870E931FE12520EAEB6" author="McDonald" box="[1131,1354,413,439]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="McDonald, F. J. D. (1966) The genitalia of North American Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Quaestiones Entomologicae, 2, 7 - 150." type="journal article" year="1966">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDAE870E931FE1253ABAEB6" box="[1131,1263,413,439]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1966)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870E8DAFE1257B2AEDA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870E8DAFE1257B2AEDA" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, using light microscopy, but the form of these structures was difficult to observe. The character is broadly distributed among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870EC83FE67552CAD03" box="[473,616,488,514]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Heteroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being present in several species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870E94CFE6752D3AD03" authority="(McDonald 1966)" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" baseAuthorityName="McDonald" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[1046,1431,488,514]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Pentatomidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDAE870E99DFE6752CAAD03" author="McDonald" box="[1223,1422,488,514]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="McDonald, F. J. D. (1966) The genitalia of North American Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Quaestiones Entomologicae, 2, 7 - 150." type="journal article" year="1966">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDAE870E99DFE675203AD03" box="[1223,1351,488,514]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
1966
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870EDCDFD825510AD26" authority="(Cassis & Vanags 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Cassis & Vanags" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[151,596,525,551]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Scutelleridae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDAE870EC65FD825508AD26" author="Cassis" box="[319,588,525,551]" pageId="10" pageNumber="36" refString="Cassis, G. & Vanags, L. (2006) Shield bugs of Australia (Insecta: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae): Generic conspectus, new species, host plants and classification. In: Rabitsch, W. (Ed.) Hug the Bug - For Love of True Bugs. Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag von Ernst Heiss. Denisia, 19, 275 - 398." type="journal article" year="2006">Cassis & Vanags 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870EFC8FD82548AAD26" authority="(Tinerella 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Tinerella" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[658,974,525,551]" class="Insecta" family="Corixidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Corixidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDAE870EE4EFD825482AD26" author="Tinerella" box="[788,966,525,551]" pageId="10" pageNumber="41" refString="Tinerella, P. P. (2006) A new species of Micronecta Kirkaldy (Heteroptera, Corixidae) from Fiji with notes on Australasian congeners. In: Rabitsch, W. (Ed.) Hug the Bug - For Love of True Bugs. Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag von Ernst Heiss. Denisia 19, 697 - 702." type="journal article" year="2006">Tinerella 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDAE870EDCDFDD756E4AD96" blockId="10.[151,1437,600,663]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Character 32. Phallotheca, median projection of ventral margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870EEF9FDD7534BAD73" box="[931,1039,600,626]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,258,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[254,1350,532,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[229,1357,519,1899]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Phallus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. A–C. N. naspira, D–F. N. capicola, G–I. N. immaculata. (Scale = 0,5mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194565/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870EEF9FDD754BFAD73" box="[931,1019,600,626]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,258,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[254,1350,532,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[229,1357,519,1899]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Phallus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. A – C. N. naspira, D – F. N. capicola, G – I. N. immaculata. (Scale = 0,5 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194565/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
F
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
): (0) absent; (1) present. ci=100/ ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDAE870EDCDFD4756BEAC2D" blockId="10.[151,1436,712,812]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Character 33. Phallus, secondary gonopore process: (0) Secondary gonopore process larger than gonopore diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870EC48FD6256ECAC06" box="[274,424,749,775]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,258,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[307,1275,726,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[296,1291,714,1773]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Phallus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. A–C. Pseudoacrosternum cachani, D–F. N. antennata. (aa—articulatory apparatus; dc—dorsal conective; dsd—ductus seminis distalis; dsp—ductus seminis proximalis; er—ejaculatory resevoir; sg—secondary gonopore; psg—process of secondary gonopore; pc—processus capitati; ph—phallotheca; v—vesica; pv—process of vesica. Scale = 0,5mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194564/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870EC48FD62562EAC06" box="[274,362,749,775]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,258,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[307,1275,726,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[296,1291,714,1773]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Phallus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. A – C. Pseudoacrosternum cachani, D – F. N. antennata. (aa—articulatory apparatus; dc—dorsal conective; dsd—ductus seminis distalis; dsp—ductus seminis proximalis; er—ejaculatory resevoir; sg—secondary gonopore; psg—process of secondary gonopore; pc—processus capitati; ph—phallotheca; v—vesica; pv—process of vesica. Scale = 0,5 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194564/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (1) Secondary gonopore process less than one third gonopore diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870E877FD6252CBAC06" box="[1325,1423,749,775]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="21.[151,256,710,734]" captionTargetBox="[216,1370,186,688]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[216,1371,186,689]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 4. N. viridula. A. Lateral view of cup-like sclerite. B. Vesica, vesica processes and conjunctiva (phallotheca removed)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194554/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870E877FD62523CAC06" box="[1325,1400,749,775]" captionStart="FIGURE 4. N" captionStartId="21.[151,256,710,734]" captionTargetBox="[216,1370,186,688]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[216,1371,186,689]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 4. N. viridula. A. Lateral view of cup-like sclerite. B. Vesica, vesica processes and conjunctiva (phallotheca removed)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194554/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDAE870EDCDFCD25607ACC3" blockId="10.[151,1437,861,1036]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Character 34. Phallus, processus capitati: (0) equal or slightly larger than dorsal connective diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870E836FCD257BCAC9D" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,258,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[307,1275,726,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[296,1291,714,1773]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Phallus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. A–C. Pseudoacrosternum cachani, D–F. N. antennata. (aa—articulatory apparatus; dc—dorsal conective; dsd—ductus seminis distalis; dsp—ductus seminis proximalis; er—ejaculatory resevoir; sg—secondary gonopore; psg—process of secondary gonopore; pc—processus capitati; ph—phallotheca; v—vesica; pv—process of vesica. Scale = 0,5mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194564/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870E836FCD257F3AC9D" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,258,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[307,1275,726,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[296,1291,714,1773]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Phallus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. A – C. Pseudoacrosternum cachani, D – F. N. antennata. (aa—articulatory apparatus; dc—dorsal conective; dsd—ductus seminis distalis; dsp—ductus seminis proximalis; er—ejaculatory resevoir; sg—secondary gonopore; psg—process of secondary gonopore; pc—processus capitati; ph—phallotheca; v—vesica; pv—process of vesica. Scale = 0,5 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194564/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); (1) at least three times larger than dorsal connective diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870E913FC0D5387AC9D" box="[1097,1219,898,924]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,258,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[307,1275,726,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[296,1291,714,1773]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Phallus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. A–C. Pseudoacrosternum cachani, D–F. N. antennata. (aa—articulatory apparatus; dc—dorsal conective; dsd—ductus seminis distalis; dsp—ductus seminis proximalis; er—ejaculatory resevoir; sg—secondary gonopore; psg—process of secondary gonopore; pc—processus capitati; ph—phallotheca; v—vesica; pv—process of vesica. Scale = 0,5mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194564/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870E913FC0D53EEAC9D" box="[1097,1194,898,924]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,258,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[307,1275,726,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[296,1291,714,1773]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Phallus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. A – C. Pseudoacrosternum cachani, D – F. N. antennata. (aa—articulatory apparatus; dc—dorsal conective; dsd—ductus seminis distalis; dsp—ductus seminis proximalis; er—ejaculatory resevoir; sg—secondary gonopore; psg—process of secondary gonopore; pc—processus capitati; ph—phallotheca; v—vesica; pv—process of vesica. Scale = 0,5 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194564/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
D
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ci=100/ri=100. Unambiguous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDAE870ED9CFC42524BAB0D" blockId="10.[151,1437,861,1036]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870EDB2FC425678ACE7" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[232,316,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870EDB2FC425678ACE7" box="[232,316,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the processus capitati is more robust than in other taxa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870E951FC425324ACE7" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1035,1120,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870E951FC425324ACE7" box="[1035,1120,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDAE870E9E5FC4252CBACE6" author="Schwertner" box="[1215,1423,973,999]" pageId="10" pageNumber="40" refString="Schwertner, C. F. (2005) Filogenia e classificacao dos percevejos-verdes do grupo Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Porto Alegre, PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 238 pp." type="book" year="2005">Schwertner 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Here, we compare the processus capitati diameter in relation to the diameter of dorsal connective.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="B26105D6FFDAE871EDCDFBED53B3A85B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDAE870EDCDFBED5645AB7D" blockId="10.[151,257,1122,1148]" box="[151,257,1122,1148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<heading id="8019AB51FFDAE870EDCDFBED5645AB7D" bold="true" box="[151,257,1122,1148]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870EDCDFBED5645AB7D" bold="true" box="[151,257,1122,1148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Analysis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDAE870EDCDFB255505ABEB" blockId="10.[151,1437,1194,1956]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The analysis of parsimony resulted in one cladogram with 60 steps, consistence index (CI) of 0.81 and retention index (RI) of 0.89 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870ECB0FB5F5575ABEB" box="[490,561,1232,1258]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="21.[151,259,1616,1640]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,817,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[188,1399,817,1602]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cladistic analysis of the genus Nezara based on morphological characters. The most–parsimonious cladogram length 60 steps; consistency index 0,81; retention index 0,89. (․) non-homoplasious; (□) homoplasious. (In parentheses Bremer and Bootstrap values, respectively; Bootstrap values less than 50 omitted)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194555/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDAE870ED9EFB7A521AA975" blockId="10.[151,1437,1194,1956]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Monophyly of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870ECACFB7A5509AA0F" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[502,589,1269,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870ECACFB7A5509AA0F" box="[502,589,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Clade B) was corroborated by eight synapomorphies, one of general morphology, three of female genitalia and four of male genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870EEF2FA9554B6AA35" box="[936,1010,1306,1332]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="21.[151,259,1616,1640]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,817,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[188,1399,817,1602]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cladistic analysis of the genus Nezara based on morphological characters. The most–parsimonious cladogram length 60 steps; consistency index 0,81; retention index 0,89. (․) non-homoplasious; (□) homoplasious. (In parentheses Bremer and Bootstrap values, respectively; Bootstrap values less than 50 omitted)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194555/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
): median tubercle on urosternite III present (7
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDAE870EC54FACF5652AA4F" attach="right" box="[270,278,1344,1358]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</superScript>
|
||
); posterior margin of urosternite VII strongly arcuate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870EEF0FACD535CAA5D" box="[938,1048,1346,1372]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870EEF0FACD5346AA5D" box="[938,1026,1346,1372]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
B
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), well elevated in relation to the placement of genital plates (11
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDAE870EF5FFAE75549AA77" attach="none" box="[517,525,1384,1398]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</superScript>
|
||
); basal half of laterotergites 9 concave (13
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDAE870E954FAE75352AA77" attach="none" box="[1038,1046,1384,1398]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</superScript>
|
||
); processes of capsula seminalis subcylindrical, rhomboid at apex (18
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDAE870EF0BFA1F551DAA9F" attach="none" box="[593,601,1424,1438]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2</superScript>
|
||
); hairy region of the infolding of ventral rim of pygophore forming a simple band (24
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDAE870EC38FA37562EAAC7" attach="none" box="[354,362,1464,1478]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</superScript>
|
||
); cup like sclerite well sclerotized and elevated, occupying one third the diameter of pygophore, the anterior limit not fused to the infolding of dorsal rim (25
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDAE870E959FA6E534FAAEE" attach="none" box="[1027,1035,1505,1519]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</superScript>
|
||
); secondary gonopore process of phallus less than one third the gonopore diameter (33
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDAE870EE52F9865454A916" attach="none" box="[776,784,1545,1559]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</superScript>
|
||
), and diameter of processus capitati at least three times larger than dorsal connective diameter (34
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDAE870EFD7F9BE55D1A93E" attach="none" box="[653,661,1585,1599]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</superScript>
|
||
). Six synapomorphies of eight are exclusive to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870E81DF9BB52D8A94C" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1351,1436,1588,1613]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870E81DF9BB52D8A94C" box="[1351,1436,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870EDB4F9D556D5A975" authorityName="W.E.Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[238,401,1626,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pentatominae">Pentatominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and increase the number of diagonostic characters of the genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDAE870E9D1F9D55212A975" author="Schwertner" box="[1163,1366,1626,1652]" pageId="10" pageNumber="40" refString="Schwertner, C. F. (2005) Filogenia e classificacao dos percevejos-verdes do grupo Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Porto Alegre, PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 238 pp." type="book" year="2005">Schwertner 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDAE870ED9EF9F054AEA8A5" blockId="10.[151,1437,1194,1956]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
A basal dichotomy (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870ECE9F9F056BDA998" box="[435,505,1663,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="21.[151,259,1616,1640]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,817,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[188,1399,817,1602]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cladistic analysis of the genus Nezara based on morphological characters. The most–parsimonious cladogram length 60 steps; consistency index 0,81; retention index 0,89. (․) non-homoplasious; (□) homoplasious. (In parentheses Bremer and Bootstrap values, respectively; Bootstrap values less than 50 omitted)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194555/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) splits the two oriental species and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870EEC4F9F05359A999" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[926,1053,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870EEC4F9F05359A999" box="[926,1053,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Clade C), from the afrotropical species (Clade D). Clade C include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870EF27F92B5455A9BC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[637,785,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870EF27F92B5455A9BC" box="[637,785,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870EE7EF92B5495A9BC" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[804,977,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870EE7EF92B5495A9BC" box="[804,977,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. antennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870E94EF92B53EAA9BC" authorityName="Zheng" authorityYear="1982" box="[1044,1198,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yunnana">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870E94EF92B53EAA9BC" box="[1044,1198,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. yunnana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which share two synapomorphies: concave areas (1+1) on gonocoxites 9 present (15
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDAE870EEB8F94554AEA9D9" attach="right" box="[994,1002,1738,1752]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</superScript>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870EEA1F94353D6A9E7" box="[1019,1170,1740,1766]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870EEA1F9435317A9E7" box="[1019,1107,1740,1766]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), and median bristles attached in a short digitiform process bent to lateral surface of paramere (29
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDAE870E973F97D5375A801" attach="left" box="[1065,1073,1778,1792]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</superScript>
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870E96CF97A5396A80E" box="[1078,1234,1781,1807]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="26.[151,255,1358,1382]" captionTargetBox="[229,1355,745,1329]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[221,1366,738,1337]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 10. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A–B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani, C–D. N. viridula, E–F. N. antennata, G–H. N. yunnana (app—apical portion of paramere; bpp—basal portion of paramere.. (Scale = 0,5mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194560/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870E96CF97A53D2A80E" box="[1078,1174,1781,1807]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="26.[151,255,1358,1382]" captionTargetBox="[229,1355,745,1329]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[221,1366,738,1337]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 10. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A – B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani, C – D. N. viridula, E – F. N. antennata, G – H. N. yunnana (app—apical portion of paramere; bpp—basal portion of paramere .. (Scale = 0,5 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194560/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
C–H
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDAE870E985F97A522BA80E" box="[1247,1391,1781,1807]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="28.[151,258,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[358,1228,605,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[358,1229,605,1901]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 12. Parameres. A–B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani lateral view and details of apical portion of paramere, respectively. C–E. N. viridula, lateral view, median view and hairy region. F–H. N. antennata, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively. I–K. N. yunnana, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194562/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">12C, D, F, I</figureCitation>
|
||
). A hypothesis of relationship among species of clade C, based on the characters analysed here, was not obtained.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDAE870EDCDF8B0562AA858" box="[151,366,1855,1881]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" refString="Kon, M., Oe, A., Numata, H. & Hidaka, T. (1988) Comparison of the mating behaviour between two sympatric species, Nezara antennata and N. viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with special reference to sound emission. Journal of Ethology, 6 (2), 91 - 98." type="journal article">
|
||
Kon
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870ED8EF8CF5657A858" box="[212,275,1856,1881]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1988)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDAE870ECF6F8B055C0A858" box="[428,644,1855,1881]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" refString="Kon, M., Oe, A. & Numata, H. (1993) Intra- and interspecific copulations in the two congeneric green stink bugs, Nezara antennata and N. viridula (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae), with references to postcopulatory changens in the spermatheca. Journal of Ethology, 11 (2), 83 - 89." type="journal article">
|
||
Kon
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870ECB0F8CF5565A858" box="[490,545,1856,1881]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1993)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied interespecific mating behaviour in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870E9F8F8CF5206A858" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[1186,1346,1856,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870E9F8F8CF5206A858" box="[1186,1346,1856,1881]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. antennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870E8DAF8CF57B2A87F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870E8DAF8CF57B2A87F" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, evidencing the proximity of these species. However, for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDAE870EEEBF8EA537FA87F" authorityName="Zheng" authorityYear="1982" box="[945,1083,1893,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yunnana">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDAE870EEEBF8EA537FA87F" box="[945,1083,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">N. yunnana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
these data are still unknown, which make unapplicable the use of that character in a cladistic analysis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDBE871ED9EFF1755BCAE03" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1882]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Clade D, including the remaining species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDBE871EF86FF175476AFB0" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[732,818,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDBE871EF86FF175476AFB0" box="[732,818,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is supported by the green hemelytral veins present (6
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EDF5FF3257F3AFCA" attach="none" box="[175,183,189,203]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
), a derived state found in all taxa of this clade, and by the homoplasious character metapleural evaporative area occupying less than half of the metapleura (5
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EF85FF6A55A3AFF2" attach="none" box="[735,743,229,243]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDBE871ED9EFE8254EAAD12" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1882]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Clade E shares three derived states: ventral rim of pygophore with brims developed towards middle of ventral rim, continuous or not at mid line (22
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EFEEFEBC55F8AE40" attach="none" box="[692,700,307,321]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</superScript>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871EF96FEB9547AAE51" box="[716,830,310,336]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8E–I</figureCitation>
|
||
) [the state changed on clade J where the brims are reduced, not continuous at mid line, with a bifid projection (22
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EEFCFED454EAAE68" attach="none" box="[934,942,347,361]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</superScript>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871EEE5FED15304AE79" box="[959,1088,350,376]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8J–K</figureCitation>
|
||
)]; infolding of dorsal rim of pygophore with hairy region divided in two lobes of similar size (24
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EEE6FE0C5480AE90" attach="none" box="[956,964,387,401]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</superScript>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871EE8EFE09536BAEA1" box="[980,1071,390,416]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871EE8EFE095353AEA1" box="[980,1047,390,416]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
G
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) [the state changed on clade H where the hairy region is divided in two lobes, one of them extending towards the internal wall of genital cup (24
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EDE4FE5E5782AEDE" attach="none" box="[190,198,465,479]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</superScript>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871ED8FFE5B5670AEEF" box="[213,308,468,494]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871ED8FFE5B565EAEEF" box="[213,282,468,494]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
H
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
)]; paramere trilobate was the only exclusive synapomorphy shared by all taxa of this clade (26
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871E8D6FE5E52D0AEDE" attach="none" box="[1420,1428,465,479]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</superScript>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871EDCDFE765651AD12" box="[151,277,505,531]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8E–K</figureCitation>
|
||
), what could explain the weak Bremer suport of clade E.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDBE871ED9EFD9053FEADD6" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1882]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Clades G and H are defined by two synapomorphies each, on characters of male genitalia. Clade G was supported by parameres with serrulate tegumentar microsculptures (31
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EE89FDCB549FAD53" attach="none" box="[979,987,580,594]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871EEBDFDC8531BAD60" box="[999,1119,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,255,1109,1133]" captionTargetBox="[356,1230,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[356,1232,181,1088]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Parameres, lateral view (except when indicated), hairy region and details of microstructures, respectively. A–C. N. mendax, D–E. N. naspira (median view of paramere), G–I. N. capicola, J–L N. orbiculata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194563/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871EEBDFDC8537FAD60" box="[999,1083,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,255,1109,1133]" captionTargetBox="[356,1230,193,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[356,1232,181,1088]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Parameres, lateral view (except when indicated), hairy region and details of microstructures, respectively. A – C. N. mendax, D – E. N. naspira (median view of paramere), G – I. N. capicola, J – L N. orbiculata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194563/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="AF503AFDFFDBE871E947FDC8537FAD60" box="[1053,1083,583,609]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1913-01">13</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I,L
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), and median projection of ventral margin of phallotheca present (32
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EFC8FDE355DAAD7B" attach="left" box="[658,670,620,634]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1,</superScript>
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871EFFEFDE05409AD88" box="[676,845,623,649]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,258,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[254,1350,532,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[229,1357,519,1899]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Phallus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. A–C. N. naspira, D–F. N. capicola, G–I. N. immaculata. (Scale = 0,5mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194565/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871EFFEFDE055B0AD88" box="[676,756,623,649]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,258,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[254,1350,532,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[229,1357,519,1899]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Phallus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. A – C. N. naspira, D – F. N. capicola, G – I. N. immaculata. (Scale = 0,5 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194565/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig.15</figureCitation>
|
||
C,E,F,I
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Clade H was supported by the infolding of the dorsal rim of pygophore with a hairy region divided into two lobes, one of them extending towards the internal wall of genital cup (24
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EF5BFD35554DADC9" attach="none" box="[513,521,698,712]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</superScript>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871EF42FD325531ADD6" box="[536,629,701,727]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871EF42FD325518ADD6" box="[536,604,701,727]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
H
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), and paramere with elyptical area (30
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871E96CFD35537AADC9" attach="none" box="[1078,1086,698,712]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871E917FD3253E8ADD6" box="[1101,1196,701,727]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="27.[151,255,1760,1784]" captionTargetBox="[247,1343,374,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[230,1356,359,1749]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A–B. N. similis, C–D. N. mendax, E–F. N. naspira, G–H. N. capicola, I–J. N. orbiculata, K–L. N. soror, M–N. N. immaculata, O–P. N. robusta. (Scale = 0,5mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194561/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871E917FD3253E5ADD6" box="[1101,1185,701,727]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="27.[151,255,1760,1784]" captionTargetBox="[247,1343,374,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[230,1356,359,1749]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A – B. N. similis, C – D. N. mendax, E – F. N. naspira, G – H. N. capicola, I – J. N. orbiculata, K – L. N. soror, M – N. N. immaculata, O – P. N. robusta. (Scale = 0,5 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194561/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="AF503AFDFFDBE871E9D9FD3253E5ADD6" box="[1155,1185,701,727]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1911-01">11</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDBE871ED9EFD6D5302AC4D" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1882]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Clade I, corresponding to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDBE871EF52FD6D55E9ADFA" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[520,685,738,763]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDBE871EF52FD6D55E9ADFA" box="[520,685,738,763]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. orbiculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDBE871EF95FD6D547EADFA" box="[719,826,738,763]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDBE871EF95FD6D5472ADFA" authorityName="Schouteden" authorityYear="1905" box="[719,822,738,763]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">N. soror</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
shares two derived states of general morphology characters: basal third of corium convex, surpassing an imaginary line tangential to the humeral angles (2
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871E8D6FC8852D0AC14" attach="none" box="[1420,1428,775,789]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871EDCDFCBD57B7AC4D" box="[151,243,818,844]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871EDA9FCBD5647AC4D" box="[243,259,818,844]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="19.[151,258,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,195,1425]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,1426]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. capicola, B. N. orbiculata, C. N. soror, D. N. immaculata, E. N. robusta. F. N. niamensis (Scale = 5mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194552/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</figureCitation>
|
||
); connexival segments IV to VII exposed in dorsal view (8
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EEECFCBF54FAAC3F" attach="none" box="[950,958,816,830]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871EE97FCBD536DAC4D" box="[973,1065,818,844]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871E973FCBD537DAC4D" box="[1065,1081,818,844]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="19.[151,258,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,195,1425]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,1426]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. capicola, B. N. orbiculata, C. N. soror, D. N. immaculata, E. N. robusta. F. N. niamensis (Scale = 5mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194552/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDBE871ED9EFCD75450AB5F" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1882]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Clade J, including
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDBE871ECF8FCD75512AC70" box="[418,598,856,881]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDBE871ECF8FCD75516AC70" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1940" box="[418,594,856,881]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculata">N. immaculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sister-group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDBE871EE48FCD754C9AC70" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1898" box="[786,909,856,881]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDBE871EE48FCD754C9AC70" box="[786,909,856,881]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDBE871EEF4FCD75302AC70" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[942,1094,856,881]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Zangis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDBE871EEF4FCD75302AC70" box="[942,1094,856,881]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. niamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares five synapomorphies, two of general morphology and three of male genitalia: lines of punctures on pronotum present (1
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871E846FCF25260AC8A" attach="none" box="[1308,1316,893,907]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
); margins of body with red band; ventral rim of pygophore with brims reduced, not continuous at mid line, with a bifid projection (22
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EC67FC445601ACD8" attach="none" box="[317,325,971,985]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</superScript>
|
||
); superior process of dorsal rim of pygophore reduced or absent (23
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871E92BFC44533DACD8" attach="none" box="[1137,1145,971,985]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</superScript>
|
||
); paramere with median lobe carina (27
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EC12FC7C5614AB00" attach="none" box="[328,336,1011,1025]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
). Support of clade J was given by characters of general morphology (1
|
||
<date id="AF503AFDFFDBE871E9CDFC7C5390AB00" box="[1175,1236,1011,1040]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1910-01-01">
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871E9CDFC7C53DBAB00" attach="none" box="[1175,1183,1011,1025]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
, 10
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871E996FC7C5390AB00" attach="right" box="[1228,1236,1011,1025]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
</date>
|
||
) and the derived state of the character 20
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871ECE9FB9456FFAB28" attach="left" box="[435,443,1051,1065]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</superScript>
|
||
(internal wall of ductus receptaculi with sinuosity, not dilated), considering that the males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDBE871EC58FBCB56DEAB5C" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[258,410,1092,1117]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Zangis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDBE871EC58FBCB56DEAB5C" box="[258,410,1092,1117]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. niamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were not available in this study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDBE871ED9EFBE6553EABAA" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1882]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Clade K formed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDBE871ECF7FBE6556CAB83" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1898" box="[429,552,1129,1154]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDBE871ECF7FBE6556CAB83" box="[429,552,1129,1154]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDBE871EF12FBE655A4AB83" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[584,736,1129,1154]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Zangis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDBE871EF12FBE655A4AB83" box="[584,736,1129,1154]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. niamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is supported by gonapophyses 8 whith median longitudinal calloused band on posterior margin (21
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EF3BFB01552DAB9D" attach="none" box="[609,617,1166,1180]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDBE871ED9EFB355262AAE5" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1882]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Nine characters and 12 states showed ambiguous reconstruction, five from general morphology (3
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871E818FB39520EABC5" attach="none" box="[1346,1354,1206,1220]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
, 3
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871E83DFB39522BABC5" attach="none" box="[1383,1391,1206,1220]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</superScript>
|
||
, 3
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871E8D6FB3952D0ABC5" attach="none" box="[1420,1428,1206,1220]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</superScript>
|
||
, 4
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EDFCFB5057EAABEC" attach="none" box="[166,174,1247,1261]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
, 9
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871ED94FB505792ABEC" attach="none" box="[206,214,1247,1261]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</superScript>
|
||
), five from female genitalia (
|
||
<date id="AF503AFDFFDBE871EF1EFB6D552FABEC" box="[580,619,1247,1276]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1914-02-01">
|
||
14
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EF39FB50552FABEC" attach="none" box="[611,619,1247,1261]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 16
|
||
<date id="AF503AFDFFDBE871EFC0FB50559EABEC" box="[666,730,1247,1276]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1917-01-02">
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EFC0FB5055E6ABEC" attach="none" box="[666,674,1247,1261]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</superScript>
|
||
, 17
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EF88FB50559EABEC" attach="right" box="[722,730,1247,1261]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 19
|
||
<date id="AF503AFDFFDBE871EE53FB50540CABEC" box="[777,840,1247,1276]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1920-01-01">
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EE53FB505455ABEC" attach="right" box="[777,785,1247,1261]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
, 20
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EE1AFB50540CABEC" attach="none" box="[832,840,1247,1261]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
</date>
|
||
), and two from male genitalia (
|
||
<date id="AF503AFDFFDBE871E98AFB6D53BCABEC" box="[1232,1272,1247,1276]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1923-02-01">
|
||
23
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871E9B5FB5053BCABEC" attach="left" box="[1263,1272,1247,1261]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 23
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871E87AFB50526CABEC" attach="none" box="[1312,1320,1247,1261]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</superScript>
|
||
). Female characters
|
||
<date id="AF503AFDFFDBE871EC4DFA855678AA14" box="[279,316,1287,1316]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1916-01-02">
|
||
16
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EC6EFA885678AA14" attach="none" box="[308,316,1287,1301]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</superScript>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="AF503AFDFFDBE871EC16FA855697AA14" box="[332,467,1287,1316]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1917-01-01" valueMax="1917-01-20" valueMin="1917-01-01">
|
||
17
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EC30FA885636AA14" attach="left" box="[362,370,1287,1301]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
and 20
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EC91FA885697AA14" attach="left" box="[459,467,1287,1301]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
</date>
|
||
had more than one explanation, due to missing data (females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDBE871E98FFA855202AA22" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1940" box="[1237,1350,1290,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDBE871E98FFA855202AA22" box="[1237,1350,1290,1315]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. similis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDBE871E8DBFA8557B6AA4D" authorityName="Breddin" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendax">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDBE871E8DBFA8557B6AA4D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">N. mendax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were not dissected). Character internal wall of ductus receptaculi has the state 20
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871E9F6FAA053F0AA3C" attach="left" box="[1196,1204,1327,1341]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</superScript>
|
||
(with sinuosity, not dilated) as a synapomorphy to clade J, however the state 20
|
||
<superScript id="2C9BB175FFDBE871EE0BFAD7541DAA67" attach="left" box="[849,857,1368,1382]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1</superScript>
|
||
is ambiguous. Both multistates characters 14 and 23 when optimized with ACCTRAN are synapomorphies to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDBE871EED9FA0F549FAA98" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[899,987,1408,1433]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDBE871EED9FA0F549FAA98" box="[899,987,1408,1433]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Clade B,
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871E939FA0F53E9AA9B" box="[1123,1197,1408,1434]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="21.[151,259,1616,1640]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,817,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[188,1399,817,1602]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cladistic analysis of the genus Nezara based on morphological characters. The most–parsimonious cladogram length 60 steps; consistency index 0,81; retention index 0,89. (․) non-homoplasious; (□) homoplasious. (In parentheses Bremer and Bootstrap values, respectively; Bootstrap values less than 50 omitted)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194555/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
); using DELTRAN option, derived states appear as synapomorphies to clades C (oriental species) and D (afrotropical species). Therefore, characters 14 and 23 represent possible synapomorphies to clades C and D, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDBE871ED9EFA7F54F1A9C5" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1882]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The morphology of genitalia offers valuable exclusively derived characters in generic or suprageneric cladistics studies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDBE871ECDEF99A5567A92E" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[388,547,1557,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDBE871EF69F99A558CA92E" author="Grazia" box="[563,712,1557,1583]" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" refString="Grazia, J. (1997) Cladistic analysis of the Evoplitus genus group of Pentatomini (Heteroptera, Pentatominae). Journal of Comparative Biology, 2, 115 - 129." type="journal article" year="1997">Grazia 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDBE871EF8EF99A54B8A92E" author="Barcellos" box="[724,1020,1557,1583]" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" refString="Barcellos, A. & Grazia, J. (2003) Cladistic analysis and biogeography of Brachystethus Laporte (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Edessinae). Zootaxa, 256, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="2003">Barcellos & Grazia 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDBE871E952F99A524EA92E" author="Fortes" box="[1032,1290,1557,1583]" pageId="11" pageNumber="37" refString="Fortes, N. D. F. de & Grazia, J. (2005) Revisao e analise cladistica de Serdia Stal (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 49 (3), 294 - 339." type="journal article" year="2005">Fortes & Grazia 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDBE871E84CF99A579CA955" author="Schwertner" pageId="11" pageNumber="40" refString="Schwertner, C. F. (2005) Filogenia e classificacao dos percevejos-verdes do grupo Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Porto Alegre, PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 238 pp." type="book" year="2005">Schwertner 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), representing half or more of the synapomorphies found, with the prevailing of male characters. In taxonomic studies, the morphology of genitalia is extensively used due to the variability of the structures. Male structures are more susceptible to female selective pressure, being more divergent in closely related species than non sexual characters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDBE871EF62F92555AEA9C5" author="Eberhard" box="[568,746,1706,1732]" pageId="11" pageNumber="37" refString="Eberhard, W. C. (1985) Sexual selection and animal genitalia. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 244 pp." type="book" year="1985">Eberhard 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDBE871EFACF92554ECA9C5" author="Eberhard" box="[758,936,1706,1732]" pageId="11" pageNumber="37" refString="Eberhard, W. (2004) Rapid divergent evolution of sexual morphology: Comparative tests of antagonistic coevolution and traditional female choice. Evolution, 58 (9), 1947 - 1970." type="journal article" year="2004">Eberhard 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDBE871ED9EF95F53B3A85B" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1882]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDBE871EDBFF95F567FA9E8" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[229,315,1744,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDBE871EDBFF95F567FA9E8" box="[229,315,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, morphological characters of genitalia, especially on males, showed the best congruence and phylogenetical signal. Female characters were important to define basal synapomorphies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDBE871E9A9F979520DA80E" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1267,1353,1782,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDBE871E9A9F979520DA80E" box="[1267,1353,1782,1807]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being present on clade B (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDBE871ECDAF8955683A835" box="[384,455,1818,1844]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="21.[151,259,1616,1640]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,817,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[188,1399,817,1602]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cladistic analysis of the genus Nezara based on morphological characters. The most–parsimonious cladogram length 60 steps; consistency index 0,81; retention index 0,89. (․) non-homoplasious; (□) homoplasious. (In parentheses Bremer and Bootstrap values, respectively; Bootstrap values less than 50 omitted)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194555/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), and indicating to be more conservative structures of the analysed taxa. Characters of the parameres, visualized by S.E.M., were important to establish relationship among species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="B26105D6FFDCE874EDCDFF1853FFAEDD" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDCE876EDCDFF185601AFB0" blockId="12.[151,325,151,177]" box="[151,325,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<heading id="8019AB51FFDCE876EDCDFF185601AFB0" bold="true" box="[151,325,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876EDCDFF185601AFB0" bold="true" box="[151,325,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Biogeography</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDCE876EDCDFF5556D4AE8B" blockId="12.[151,1437,218,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Biogeographical scenarios concerning the evolution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876EE7EFF55543DAFF2" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[804,889,218,243]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876EE7EFF55543DAFF2" box="[804,889,218,243]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were based in the areas of occurrence of each species and the phylogenetic relationships among them (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDCE876EE6AFE8F543CAE1B" box="[816,888,256,282]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1879,1903]" captionTargetBox="[231,1355,645,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[231,1356,645,1858]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 6. A. Distribution map of Nezara species, based on the material examined in this work (except N. viridula) (the symbols correspond to the species - terminal taxa of the cladogram of Fig. 6B); B. Cladogram of Nezara (branches with Bremer support less than two steps collapsed)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194556/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The limits of the areas of occurrence of each species were defined as the peripherical localities in the map presented in
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDCE876E902FEAA53F2AE3E" box="[1112,1206,293,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1879,1903]" captionTargetBox="[231,1355,645,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[231,1356,645,1858]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 6. A. Distribution map of Nezara species, based on the material examined in this work (except N. viridula) (the symbols correspond to the species - terminal taxa of the cladogram of Fig. 6B); B. Cladogram of Nezara (branches with Bremer support less than two steps collapsed)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194556/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
. In order to avoid relationship inferences among taxa (and its areas) with low support, branches with Bremer support less than 2 steps were collapsed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDCE876ED9EFE1A5697AD8E" blockId="12.[151,1437,218,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Dispersal and vicariance are often considered competing hypotheses in historical biogeography. Disjunct distribution patterns can be explained either by fragmentation of widespread ancestors due to vicariant (isolating) events or by dispersal across a preexisting barrier (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876EE2AFE6F5380AEFB" author="Sanmartin" box="[880,1220,480,506]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" refString="Sanmartin, I. & Ronquist, F. (2004) Southern Hemisphere Biogeography Inferred by Event-Based Models: Plant versus Animal Patterns. Systematic Biology, 53 (2), 216 - 243." type="journal article" year="2004">Sanmartín & Ronquist 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Today, historical biogeography considers dispersal, vicariance, and extinction as processes equally responsible to affect distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876EC6EFDA5556DAD45" author="Posadas" box="[308,553,554,580]" pageId="12" pageNumber="39" refString="Posadas, P., Crisci, J. V. & Katinas, L. (2006) Historical Biogeography: A review of its basic concepts and critical issues. Journal of Arid Environments, 66, 389 - 403." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Posadas
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876ECFBFDA5569BAD42" box="[417,479,554,579]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Considering the difficulties to test dispersal and extinction hypotheses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876EDC4FDDF56F3AD6B" author="Morrone" box="[158,439,592,618]" pageId="12" pageNumber="39" refString="Morrone, J. J. & Crisci, J. V. (1995) Historical biogeography: introduction to methods. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 26, 373 - 401." type="journal article" year="1995">Morrone & Crisci 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), they were assumed as secondary events to understand the present-day distributional patterns of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876EC41FDFA5634AD8F" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[283,368,629,654]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876EC41FDFA5634AD8F" box="[283,368,629,654]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDCE876ED9EFD155235AB05" blockId="12.[151,1437,218,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
It has been accepted that taxa with similar distributional patterns, and congruent relationship among areas, share a common history as a result of geographical isolation events (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876EEE5FD4F53AEADDB" author="Nelson" box="[959,1258,704,730]" pageId="12" pageNumber="39" refString="Nelson, G. & Platnick, N. (1981) Systematics and biogeography: cladistics and vicariance. New York, Columbia University Press, 567 pp." type="book" year="1981">Nelson & Platinick 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the biogeographical history of many Gondwanan groups is not a simple story of vicariance, as trans-oceanic dispersal has often played an important role in achieving present-day distributions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876E93FFC8553BEAC25" author="Briggs" box="[1125,1274,778,804]" pageId="12" pageNumber="36" refString="Briggs, J. C. (2003) The biogeographic and tectonic history of India. Journal of Biogeography, 30, 381 - 388." type="journal article" year="2003">Briggs 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876E85FFC855601AC4B" author="Sanmartin" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" refString="Sanmartin, I. & Ronquist, F. (2004) Southern Hemisphere Biogeography Inferred by Event-Based Models: Plant versus Animal Patterns. Systematic Biology, 53 (2), 216 - 243." type="journal article" year="2004">Sanmartín & Ronquist 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876EC0BFCBF5559AC4B" author="Fuller" box="[337,541,816,842]" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" refString="Fuller, S., Schwarz, M. & Tierney, S. (2005) Phylogenetics of the allodapine bee genus Braunsapis: historical biogeography and long-range dispersal over water. Journal of Biogeography, 32, 2135 - 2144." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Fuller
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876ECC4FCBF569CAC48" box="[414,472,816,841]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876EF73FCBF5468AC4B" author="Boyer" box="[553,812,816,842]" pageId="12" pageNumber="36" refString="Boyer, S. L. & Giribet, G. (2007) A new model Gondwanan taxon: systematics and biogeography of the harvestman family Pettalidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalami), with a taxonomic revision of genera from Australia and New Zealand. Cladistics, 23, 337 - 361." type="journal article" year="2007">Boyer & Giribet 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876EE62FCBF5302AC4B" author="Volker" box="[824,1094,816,842]" pageId="12" pageNumber="41" refString="Voelker, G. & Outlaw, R. K. (2008) Establishing a perimeter position: speciation around the Indian Ocean Basin. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 21, 1779 - 1788." type="journal article" year="2008">Volker & Outlaw 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The inclusion of a temporal perspective in the comparison of taxa distribution patterns, through the definition of Cenocrons, sets of taxa that share the same biogeographic history, constituting identifiable subsets within a biotic component by their common biotic origin and evolutionary history (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876EFBEFC2F54DEACBB" author="Morrone" box="[740,922,928,954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="39" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2009) Evolutionary Biogeography, An Integrative Approach with Case Studies. Columbia University Press, New York. 304 pp." type="book" year="2009">Morrone 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is an important process in the search for biogeographic patterns.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876ECEEFC4A55A8ACDE" author="Donoghue" box="[436,748,965,991]" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" refString="Donoghue, M. J. & More, B. R. (2003) Toward an integrative historical biogeography. Integrative & Comparative Biology, 43, 261 - 270." type="journal article" year="2003">Donoghue & More (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
emphasized the necessity to consider divergence times of lineages in biogegraphical studies in order to avoid inference of patterns produced by pseudo-congruence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDCE876ED9EFB9F5405AB9B" blockId="12.[151,1437,218,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
With the exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876EC94FB9F5514AB28" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[462,592,1040,1065]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876EC94FB9F5514AB28" box="[462,592,1040,1065]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, localities of most of the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876E95BFB9F5312AB28" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1025,1110,1040,1065]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876E95BFB9F5312AB28" box="[1025,1110,1040,1065]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are associated mainly with tropical or subtropical rain forests (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDCE876EF66FBBA55D9AB4E" box="[572,669,1077,1103]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1879,1903]" captionTargetBox="[231,1355,645,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[231,1356,645,1858]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 6. A. Distribution map of Nezara species, based on the material examined in this work (except N. viridula) (the symbols correspond to the species - terminal taxa of the cladogram of Fig. 6B); B. Cladogram of Nezara (branches with Bremer support less than two steps collapsed)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194556/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). We assume that the limits of the distribution of the genus have been associated with the evolution of the tropical rain forests, agreeing to the environmental scenario described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876EC69FB0F569AAB9B" author="Morley" box="[307,478,1152,1178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="39" refString="Morley, R. J. (2003) Interplate dispersal paths for megathermal angiosperms. Evolution and Systematic, 6, 5 - 20." type="journal article" year="2003">Morley (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to megathermal angiosperms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDCE876ED9EFB2A5497AAEB" blockId="12.[151,1437,218,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876ED9EFB2A565DABBF" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[196,281,1189,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876ED9EFB2A565DABBF" box="[196,281,1189,1214]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
first cladogenetic event was the basal split of the clade including
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876E97BFB2A5203ABBF" box="[1057,1351,1189,1214]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876E97BFB2A53E0ABBF" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1057,1188,1189,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">N. viridula</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876E9F5FB2A5203ABBF" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[1199,1351,1189,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">N. antennata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876E8DBFB2A57BBABE5" authorityName="Zheng" authorityYear="1982" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yunnana">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876E8DBFB2A57BBABE5" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">N. yunnana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDCE876EC4AFB45561FABE5" box="[272,347,1226,1252]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="21.[151,259,1616,1640]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,817,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[188,1399,817,1602]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cladistic analysis of the genus Nezara based on morphological characters. The most–parsimonious cladogram length 60 steps; consistency index 0,81; retention index 0,89. (․) non-homoplasious; (□) homoplasious. (In parentheses Bremer and Bootstrap values, respectively; Bootstrap values less than 50 omitted)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194555/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
, Clade C) from the African species (clade D). A possible geological vicariant hypothesis associated to this event is the West Gondwana break during mid Jurassic (~170 Ma) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876E9F9FB7F52CAAA0B" author="Lawver" box="[1187,1422,1264,1290]" pageId="12" pageNumber="38" refString="Lawver, L. A., Dalziel, I. W. D., Gahagan, L. M., Martin, K. M. & Campbell, D. A. (2003) The Plates 2003 Atlas of Plate Reconstructions (750 Ma to Present Day). Plates Progress Report, No. 280 - 0703, UTIG Technical Report, v. No. 190, pp. 97." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Lawver
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876E853FB7F5202AA08" box="[1289,1350,1264,1289]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), resulting in the drift of the India-Madagascar plate from the African plate. However, it would imply that the basal split of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876EC68FAB456C2AA55" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[306,390,1339,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876EC68FAB456C2AA55" box="[306,390,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would have happened 20 Ma before
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876EE6DFAB554A1AA55" box="[823,997,1338,1364]" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pentatomoidea">Pentatomoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
oldest fossil record (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876E982FAB552CBAA55" author="Yao" box="[1240,1423,1338,1364]" pageId="12" pageNumber="41" refString="Yao, Y., Cai, W. & Ren, D. (2007) The first fossil Cydnidae (Hemiptera: Pentatomoidea) from the late Mesozoic of China. Zootaxa, 1388, 59 - 68." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Yao
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876E855FAB4520DAA55" box="[1295,1353,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876EDCDFAEF568EAA7B" author="Grimaldi" box="[151,458,1376,1402]" pageId="12" pageNumber="38" refString="Grimaldi, D. & Engel, M. S. (2005) Evolution of the Insects. Hong Kong, Cambridge University Press, 755 pp." type="book" year="2005">Grimaldi & Engel (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based in most ancient fossil records, estimated that the Pentatomomorphan basal families probably have its origin in late Jurassic (161–145 Ma), and that the Pentatomoidean most basal families did not appear before Cretaceous (145 Ma). According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876E959FA25524DAAC5" box="[1027,1289,1450,1476]" pageId="12" pageNumber="38" refString="Grazia, J., Schuh, R. T. & Wheeler, W. C. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences. Cladistics, 24, 932 - 976." type="journal article">
|
||
Grazia
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876E939FA2453E1AAC5" box="[1123,1189,1451,1476]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876EDCDFA5F5673AAEB" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[151,311,1488,1514]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is among the most derived clades within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876EE47FA5F548BAAEB" box="[797,975,1488,1514]" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pentatomoidea">Pentatomoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDCE876ED9EFA7A54B8A83B" blockId="12.[151,1437,218,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Oldest known fossils represent minimun ages estimates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876EE22FA7A535CA90E" author="Heads" box="[888,1048,1525,1551]" pageId="12" pageNumber="38" refString="Heads, M. (2005) Dating nodes on molecular phylogenies: a critique of molecular biogeography. Cladistics, 21, 62 - 78." type="journal article" year="2005">Heads, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Althought the minimum fossil ages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876EDA9F99556E5A935" box="[243,417,1562,1588]" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pentatomoidea">Pentatomoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
may not represent absolute estimates related to the origin of the taxon, to suppose that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876EDCDF9CF57A8A958" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,236,1600,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876EDCDF9CF57A8A958" box="[151,236,1600,1625]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ancestral have had a wide distribution in West Gondwana (<160 Ma) is a low supported hypothesis. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876EC66F9EA56A2A97E" author="Briggs" box="[316,486,1637,1663]" pageId="12" pageNumber="36" refString="Briggs, J. C. (2003) The biogeographic and tectonic history of India. Journal of Biogeography, 30, 381 - 388." type="journal article" year="2003">Briggs (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based on estratigraphical, paleomagnetical and paleontological data,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDCE876E876F9EA522DA97E" box="[1324,1385,1637,1663]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Africa were more related biogeographically to each other than previous hypothesized in the literature. A great amount of faunal exchanges could have occurred among
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDCE876EE6DF93F5432A9CB" box="[823,886,1712,1738]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Africa and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDCE876E95DF93F53D0A9CB" box="[1031,1172,1712,1738]" name="Madagascar" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
while the Indian plate drifted towards Eurasia. This hypothesis fits with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876EE72F95A543BA9EF" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[808,895,1749,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876EE72F95A543BA9EF" box="[808,895,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ancestral basal split being associated with a dispersal event favoured by the drop in sea level in the late Cretaceous (Hallan, 1992 apud
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDCE876E9AEF97552CBA815" author="Briggs" box="[1268,1423,1786,1812]" pageId="12" pageNumber="36" refString="Briggs, J. C. (2003) The biogeographic and tectonic history of India. Journal of Biogeography, 30, 381 - 388." type="journal article" year="2003">Briggs 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), exposing continental shelves and decreasing distances among landmasses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDCE877ED9EF8CA5503AD26" blockId="12.[151,1437,218,2036]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Among the African species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876EF61F8CA55D6A85F" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[571,658,1861,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876EF61F8CA55D6A85F" box="[571,658,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDCE876EFFEF8CA55ABA85E" box="[676,751,1861,1887]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="21.[151,259,1616,1640]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,817,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[188,1399,817,1602]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 5. Cladistic analysis of the genus Nezara based on morphological characters. The most–parsimonious cladogram length 60 steps; consistency index 0,81; retention index 0,89. (․) non-homoplasious; (□) homoplasious. (In parentheses Bremer and Bootstrap values, respectively; Bootstrap values less than 50 omitted)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194555/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
, Clade D) most appear restricted mainly to tropical rain forests and related ecossystems (i.e. tropical woodland/grassland savanna). Two species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876E99FF8E45201A885" authorityName="Breddin" authorityYear="1908" box="[1221,1349,1899,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendax">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876E99FF8E45201A885" box="[1221,1349,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">N. mendax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876E8DBF8E45663A8A8" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1940" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876E8DBF8E45663A8A8" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">N. immaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are associated to arid enviroments of the east Africa, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDCE876E946F81F53EDA8A8" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1052,1193,1936,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDCE876E946F81F53EDA8A8" box="[1052,1193,1936,1961]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">N. capicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is associated to the sclerophyllous forest of the Western Cape Province, and to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDCE876EED4F83A5363A8CE" box="[910,1063,1973,1999]" name="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
highlands. The majority of the species distribution areas are based on few records, reflecting the inadequate data collection and making difficult the interpretation of their current distribution. However, the diversification of the Afrotropical fauna and flora has a complex history related to the expansion and contraction of the tropical forests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877E9A3FF3252D3AFD6" author="Morley" box="[1273,1431,189,215]" pageId="13" pageNumber="39" refString="Morley, R. J. (2003) Interplate dispersal paths for megathermal angiosperms. Evolution and Systematic, 6, 5 - 20." type="journal article" year="2003">Morley 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EDCDFF6D5662AFFD" author="Plana" box="[151,294,226,252]" pageId="13" pageNumber="39" refString="Plana, V. (2004) Mechanisms and tempo of evolution in the African Guineo-Congolian rainforest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 359, 1585 - 1594." type="journal article" year="2004">Plana 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EC6EFF6D5569AFFD" author="Ronsted" box="[308,557,226,252]" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Ronsted, N.; Salvo, G. & Savolainen, V. (2007) Biogeographical and phylogenetic origins of African fig species (Ficus section Galoglycha). Molecular phylogenetics and Evolution, 43, 190 - 201." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Rønsted
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877ECF8FF6D56A6AFFA" box="[418,482,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which certainly influenced the evolution and current distributions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EDCDFE8757A9AE20" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,237,264,289]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EDCDFE8757A9AE20" box="[151,237,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Increasing of rain forests areas in African southeast along Eocene (54 Ma) through Oligocene (33 Ma) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877ED82FEA25630AE46" author="Morley" box="[216,372,301,327]" pageId="13" pageNumber="39" refString="Morley, R. J. (2003) Interplate dispersal paths for megathermal angiosperms. Evolution and Systematic, 6, 5 - 20." type="journal article" year="2003">Morley 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) could have favoured the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EE02FEA254E9AE47" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[856,941,301,326]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EE02FEA254E9AE47" box="[856,941,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to south and southeastern parts of Africa. The inclusion of
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EC07FEDD5685AE6A" box="[349,449,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EC07FEDD56F8AE6A" authorityName="Schouteden" authorityYear="1905" box="[349,444,338,363]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">N. soror</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
an eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877EF1EFEDD5595AE6D" box="[580,721,338,364]" name="Madagascar" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
(rain forests) endemic species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDDE877E91EFEDD53DBAE6D" box="[1092,1183,338,364]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1879,1903]" captionTargetBox="[231,1355,645,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[231,1356,645,1858]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 6. A. Distribution map of Nezara species, based on the material examined in this work (except N. viridula) (the symbols correspond to the species - terminal taxa of the cladogram of Fig. 6B); B. Cladogram of Nezara (branches with Bremer support less than two steps collapsed)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194556/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDDE877E91EFEDD53CEAE6D" box="[1092,1162,338,364]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1879,1903]" captionTargetBox="[231,1355,645,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[231,1356,645,1858]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 6. A. Distribution map of Nezara species, based on the material examined in this work (except N. viridula) (the symbols correspond to the species - terminal taxa of the cladogram of Fig. 6 B); B. Cladogram of Nezara (branches with Bremer support less than two steps collapsed)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194556/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), in the African clade strongly supports the expansion in the distribution after gondwanic breakup, including a dispersal event to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877EDCDFE125663AEB6" box="[151,295,413,439]" name="Madagascar" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EC69FE125557AEB6" box="[307,531,413,439]" pageId="13" pageNumber="37" refString="Fuller, S., Schwarz, M. & Tierney, S. (2005) Phylogenetics of the allodapine bee genus Braunsapis: historical biogeography and long-range dispersal over water. Journal of Biogeography, 32, 2135 - 2144." type="journal article">
|
||
Fuller
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877ECDBFE1256F9AEB7" box="[385,445,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed an afrotropical origin to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EEE8FE12537CAEB7" authorityName="Michener" authorityYear="1969" box="[946,1080,413,438]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Braunsapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EEE8FE12537CAEB7" box="[946,1080,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Braunsapis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877E912FE1253A9AEB6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1096,1261,413,439]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877E9A3FE125217AEB6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1273,1363,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Apidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), with at least two dispersal events to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877EF54FE4D55E4AEDD" box="[526,672,450,476]" name="Madagascar" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with estimated times of 13 Ma and 2–3 Ma, rejecting vicariant hypothesis to explain the distributional pattern, considering that the genus would be more ancient than the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877ED8EFD825610AD26" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1902" box="[212,340,525,551]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Allodapini">Allodapini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, to which it belongs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDDE877ED9EFDBD5449ACC3" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Biondi & D’Alessandro (2006), using distribution areas of 123 species of the beetle genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877E9A0FDBD5647AD73" authority="Stephens" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaetocnema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877E9A0FDBD52D8AD4A" box="[1274,1436,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaetocnema</emphasis>
|
||
Stephens
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, identified 13 chorotypes in the Afrotropical region, five of them also fit to the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877E847FDD75235AD70" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1309,1393,600,625]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877E847FDD75235AD70" box="[1309,1393,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877E8DBFDD757B5AD97" baseAuthorityName="Dallas" baseAuthorityYear="1851" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naspira">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877E8DBFDD757B5AD97" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. naspira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is related to Afro-Intertropical chorotype;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EFB9FDF2543BAD97" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[739,895,637,662]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EFB9FDF2543BAD97" box="[739,895,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. orbiculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EED7FDF25360AD97" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[909,1060,637,662]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Zangis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EED7FDF25360AD97" box="[909,1060,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. niamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877E93EFDF25396AD97" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1940" box="[1124,1234,637,663]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877E93EFDF25333AD97" box="[1124,1143,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877E9DFFDF25396AD97" box="[1157,1234,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">similis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are related to the Afro-Equatorial chorotype;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EC85FD2D55C8ADBA" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1940" box="[479,652,674,699]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EC85FD2D55C8ADBA" box="[479,652,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. immaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EF9CFD2D5400ADBA" authorityName="Breddin" authorityYear="1908" box="[710,836,674,699]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendax">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EF9CFD2D5400ADBA" box="[710,836,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. mendax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are restricted to the Northern-Eastern Afrotropical chorotype;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EC7DFD4756E8ADE0" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1898" box="[295,428,712,737]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EC7DFD4756E8ADE0" box="[295,428,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is resctricted to the south of the Central Afrotropical chorotype;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877E9B4FD47523BADE0" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1262,1407,712,737]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877E9B4FD47523BADE0" box="[1262,1407,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is resctricted to the Southern African chorotype, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EFAAFD625417AC07" authorityName="Schouteden" authorityYear="1905" box="[752,851,749,774]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EFAAFD625417AC07" box="[752,851,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. soror</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877E96DFD6253EDAC06" box="[1079,1193,749,775]" name="Madagascar" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
|
||
chorotype. With the exception of the Northern-Eastern Afrotropical chorotype, the chorotypes corresponds roughly to the areas of endemism located by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877ECF0FCB7551DAC53" author="Linder" box="[426,601,824,850]" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" refString="Linder, H. P. (2001) Plant diversity and endemism in sub-Saharan tropical Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 28, 169 - 182." type="journal article" year="2001">Linder (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Biondi & D’Alessandro (2006).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877E975FCB7539AAC53" author="Linder" box="[1071,1246,824,850]" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" refString="Linder, H. P. (2001) Plant diversity and endemism in sub-Saharan tropical Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 28, 169 - 182." type="journal article" year="2001">Linder (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found a strong congruence between areas of endemism and areas of species richness for plants in the sub-Saharan Africa, the latter pattern being strongly influenced by historical variation in the climate, the former being linked to the current climate conditions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EC82FC275528ACC3" author="Linder" box="[472,620,936,962]" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" refString="Linder, H. P. (2001) Plant diversity and endemism in sub-Saharan tropical Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 28, 169 - 182." type="journal article" year="2001">Linder 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EF23FC275444ACC3" author="Plana" box="[633,768,936,962]" pageId="13" pageNumber="39" refString="Plana, V. (2004) Mechanisms and tempo of evolution in the African Guineo-Congolian rainforest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 359, 1585 - 1594." type="journal article" year="2004">Plana 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDDE877ED9EFC425671ABA3" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The clade including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EC9EFC42550FACE7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[452,587,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EC9EFC42550FACE7" box="[452,587,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EF07FC425442ACE7" box="[605,774,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EF07FC425445ACE7" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[605,769,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">N. antennata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EE1EFC425497ACE7" authorityName="Zheng" authorityYear="1982" box="[836,979,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yunnana">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EE1EFC425497ACE7" box="[836,979,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. yunnana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur mainly in the Oriental region, associated to tropical or subtropical rain forest.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EFBEFC7D54E9AB0A" authorityName="Zheng" authorityYear="1982" box="[740,941,1010,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yunnana">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EFBEFC7D54E9AB0A" box="[740,941,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nezara yunnana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in the north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877E99DFC7D524DAB0D" box="[1223,1289,1010,1036]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and farther southern in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877EC72FB975634AB33" box="[296,368,1048,1074]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFDDE877ECEBFB9756A1AB33" box="[433,485,1048,1074]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality in Duanli, Yunnan,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877EE1AFB9754CAAB33" box="[832,910,1048,1074]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EEFEFB975338AB30" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[932,1148,1048,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EEFEFB975338AB30" box="[932,1148,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nezara antennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a more widespread distribution. Based on label records of the studied specimens,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EE26FBB25351AB57" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[892,1045,1085,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EE26FBB25351AB57" box="[892,1045,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. antennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877E85BFBB2520FAB56" box="[1281,1355,1085,1111]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877E80DFBB257A5AB7D" name="South Korea" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">South Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877EC44FBED5623AB7D" box="[286,359,1122,1148]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, while in the literature this species is also recorded to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877E95CFBED530CAB7D" box="[1030,1096,1122,1148]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877E90FFBED53A6AB7D" box="[1109,1250,1122,1148]" name="Philippines" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877E87EFBED52D8AB7D" box="[1316,1436,1122,1148]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EDC4FB07566DABA3" author="Rider" box="[158,297,1160,1186]" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Rider, D. A. (2006) Family Pentatomidae. Pp. 233 - 402, In: Aukema, B. & Rieger, C. (Eds.), Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Vol. 5. Amsterdam, The Netherlands Entomological Society, 550 pp." type="book chapter" year="2006">Rider 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDDE877ED9EFB225344AAF3" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877ED9EFB2256C7ABC7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[196,387,1197,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877ED9EFB2256C7ABC7" box="[196,387,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nezara viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is cosmopolitan occuring in all biogeographical regions, except
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877E9CFFB225256ABC6" box="[1173,1298,1197,1223]" name="Antarctica" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877E879FB225679ABED" author="DeWitt" pageId="13" pageNumber="37" refString="DeWitt, N. B. & Godfrey, G. L. (1972) The literature of arthropods associated with soybeans. II. A bibliography of the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Illinois Natural History Survey, 78, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1972">DeWitt & Godfrey 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EC13FB5D5563ABED" author="Panizzi" box="[329,551,1234,1260]" pageId="13" pageNumber="39" refString="Panizzi, R. A., Mcpherson, J. E., James, D. G., Javahery, M. & Mcpherson, R. M. (2000) Stink bugs (Pentatomidae). In: Schaefer & Panizzi, Heteroptera of economic importance, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 421 - 474." type="book chapter" year="2000">Panizzi et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species was described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877EEECFB5D54B6ABED" box="[950,1010,1234,1260]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877E95BFB5D53F1ABED" author="Linnaeus" box="[1025,1205,1234,1260]" pageId="13" pageNumber="39" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Lipsiae, Sumptibus Guilielmi Engelmann, 1824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The first record in the Neotropical region was made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EF13FB775448AA13" author="Fabricius" box="[585,780,1272,1298]" pageId="13" pageNumber="37" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1798) Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus. Supplementum. Hafniae, Proft et Storch, 572 pp." type="book" year="1798">Fabricius (1798)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to the West Indies, and since then several other records to the neotropics included Central and South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877EFF6FA925455AA36" box="[684,785,1309,1335]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(i.e.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EE14FA925323AA36" author="Amyot" box="[846,1127,1309,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="36" refString="Amyot, C. J. B. (1845) Rhynchotes. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 14, 387 - 398." type="journal article" year="1845">Amyot & Serville 1845</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877E92EFA925204AA36" author="Pennington" box="[1140,1344,1309,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="39" refString="Pennington, M. S. (1919) Notas sobre las especies Argentinas del genero Nezara A. & S. Physis, 4, 527 - 530." type="journal article" year="1919">Pennington 1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It was cited first in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877EC68FACD5632AA5D" box="[306,374,1346,1372]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
in
|
||
<date id="AF503AFDFFDDE877ECC4FACD5560AA5D" box="[414,548,1346,1372]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1874" valueMax="1879">1874–1879</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EF6EFACD5460AA5D" author="Yukawa" box="[564,804,1346,1372]" pageId="13" pageNumber="41" refString="Yukawa, J., Kiritani, K., Gyoutoku, N., Uechi, N., Yamaguchi, D. & Kamitani, S. (2007) Distribution range shift of two allied species, Nezara viridula and N. antennata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), in Japan, possibly due to global warming. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 42 (2), 205 - 215." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Yukawa
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EFC4FACC559FAA5D" box="[670,731,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EE37FACD5343AA5D" author="Clark" box="[877,1031,1346,1372]" pageId="13" pageNumber="37" refString="Clarke, A. R. (1992) Current distribution and pest status of Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 31, 289 - 297." type="journal article" year="1992">Clark (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned that the first record to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877EDCDFAE75647AA83" box="[151,259,1384,1410]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
was made by Froggat in 1916. The distributional area of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EEEAFAE75374AA80" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[944,1072,1384,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EEEAFAE75374AA80" box="[944,1072,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is still expanding (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877E848FAE752D3AA83" author="Todd" box="[1298,1431,1384,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="41" refString="Todd, J. W. (1989) Ecology and behavior of Nezara viridula. Annual Review of Entomology, 34, 273 - 292." type="journal article" year="1989">Todd 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Aldrich 1990;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EC12FA025699AAA6" author="Clarke" box="[328,477,1421,1447]" pageId="13" pageNumber="37" refString="Clarke, A. R. (1992) Current distribution and pest status of Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 31, 289 - 297." type="journal article" year="1992">Clarke 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as a result of commercial and agricultural expansion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877E923FA025242AAA6" author="Jones" box="[1145,1286,1421,1447]" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" refString="Jones, W. A. (1988) World Review of the Parasitoids of the Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 81 (2), 263 - 273." type="journal article" year="1988">Jones 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877E849FA0252D3AAA6" author="Todd" box="[1299,1431,1421,1447]" pageId="13" pageNumber="41" refString="Todd, J. W. (1989) Ecology and behavior of Nezara viridula. Annual Review of Entomology, 34, 273 - 292." type="journal article" year="1989">Todd 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EDCDFA3D5632AACD" author="Meglic" box="[151,374,1458,1484]" pageId="13" pageNumber="39" refString="Meglic, V., Virant-Doberlet, M., Sustar-Vozlic, J., Susnik, S., C okl, A., Mikla, N. & Renou, M. (2001) Diversity of the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of Central European Agriculture, 2 (3 - 4), 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Meglic
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EDA9FA3C566BAACD" box="[243,303,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). More recently, the expansion in the distribution of this species was related to the global warming (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EC54FA575509AAF3" author="Musolin" box="[270,589,1496,1522]" pageId="13" pageNumber="39" refString="Musolin, D. L. & Numata, H. (2003) Timing of diapause induction and its life-history consequences in Nezara viridula: is it costly to expand the distribution range? Ecological Entomology, 28, 694 - 703." type="journal article" year="2003">Musolin and Numata 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EF03FA575444AAF3" author="Musolin" box="[601,768,1496,1522]" pageId="13" pageNumber="39" refString="Musolin, D. L. (2007) Insects in a warmer world: ecological, physiological and life-history responses of true bugs (Heteroptera) to climate change. Global Change Biology, 13, 1565 - 1585." type="journal article" year="2007">Musolin 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EE56FA5754B0AAF3" author="Yukawa" box="[780,1012,1496,1522]" pageId="13" pageNumber="41" refString="Yukawa, J., Kiritani, K., Gyoutoku, N., Uechi, N., Yamaguchi, D. & Kamitani, S. (2007) Distribution range shift of two allied species, Nezara viridula and N. antennata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), in Japan, possibly due to global warming. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 42 (2), 205 - 215." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Yukawa
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EE28FA5754E8AAF0" box="[882,940,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDDE877ED9EFA725513A8D6" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Based in the analysis of the distributional areas and frequencies of the polymorphic
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFDDE877E991FA72524AA916" box="[1227,1294,1533,1559]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">types</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877E841FA725608A93D" author="Yukawa" pageId="13" pageNumber="41" refString="Yukawa, J. & Kiritani, K. (1965) Polymorphism in the southern green stink bug. Pacific Insects, 7 (4), 639 - 642." type="journal article" year="1965">Yukawa & Kiritani (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed the origin of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EF3DF9AC55ACA93D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[615,744,1571,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EF3DF9AC55ACA93D" box="[615,744,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the southwest Asia. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877E9EEF9AD5215A93D" author="Jones" box="[1204,1361,1570,1596]" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" refString="Jones, W. A. (1988) World Review of the Parasitoids of the Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 81 (2), 263 - 273." type="journal article" year="1988">Jones (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, these authors had only considered polymorphic
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFDDE877EFD6F9C7558EA963" box="[652,714,1608,1634]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of restricted areas.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EEEFF9C7530AA963" author="Jones" box="[949,1102,1608,1634]" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" refString="Jones, W. A. (1988) World Review of the Parasitoids of the Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 81 (2), 263 - 273." type="journal article" year="1988">Jones (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
based on the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EDCDF9E257ABA987" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,239,1645,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EDCDF9E257ABA987" box="[151,239,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, color polymorphs and egg parasitoid complexes, considered the origin of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877E9AEF9E2523FA987" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1268,1403,1645,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877E9AEF9E2523FA987" box="[1268,1403,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as Ethiopic.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EC52F91D5691A9AD" author="Hokkanen" box="[264,469,1682,1708]" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" refString="Hokkanen, H. (1986) Polymorphism, parasites, and the native area of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Annales Entomologici Fennici, 52, 28 - 31." type="journal article" year="1986">Hokkanen (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reached the same conclusions based on color polymorphs, parasites and ecological characteristics. More recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDDE877EF7EF937545CA9D3" box="[548,792,1720,1746]" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" refString="Kavar, T., Pavlovcic, P., Susnik, S., Meglic, V. & Virant-Doberlet, M. (2006) Genetic differentiation of geographically separated populations of the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 96, 117 - 128." type="journal article">Kavar et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
sequenced 16S and 28S rDNA, cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene fragments and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) from geographically separated sampling locations (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877EF9DF88D5473A81D" box="[711,823,1794,1820]" name="Slovenia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877EE1EF88D54DEA81D" box="[836,922,1794,1820]" name="France" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877EEF2F88D5345A81D" box="[936,1025,1794,1820]" name="Greece" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877E954F88D5303A81D" box="[1038,1095,1794,1820]" name="Italy" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Wood,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877E9F6F88D53B1A81D" box="[1196,1269,1794,1820]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877E858F88D52DCA81D" box="[1282,1432,1794,1820]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Galapagos, California,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877ECE0F8A75542A843" box="[442,518,1832,1858]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877EF1EF8A75580A843" box="[580,708,1832,1858]" name="Botswana" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Botswana</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Based on these results, the authors supported an African (Botswanian specimen) origin of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877EF79F8C255E7A867" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[547,675,1869,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDDE877EF79F8C255E7A867" box="[547,675,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, followed by dispersal to Asia and, more recently, by expansion to Europe and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3F95CADFFDDE877EC1BF8FD56EEA88D" box="[321,426,1906,1932]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
. They also suggested that the African and non-African gene pools have been separated for 3.7–4 Ma, through the estimative of the divergence time using the standard
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDDE877E96BF8175331A8B3" box="[1073,1141,1944,1970]" class="Insect" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">insect</taxonomicName>
|
||
molecular clock of 2.3% pairwise divergence per million years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDEE874ED9EFF1753FFAEDD" blockId="14.[151,1436,152,476]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Based on the resulted cladogram (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDEE874EF03FF1755F2AFB3" box="[601,694,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1879,1903]" captionTargetBox="[231,1355,645,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[231,1356,645,1858]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 6. A. Distribution map of Nezara species, based on the material examined in this work (except N. viridula) (the symbols correspond to the species - terminal taxa of the cladogram of Fig. 6B); B. Cladogram of Nezara (branches with Bremer support less than two steps collapsed)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194556/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDEE874EF03FF1755E5AFB3" box="[601,673,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1879,1903]" captionTargetBox="[231,1355,645,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[231,1356,645,1858]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 6. A. Distribution map of Nezara species, based on the material examined in this work (except N. viridula) (the symbols correspond to the species - terminal taxa of the cladogram of Fig. 6 B); B. Cladogram of Nezara (branches with Bremer support less than two steps collapsed)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194556/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), two possible explanations for the original area of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874E841FF1752DFAFB0" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1307,1435,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874E841FF17526AAFB0" box="[1307,1326,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">N</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874E864FF1752DFAFB0" box="[1342,1435,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be formulated: 1) the species had its origin in the Oriental area, from the ancestral of the Oriental clade (
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EDFBFF6D5681AFFA" box="[161,453,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874EDFBFF6D5667AFFA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[161,291,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">N. viridula</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874EC74FF6D5681AFFA" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[302,453,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">N. antennata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874ECA7FF6D55C0AFFA" authorityName="Zheng" authorityYear="1982" box="[509,644,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yunnana">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874ECA7FF6D55C0AFFA" box="[509,644,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">N. yunnana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), with a posterior expansion from Asia to African continent, or 2) a basal lineage of the Oriental clade with northeastern African distribution that dispersed to Indian plate in Eocene, originating the ancestral of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874EF61FEA25585AE47" authorityName="Zheng" authorityYear="1982" box="[571,705,301,326]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yunnana">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EF61FEA25585AE47" box="[571,705,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">N. yunnana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874EFA3FEA254CBAE47" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[761,911,301,326]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EFA3FEA254CBAE47" box="[761,911,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">N. antennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; in this case, the remnant African population gave origin to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874EC19FEDD5686AE6A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[323,450,338,363]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EC19FEDD5686AE6A" box="[323,450,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which subsequently expanded to Asia. However, just a more comprehensive study including different data sources (i.e. molecular, pheromones, reproduction, sound comunication, etc…) of all species included in the Oriental clade, and at least some of the African species, will be crucial to establish the relationships of the clade C and the recognition of a possible ancestral area for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874E96FFE4D53F7AEDA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1077,1203,450,475]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874E96FFE4D53F7AEDA" box="[1077,1203,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="B26105D6FFDEE874EDCDFDA25656AD46" box="[151,274,557,583]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDEE874EDCDFDA25656AD46" blockId="14.[151,274,557,583]" box="[151,274,557,583]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<heading id="8019AB51FFDEE874EDCDFDA25656AD46" bold="true" box="[151,274,557,583]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EDCDFDA25656AD46" bold="true" box="[151,274,557,583]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Taxonomy</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="93F44FB6FFDEE874EDCDFDFA5553AD8E" box="[151,535,629,655]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDEE874EDCDFDFA5553AD8E" blockId="14.[151,535,629,655]" box="[151,535,629,655]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<heading id="8019AB51FFDEE874EDCDFDFA5553AD8E" bold="true" box="[151,535,629,655]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874EDCDFDFA5553AD8E" ID-CoL="63VD" ID-ENA="85309" authority="Amyot & Serville, 1843" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,535,629,655]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EDCDFDFA5553AD8E" bold="true" box="[151,535,629,655]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EDCDFDFA57A9AD8E" bold="true" box="[151,237,629,655]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EDAEFDFA5553AD8E" author="Amyot" box="[244,535,629,655]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Amyot, C. J. B. & Serville, J. G. A. (1843) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Hemipteres. Paris, Fain et Thunot, 675 pp." type="book" year="1843">Amyot & Serville, 1843</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="93F44FB6FFDEE874EDCDFD325586AC55" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDEE874EDCDFD325586AC55" blockId="14.[151,1436,701,852]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="FBFE3B13FFDEE874EDCDFD325586AC55" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874EDCDFD3256B0ADD5" ID-CoL="63VD" authority="Amyot & Serville, 1843" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,500,701,724]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EDCDFD3257A0ADD5" box="[151,228,701,724]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EDB6FD3256B0ADD5" author="Amyot" box="[236,500,701,724]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Amyot, C. J. B. & Serville, J. G. A. (1843) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Hemipteres. Paris, Fain et Thunot, 675 pp." type="book" year="1843">Amyot & Serville, 1843</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: xxvi, 143–144 (descr.);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="5A4F3A2CFFDEE874EE5BFD3254FBADD5" author="Fieber" box="[769,959,701,724]" page="329" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1861">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EE5BFD3254C8ADD5" author="Fieber" box="[769,908,701,724]" pageId="14" pageNumber="37" refString="Fieber, F. X. (1861) Die europaischen Hemiptera Halbflugler (Rhynchota Heteroptera). Nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet. Wien, Gerold, pp. 113 - 444." type="book chapter" year="1861">Fieber, 1861</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 329
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(descr.);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="5A4F3A2CFFDEE874E97FFD32538EADD5" author="Stal" box="[1061,1226,701,724]" page="192" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1865">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874E97FFD3253D2ADD5" author="Stal" box="[1061,1174,701,724]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Stal, C. (1865) Hemiptera Africana I. Norstedtiana, Stockholm, 256 pp." type="book" year="1865">Stål, 1865</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 192
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(descr.); 1867: 530 (key); 1872: 40 (descr.); 1876: 63, 91 (key, descr.);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="5A4F3A2CFFDEE874EE56FD525372ADF5" author="Mulsant" box="[780,1078,733,756]" page="288" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1866">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EE56FD525344ADF5" author="Mulsant" box="[780,1024,733,756]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" refString="Mulsant, E. & Rey, C. (1866) Histoire naturelle des Punaises de France. Annales de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 13, 293 - 267." type="journal volume" year="1866">Mulsant & Rey, 1866</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 288
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(descr.);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="5A4F3A2CFFDEE874E9FBFD525216ADF5" author="Puton" box="[1185,1362,733,756]" page="52" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1881">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874E9FBFD52526DADF5" author="Puton" box="[1185,1321,733,756]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" refString="Puton, A. (1881) Synopsis des Hemipteres Heteropteres de France. Vol. 2. Remiremont, 129 pp." type="book" year="1881">Puton, 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 52
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(key);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="5A4F3A2CFFDEE874ED9DFD725567AC15" author="Lethierry" box="[199,547,765,788]" page="164" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1893">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874ED9DFD7256AAAC15" author="Lethierry" box="[199,494,765,788]" pageId="14" pageNumber="38" refString="Lethierry, L. & Severin, G. (1893) Catalogue General des Hemipteres. Pentatomidae I. Bruxelles, Musee Royal Historique Naturel de Belgique, 286 pp." type="book" year="1893">Lethierry & Severin, 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 164
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(cat.);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="5A4F3A2CFFDEE874EF2DFD725407AC15" author="Distant" box="[631,835,765,788]" page="219" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1902">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EF2DFD725449AC15" author="Distant" box="[631,781,765,788]" pageId="14" pageNumber="37" refString="Distant, W. L. (1902) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota I. London, Taylor and Francis, 438 pp." type="book" year="1902">Distant, 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 219
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(descr.,
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFDEE874EEFEFD725496AC15" box="[932,978,765,788]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species des.);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="5A4F3A2CFFDEE874E92DFD725217AC15" author="Kirkaldy" box="[1143,1363,765,788]" page="115" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1909">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874E92DFD72525AAC15" author="Kirkaldy" box="[1143,1310,765,788]" pageId="14" pageNumber="38" refString="Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) with biological and anatomical references, lists of foodplants and parasites, etc. Vol. I. Cimicidae. Berlin, 392 pp." type="book" year="1909">Kirkaldy, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 115
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(cat.);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="5A4F3A2CFFDEE874ED9DFC9256DDAC35" author="Bergroth" box="[199,409,797,820]" page="24" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1914">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874ED9DFC92562BAC35" author="Bergroth" box="[199,367,797,820]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Bergroth, E. (1914) Notes on some genera of Hetereoptera. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 58, 23 - 28." type="journal article" year="1914">Bergroth, 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 24
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(diagnosis);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="5A4F3A2CFFDEE874EF71FC92544EAC35" author="Freeman" box="[555,778,797,820]" page="354" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1940">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EF71FC925597AC35" author="Freeman" box="[555,723,797,820]" pageId="14" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374." type="journal article" year="1940">Freeman, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 354
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(review);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="5A4F3A2CFFDEE874EEDBFC9253EBAC35" author="Azim" box="[897,1199,797,820]" page="507" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1978">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EEDBFC92533DAC35" author="Azim" box="[897,1145,797,820]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Azim, M. N. & Shafee, S. A. (1978) Indian species of the genus Nezara Amyot and Serville (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 75 (2), 507 - 511." type="journal article" year="1978">Azim & Shafee, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 507
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–511 (key);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="5A4F3A2CFFDEE874E863FC92563AAC55" author="Cassis" page="519" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="2002">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874E863FC92560FAC55" author="Cassis" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Cassis, G. & Gross, G. F. (2002) Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha). In: Houston, W. W. K. & Wells, A. (Eds.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 27.3 B. Melbourne, CSIRO Publishing, 737 pp." type="book" year="2002">Cassis & Gross, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 519
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(cat.);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="5A4F3A2CFFDEE874EC90FCB25539AC55" author="Rider" box="[458,637,829,852]" page="328" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="2006">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EC90FCB2550EAC55" author="Rider" box="[458,586,829,852]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Rider, D. A. (2006) Family Pentatomidae. Pp. 233 - 402, In: Aukema, B. & Rieger, C. (Eds.), Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Vol. 5. Amsterdam, The Netherlands Entomological Society, 550 pp." type="book chapter" year="2006">Rider, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 328
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(cat.).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="93F44FB6FFDEE874EDCDFCF2537CAC95" box="[151,1080,893,916]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="type_taxon">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDEE874EDCDFCF2537CAC95" blockId="14.[151,1080,893,916]" box="[151,1080,893,916]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<typeStatus id="0455A29FFFDEE874EDCDFCF25788AC95" box="[151,204,893,916]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874EC77FCF255EAAC95" authority="Fabricius, 1775" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" box="[301,686,893,916]" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Cimex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smaragdulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EC77FCF25545AC95" box="[301,513,893,916]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cimex smaragdulus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EF53FCF255EAAC95" author="Fabricius" box="[521,686,893,916]" pageId="14" pageNumber="37" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1775) Systema entomologiae sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species; adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus et observationibus. Kortii, Flensburgi et Lipsiae, 832 pp." type="book" year="1775">Fabricius, 1775</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874EF8EFCF25368AC95" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[724,1068,893,916]" class="Insecta" family="Cimicidae" genus="Cimex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EF8EFCF25439AC95" box="[724,893,893,916]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cimex viridulus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EEDEFCF25368AC95" author="Linnaeus" box="[900,1068,893,916]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Lipsiae, Sumptibus Guilielmi Engelmann, 1824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="93F44FB6FFDEE874EDCDFC4D550AAA9D" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDEE874EDCDFC4D550AAA9D" blockId="14.[151,1437,962,2034]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EDCDFC4D565EACDD" bold="true" box="[151,282,962,988]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Median tubercle on urosternite III present and sacarcely projected in most of the species, apex rounded or conical, surpassing metacoxae in
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EFF3FC67540AAB00" box="[681,846,1000,1025]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874EFF3FC67540EAB00" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[681,842,1000,1025]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculata">N. orbiculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Green macula juxtaposed to spiracles with less or more than two times the spiracles diameter. Posterior margin of urosternite VII excavate in “U” in females (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDEE874EDFAFBBD564CAB4D" box="[160,264,1074,1100]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDEE874EDFAFBBD57B3AB4D" box="[160,247,1074,1100]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
b
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), well elevated in relation to the placement of genital plates; basal half of laterotergites 9 entirely concave or concave at lateral margin and convex at middle margin, sometimes forming a callus; processes of capsula seminalis subcylindrical, rhomboid at apex. Male: hairy region of the infolding of ventral rim of pygophore forming a simple band; cup like sclerite well sclerotized and elevated, occupying one third the diameter of pygophore, the anterior limit not fused to the infolding of dorsal rim three times larger than dorsal connective diameter. infolding of dorsal rim of pygophore with a hairy region in a band forming two lobes similar in size or one of the lobes projected towards internal wall of genital capsule. Superior process of dorsal rim forming a folded brim or a long brim developed towards ventral rim. Phallus: processus capitati diameter at least three times larger than dorsal connective diameter, and secondary gonopore process of phallus less than one third the gonopore diameter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="93F44FB6FFDEE875ED9EFA2854D6AE23" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDEE874ED9EFA285648A85D" blockId="14.[151,1437,962,2034]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874ED9EFA28561DAAC0" bold="true" box="[196,345,1447,1473]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
Diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874EF53FA275526AAC0" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[521,610,1448,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EF53FA275526AAC0" box="[521,610,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on unique derived characters was established only recently (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EDC4FA425629AAE6" author="Schwertner" box="[158,365,1485,1511]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Schwertner, C. F. (2005) Filogenia e classificacao dos percevejos-verdes do grupo Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Porto Alegre, PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 238 pp." type="book" year="2005">Schwertner 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874ECDBFA4255EEAAE6" author="Amyot" box="[385,682,1485,1511]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Amyot, C. J. B. & Serville, J. G. A. (1843) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Hemipteres. Paris, Fain et Thunot, 675 pp." type="book" year="1843">Amyot & Serville (1843)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874EE7EFA42543CAAE7" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[804,888,1485,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EE7EFA42543CAAE7" box="[804,888,1485,1510]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among the taxa with an abdominal tubercle or spine present (the ‘Raphigastrides’ group), and was followed by subsequent authors (i.e
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874E988FA7D520EA90D" author="Stal" box="[1234,1354,1522,1548]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Stal, C. (1865) Hemiptera Africana I. Norstedtiana, Stockholm, 256 pp." type="book" year="1865">Stål 1865</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874E80DFA7D52D3A90D" author="Stal" box="[1367,1431,1522,1548]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Stal, C. (1872) Enumeratio hemipterorum. II. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1872">1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EDCDF997579DA933" author="Stal" box="[151,217,1560,1586]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Stal, C. (1876) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en Forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, Jemte Systematiska Meddelanden. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 14 (4), 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1876">1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EDBCF99756E7A933" author="Atkinson" box="[230,419,1560,1586]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Atkinson, E. T. (1888) Notes on Indian Rhynchota, Heteroptera. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 4 (57), 118 - 184." type="journal article" year="1888">Atkinson 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874ECEBF9975513A933" author="Distant" box="[433,599,1560,1586]" pageId="14" pageNumber="37" refString="Distant, W. L. (1902) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota I. London, Taylor and Francis, 438 pp." type="book" year="1902">Distant 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In his catalogue,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EE1CF9975354A933" author="Kirkaldy" box="[838,1040,1560,1586]" pageId="14" pageNumber="38" refString="Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) with biological and anatomical references, lists of foodplants and parasites, etc. Vol. I. Cimicidae. Berlin, 392 pp." type="book" year="1909">Kirkaldy (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed six subgenera in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874E861F99752D0A930" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1339,1428,1560,1585]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874E861F99752D0A930" box="[1339,1428,1560,1585]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EDCDF9B25626A956" author="Bergroth" box="[151,354,1597,1623]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Bergroth, E. (1914) Notes on some genera of Hetereoptera. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 58, 23 - 28." type="journal article" year="1914">Bergroth (1914)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized each of the subgenera proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EEE7F9B253CDA956" author="Kirkaldy" box="[957,1161,1597,1623]" pageId="14" pageNumber="38" refString="Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) with biological and anatomical references, lists of foodplants and parasites, etc. Vol. I. Cimicidae. Berlin, 392 pp." type="book" year="1909">Kirkaldy (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as valid genera. Also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EDCDF9ED5610A97D" author="Bergroth" box="[151,340,1634,1660]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Bergroth, E. (1914) Notes on some genera of Hetereoptera. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 58, 23 - 28." type="journal article" year="1914">Bergroth (1914)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874ECBCF9EC557FA97D" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[486,571,1635,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874ECBCF9EC557FA97D" box="[486,571,1635,1660]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only those species with ostiolar peritreme short, not reaching the anterior margin of metapleura (= division
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EF78F9085575A9A0" bold="true" box="[546,561,1671,1697]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">a</emphasis>
|
||
of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EF0DF9075594A9A3" author="Stal" box="[599,720,1672,1698]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Stal, C. (1876) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en Forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, Jemte Systematiska Meddelanden. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 14 (4), 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1876">Stål, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, see Introduction).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EEE9F907532AA9A3" author="Freeman" box="[947,1134,1672,1698]" pageId="14" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374." type="journal article" year="1940">Freeman (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
strengthen the number of characters to separate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874ECC6F92256B5A9C7" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[412,497,1709,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874ECC6F92256B5A9C7" box="[412,497,1709,1734]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the allied genera, including the position of the pygophore (‘clearly visible in ventral view’) and the shape of the parameres (‘broad and apically turnwards, the free ends of each being produced into lobes two or three in numbers’). However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EE38F9775346A813" author="Orian" box="[866,1026,1784,1810]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" refString="Orian, A. J. E. (1965) A new genus of Pentatomidae from Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius (Hemiptera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 34, 25 - 29." type="journal article" year="1965">Orian (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed the characters used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874EDCDF8925610A836" author="Bergroth" box="[151,340,1821,1847]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Bergroth, E. (1914) Notes on some genera of Hetereoptera. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 58, 23 - 28." type="journal article" year="1914">Bergroth (1914)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874ECD5F892550BA836" author="Freeman" box="[399,591,1821,1847]" pageId="14" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374." type="journal article" year="1940">Freeman (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the only one useful to diagnose the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874E914F89253E7A837" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1102,1187,1821,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874E914F89253E7A837" box="[1102,1187,1821,1846]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the shape of the paramere.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDEE875ED9EF8E754D6AE23" blockId="14.[151,1437,962,2034]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1436,152,290]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
More recently, in a cladistic analysis including several genera of stink bugs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDEE874E9DCF8E75224A883" author="Schwertner" box="[1158,1376,1896,1922]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Schwertner, C. F. (2005) Filogenia e classificacao dos percevejos-verdes do grupo Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Porto Alegre, PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 238 pp." type="book" year="2005">Schwertner 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the monophyletic condition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDEE874EC82F8025569A8A7" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[472,557,1933,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDEE874EC82F8025569A8A7" box="[472,557,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was supported, and unique derived characters for the genus were defined: concavity of the posterior margin of VII urosternite in “U”; surface of the basal half of laterotergites 9 strongly concave, and diameter of processus capitati larger than length of the dorsal connective. One homoplastic character, the green maculae juxtaposed to the spiracle, was found in all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875E857FF175226AFB0" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[1293,1378,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875E857FF175226AFB0" box="[1293,1378,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and also in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875EDB5FF325428AFD6" authority="Day" authorityName="Day" box="[239,876,189,215]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudoacrosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cachani">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875EDB5FF325500AFD7" box="[239,580,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pseudoacrosternum cachani</emphasis>
|
||
Day (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDFE875EFD5FF325427AFD6" author="Schwertner" box="[655,867,189,215]" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" refString="Schwertner, C. F. (2005) Filogenia e classificacao dos percevejos-verdes do grupo Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Porto Alegre, PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 238 pp." type="book" year="2005">Schwertner 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The shape of the paramere, character used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDFE875EDCDFF6D5617AFFD" author="Freeman" box="[151,339,226,252]" pageId="15" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374." type="journal article" year="1940">Freeman (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to separate species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875EF06FF6D55F5AFFA" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[604,689,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875EF06FF6D55F5AFFA" box="[604,689,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from allied genera, was a synapomorphy to the clade including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875EDCDFE875667AE20" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,291,264,289]" class="Insecta" genus="Aethemenes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875EDCDFE875667AE20" box="[151,291,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Aethemenes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875EC6BFE8756C2AE20" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[305,390,264,289]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875EC6BFE8756C2AE20" box="[305,390,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875ECE5FE8754CAAE23" authority="(Schwertner 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Schwertner" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[447,910,264,290]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudoacrosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875ECE5FE8755ECAE20" box="[447,680,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pseudoacrosternum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF7F61CCFFDFE875EFEDFE8754C2AE23" author="Schwertner" box="[695,902,264,290]" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" refString="Schwertner, C. F. (2005) Filogenia e classificacao dos percevejos-verdes do grupo Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Porto Alegre, PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 238 pp." type="book" year="2005">Schwertner 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="93F44FB6FFDFE875EDCDFEF852D1A996" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="key">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFEF855A0AE90" blockId="15.[151,740,375,401]" box="[151,740,375,401]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<heading id="8019AB51FFDFE875EDCDFEF855A0AE90" bold="true" box="[151,740,375,401]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875EDCDFEF855A0AE90" bold="true" box="[151,740,375,401]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Key to the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875ECC6FEF856B7AE90" ID-CoL="63VD" authorityName="Amyot & Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[412,499,375,401]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875ECC6FEF856B7AE90" bold="true" box="[412,499,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nezara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(male and female):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<keyStep id="601A0498FFDFE875EDCDFE4F52DFAEF6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFE4F52DFAED6" blockId="15.[151,1435,448,503]" box="[151,1435,448,471]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFE4F52DFAED6" box="[151,1435,448,471]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
1. Scent glands with spout of peritreme never elongate, ear-like (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EE3AFE4F54E8AED6" box="[864,940,448,471]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EE3AFE4F54D9AED6" box="[864,925,448,471]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
)...................................................................... 2
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFE6F52DFAEF6" blockId="15.[151,1435,448,503]" box="[151,1435,480,503]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFE6F52DFAEF6" box="[151,1435,480,503]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
1’. Scend glands with spout of peritreme elongate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EF9FFE6F545FAEF6" box="[709,795,480,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EF9FFE6F5440AEF6" box="[709,772,480,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). ........................................................................................... 3
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="601A0498FFDFE875EDCDFD8F52DFAD76" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFD8F52DFAD36" blockId="15.[151,1436,512,631]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFD8F52DFAD36" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
2. Peritreme short, inconspicuous; ostiolar orifice round, completely visible in lateral view of metapleura; evaporative area of scent gland occupying less than half of metapleura (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EE1BFDAF54D5AD36" box="[833,913,544,567]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EE1BFDAF543BAD36" box="[833,895,544,567]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) .......................................................................... 5
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFDCF52DFAD76" blockId="15.[151,1436,512,631]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFDCF52DFAD76" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
2’. Peritreme conspicuous; ostiolar orifice ellyptical, completely visible in ventral view of metapleura; evaporative area of scent gland large, occupying more than half of metapleura (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EE05FDEF54F6AD76" box="[863,946,608,631]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EE05FDEF54D9AD76" box="[863,925,608,631]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A 1 – 2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C – E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C— Carpocoris purpureipennis, D— N. orbiculata, E— N. mendax). F – H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F— N. yunnana, G— N. capicola, H— N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) ..................................................................... 6
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="601A0498FFDFE875EDCDFD0F52DFADB6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFD0F52D8AD96" blockId="15.[151,1436,640,695]" box="[151,1436,640,663]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFD0F52D8AD96" box="[151,1436,640,663]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
3. Basal third of corium straight, not surpassing an imaginary line tangencial to humeral angles ..................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875E87BFD0F52D8AD96" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1313,1436,640,663]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875E87BFD0F52D8AD96" box="[1313,1436,640,663]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">N. capicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFD2F52DFADB6" blockId="15.[151,1436,640,695]" box="[151,1435,672,695]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFD2F52DFADB6" box="[151,1435,672,695]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
3’. Basal third of corium convex, surpassing an imaginary line tangencial to humeral angles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875E9DFFD2F539DADB6" box="[1157,1241,672,695]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
) ......................... 4
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="601A0498FFDFE875EDCDFD4F52D8AC36" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFD4F52D8ADF6" blockId="15.[151,1436,704,823]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFD4F52D8ADF6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
4. Black macula on urosternites larger than abdominal spiracles; medial spine of third abdominal segment very short, not reaching hind coxae. ...................................................................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875E81EFD6F52D8ADF6" authorityName="Schouteden" authorityYear="1905" box="[1348,1436,736,759]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875E81EFD6F52D8ADF6" box="[1348,1436,736,759]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">N. soror</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFC8F52D8AC36" blockId="15.[151,1436,704,823]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFC8F52D8AC36" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
4’. Black macula on urosternites shorter than abdominal spiracles; medial spine of third abdominal segment very long, reaching anterior margin of median coxae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EFC9FCAF55A3AC36" box="[659,743,800,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,256,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[191,1399,487,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1416,472,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194553/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
).................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875E854FCAF52D8AC36" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1294,1436,800,823]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875E854FCAF52D8AC36" box="[1294,1436,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">N. orbiculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="601A0498FFDFE875EDCDFCCF52D8AC76" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFCCF52D8AC56" blockId="15.[151,1436,832,887]" box="[151,1436,832,855]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFCCF52D8AC56" box="[151,1436,832,855]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
5. Anterior margins of pronotum straight; humeral angles in right angles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EEE4FCCF5355AC56" box="[958,1041,832,855]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="18.[151,255,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,310,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,309,1541]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira (Scale = 5mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194551/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EEE4FCCF54BEAC56" box="[958,1018,832,855]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="18.[151,255,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,310,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,309,1541]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira (Scale = 5 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194551/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) .........................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875E86DFCCF52D8AC56" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1940" box="[1335,1436,832,855]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875E86DFCCF52D8AC56" box="[1335,1436,832,855]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">N. similis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFCEF52D8AC76" blockId="15.[151,1436,832,887]" box="[151,1436,864,887]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFCEF52D8AC76" box="[151,1436,864,887]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
5’. Anterior margins of pronotum slightly convex; humeral angles rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EE8BFCEF535EAC76" box="[977,1050,864,887]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="18.[151,255,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,310,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,309,1541]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira (Scale = 5mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194551/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EE8BFCEF534EAC76" box="[977,1034,864,887]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="18.[151,255,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,310,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,309,1541]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira (Scale = 5 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194551/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
)......................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875E870FCEF52D8AC76" authorityName="Breddin" authorityYear="1908" box="[1322,1436,864,887]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendax">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875E870FCEF52D8AC76" box="[1322,1436,864,887]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">N. mendax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="601A0498FFDFE875EDCDFC0F52DFACF6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFC0F52D1ACB6" blockId="15.[151,1436,896,1015]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFC0F52D1ACB6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
6. Pronotum tranversely ridged, usually more ligther in color than grooves (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EEB7FC0F5326AC96" box="[1005,1122,896,919]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="19.[151,258,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,195,1425]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,1426]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. capicola, B. N. orbiculata, C. N. soror, D. N. immaculata, E. N. robusta. F. N. niamensis (Scale = 5mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194552/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EEB7FC0F536AAC96" box="[1005,1070,896,919]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="19.[151,258,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,195,1425]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,194,1426]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. capicola, B. N. orbiculata, C. N. soror, D. N. immaculata, E. N. robusta. F. N. niamensis (Scale = 5 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194552/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
D–F
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); black macula on scutellum basal angles absent; black macula on urosternites shorter than abdominal spiracles or absent................................... 7
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFC4F52DFACF6" blockId="15.[151,1436,896,1015]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFC4F52DFACF6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">6’. Pronotum not ridged; black macula on scutellum basal angles present; black macula on urosternites equal or larger than abdominal spiracles............................................................................................................................................... 9</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="601A0498FFDFE875EDCDFB8F52D8AB36" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFB8F52DFAB16" blockId="15.[151,1436,1024,1079]" box="[151,1435,1024,1047]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFB8F52DFAB16" box="[151,1435,1024,1047]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">7. Black macula on urosternites present .......................................................................................................................... 8</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFBAF52D8AB36" blockId="15.[151,1436,1024,1079]" box="[151,1436,1056,1079]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFBAF52D8AB36" box="[151,1436,1056,1079]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
7’. Black macula on urosternites absent.......................................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875E9A5FBAF52D8AB36" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1940" box="[1279,1436,1056,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875E9A5FBAF52D8AB36" box="[1279,1436,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">N. immaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="601A0498FFDFE875EDCDFBCF52D8AB96" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFBCF52DFAB56" blockId="15.[151,1436,1088,1175]" box="[151,1435,1088,1111]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFBCF52DFAB56" box="[151,1435,1088,1111]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
8. Anterior margins of pronotum convex; ridges and grooves of pronotum with the same colour ..................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875E876FBCF52DFAB56" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1898" box="[1324,1435,1088,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875E876FBCF52DFAB56" box="[1324,1435,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">N. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFBEF52D8AB96" blockId="15.[151,1436,1088,1175]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFBEF52D8AB96" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
8’. Anterior margins of pronotum straight; ridges and grooves of pronotum with alternated light and dark colour ..........
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875ED94FB0F52D8AB96" box="[206,1436,1152,1175]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
...................................................................................................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875E848FB0F52D8AB96" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1298,1436,1152,1175]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Zangis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niamensis">N. niamensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="601A0498FFDFE875EDCDFB2F52DFAA56" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFB2F52D8ABF6" blockId="15.[151,1436,1184,1367]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFB2F52D8ABF6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
9. Evaporative area of scent glands occupying less than half of metapleura; gonocoxites 8 with longitudinal groove reaching VII abdominal segment (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EF6FFB4F55D7ABD6" box="[565,659,1216,1239]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EF6FFB4F55C6ABD6" box="[565,642,1216,1239]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g 8 — gonapophyses 8; gc 8 — gonocoxites 8; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 8 — laterotergites 8; la 9 — laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
F
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), base of laterotergites 9 with callus; male with parameres trilobate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875E82BFB4F57A0ABF6" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
|
||
) ..................................................................................................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875E871FB6F52D8ABF6" baseAuthorityName="Dallas" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1323,1436,1248,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naspira">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875E871FB6F52D8ABF6" box="[1323,1436,1248,1271]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">N. naspira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFA8F52DFAA56" blockId="15.[151,1436,1184,1367]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFA8F52DFAA56" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
9’. Evaporative area of scent glands occupying at least half of metapleura; gonocoxites 8 with longitudinal groove inconspicuous, never reaching VII abdominal segment, base of laterotergites 9 concave (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875E9C2FAAF53A3AA36" box="[1176,1255,1312,1335]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,256,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,627,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[186,1402,613,1757]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194566/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C); male with parameres bilobate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875ECC5FACF5548AA56" box="[415,524,1344,1367]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
).................................................................................................................................. 10
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="601A0498FFDFE875EDCDFAEF52D8A916" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFAEF52D8AAB6" blockId="15.[151,1436,1376,1559]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFAEF52D8AAB6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
10. Connexival sutures with black or darkened maculae at middle; black macula on apex of antennal segments III and IV; lobes of parameres equal in length, the lateral thinner than the meddian (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EEB1FA0F537AAA96" box="[1003,1086,1408,1431]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
); digitiform processes of capsula seminalis distinct in length, one surpassing anterior annular flange (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EEC2FA2F54B3AAB6" box="[920,1015,1440,1463]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="33.[151,255,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[208,1334,1029,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[187,1399,1015,1907]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 17. Laterotergites, gonocoxites and gonapophyses of nigth segment and ectodermal ducts, ventral view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana (atvi—anterior thickning of vaginal intima; cs—capsula seminalis; aafanterior annular flange; paf—posterior annular flange; dr—ductus receptaculi; g9—gonapophyses 9; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la9—laterotergites 9; pcs—processes of capsula seminalis; pi—pars intermedialis; tg9—thickening of gonapophyses 9; va— vesicular area; X—tenth urosternite; Scale =1mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194567/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EEC2FA2F54A1AAB6" box="[920,997,1440,1463]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="33.[151,255,1859,1883]" captionTargetBox="[208,1334,1029,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[187,1399,1015,1907]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 17. Laterotergites, gonocoxites and gonapophyses of nigth segment and ectodermal ducts, ventral view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana (atvi—anterior thickning of vaginal intima; cs—capsula seminalis; aafanterior annular flange; paf—posterior annular flange; dr—ductus receptaculi; g 9 — gonapophyses 9; gc 9 — gonocoxites 9; la 9 — laterotergites 9; pcs—processes of capsula seminalis; pi—pars intermedialis; tg 9 — thickening of gonapophyses 9; va— vesicular area; X—tenth urosternite; Scale = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194567/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
B
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
)........................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875E848FA2F52D8AAB6" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1874" box="[1298,1436,1440,1463]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875E848FA2F52D8AAB6" box="[1298,1436,1440,1463]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">N. antennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDFA4F52D8A916" blockId="15.[151,1436,1376,1559]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDFA4F52D8A916" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
10’. Connexival sutures without black maculae; reddish or ferrugineous, never black, macula on apex of antennal segments III and IV; median lobe of parameres longer than the lateral one (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EE91FA6F537DAAF6" box="[971,1081,1504,1527]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8A,C</figureCitation>
|
||
); digitiform processes of capsula seminalis subequal in length, never surpassing anterior annular flange ..................................................................... 11
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="601A0498FFDFE875EDCDF9AF52D1A996" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDF9AF52DFA956" blockId="15.[151,1436,1568,1687]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDF9AF52DFA956" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
11. Pygophore in posterior view: lateral lobe of paramere weakly developed, rough, directed to dorsal rim of pygophore (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875ED95F9CF5661A956" box="[207,293,1600,1623]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
); median limit of paramere touching segment X in rest position (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EE8DF9CF536EA956" box="[983,1066,1600,1623]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
) ....................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875E872F9CF52DFA956" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1320,1435,1600,1623]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875E872F9CF52DFA956" box="[1320,1435,1600,1623]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">N. viridula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB511C3DFFDFE875EDCDF9EF52D1A996" blockId="15.[151,1436,1568,1687]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<keyLead id="601FBF08FFDFE875EDCDF9EF52D1A996" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
11’. Pygophore in posterior view: lateral lobe of paramere more developed,, directed to lateral rim of pygophore (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875E82BF9EF57ADA996" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
); median limit of paramere not touching segment X in rest position (
|
||
<figureCitation id="43D500B8FFDFE875EE9FF90F5353A996" box="[965,1047,1664,1687]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1956,1980]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,476,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[152,1437,463,1938]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194558/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
) .....................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEE67BEFFDFE875E840F90F52D1A996" authorityName="Zheng" authorityYear="1982" box="[1306,1429,1664,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Nezara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yunnana">
|
||
<emphasis id="E99AC02FFFDFE875E840F90F52D1A996" box="[1306,1429,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">N. yunnana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |