117 lines
17 KiB
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117 lines
17 KiB
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<document id="0675C723B8B5A3B0CE83A16163DBD0C6" ID-DOI="10.26879/1220" ID-ISSN="1094-8074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10962250" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" IM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1712859670786" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Jacisin Iii, John J. & Lawing, A. Michelle" docDate="2024" docId="03B387E8FFA232018786F9FC9DB1FB06" docLanguage="en" docName="PalaeontolElectron.27.1.a2.pdf" docOrigin="Palaeontologia Electronica (a 2) 27 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1220" docStyle="DocumentStyle:322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A.4:PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A" docStyleName="PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Colubroidea Oppel 1811" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FF8AFF90FFA8320B8770FFDA9964FFD9" masterDocTitle="Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1715215045661" updateUser="admin" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="C993F6CFF2E222F1C1DC1F5B45CE537E">Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="77F41EAFF0FEB7C0352CA191DA716494">Jacisin Iii, John J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B31B9AB788855C6DF2B1CD5073DBFA96">Lawing, A. Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A0F4C1E37A0EC1470576AF407BB6B2DD">Palaeontologia Electronica</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="953FD857F1F832AC83F20AC7432B667A">
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<mods:date id="8416E82E43F53A8DA97DEF570C79A886">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="E7A4C83ED32657ED6B3644862F401DF7">a 2</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="9C7B88C6E64BF46F312E974218E593C8">27</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="21F52D1CA6C6400BE398838689A711DA" type="DOI">10.26879/1220</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B387E8FFA232018786F9FC9DB1FB06" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B387E8FFA232018786F9FC9DB1FB06" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387E8FFA232018786F9FC9DB1FB06" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFA232018786F9FC9B86F9E6" box="[246,738,1574,1600]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFA232018786F9FC9B86F9E6" blockId="10.[246,738,1574,1600]" box="[246,738,1574,1600]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<heading id="D0ED8192FFA232018786F9FC9B86F9E6" box="[246,738,1574,1600]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="8">
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Superfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFA2320186FAF9FC9B86F9E6" ID-CoL="8GK5V" ID-ENA="34989" authority="Oppel, 1811" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[394,738,1574,1600]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Colubroidea">
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COLUBROIDEA
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA232018523F9FC9B86F9E6" author="Oppel, M." box="[595,738,1574,1600]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref21822" refString="Oppel, M. 1811. Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien als Prodom einer Naturgeschichte derselben. Joseph Lindauer Verlag, Munchen." type="book" year="1811">Oppel, 1811</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFA2320187B0F98B9A80FE66" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFA2320187B0F98B9A80FE66" blockId="10.[192,793,1617,1898]" lastBlockId="10.[840,1441,166,1247]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFA2320187B0F98B9823F9B3" bold="true" box="[192,327,1617,1642]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Vertebral characters used to identify to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFA2320187B0F9AA9834F953" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[192,336,1648,1674]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Colubroidea">Colubroidea</taxonomicName>
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include: vertebrae longer than wide (length at least 1.2-1.3 times as wide at the neural arch) and relatively lightly built (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA232018510F96B9A70F913" author="Holman, J. A." box="[608,788,1713,1738]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA2320187B0F90A983EF933" author="Smith, K. T." box="[192,346,1744,1770]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="157 - 182" refId="ref22953" refString="Smith, K. T. 2013. New constraints of the evolution of the snake clades Ungaliophiinae, Loxocemidae and Colubridae (Serpentes), with comments of the fossil history of erycine boids in North America. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 252: 157 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2012.05.006" type="journal article" year="2013">Smith, 2013</bibRefCitation>
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); neural spines thin and long when compared to other groups (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA23201857FF92B9BA5F8D3" author="Holman, J. A." box="[527,705,1777,1802]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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); zygosphenal and zygantral areas less massive than in booids (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA232018655F8EB98B8F893" author="Holman, J. A." box="[293,476,1841,1866]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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); synapophyses distinctly divided into parapophyseal and diapophyseal processes (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA2320184DEFF7C9D05FF66" author="Holman, J. A." box="[942,1121,166,191]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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); mid- and posterior trunk vertebrae with sharp, relatively thin hemal keels, with hypapophyses often absent in these regions (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA23201843FFEDC9A87FEC6" author="Rage, J. - C." box="[847,995,262,287]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref22513" refString="Rage, J. - C. 1984. Serpentes. Part 11. Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany." type="book" year="1984">Rage, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA232018483FEDC9DF9FEC6" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1011,1181,262,287]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA2320183C1FEDC9C21FEC6" author="Ikeda, T." box="[1201,1349,262,287]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref20276" refString="Ikeda, T. 2007. A comparative morphological study of the vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions. Current Herpetology, 26: 13 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3105 / 1345 - 5834 (2007) 26 [13: ACMSOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Ikeda, 2007</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA232018225FEDC9AE3FEE6" author="Smith, K. T." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="157 - 182" refId="ref22953" refString="Smith, K. T. 2013. New constraints of the evolution of the snake clades Ungaliophiinae, Loxocemidae and Colubridae (Serpentes), with comments of the fossil history of erycine boids in North America. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 252: 157 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2012.05.006" type="journal article" year="2013">Smith, 2013</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA2320184E3FEFC9D03FEE6" author="Head, J. J. & Mahlow, K. & Muller, J." box="[915,1127,294,319]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref19491" refString="Head, J. J., Mahlow, K., and Muller, J. 2016. Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 2: Caenophidia, Colubroidea, Elapoidea, Colubridae. Palaeontologia Electronica, 19.2.2 FC: 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 625" type="book chapter" year="2016">Head et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
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). When present, trunk vertebral hypapophyses are relatively long and often pointed (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA2320184DDFEBC9D3CFEA6" author="Holman, J. A." box="[941,1112,358,383]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA232018313FEBC9D97FEA6" author="Ikeda, T." box="[1123,1267,358,383]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref20276" refString="Ikeda, T. 2007. A comparative morphological study of the vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions. Current Herpetology, 26: 13 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3105 / 1345 - 5834 (2007) 26 [13: ACMSOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Ikeda, 2007</bibRefCitation>
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); both paracotylar and lateral foramina present (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA232018273FE5C9CF8FE46" author="Rage, J. - C." box="[1283,1436,390,415]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref22513" refString="Rage, J. - C. 1984. Serpentes. Part 11. Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany." type="book" year="1984">Rage, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA232018438FE7C9ABEFE66" author="Ikeda, T." box="[840,986,422,447]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref20276" refString="Ikeda, T. 2007. A comparative morphological study of the vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions. Current Herpetology, 26: 13 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3105 / 1345 - 5834 (2007) 26 [13: ACMSOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Ikeda, 2007</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFA232018438FE1C9DB1FB06" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFA232018438FE1C9DB1FB06" blockId="10.[840,1441,166,1247]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFA232018438FE1C9AA4FE06" bold="true" box="[840,960,454,479]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks.</emphasis>
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There is some disparity in what constitutes the defining characters of colubroid vertebrae because of the vast diversity of the group. As such, we saw it fitting to summarize known characters in this study.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA2320184BAFD9C9DC3FD86" author="Zaher, H. & Grazziotin, F. G. & Cadle, J. E. & Murphy, R. W. & Moura-Leite, J. C. D. & Bonatto, S. L." box="[970,1191,582,607]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="115 - 153" refId="ref24258" refString="Zaher, H., Grazziotin, F. G., Cadle, J. E., Murphy, R. W., Moura-Leite, J. C. D., and Bonatto, S. L. 2009. Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia (Sao Paulo), 49: 115 - 153." type="journal article" year="2009">Zaher et al. (2009</bibRefCitation>
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, 2019) point out that no known vertebral synapomorphies currently define
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFA2320184D2FD5C9D52FD79" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[930,1078,646,672]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Colubroidea">Colubroidea</taxonomicName>
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, and vertebrae are typically assigned through the combination of the characters listed above. However,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA2320183E0FD1C9C40FD06" author="Rage, J. - C." box="[1168,1316,710,735]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref22513" refString="Rage, J. - C. 1984. Serpentes. Part 11. Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany." type="book" year="1984">Rage (1984)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA23201822FFD1C9AF0FD26" author="Ikeda, T." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref20276" refString="Ikeda, T. 2007. A comparative morphological study of the vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions. Current Herpetology, 26: 13 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3105 / 1345 - 5834 (2007) 26 [13: ACMSOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Ikeda (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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identified the presence of both paracotylar and lateral foramina together on the vertebrae as consistent throughout the group.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA232018399FCFC9CC5FCE6" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1257,1441,806,831]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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provided a number of additional characters, but some of the proposed characters describe only some groups of colubroids, and as such, are not included in the diagnosis of the group at this time. These disputed characters include the lack of hypapophyses beyond the cervical region in several groups, and possibly the presence of well-developed prezygapophyseal accessory processes, which
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA23201848CFB9C9DF0FB86" author="Ikeda, T." box="[1020,1172,1094,1119]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref20276" refString="Ikeda, T. 2007. A comparative morphological study of the vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions. Current Herpetology, 26: 13 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3105 / 1345 - 5834 (2007) 26 [13: ACMSOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Ikeda (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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was unable to find in several Asian viperids. It should be noted that
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA23201821FFBBC9AB0FB46" author="Holman, J. A." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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focused only on North America colubroids, and therefore may have defined the group primarily for North American taxa.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |