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115 lines
16 KiB
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<document id="531DFCA68EBFC29BAF98A06943257B50" ID-DOI="10.26879/1220" ID-ISSN="1094-8074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10962250" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" IM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1712859670786" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Jacisin Iii, John J. & Lawing, A. Michelle" docDate="2024" docId="03B387E8FFA2320084D7FB2B9B34FC9B" docLanguage="en" docName="PalaeontolElectron.27.1.a2.pdf" docOrigin="Palaeontologia Electronica (a 2) 27 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1220" docStyle="DocumentStyle:322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A.4:PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A" docStyleName="PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Colubridae Oppel 1811" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FF8AFF90FFA8320B8770FFDA9964FFD9" masterDocTitle="Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1715215045661" updateUser="admin" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="49CB97769557E2CF05F7B0C507E82453">Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="149FDC16FD6743ABF10F68A5CEDB9FBE">Jacisin Iii, John J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6C8DFC331929361A6DB0378C02CF96E3">Lawing, A. Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="ED01896B87A8E9081EDE602D9F3C6A25">Palaeontologia Electronica</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BDAE1F6C216C90F541EA915532F954DE">
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<mods:date id="175DA4329062C21EC090A480F5C8B0CA">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="DE2D3ED0ED249955540CD2F5475F7257">a 2</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="21B6052A91E2B14280A44ED2AD82EAA0">27</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="4AD9E7C6EECFC9685DFF0BC24B95EC73">http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1220</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="A7F985AA579435593AA98FD5C27E8C57" type="DOI">10.26879/1220</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B387E8FFA2320084D7FB2B9B34FC9B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B387E8FFA2320084D7FB2B9B34FC9B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387E8FFA2320084D7FB2B9B34FC9B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFA2320184D7FB2B9C25FAD3" box="[935,1345,1264,1290]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFA2320184D7FB2B9C25FAD3" blockId="10.[935,1345,1264,1290]" box="[935,1345,1264,1290]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<heading id="D0ED8192FFA2320184D7FB2B9C25FAD3" box="[935,1345,1264,1290]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="8">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFA23201848DFB2A9C25FAD3" ID-CoL="8G9" ID-ENA="8578" authority="Oppel, 1811" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[1021,1345,1264,1290]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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COLUBRIDAE
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA2320183C2FB2A9C25FAD3" author="Oppel, M." box="[1202,1345,1264,1290]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref21822" refString="Oppel, M. 1811. Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien als Prodom einer Naturgeschichte derselben. Joseph Lindauer Verlag, Munchen." type="book" year="1811">Oppel, 1811</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFA232008438FAC19B75FF3B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFA232008438FAC19B75FF3B" blockId="10.[840,1441,1307,1876]" lastBlockId="11.[192,793,169,834]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFA232018438FAC19AABFAED" bold="true" box="[840,975,1307,1332]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Vertebral characters of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFA23201826FFAC19CC4FAEC" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[1311,1440,1307,1333]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Colubridae</taxonomicName>
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include: trunk vertebrae lightly built and longer than wide (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA2320184FEFA819D58FAAD" author="Holman, J. A." box="[910,1084,1371,1396]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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); neural spines long, thin, uniformly wide, and as high as or higher than they are long (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA2320184F9FA419D51FA6D" author="Holman, J. A." box="[905,1077,1435,1460]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA232018331FA419C77FA6D" author="Head, J. J. & Mahlow, K. & Muller, J." box="[1089,1299,1435,1460]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref19491" refString="Head, J. J., Mahlow, K., and Muller, J. 2016. Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 2: Caenophidia, Colubroidea, Elapoidea, Colubridae. Palaeontologia Electronica, 19.2.2 FC: 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 625" type="book chapter" year="2016">Head et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
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); subcentral ridges of the centrum are deep (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA23201839AFA619CF8FA0D" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1258,1436,1467,1492]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA232018438FA019D4DFA2D" author="Jurestovsky, D. J." box="[840,1065,1499,1524]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="422 - 431" refId="ref20855" refString="Jurestovsky, D. J. 2021. Small Colubroids from the Late Hemphillian Gray Fossil Site of Northeastern Tennessee. Journal of Herpetology, 55: 422 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 21 - 008" type="journal article" year="2021">Jurestovsky, 2021</bibRefCitation>
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); prezygapophyseal accessory processes are prominent (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA23201830BFA219C4DF9CD" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1147,1321,1531,1556]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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); epizygophyseal spines extending posteriorly from the postzygapophyses present in some species (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA23201824BF9E19AEDF9AD" author="Holman, J. A." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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); synapophyses distinctly divided into diapophyses and parapophyses (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA2320183C0F9A19C04F94D" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1200,1376,1659,1684]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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); cotyle circular-to-oval in shape (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA2320183C2F9419CF2F96D" author="Jurestovsky, D. J." box="[1202,1430,1691,1716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="422 - 431" refId="ref20855" refString="Jurestovsky, D. J. 2021. Small Colubroids from the Late Hemphillian Gray Fossil Site of Northeastern Tennessee. Journal of Herpetology, 55: 422 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 21 - 008" type="journal article" year="2021">Jurestovsky, 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). The hemal keel is typically thin and may appear similar to one of
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<specimenCount id="9D1CFD77FFA232018365F9019DC4F92D" box="[1045,1184,1755,1780]" count="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="generic" typeStatus="types">three types</specimenCount>
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: hemal keels present without parapophyseal process development, both hypapophysis and parapophyseal processes present, and hemal keel thin with somewhat round prezygpophyseal articular processes (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA33200850AFF739A70FF1B" author="Rage, J. - C." box="[634,788,169,194]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref22513" refString="Rage, J. - C. 1984. Serpentes. Part 11. Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany." type="book" year="1984">Rage, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA3320087B0FF13980EFF3B" author="Holman, J. A." box="[192,362,201,226]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA332008605FF139B63FF3B" author="Ikeda, T." box="[373,519,201,226]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref20276" refString="Ikeda, T. 2007. A comparative morphological study of the vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions. Current Herpetology, 26: 13 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3105 / 1345 - 5834 (2007) 26 [13: ACMSOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Ikeda, 2007</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFA3320087B0FF339B34FC9B" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFA3320087B0FF339B34FC9B" blockId="11.[192,793,169,834]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFA3320087B0FF33985CFEDB" bold="true" box="[192,312,233,258]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The defining characters for colubrids are complicated by the diversity and degree of variation within the group, and are partially dependent on whether groups such as the natricids and dipsadids are included within the group. Post-cervical hypapophyseal characters would seem to be inappropriate for defining colubrids as a whole if natricids are included because, as noted in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA33200850CFE139A71FE3B" author="Ikeda, T." box="[636,789,457,482]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref20276" refString="Ikeda, T. 2007. A comparative morphological study of the vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions. Current Herpetology, 26: 13 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3105 / 1345 - 5834 (2007) 26 [13: ACMSOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Ikeda (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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, several studies have pointed out that some natricids lack hypapophyses on their trunk vertebrae (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA3320087B6FDF398F5FD9B" author="McDowell, S. B." box="[198,401,553,578]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="502 - 506" refId="ref21467" refString="McDowell, S. B. 1961. (Review of) Systematic division and evolution of the colubrid snake genus. Natrix, with comments on the subfamily Natricinae, by Edmond V. Malnate. Copeia, 1961: 502 - 506." type="journal article" year="1961">McDowell, 1961</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA3320086D3FDF39B3DFD9B" author="Malnate, E. V." box="[419,601,553,578]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="225 - 239" refId="ref21392" refString="Malnate, E. V. 1972. Observations on the vertebral hypapophyses and associated musculature in some snakes, with special reference to the Colubridae. Zoologische Mededelingen, 47 (18): 225 - 239." type="journal article" year="1972">Malnate, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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), while a small number of homalopsine snakes exhibit prominent hypapophyses on their trunk vertebrae (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA3320085ECFDB29A70FD5B" author="Gyi, K. K." box="[668,788,616,642]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="47 - 223" refId="ref19156" refString="Gyi, K. K. 1970. A revision of colubrid snakes of the subfamily Homalopsinae. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, 20: 47 - 223." type="journal article" year="1970">Gyi, 1970</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA3320087B0FD5398E0FD7B" author="McDowell, S. B." box="[192,388,649,674]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="3 - 50" refId="ref21512" refString="McDowell, S. B. 1987. Systematics. p. 3 - 50. In: Collins, J. T., Novak, S. S., and Seigel, R. A. (eds.), Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, U. S. A." type="book chapter" year="1987">McDowell, 1987</bibRefCitation>
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). Furthermore,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA332008548FD539BAAFD7B" author="Ikeda, T." box="[568,718,649,674]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref20276" refString="Ikeda, T. 2007. A comparative morphological study of the vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions. Current Herpetology, 26: 13 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3105 / 1345 - 5834 (2007) 26 [13: ACMSOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Ikeda (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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noted the highly variable shape of the prezygapophyseal facets and hemal keel within
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFA332008520FD129BB1FD3B" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[592,725,712,738]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Colubridae</taxonomicName>
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, and pointed out that the neural spine is often more long than high in small-bodied species, but more high than long in large-bodied species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |