treatments-xml/data/03/D2/87/03D287B2FFB236279AD7F90A2C51FBF3.xml

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<mods:title id="E1DFF78A9AB1D7837F46C87E1043C300">&lt;strong&gt; New glass sponges (Porifera: Hexactinellida) from deep waters of the central Aleutian Islands, Alaska &lt;/ strong&gt;</mods:title>
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<heading id="D08C81C8FFB236239AD7F90A2FD1F954" bold="true" box="[151,438,1678,1704]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB236239AD7F90A2F0AF954" ID-CoL="3DVFD" authority="Reiswig &amp; Stone, 2013" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,365,1678,1704]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aspondyla" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB236239AD7F90A2F0AF954" bold="true" box="[151,365,1678,1704]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Farrea aspondyla</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C57CDFFB236239B34F90A2FD1F954" box="[372,438,1678,1704]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFB236239AD7F9342FEFF934" blockId="10.[151,438,1678,1736]" box="[151,392,1712,1736]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
(
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFB236239ADFF9342E8AF934" box="[159,237,1712,1736]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,247,1062,1085]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,159,1036]" captionTargetId="figure-503@12.[166,1422,159,1040]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Farrea aspondyla n. sp., body and framework A. Frame grab from video footage of the holotype in situ before collection. B. Three largest fragments of the collected holotype (dry). C. Mass of smaller fragments in which the meshes of the dictyonal framework can just be resolved (dry). D. Plane view of the dictyonal framework showing relative regularity of square meshes (SEM). E. Magnified view of the framework showing smooth beam surfaces and sharp-pointed spurs (SEM). F. Oblique atrial view of framework showing longitudinal strands running away from the viewer and downstream curvature of the spurs (SEM)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261280/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFB236239B50F9342F47F934" box="[272,288,1712,1736]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1854,1877]" captionTargetBox="[194,1390,177,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-120@13.[194,1390,169,1824]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Farrea aspondyla n. sp., spicules, all from holotype (SEM). A. Surface pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Parenchymal hexactin. C. Range in size of anchorate clavules in side view, all to same scale. D. Magnified side view of anchorate clavules. E. Magnified end view of anchorate clavule heads. F. Proximal view of broken anchorate clavule head showing pattern of dark incompletely smoothed silica surface. G. Uncinate, whole and enlarged middle segment. H. Large discohexaster, whole and enlarged view of calyx-like base of secondary rays and terminal discs. I. Small discohexasters, whole and magnified view of secondary ray ends." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261282/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="C6F9031FFFB236239B6CF9342F18F934" box="[300,383,1712,1736]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,239,727,751]" captionText="TABLE 3. Skeletal framework and spicule dimensions of Farrea aspondyla, n. sp. USNM# 1196549, from Aleutian Islands, Alaska." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 3</tableCitation>
)
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Synonymy. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB236239B4FF97E2FD9F8F3" authority="Reiswig &amp; Stone, 2013" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[271,446,1785,1807]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kurilensis" status="subsp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB236239B4FF97E2FD9F8F3" box="[271,446,1785,1807]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Farrea kurilensis</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C57CDFFB236239B85F97D2C79F8F2" box="[453,542,1785,1806]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFB236239863F97D2C9AF8F3" author="Stone, R. P. &amp; Lehnert, H. &amp; Reiswig, H. M." box="[547,765,1785,1807]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 187" refId="ref37879" refString="Stone, R. P., Lehnert, H. &amp; Reiswig, H. M. (2011) A guide to the deep-water sponges of the Aleutian Island Archipelago. NOAA Professional Paper NMFS, 12, 1 - 187." type="journal article" year="2011">
Stone 
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB236239823F97E2CF1F8F3" box="[611,662,1785,1807]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011: 16
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.
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<materialsCitation id="3B133CF9FFB236239AD7F8BF2FD4F867" collectingDate="2004-07-31" collectionCode="RV" county="Aleutian Islands" elevation="2105" latitude="51.46818" location="Jason" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-177.05092" municipality="Adak Island" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" specimenCode="USNM# 1196549" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
Material examined. 
<typeStatus id="54C08806FFB236239B3EF8BF2F8CF8AF" box="[382,491,1851,1875]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: 
<specimenCode id="DBDD9EDFFFB236239BB8F8BF2CA2F8AF" box="[504,709,1851,1875]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Museum">USNM# 1196549</specimenCode>
, ROV ' 
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II' from 
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE61FFB23623998AF8B82D89F8AF" box="[970,1006,1852,1875]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">RV</collectionCode>
' 
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, dive J2099, 
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<collectingDate id="EF81E98CFFB236239F07F8BF2EB5F88B" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2004-07-31">31 July 2004</collectingDate>
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, 
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, 
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SW of Cape Yakak
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, 
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, 
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, 
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, 
<quantity id="4C839B41FFB236239F24F8DB2EC8F867" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.105" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="2105.0">
<elevation id="0056D197FFB236239F24F8DB2EC8F867" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.105" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="2105.0">2105 m</elevation>
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, partial, dry &amp; ethanol.
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</paragraph>
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<materialsCitation id="3B133CF9FFB236239A87F8232ADDF81F" collectingDate="1906-06-24" collectionCode="USNM" county="Kurile Islands" elevation="419" latitude="46.7" location="Comparative" longLatPrecision="1121" longitude="151.78334" municipality="Shimushir Island" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" specimenCode="USNM 22034" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<location id="8EA4607FFFB236239A87F8232F3FF843" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287B2FFB236279AD7F90A2C51FBF3:8EA4607FFFB236239A87F8232F3FF843" box="[199,344,1959,1983]" county="Kurile Islands" latitude="46.7" longLatPrecision="1121" longitude="151.78334" municipality="Shimushir Island" name="Comparative" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Comparative</location>
material examined. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB236239802F82C2DC3F843" authority="Okada, 1932" authorityName="Okada" authorityYear="1932" box="[578,932,1959,1983]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kurilensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB236239802F82C2D60F843" box="[578,775,1959,1983]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Farrea kurilensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFB236239950F8232DC3F843" author="Okada, Y." box="[784,932,1959,1983]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref36909" refString="Okada, Y. (1932) Report on the hexactinellid sponges collected by the United States Fisheries steamer ' Albatross' in the northwestern Pacific during the summer of 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81 (2935), 1 - 118, pls 1 - 6. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.81 - 2935.1" type="journal article" year="1932">Okada, 1932</bibRefCitation>
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, 
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, 
<specimenCode id="DBDD9EDFFFB236239E63F8232AA1F843" box="[1059,1222,1959,1983]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Museum">USNM 22034</specimenCode>
, USFS ' 
<location id="8EA4607FFFB236239F62F8232BFFF843" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287B2FFB236279AD7F90A2C51FBF3:8EA4607FFFB236239F62F8232BFFF843" box="[1314,1432,1959,1983]" county="Kurile Islands" latitude="46.7" longLatPrecision="1121" longitude="151.78334" municipality="Shimushir Island" name="Albatross'" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Albatross'</location>
, stn 4804, SE of 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA0ACDEFFB236239B18F84F2C7BF81F" box="[344,540,1995,2019]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Shimushir Island</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="62A54E28FFB23623986BF84F2CA8F81F" box="[555,719,1995,2019]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Kurile Islands</collectingCounty>
, 
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<collectingDate id="EF81E98CFFB23623989DF84F2D1BF81F" box="[733,892,1995,2019]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1906-06-24">24 June 1906</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5063FFB2362399B6F84F2A3AF81F" box="[1014,1117,1995,2019]" degrees="151" direction="east" minutes="47" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="925" value="151.78334">151º47'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4C839B41FFB236239E2CF84F2ADDF81F" box="[1132,1210,1995,2019]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1899999999999995" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="419.0">
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; 
<materialsCitation id="3B133CF9FFB236229E88F8482CEDFF2F" collectingDate="1906-06-14" collectionCode="USNM" county="Bering Sea" elevation="117" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" latitude="54.645836" location="Albatross'" longLatPrecision="17" longitude="167.19583" municipality="Bering Island" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" specimenCode="USNM 22037" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB236229E88F8482F4CFF53" authority="Okada, 1932" authorityName=", Okada" authorityYear="1932" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beringiana">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB236239E88F8482BFBF818" box="[1224,1436,1996,2020]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Farrea beringiana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFB336229AD7FF132F4CFF53" author="Okada, Y." box="[151,299,151,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref36909" refString="Okada, Y. (1932) Report on the hexactinellid sponges collected by the United States Fisheries steamer ' Albatross' in the northwestern Pacific during the summer of 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81 (2935), 1 - 118, pls 1 - 6. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.81 - 2935.1" type="journal article" year="1932">Okada, 1932</bibRefCitation>
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, 
<typeStatus id="54C08806FFB336229B79FF132FF9FF53" box="[313,414,151,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBDD9EDFFFB336229BECFF132C29FF53" box="[428,590,151,175]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="Museum">USNM 22037</specimenCode>
, USFS ' 
<location id="8EA4607FFFB3362298EBFF132D46FF53" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287B2FFB236279AD7F90A2C51FBF3:8EA4607FFFB3362298EBFF132D46FF53" box="[683,801,151,175]" county="Bering Sea" latitude="54.645836" longLatPrecision="17" longitude="167.19583" municipality="Bering Island" name="Albatross'" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Albatross'</location>
, stn 4790, 
<location id="8EA4607FFFB3362299E2FF132A5EFF53" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287B2FFB236279AD7F90A2C51FBF3:8EA4607FFFB3362299E2FF132A5EFF53" box="[930,1081,151,175]" county="Bering Sea" latitude="54.645836" longLatPrecision="17" longitude="167.19583" municipality="Bering Island" name="Cape Monati" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<location id="8EA4607FFFB3362299E2FF132DBCFF53" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287B2FFB236279AD7F90A2C51FBF3:8EA4607FFFB3362299E2FF132DBCFF53" box="[930,987,151,175]" county="Bering Sea" latitude="54.645836" longLatPrecision="17" longitude="167.19583" municipality="Bering Island" name="Cape" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cape</location>
Monati
</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA0ACDEFFB336229E06FF132A84FF53" box="[1094,1251,151,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bering Island</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="62A54E28FFB336229EB1FF132B15FF53" box="[1265,1394,151,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bering Sea</collectingCounty>
, 
<date id="FFC51064FFB336229FC0FF132F6BFF28" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1906-06-14">
<collectingDate id="EF81E98CFFB336229FC0FF132F6BFF28" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1906-06-14">14 June 1906</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5063FFB336229B58FF382FFBFF28" box="[280,412,188,212]" degrees="54" direction="north" minutes="38" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="15" seconds="45" value="54.645836">54º38'45&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5063FFB336229BE8FF382C52FF28" box="[424,565,188,212]" degrees="167" direction="east" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="15" seconds="45" value="167.19583">167º11'45&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4C839B41FFB336229801FF382CEDFF2F" box="[577,650,188,212]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="117.0">
<elevation id="0056D197FFB336229801FF382CEDFF2F" box="[577,650,188,212]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="117.0">117 m</elevation>
</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B133CF9FFB3362298D6FF392A18FF0B" location="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB3362298D6FF392DDCFF2F" authority=", BMNH" authorityName="BMNH" box="[662,955,188,212]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kurilensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB3362298D6FF392D3EFF28" box="[662,857,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Farrea kurilensis</emphasis>
, BMNH
</taxonomicName>
1938.07.04.119 (from Zoological Institute of the 
<location id="8EA4607FFFB336229A9EFF5B2FB3FF0B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287B2FFB236279AD7F90A2C51FBF3:8EA4607FFFB336229A9EFF5B2FB3FF0B" box="[222,468,223,247]" municipality="Sea of Okhotsk" name="Academy of Sciences" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Academy of Sciences</location>
, Leningrad), stn 248, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA0ACDEFFB336229889FF5B2D1EFF0B" box="[713,889,223,247]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sea of Okhotsk</collectingMunicipality>
, other data unavailable
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFB336229A87FE802FC8FE33" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,679]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Description. The new species 
<typeStatus id="54C08806FFB33622985DFE802C18FEE0" box="[541,639,260,284]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
consists of over 100 fragments, the largest being 
<quantity id="4C839B41FFB336229EF7FE802B61FEE7" box="[1207,1286,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="80.0">80 mm</quantity>
long, from a stock of very tightly branching and anastomosing tubes, with internode length less than or about the same as tube diameter, hence appearing nearly lettuce-like, with individual tubular components difficult to distinguish (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFB336229F74FEC82ECBFE7B" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,247,1062,1085]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,159,1036]" captionTargetId="figure-503@12.[166,1422,159,1040]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Farrea aspondyla n. sp., body and framework A. Frame grab from video footage of the holotype in situ before collection. B. Three largest fragments of the collected holotype (dry). C. Mass of smaller fragments in which the meshes of the dictyonal framework can just be resolved (dry). D. Plane view of the dictyonal framework showing relative regularity of square meshes (SEM). E. Magnified view of the framework showing smooth beam surfaces and sharp-pointed spurs (SEM). F. Oblique atrial view of framework showing longitudinal strands running away from the viewer and downstream curvature of the spurs (SEM)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261280/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 5A, B</figureCitation>
). Apertures of tube openings on the outer surface are 22±3 (20–28; 6) mm; wall thickness is 2.0±0.4 (1.5–2.5; 10) mm. The color of the preserved fragments is white. Both inner and outer surfaces are smooth, without channelization (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFB336229B09FE332FC6FE33" box="[329,417,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,247,1062,1085]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,159,1036]" captionTargetId="figure-503@12.[166,1422,159,1040]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Farrea aspondyla n. sp., body and framework A. Frame grab from video footage of the holotype in situ before collection. B. Three largest fragments of the collected holotype (dry). C. Mass of smaller fragments in which the meshes of the dictyonal framework can just be resolved (dry). D. Plane view of the dictyonal framework showing relative regularity of square meshes (SEM). E. Magnified view of the framework showing smooth beam surfaces and sharp-pointed spurs (SEM). F. Oblique atrial view of framework showing longitudinal strands running away from the viewer and downstream curvature of the spurs (SEM)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261280/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFB336229A87FE582D97FD5B" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,679]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The skeletal framework is a typical farreoid dictyonal 
<typeStatus id="54C08806FFB336229977FE582D00FE08" box="[823,871,476,500]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
easily seen by naked eye (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFB336229EDEFE582A9FFE08" box="[1182,1272,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,247,1062,1085]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,159,1036]" captionTargetId="figure-503@12.[166,1422,159,1040]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Farrea aspondyla n. sp., body and framework A. Frame grab from video footage of the holotype in situ before collection. B. Three largest fragments of the collected holotype (dry). C. Mass of smaller fragments in which the meshes of the dictyonal framework can just be resolved (dry). D. Plane view of the dictyonal framework showing relative regularity of square meshes (SEM). E. Magnified view of the framework showing smooth beam surfaces and sharp-pointed spurs (SEM). F. Oblique atrial view of framework showing longitudinal strands running away from the viewer and downstream curvature of the spurs (SEM)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261280/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
), with smooth beams (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFB336229AB0FE7B2F1EFDEB" box="[240,377,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,247,1062,1085]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,159,1036]" captionTargetId="figure-503@12.[166,1422,159,1040]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Farrea aspondyla n. sp., body and framework A. Frame grab from video footage of the holotype in situ before collection. B. Three largest fragments of the collected holotype (dry). C. Mass of smaller fragments in which the meshes of the dictyonal framework can just be resolved (dry). D. Plane view of the dictyonal framework showing relative regularity of square meshes (SEM). E. Magnified view of the framework showing smooth beam surfaces and sharp-pointed spurs (SEM). F. Oblique atrial view of framework showing longitudinal strands running away from the viewer and downstream curvature of the spurs (SEM)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261280/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 5D, E</figureCitation>
). Dictyonalia are mainly restricted to a single layer but a second layer may occasionally be added on the dermal side. Meshes are mostly rectangular, approximately square, so longitudinal and transverse beam lengths do not differ. Spurs are rough, tapered to a fine point, and usually gently curved downstream (to exhalant flow; 
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFB336229B03FDE82FA2FD78" box="[323,453,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,247,1062,1085]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,159,1036]" captionTargetId="figure-503@12.[166,1422,159,1040]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Farrea aspondyla n. sp., body and framework A. Frame grab from video footage of the holotype in situ before collection. B. Three largest fragments of the collected holotype (dry). C. Mass of smaller fragments in which the meshes of the dictyonal framework can just be resolved (dry). D. Plane view of the dictyonal framework showing relative regularity of square meshes (SEM). E. Magnified view of the framework showing smooth beam surfaces and sharp-pointed spurs (SEM). F. Oblique atrial view of framework showing longitudinal strands running away from the viewer and downstream curvature of the spurs (SEM)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261280/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 5E, F</figureCitation>
), but in many areas they project directly perpendicular to the plane of the framework without curvature. Framework measurements are given at the top of 
<tableCitation id="C6F9031FFFB3362299D6FD0B2D8CFD5B" box="[918,1003,655,679]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,239,727,751]" captionText="TABLE 3. Skeletal framework and spicule dimensions of Farrea aspondyla, n. sp. USNM# 1196549, from Aleutian Islands, Alaska." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Table 3</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF04662CFFB336229AD7FD532F26FCF3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[151,239,727,751]">
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFB336229AD7FD532BFBFD13" blockId="11.[151,1436,727,783]" box="[151,1436,727,751]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB336229AD7FD532F6BFD13" bold="true" box="[151,268,727,751]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Skeletal framework and spicule dimensions of 
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB33622995CFD5C2D83FD13" box="[796,996,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB33622995CFD5C2DB8FD13" authority="Reiswig &amp; Stone, 2013" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[796,991,728,751]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aspondyla" status="sp. nov.">Farrea aspondyla</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C57CDFFB3362299ADFD5C2A4EFD13" box="[1005,1065,728,751]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
USNM# 1196549, from Aleutian
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFB336229AD7FD7C2F26FCF3" blockId="11.[151,1436,727,783]" box="[151,321,760,783]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Islands, Alaska.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFB336229B2FFCB52B2DF842" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<table id="F97BC404FFB3C9D69AE5FCB42B2DF842" box="[165,1354,816,1982]" colsContinueFrom="8.[165,1354,242,1385]" colsContinueIn="17.[165,1365,629,2020]" gridcols="5" gridrows="27" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FCB42B2DFCBA" box="[165,1354,816,838]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FCB42FB3FCBA" box="[165,468,816,838]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">parameter</th>
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898FCB42D68FCBA" box="[728,783,816,838]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">mean</th>
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931FCB42DFAFCBA" box="[881,925,816,838]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">s. d.</th>
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61FCB42AF4FCBA" box="[1057,1171,816,838]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">range</th>
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71FCB42B2DFCBA" box="[1329,1354,816,838]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">n</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FCD82B2DFC8E" box="[165,1354,860,882]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FCD82FB3FC8E" box="[165,468,860,882]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Framework beam length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898FCD82D68FC8E" box="[728,783,860,882]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">590</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931FCD82DFAFC8E" box="[881,925,860,882]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">82</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61FCD82AF4FC8E" box="[1057,1171,860,882]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">439–750</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71FCD82B2DFC8E" box="[1329,1354,860,882]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FC0C2B2DFC62" box="[165,1354,904,926]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FC0C2FB3FC62" box="[165,468,904,926]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">beam width</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898FC0C2D68FC62" box="[728,783,904,926]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">83.6</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931FC0C2DFAFC62" box="[881,925,904,926]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">6.5</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61FC0C2AF4FC62" box="[1057,1171,904,926]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">66.2–96.6</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71FC0C2B2DFC62" box="[1329,1354,904,926]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FC302B2DFC36" box="[165,1354,948,970]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FC302FB3FC36" box="[165,468,948,970]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">dermal spur length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898FC302D68FC36" box="[728,783,948,970]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">428</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931FC302DFAFC36" box="[881,925,948,970]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">82</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61FC302AF4FC36" box="[1057,1171,948,970]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">294–619</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71FC302B2DFC36" box="[1329,1354,948,970]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FC642B2DFC0A" box="[165,1354,992,1014]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FC642FB3FC0A" box="[165,468,992,1014]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">atrial spur length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898FC642D68FC0A" box="[728,783,992,1014]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">433</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931FC642DFAFC0A" box="[881,925,992,1014]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">64</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61FC642AF4FC0A" box="[1057,1171,992,1014]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">262–569</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71FC642B2DFC0A" box="[1329,1354,992,1014]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FB882B2DFBDE" box="[165,1354,1036,1058]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FB882B2DFBDE" box="[165,1354,1036,1058]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spicules</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FBBC2B2DFBB2" box="[165,1354,1080,1102]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FBBC2B2DFBB2" box="[165,1354,1080,1102]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Surface pentactin</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FBE02B2DFB86" box="[165,1354,1124,1146]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FBE02FB3FB86" box="[165,468,1124,1146]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">tangential ray length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898FBE02D68FB86" box="[728,783,1124,1146]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">271</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931FBE02DFAFB86" box="[881,925,1124,1146]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">56</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61FBE02AF4FB86" box="[1057,1171,1124,1146]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">170–375</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71FBE02B2DFB86" box="[1329,1354,1124,1146]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FB142B2DFB5A" box="[165,1354,1168,1190]" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FB142FB3FB5A" box="[165,468,1168,1190]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">tangential ray width</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898FB142D68FB5A" box="[728,783,1168,1190]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">11.6</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931FB142DFAFB5A" box="[881,925,1168,1190]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2.9</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61FB142AF4FB5A" box="[1057,1171,1168,1190]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">7.4–20.2</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71FB142B2DFB5A" box="[1329,1354,1168,1190]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FB382B2DFB2E" box="[165,1354,1212,1234]" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FB382FB3FB2E" box="[165,468,1212,1234]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">proximal ray length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898FB382D68FB2E" box="[728,783,1212,1234]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">309</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931FB382DFAFB2E" box="[881,925,1212,1234]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">67</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61FB382AF4FB2E" box="[1057,1171,1212,1234]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">211–422</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71FB382B2DFB2E" box="[1329,1354,1212,1234]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FB6C2B2DFB02" box="[165,1354,1256,1278]" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FB6C2FB3FB02" box="[165,468,1256,1278]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">proximal ray width</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898FB6C2D68FB02" box="[728,783,1256,1278]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">12.8</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931FB6C2DFAFB02" box="[881,925,1256,1278]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2.6</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61FB6C2AF4FB02" box="[1057,1171,1256,1278]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">6.9–18.1</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71FB6C2B2DFB02" box="[1329,1354,1256,1278]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FA902B2DFAD6" box="[165,1354,1300,1322]" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FA902FB3FAD6" box="[165,468,1300,1322]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">distal ray length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898FA902D68FAD6" box="[728,783,1300,1322]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">22.2</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931FA902DFAFAD6" box="[881,925,1300,1322]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5.9</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61FA902AF4FAD6" box="[1057,1171,1300,1322]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">11.7–39.5</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71FA902B2DFAD6" box="[1329,1354,1300,1322]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FAC42B2DFAAA" box="[165,1354,1344,1366]" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FAC42FB3FAAA" box="[165,468,1344,1366]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">distal ray width</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898FAC42D68FAAA" box="[728,783,1344,1366]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">13.8</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931FAC42DFAFAAA" box="[881,925,1344,1366]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2.9</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61FAC42AF4FAAA" box="[1057,1171,1344,1366]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">8.3–19.8</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71FAC42B2DFAAA" box="[1329,1354,1344,1366]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FAE82B2DFA7E" box="[165,1354,1388,1410]" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FAE82FB3FA7E" box="[165,468,1388,1410]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Clavule length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898FAE82D68FA7E" box="[728,783,1388,1410]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">568</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931FAE82DFAFA7E" box="[881,925,1388,1410]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">256</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61FAE82AF4FA7E" box="[1057,1171,1388,1410]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">302–1243</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71FAE82B2DFA7E" box="[1329,1354,1388,1410]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FA1C2B2DFA52" box="[165,1354,1432,1454]" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FA1C2FB3FA52" box="[165,468,1432,1454]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">head diameter</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898FA1C2D68FA52" box="[728,783,1432,1454]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">91</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931FA1C2DFAFA52" box="[881,925,1432,1454]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">38</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61FA1C2AF4FA52" box="[1057,1171,1432,1454]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">26–164</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71FA1C2B2DFA52" box="[1329,1354,1432,1454]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FA402B2DFA26" box="[165,1354,1476,1498]" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FA402FB3FA26" box="[165,468,1476,1498]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">shaft width</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898FA402D68FA26" box="[728,783,1476,1498]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">11.4</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931FA402DFAFA26" box="[881,925,1476,1498]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4.6</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61FA402AF4FA26" box="[1057,1171,1476,1498]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3.7–19.2</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71FA402B2DFA26" box="[1329,1354,1476,1498]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5FA742B2DF9FA" box="[165,1354,1520,1542]" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5FA742FB3F9FA" box="[165,468,1520,1542]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">spine length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898FA742D68F9FA" box="[728,783,1520,1542]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">65</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931FA742DFAF9FA" box="[881,925,1520,1542]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">19</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61FA742AF4F9FA" box="[1057,1171,1520,1542]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">23–93</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71FA742B2DF9FA" box="[1329,1354,1520,1542]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5F9982B2DF9CE" box="[165,1354,1564,1586]" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5F9982FB3F9CE" box="[165,468,1564,1586]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Uncinate length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898F9982D68F9CE" box="[728,783,1564,1586]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1685</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931F9982DFAF9CE" box="[881,925,1564,1586]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">368</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61F9982AF4F9CE" box="[1057,1171,1564,1586]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1028–2993</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71F9982B2DF9CE" box="[1329,1354,1564,1586]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5F9CC2B2DF9A2" box="[165,1354,1608,1630]" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5F9CC2FB3F9A2" box="[165,468,1608,1630]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">width</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898F9CC2D68F9A2" box="[728,783,1608,1630]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">12.6</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931F9CC2DFAF9A2" box="[881,925,1608,1630]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2.3</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61F9CC2AF4F9A2" box="[1057,1171,1608,1630]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">7.7–20.8</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71F9CC2B2DF9A2" box="[1329,1354,1608,1630]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5F9F02B2DF976" box="[165,1354,1652,1674]" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5F9F02FB3F976" box="[165,468,1652,1674]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Small discohexaster diameter</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898F9F02D68F976" box="[728,783,1652,1674]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">57</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931F9F02DFAF976" box="[881,925,1652,1674]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">11</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61F9F02AF4F976" box="[1057,1171,1652,1674]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">30–89</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71F9F02B2DF976" box="[1329,1354,1652,1674]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">95</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5F9242B2DF94A" box="[165,1354,1696,1718]" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5F9242FB3F94A" box="[165,468,1696,1718]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">primary ray length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898F9242D68F94A" box="[728,783,1696,1718]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">18.4</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931F9242DFAF94A" box="[881,925,1696,1718]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4.0</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61F9242AF4F94A" box="[1057,1171,1696,1718]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10.3–32.5</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71F9242B2DF94A" box="[1329,1354,1696,1718]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">95</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5F9482B2DF91E" box="[165,1354,1740,1762]" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5F9482FB3F91E" box="[165,468,1740,1762]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">secondary ray length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898F9482D68F91E" box="[728,783,1740,1762]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10.2</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931F9482DFAF91E" box="[881,925,1740,1762]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2.3</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61F9482AF4F91E" box="[1057,1171,1740,1762]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4.5–17.8</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71F9482B2DF91E" box="[1329,1354,1740,1762]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">95</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5F97C2B2DF8F2" box="[165,1354,1784,1806]" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5F97C2FB3F8F2" box="[165,468,1784,1806]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ratio 1º/2º ray lengths</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898F97C2D68F8F2" box="[728,783,1784,1806]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1.84</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931F97C2DFAF8F2" box="[881,925,1784,1806]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.34</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61F97C2AF4F8F2" box="[1057,1171,1784,1806]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1.03–2.90</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71F97C2B2DF8F2" box="[1329,1354,1784,1806]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">95</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5F8A02B2DF8C6" box="[165,1354,1828,1850]" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5F8A02FB3F8C6" box="[165,468,1828,1850]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Large discohexaster diameter</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898F8A02D68F8C6" box="[728,783,1828,1850]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">164</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931F8A02DFAF8C6" box="[881,925,1828,1850]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">41</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61F8A02AF4F8C6" box="[1057,1171,1828,1850]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">91–293</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71F8A02B2DF8C6" box="[1329,1354,1828,1850]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">66</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5F8D42B2DF89A" box="[165,1354,1872,1894]" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5F8D42FB3F89A" box="[165,468,1872,1894]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">primary ray length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898F8D42D68F89A" box="[728,783,1872,1894]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">29.3</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931F8D42DFAF89A" box="[881,925,1872,1894]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4.5</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61F8D42AF4F89A" box="[1057,1171,1872,1894]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">21.2–39.1</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71F8D42B2DF89A" box="[1329,1354,1872,1894]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">66</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5F8F82B2DF86E" box="[165,1354,1916,1938]" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5F8F82FB3F86E" box="[165,468,1916,1938]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">secondary ray length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898F8F82D68F86E" box="[728,783,1916,1938]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">53</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931F8F82DFAF86E" box="[881,925,1916,1938]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">18</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61F8F82AF4F86E" box="[1057,1171,1916,1938]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">23–109</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71F8F82B2DF86E" box="[1329,1354,1916,1938]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">66</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFB3C9D69AE5F82C2B2DF842" box="[165,1354,1960,1982]" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69AE5F82C2FB3F842" box="[165,468,1960,1982]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ratio 1º/2º ray lengths</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69898F82C2D68F842" box="[728,783,1960,1982]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.60</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69931F82C2DFAF842" box="[881,925,1960,1982]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.19</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69E61F82C2AF4F842" box="[1057,1171,1960,1982]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.31–1.14</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFB3C9D69F71F82C2B2DF842" box="[1329,1354,1960,1982]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">66</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF04662CFFB436259AD7FBA22B74FB44" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261280" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5261280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261280/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[151,247,1062,1085]" targetBox="[166,1421,159,1036]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFB436259AD7FBA22B74FB44" blockId="12.[150,1438,1062,1208]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB436259AD7FBA22F69FBC0" bold="true" box="[151,270,1062,1085]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB436259B53FBA32FA7FBC1" authority="Reiswig &amp; Stone, 2013" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[275,448,1063,1085]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aspondyla" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB436259B53FBA32FA7FBC1" box="[275,448,1063,1085]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Farrea aspondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C57CDFFB436259B85FBA32F9DFBC0" box="[453,506,1063,1084]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, body and framework A. Frame grab from video footage of the holotype 
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB436259EF4FBA32A97FBC0" box="[1204,1264,1063,1084]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">in situ</emphasis>
before collection. B. Three largest fragments of the collected holotype (dry). C. Mass of smaller fragments in which the meshes of the dictyonal framework can just be resolved (dry). D. Plane view of the dictyonal framework showing relative regularity of square meshes (SEM). E. Magnified view of the framework showing smooth beam surfaces and sharp-pointed spurs (SEM). F. Oblique atrial view of framework showing longitudinal strands running away from the viewer and downstream curvature of the spurs (SEM).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFB436259A87FB5B2B1CF937" blockId="12.[151,1438,1247,2028]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Megascleres are pentactins, regular hexactins, anchorate clavules and uncinates (dimensions given in 
<tableCitation id="C6F9031FFFB436259F78FB5B2BEAFB0B" box="[1336,1421,1247,1271]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,239,727,751]" captionText="TABLE 3. Skeletal framework and spicule dimensions of Farrea aspondyla, n. sp. USNM# 1196549, from Aleutian Islands, Alaska." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Table 3</tableCitation>
). The pentactins (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFB436259B11FA872FCBFAE7" box="[337,428,1283,1307]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1854,1877]" captionTargetBox="[194,1390,177,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-120@13.[194,1390,169,1824]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Farrea aspondyla n. sp., spicules, all from holotype (SEM). A. Surface pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Parenchymal hexactin. C. Range in size of anchorate clavules in side view, all to same scale. D. Magnified side view of anchorate clavules. E. Magnified end view of anchorate clavule heads. F. Proximal view of broken anchorate clavule head showing pattern of dark incompletely smoothed silica surface. G. Uncinate, whole and enlarged middle segment. H. Large discohexaster, whole and enlarged view of calyx-like base of secondary rays and terminal discs. I. Small discohexasters, whole and magnified view of secondary ray ends." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261282/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
) of dermal and atrial surfaces are regularly cruciate and indistinguishable; all rays are straight, slightly tapered, finely rough (moderately dense microspines), and end in abruptly pointed tips. A short rudiment represents an undeveloped sixth (distal) ray; its length is generally less than twice its width and the spicules are here considered to be pentactins. Regular hexactins (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFB436259931FAEB2DA0FA7B" box="[881,967,1391,1415]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1854,1877]" captionTargetBox="[194,1390,177,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-120@13.[194,1390,169,1824]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Farrea aspondyla n. sp., spicules, all from holotype (SEM). A. Surface pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Parenchymal hexactin. C. Range in size of anchorate clavules in side view, all to same scale. D. Magnified side view of anchorate clavules. E. Magnified end view of anchorate clavule heads. F. Proximal view of broken anchorate clavule head showing pattern of dark incompletely smoothed silica surface. G. Uncinate, whole and enlarged middle segment. H. Large discohexaster, whole and enlarged view of calyx-like base of secondary rays and terminal discs. I. Small discohexasters, whole and magnified view of secondary ray ends." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261282/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
) occur as parenchymal spicules with rays similar to those of the surface pentactins; they are too rare to provide data for 
<tableCitation id="C6F9031FFFB436259E48FA172A3CFA57" box="[1032,1115,1427,1451]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,239,727,751]" captionText="TABLE 3. Skeletal framework and spicule dimensions of Farrea aspondyla, n. sp. USNM# 1196549, from Aleutian Islands, Alaska." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Table 3</tableCitation>
but the one figured has rays 227 µm long by 11.2 µm thick. Anchorate clavules (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFB4362598B1FA332D15FA33" box="[753,882,1463,1487]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1854,1877]" captionTargetBox="[194,1390,177,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-120@13.[194,1390,169,1824]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Farrea aspondyla n. sp., spicules, all from holotype (SEM). A. Surface pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Parenchymal hexactin. C. Range in size of anchorate clavules in side view, all to same scale. D. Magnified side view of anchorate clavules. E. Magnified end view of anchorate clavule heads. F. Proximal view of broken anchorate clavule head showing pattern of dark incompletely smoothed silica surface. G. Uncinate, whole and enlarged middle segment. H. Large discohexaster, whole and enlarged view of calyx-like base of secondary rays and terminal discs. I. Small discohexasters, whole and magnified view of secondary ray ends." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261282/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 6C–F</figureCitation>
) occur on both surfaces; their caps have a small central prominence, raised to varying degrees and often with a few coarse spines; the 3–10, 23–93 µm long marginal spines projecting backwards are rarely straight and more commonly flared outwards or s-shaped. Outer surfaces are mostly smooth, but spines occur across the cap and on the distal spines of some clavules. Darkened surfaces on outer and inner surfaces of some caps (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFB4362598A1F9C32D07F9A3" box="[737,864,1607,1631]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1854,1877]" captionTargetBox="[194,1390,177,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-120@13.[194,1390,169,1824]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Farrea aspondyla n. sp., spicules, all from holotype (SEM). A. Surface pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Parenchymal hexactin. C. Range in size of anchorate clavules in side view, all to same scale. D. Magnified side view of anchorate clavules. E. Magnified end view of anchorate clavule heads. F. Proximal view of broken anchorate clavule head showing pattern of dark incompletely smoothed silica surface. G. Uncinate, whole and enlarged middle segment. H. Large discohexaster, whole and enlarged view of calyx-like base of secondary rays and terminal discs. I. Small discohexasters, whole and magnified view of secondary ray ends." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261282/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 6E–F</figureCitation>
) appear due to incomplete silicification where the nanospherular silica is seen at higher magnification. The shafts are straight, robust and smooth, ending in blunt parabolic tips without inflation; large shaft spines are absent. Uncinates are of moderate size but thin (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFB436259F74F90B2BF6F95B" box="[1332,1425,1679,1703]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1854,1877]" captionTargetBox="[194,1390,177,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-120@13.[194,1390,169,1824]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Farrea aspondyla n. sp., spicules, all from holotype (SEM). A. Surface pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Parenchymal hexactin. C. Range in size of anchorate clavules in side view, all to same scale. D. Magnified side view of anchorate clavules. E. Magnified end view of anchorate clavule heads. F. Proximal view of broken anchorate clavule head showing pattern of dark incompletely smoothed silica surface. G. Uncinate, whole and enlarged middle segment. H. Large discohexaster, whole and enlarged view of calyx-like base of secondary rays and terminal discs. I. Small discohexasters, whole and magnified view of secondary ray ends." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261282/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6G</figureCitation>
); barbs and brackets are well developed in the middle and barbs are moderately inclined from the spicule surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFB436259A87F9532D48F817" blockId="12.[151,1438,1247,2028]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Microscleres consist of only stellate discohexasters of two distinct size and form classes (dimensions given in 
<tableCitation id="C6F9031FFFB436259AD7F97F2E88F8EF" box="[151,239,1787,1811]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,239,727,751]" captionText="TABLE 3. Skeletal framework and spicule dimensions of Farrea aspondyla, n. sp. USNM# 1196549, from Aleutian Islands, Alaska." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Table 3</tableCitation>
). Both are entirely rough and bear terminal discs with 4–7 marginal teeth. The smaller, more abundant discohexasters (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFB436259B09F89B2FF1F8CB" box="[329,406,1823,1847]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1854,1877]" captionTargetBox="[194,1390,177,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-120@13.[194,1390,169,1824]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Farrea aspondyla n. sp., spicules, all from holotype (SEM). A. Surface pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Parenchymal hexactin. C. Range in size of anchorate clavules in side view, all to same scale. D. Magnified side view of anchorate clavules. E. Magnified end view of anchorate clavule heads. F. Proximal view of broken anchorate clavule head showing pattern of dark incompletely smoothed silica surface. G. Uncinate, whole and enlarged middle segment. H. Large discohexaster, whole and enlarged view of calyx-like base of secondary rays and terminal discs. I. Small discohexasters, whole and magnified view of secondary ray ends." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261282/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6I</figureCitation>
) generally have long primary rays bearing 3–7 shorter secondary rays, usually bundled very tightly together, but many are slightly flared at the tips and some flare outwards directly from their insertion on the primary ray. The larger discohexasters (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFB43625981FF8E32CDEF883" box="[607,697,1895,1919]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1854,1877]" captionTargetBox="[194,1390,177,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-120@13.[194,1390,169,1824]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Farrea aspondyla n. sp., spicules, all from holotype (SEM). A. Surface pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Parenchymal hexactin. C. Range in size of anchorate clavules in side view, all to same scale. D. Magnified side view of anchorate clavules. E. Magnified end view of anchorate clavule heads. F. Proximal view of broken anchorate clavule head showing pattern of dark incompletely smoothed silica surface. G. Uncinate, whole and enlarged middle segment. H. Large discohexaster, whole and enlarged view of calyx-like base of secondary rays and terminal discs. I. Small discohexasters, whole and magnified view of secondary ray ends." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261282/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6H</figureCitation>
) have relatively shorter primary rays that bear 6–8 long straight secondary rays. The bases of the secondary rays are fused for a short distance forming a calyx-like base. Most of the discohexasters are easily assigned to these two classes, but a few intermediates occur as verified by a plot of spicule diameter vs 1º ray length/2º ray length (not shown).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF04662CFFB536249AD7F8BA2C2CF811" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261282" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5261282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261282/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[151,250,1854,1877]" targetBox="[194,1390,177,1824]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFB536249AD7F8BA2C2CF811" blockId="13.[151,1436,1854,2029]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB536249AD7F8BA2F74F8A9" bold="true" box="[151,275,1854,1877]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB536249B5BF8BB2FB6F8A8" authority="Reiswig &amp; Stone, 2013" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[283,465,1854,1876]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aspondyla" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB536249B5BF8BB2FB6F8A8" box="[283,465,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Farrea aspondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C57CDFFB536249B99F8BB2C75F8A8" box="[473,530,1855,1876]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, spicules, all from holotype (SEM). A. Surface pentactin, whole and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Parenchymal hexactin. C. Range in size of anchorate clavules in side view, all to same scale. D. Magnified side view of anchorate clavules. E. Magnified end view of anchorate clavule heads. F. Proximal view of broken anchorate clavule head showing pattern of dark incompletely smoothed silica surface. G. Uncinate, whole and enlarged middle segment. H. Large discohexaster, whole and enlarged view of calyx-like base of secondary rays and terminal discs. I. Small discohexasters, whole and magnified view of secondary ray ends.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFB636279A87FF132A87FF53" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,1040]" box="[199,1248,151,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Etymology. The species name, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB636279864FF1C2CF0FF4C" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[548,663,152,176]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aspondyla">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB636279864FF1C2CF0FF4C" box="[548,663,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">aspondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, reflects the absence of spines on the clavule shafts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFB636279A87FF382CD4FCEF" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,1040]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Remarks: The new Aleutian Islands specimen is clearly closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB636279E4EFF392B57FF28" authority="Okada, 1932" authorityName="Okada" authorityYear="1932" box="[1038,1328,188,212]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kurilensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB636279E4EFF392AFFFF28" box="[1038,1176,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">F. kurilensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFB636279EE0FF382B57FF28" author="Okada, Y." box="[1184,1328,188,212]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref36909" refString="Okada, Y. (1932) Report on the hexactinellid sponges collected by the United States Fisheries steamer ' Albatross' in the northwestern Pacific during the summer of 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81 (2935), 1 - 118, pls 1 - 6. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.81 - 2935.1" type="journal article" year="1932">Okada, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
based on the shared characteristic shape of its anchorate clavules as well as the form of its dermal and atrial pentactins. It differs from 
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB636279B67FE812F3CFEE0" box="[295,347,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">F. k.</emphasis>
forma 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB636279BEBFE802CD3FEE0" authority="Okada, 1932" authorityName="Okada" authorityYear="1932" box="[427,692,260,284]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kurilensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB636279BEBFE802C7FFEE0" box="[427,536,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">kurilensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFB636279860FE802CD3FEE0" author="Okada, Y." box="[544,692,260,284]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref36909" refString="Okada, Y. (1932) Report on the hexactinellid sponges collected by the United States Fisheries steamer ' Albatross' in the northwestern Pacific during the summer of 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81 (2935), 1 - 118, pls 1 - 6. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.81 - 2935.1" type="journal article" year="1932">Okada, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as modified by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFB636279933FE802A72FEE0" author="Koltun, V. M." box="[883,1045,260,284]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref35944" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1967) Glass, or hexactinellid sponges of the northern and far-eastern seas of the USSR (Class Hyalospongiae). [In Russian]. Opredeliteli po faune SSR, izdavaemye Zoologicheskim muzeem Akademii nauk, 94, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1967">Koltun (1967)</bibRefCitation>
, in the larger caliber of its tubular body components (22 vs. 
<quantity id="4C839B41FFB636279BFBFEA32C6DFEC3" box="[443,522,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
diameter in the latter), lack of pileate clavules, complete absence of shaft spines on its anchorate clavules, absence of oxyhexaster microscleres (the dominant microsclere of the latter), and presence of a large class of discohexasters (absent in the latter). It differs from 
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB636279E45FEF52A5FFE74" box="[1029,1080,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">F. k.</emphasis>
forma 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB636279EC4FEF42BF0FE7B" authority=", Okada, 1932" authorityName=", Okada" authorityYear="1932" box="[1156,1431,367,392]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beringiana">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB636279EC4FEF42A98FE74" box="[1156,1279,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">beringiana</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFB636279F43FEEB2BF0FE7B" author="Okada, Y." box="[1283,1431,367,391]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref36909" refString="Okada, Y. (1932) Report on the hexactinellid sponges collected by the United States Fisheries steamer ' Albatross' in the northwestern Pacific during the summer of 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81 (2935), 1 - 118, pls 1 - 6. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.81 - 2935.1" type="journal article" year="1932">Okada, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as modified by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFB636279B02FE102F84FE50" author="Koltun, V. M." box="[322,483,404,428]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref35944" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1967) Glass, or hexactinellid sponges of the northern and far-eastern seas of the USSR (Class Hyalospongiae). [In Russian]. Opredeliteli po faune SSR, izdavaemye Zoologicheskim muzeem Akademii nauk, 94, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1967">Koltun (1967)</bibRefCitation>
, in absence of pileate clavules (although these were absent in Okada's original Bering Sea specimen), absence of shaft spines on the anchorate clavules, and presence of a much larger class of discohexasters (91–293 vs. 80–150 µm diameter in the latter) with calyx-like fusion of the secondary ray bases. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFB636279AD7FE7B2F58FDEB" author="Koltun, V. M." box="[151,319,511,535]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref35944" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1967) Glass, or hexactinellid sponges of the northern and far-eastern seas of the USSR (Class Hyalospongiae). [In Russian]. Opredeliteli po faune SSR, izdavaemye Zoologicheskim muzeem Akademii nauk, 94, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1967">Koltun (1967)</bibRefCitation>
noted, after examination of seven previously unreported specimens, that 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB636279E8CFD852B3AFDE4" authorityName="Okada" authorityYear="1932" box="[1228,1373,512,536]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kurilensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB636279E8CFD852B3AFDE4" box="[1228,1373,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">F. kurilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a polymorphous species but he still maintained distinction between the two forms, now considered subspecies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFB636279ADEFDC32F24FDA3" author="Reiswig, H. M." box="[158,323,583,607]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1332 - 1340" refId="ref37067" refString="Reiswig, H. M. (2002) Farreidae Gray, 1872. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Plenum, New York, pp. 1332 - 1340." type="book chapter" year="2002">Reiswig 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Other species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB63627985FFDCD2C0AFD9C" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[543,621,585,608]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB63627985FFDCD2C0AFD9C" box="[543,621,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Farrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with only anchorate clavules include 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB636279E69FDCD2B31FDA3" authority="Schulze, 1899" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1899" box="[1065,1366,583,608]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aculeata">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB636279E69FDCD2ACFFD9C" box="[1065,1192,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">F. aculeata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFB636279EF3FDC32B31FDA3" author="Schulze, F. E." box="[1203,1366,583,607]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref37688" refString="Schulze, F. E. (1899) Amerikanische Hexactinelliden, nach dem Materiale der Albatross-Expedition. Fischer, Jena. 126 pp, 19 pls." type="book" year="1899">Schulze, 1899</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, from Oregon and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB636279B60FDE92CFEFD78" authority="Lopes et al., 2011" authorityName="Lopes" authorityYear="2011" box="[288,665,620,644]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="campossinus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB636279B60FDE92FACFD78" box="[288,459,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">F. campossinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFB636279B91FDE82CFEFD78" author="Lopes, D. A. &amp; Hajdu, E. &amp; Reiswig, H. M." box="[465,665,620,644]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="169 - 189" refId="ref36788" refString="Lopes, D. A., Hajdu, E. &amp; Reiswig, H. M. (2011) Taxonomy of Farrea (Porifera, Hexactinellida, Hexactinosida) from the southwestern Atlantic, with description of a new species and a discussion on the recognition of subspecies in Porifera. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 89, 169 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / Z 10 - 105" type="journal article" year="2011">
Lopes 
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB63627985CFDE92C3CFD78" box="[540,603,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.,</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7634FFB63627989CFDE82D43FD78" box="[732,804,620,644]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brazil</collectingCountry>
; both differ from 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB6362799A9FDE92AD7FD78" authority="Reiswig &amp; Stone, 2013" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[1001,1200,620,644]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aspondyla" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB6362799A9FDE92AD7FD78" box="[1001,1200,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Farrea aspondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C57CDFFB636279EF7FDE82A94FD7F" box="[1207,1267,620,643]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in having their main microsclere as oxyhexasters. The special characters of the new Aleutian Islands form, absence of pileate clavules, absence of shaft spines on anchorate clavules, and presence of a very large class of stellate discohexasters with calyx-like secondary ray bases, are here considered sufficient evidence for genetic isolation and its recognition as a new species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB636279BA4FD792CCBFCE8" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[484,684,764,788]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aspondyla">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB636279BA4FD792CCBFCE8" box="[484,684,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Farrea aspondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFB636279A8EFC9B2C51FBF3" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,1040]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Review of all video footage collected with the ROV 'Jason II' indicates that this is a common species, locally abundant in some areas and occurring on bedrock, mudstone, boulders, cobbles, and other hexactinellid skeletons at depths between 1887 and 
<quantity id="4C839B41FFB636279BB8FCE32C33FC83" box="[504,596,871,895]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.249" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="2249.0">2249 m</quantity>
(likely much shallower but difficult to determine due to presence of conspecifics from which it cannot always be distinguished 
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB63627990FFC092DFFFC58" box="[847,920,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">in situ</emphasis>
). When encountered 
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB636279ED7FC092A87FC58" box="[1175,1248,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">in situ</emphasis>
, the majid crab 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB636279AD7FC342FC3FC34" authorityName="Rathbun" authorityYear="1924" box="[151,420,944,968]" class="Malacostraca" family="Oregoniidae" genus="Chionoecetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angulatus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB636279AD7FC342FC3FC34" box="[151,420,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chionoecetes angulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was using the sponge as cover; other associated fauna include juvenile crabs (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB636279F67FC342BFBFC34" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1856" box="[1319,1436,944,968]" class="Malacostraca" family="Lithodidae" genus="Paralomis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB636279F67FC342BFBFC34" box="[1319,1436,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paralomis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB636279A89FC502F02FC10" box="[201,357,980,1004]" class="Malacostraca" family="Lithodidae" genus="Lithodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB636279A89FC502F4EFC10" box="[201,297,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Lithodes</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
). The skeleton of this and other 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB6362798A1FC512D00FC17" box="[737,871,980,1004]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB6362798A1FC512D48FC10" box="[737,815,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Farrea</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
provide important substrate for gorgonian corals (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB636279ADEFC732F46FBF3" box="[158,289,1015,1039]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Primnoidae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFB636279B18FC7C2C4FFBF3" box="[344,552,1015,1040]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Acanthogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFB636279B18FC7C2F98FBEC" box="[344,511,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Acanthogorgia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>