950 lines
120 KiB
XML
950 lines
120 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="D5C3A1282EA5DEB161E89AF1B686C6E7">The placement of Engiscaptomyza, Grimshawomyia, and Titanochaeta, three clades of endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae (Diptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="406CC0E881B1C9681294A186AD0C339D">O’Grady, Patrick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="986C6FDC0A6FE01AB5C7C2E0C039693F">Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA; email: ogrady @ amnh. org Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Nazare, São Paulo, S. P., Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="96472DCDCED089E59E248E6920C69A34">Bonacum, James</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FEEB2923E4185B47D7DA31EBCB9C9A6B">Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA; email: ogrady @ amnh. org Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Nazare, São Paulo, S. P., Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A08D2E09C4542AB4250D296351FE01AE">Desalle, R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C43F01E3B3EA5A2C7A12B6CC11E3F173">Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA; email: ogrady @ amnh. org Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Nazare, São Paulo, S. P., Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5003913304E6222996D2C9D3AF4C819A">Val, Francisca Do</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="915BA4B37B99D4FF960E4F9F6FEFDF8D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C361653DEB25E04FBE48F9D4B865F9A1" box="[264,568,1558,1584]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB25E04FBE48F9D4B865F9A1" blockId="1.[264,568,1558,1619]" box="[264,568,1558,1584]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB25E04FBE48F9D4B865F9A1" ID-CoL="8VTXW" ID-ENA="7298" authority="Hardy, 1850" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[264,568,1558,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB25E04FBE48F9D4BBCAF9A1" bold="true" box="[264,407,1558,1584]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
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Hardy, 1850
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</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13402A33EB25E04FBE50F9FBBBF0F9C2" box="[272,429,1593,1619]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURES 56. 5" captionStartId-0="4.[264,367,1396,1420]" captionStartId-1="6.[264,368,1107,1131]" captionStartId-2="6.[264,367,1836,1860]" captionStartId-3="8.[264,368,1343,1367]" captionStartId-4="10.[264,382,1289,1313]" captionTargetBox-0="[265,1322,330,1369]" captionTargetBox-1="[506,1083,453,1087]" captionTargetBox-2="[457,1130,1227,1801]" captionTargetBox-3="[541,1038,647,1320]" captionTargetBox-4="[440,1148,618,1258]" captionTargetId-0="figure-178@4.[265,1322,320,1369]" captionTargetId-1="figure-67@6.[501,1086,449,1091]" captionTargetId-2="figure-69@6.[453,1134,1222,1810]" captionTargetId-3="figure-242@8.[536,1052,644,1330]" captionTargetId-4="figure-234@10.[436,1152,614,1262]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationships of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae (after Bonacum 2001), with particular emphasis on the genus Scaptomyza and associated groups (Titanochaeta, Grimshawomyia, and Engiscaptomyza). Numbers above the line at each node are bootstrap proportions, numbers below the line are decay indices (after Bonacum 2001; see text for details). Numbers of species sampled/total species described in a group is tabulated individually for the Hawaiian Drosophila lineages, as well as for the Hawaiian Drosophila and genus Scaptomyza as a whole (numbers are not additive due to species unplaced in described groups). Chromosome numbers for the ancestor of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae (N=6) and groups where two independent fusions are inferred (modified mouthpart group and genus Scaptomyza) are mapped on the tree, after (Clayton et al. 1972; Yoon et al. 1975)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Tantalia) varipicta Hardy." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Titanochaeta) chauliodon (Hardy)." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Engiscaptomyza) undulata (Grimshaw)." captionText-4="FIGURES 56. 5, Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Grimshawomyia) perkinsi (Grimshaw); 6, Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Grimshawomyia) palata (Hardy)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014210" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014212" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014219" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014221" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014223" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5014210/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5014212/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5014219/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5014221/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5014223/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figures 1—6</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB25E04FBE48F94BB809F931" ID-CoL="8VTXW" authority="Hardy, 1850: 361" authorityName="Hardy" authorityPageNumber="361" authorityYear="1850" box="[264,596,1673,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB25E04FBE48F94BBBDAF931" box="[264,391,1673,1696]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
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Hardy, 1850: 361
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54C08814EB25E04FBD21F94BB8CBF931" box="[609,662,1673,1696]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB25E04FBDBEF94BBEDFF931" ID-CoL="9H9MP" authority="Fallen, 1823" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1823" box="[766,1154,1673,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminum">
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<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB25E04FBDBEF94BB9B0F931" box="[766,1005,1673,1696]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Drosophila graminum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB25E04FBCB7F94BBEDFF931" author="Fallen, F." box="[1015,1154,1673,1696]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref5975" refString="Fallen, F. (1823) Diptera Sueciae. II. Dipterorum antennis paramarticulatis instructoram. Sectionen posteriorem continens. Berlingianis, Lund." type="book" year="1823">Fallén, 1823</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by subsequent designation (
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADA10A7EB25E04FBE81F96BB8F7F951" author="Coquillett, D. W." box="[449,682,1705,1728]" page="603" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1910">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB25E04FBE81F96BB8F7F951" author="Coquillett, D. W." box="[449,682,1705,1728]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="499 - 647" refId="ref5942" refString="Coquillett, D. W. (1910) The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 37, 499 - 647." type="journal article" year="1910">Coquillett, 1910: 603</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB25E04FBE48F90BB859F890" blockId="1.[264,1324,1673,1888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADA10A7EB25E04FBE48F90BB812F971" author="Knab, F." box="[264,591,1737,1760]" page="167" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1914">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB25E04FBE48F90BB812F971" authority="Knab, 1914: 167" authorityName="Knab" authorityPageNumber="167" authorityYear="1914" box="[264,591,1737,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB25E04FBE48F90BBBCEF971" box="[264,403,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Titanochaeta</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB25E04FBED9F90BB812F971" author="Knab, F." box="[409,591,1737,1760]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="165 - 169" refId="ref6458" refString="Knab, F. (1914) Drosophilidae with parasitic larvae. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 2 (1), 165 - 169." type="journal article" year="1914">Knab, 1914: 167</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54C08814EB25E04FBD19F90BB8D3F971" box="[601,654,1737,1760]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB25E04FBDAEF90BBE27F971" authority="Knab, 1914" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[750,1146,1737,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ichneumon">
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<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB25E04FBDAEF90BB9A8F971" box="[750,1013,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Titanochaeta ichneumon</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB25E04FBCBBF90BBE27F971" author="Knab, F." box="[1019,1146,1737,1760]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="165 - 169" refId="ref6458" refString="Knab, F. (1914) Drosophilidae with parasitic larvae. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 2 (1), 165 - 169." type="journal article" year="1914">Knab, 1914</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by original designation.
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<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB25E04FBEDDF92BB859F890" bold="true" box="[413,516,1769,1793]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADA10A7EB25E04FBE48F8CBB830F8B1" author="Hendel, F." box="[264,621,1801,1824]" page="290" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1928">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB25E04FBE48F8CBB830F8B1" authority="Hendel, 1928: 290" authorityName="Hendel" authorityPageNumber="290" authorityYear="1928" box="[264,621,1801,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyzella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB25E04FBE48F8CBBBFFF8B1" box="[264,418,1801,1824]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Scaptomyzella</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB25E04FBEEAF8CBB830F8B1" author="Hendel, F." box="[426,621,1801,1824]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="289 - 302" refId="ref6324" refString="Hendel, F. (1928) Uber die minierenden europaischen Scaptomyza - Arten und ihre Biologie (Diptera). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 76, 289 - 302." type="journal article" year="1928">Hendel, 1928:290</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54C08814EB25E04FBDC1F8CBB8EBF8B1" box="[641,694,1801,1824]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB25E04FBC5AF8CBBE02F8B1" ID-CoL="37RM6" authority="Fallen, 1823" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1823" box="[794,1119,1801,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">
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<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB25E04FBC5AF8CBB992F8B1" box="[794,975,1801,1824]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Drosophila flava</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB25E04FBC97F8CBBE02F8B1" author="Fallen, F." box="[983,1119,1801,1824]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref5975" refString="Fallen, F. (1823) Diptera Sueciae. II. Dipterorum antennis paramarticulatis instructoram. Sectionen posteriorem continens. Berlingianis, Lund." type="book" year="1823">Fallén, 1823</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by original designation.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB25E04FBE48F88BBE03F8F1" blockId="1.[264,1324,1673,1888]" box="[264,1118,1865,1888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6B1198EB25E04FBE48F88BBE03F8F1" box="[264,1118,1865,1888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADA10A7EB25E04FBE48F88BB832F8F1" author="Hendel, F." box="[264,623,1865,1888]" page="290" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1928">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB25E04FBE48F88BB832F8F1" authority="Hendel, 1928: 290" authorityName="Hendel" authorityPageNumber="290" authorityYear="1928" box="[264,623,1865,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyzetta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB25E04FBE48F88BBBFFF8F1" box="[264,418,1865,1888]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Scaptomyzetta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB25E04FBEE9F88BB832F8F1" author="Hendel, F." box="[425,623,1865,1888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="289 - 302" refId="ref6324" refString="Hendel, F. (1928) Uber die minierenden europaischen Scaptomyza - Arten und ihre Biologie (Diptera). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 76, 289 - 302." type="journal article" year="1928">Hendel, 1928: 290</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(incorrect original spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB25E04FBCF5F88BBE12F8F1" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1928" box="[949,1103,1865,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyzella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB25E04FBCF5F88BBE12F8F1" box="[949,1103,1865,1888]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Scaptomyzella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB26E04CBE48FEDEB875FEC2" blockId="2.[264,1323,283,403]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6B1198EB26E04CBE48FEDEB875FEC2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADA10A7EB26E04CBE48FEDEB824FEA2" author="Hardy, D. E." box="[264,633,284,307]" page="535" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1965">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBE48FEDEB824FEA2" authority="Hardy, 1965: 535" authorityName="Hardy" authorityPageNumber="535" authorityYear="1965" box="[264,633,284,307]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBE48FEDEBBE5FEA2" box="[264,440,284,307]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Grimshawomyia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBEFFFEDEB824FEA2" author="Hardy, D. E." box="[447,633,284,307]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 814" refId="ref6241" refString="Hardy, D. E. (1965) Diptera: Cyclorrhapha II, Series Schizophora, Section Acalypterae I, Family Drosophilidae. Insects of Hawaii, 12, 1 - 814." type="journal article" year="1965">Hardy, 1965: 535</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C08814EB26E04CBDC6FEDEB8E6FEA2" box="[646,699,284,307]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBC5DFEDEBEF6FEA2" ID-CoL="88DVK" authority="Grimshaw, 1901" authorityName="Grimshaw" authorityYear="1901" box="[797,1195,284,307]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perkinsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBC5DFEDEB9AFFEA2" box="[797,1010,284,307]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Drosophila perkinsi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBCB9FEDEBEF6FEA2" author="Grimshaw, P. H." box="[1017,1195,284,307]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref6124" refString="Grimshaw, P. H. (1901) Diptera. Pp. 1 - 77 in Fauna Hawaiiensis. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press, London." type="book" year="1901">Grimshaw, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by original designation.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBE80FEF9B875FEC2" bold="true" box="[448,552,315,339]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB26E04CBE48FE9EB9EBFE02" blockId="2.[264,1323,283,403]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6B1198EB26E04CBE48FE9EB9EBFE02" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADA10A7EB26E04CBE48FE9EB8C5FEE2" author="Kaneshiro, K. Y." box="[264,664,348,371]" page="80" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1969">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBE48FE9EB8C5FEE2" authority="Kaneshiro, 1969: 80" authorityName="Kaneshiro" authorityYear="1969" box="[264,664,348,371]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyzella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBE48FE9EBBEAFEE2" box="[264,439,348,371]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Engiscaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBEFEFE9EB8C5FEE2" author="Kaneshiro, K. Y." box="[446,664,348,371]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="79 - 83" refId="ref6354" refString="Kaneshiro, K. Y. (1969) The Drosophila crassifemur group of species in a new subgenus. University of Texas Publications, 6918, 79 - 83." type="journal article" year="1969">Kaneshiro, 1969: 80</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(as subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBC0DFE9EB998FEE2" ID-CoL="9CHYW" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1823" box="[845,965,348,371]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBC0DFE9EB998FEE2" box="[845,965,348,371]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Drosophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C08814EB26E04CBC9CFE9EBE4CFEE2" box="[988,1041,348,371]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBB34FE9EB81FFE02" ID-CoL="885VP" authority="Grimshaw, 1901" authorityName="Grimshaw" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassifemur">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBB34FE9EBBD5FE02" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Drosophila crassifemur</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBECFFEBEB81FFE02" author="Grimshaw, P. H." box="[399,578,380,403]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref6124" refString="Grimshaw, P. H. (1901) Diptera. Pp. 1 - 77 in Fauna Hawaiiensis. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press, London." type="book" year="1901">Grimshaw, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by original designation.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBC0FFEB9B9F2FE02" bold="true" box="[847,943,379,403]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Syn. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361653DEB26E048BE48FE01BBD3FE17" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB26E04CBE48FE01BF55FC2F" blockId="2.[264,1324,451,1878]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBE48FE01BBD5FE4C" bold="true" box="[264,392,451,477]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBED1FE06B840FE4C" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[401,541,452,477]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBED1FE06B840FE4C" box="[401,541,452,477]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a cosmopolitan genus that currently contains about 15 subgenera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBE7CFE2EBBBAFD97" author="Wheeler, M. R." box="[316,487,492,518]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 97" refId="ref6620" refString="Wheeler, M. R. (1981) The Drosophilidae: a taxonomic overview. In: The genetics and biology of Drosophila. Volume 3 a (M. Ashburner, J. N. Thompson, and H. L. Carson, eds.) Pp. 1 - 97. Academic Press, London." type="book chapter" year="1981">Wheeler 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBEB4FE2EB86FFD97" author="Wheeler, M. R." box="[500,562,492,518]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="395 - 409" refId="ref6680" refString="Wheeler, M. R. (1986) Additions to the catalog of the world's Drosophilidae. In The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila, Volume 3 e (M. Ashburner, J. N. Thompson, & H. L. Carson, eds.) Pp. 395 - 409. Academic Press, London." type="book chapter" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), some of which have been designated as separate genera at one time or another (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBE8EFDD6B811FDBF" author="Frey, R." box="[462,588,532,558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref6052" refString="Frey, R. (1954) Diptera Brachycera und Sciaridae von Tristan da Cunha. Results of the Norwegian Expedition to Tristan da Cunha (1937 - 1938), 26, 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1954">Frey 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBD19FDD6B952FDBF" author="Hackman, W." box="[601,783,532,558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="3 - 73" refId="ref6154" refString="Hackman, W. (1959). On the Genus Scaptomyza Hardy (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Acta Zoologica Fennica, 97, 3 - 73." type="journal article" year="1959">Hackman 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBC5CFDD6B907FDBF" author="Hackman, W." box="[796,858,532,558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="97 - 104" refId="ref6210" refString="Hackman, W. (1982) The relation between the genera Scaptomyza and Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Annales Entomologici Fennici, 48, 97 - 104." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBC28FDD6BE4CFDBF" author="Malloch, J. R." box="[872,1041,532,558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="179 - 200" refId="ref6483" refString="Malloch, J. R. (1934) Additional new species and other records of acalyptrate Diptera (Sapromyzidae, Asteiidae, Drosophilidae, Ephydridae and Trypetidae) from the Marquesas Islands. Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 114, 179 - 200." type="journal article" year="1934">Malloch 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The traditional definition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBE1DFDFEBBB4FDC4" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[349,489,572,597]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBE1DFDFEBBB4FDC4" box="[349,489,572,597]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes taxa with two to four rows of acrostichal setulae, two pairs of postsutural dorsocentral setae (and sometimes with a single set of presutural dorsocentrals as well), the third costal section 2.5 times longer than the fourth, and the head distinctly longer than high (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBE9DFD76B82DFD5F" author="Hardy, D. E." box="[477,624,692,718]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 814" refId="ref6241" refString="Hardy, D. E. (1965) Diptera: Cyclorrhapha II, Series Schizophora, Section Acalypterae I, Family Drosophilidae. Insects of Hawaii, 12, 1 - 814." type="journal article" year="1965">Hardy 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, a rather large radiation of about 150 described species present in the Hawaiian Archipelago, has broadened this definition somewhat, mainly because of atypical characters possessed by some of these taxa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBB2CFCC6BF7BFC8F" author="Hackman, W." box="[1132,1318,772,798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="3 - 73" refId="ref6154" refString="Hackman, W. (1959). On the Genus Scaptomyza Hardy (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Acta Zoologica Fennica, 97, 3 - 73." type="journal article" year="1959">Hackman 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBE48FCEEBB18FCD7" author="Hackman, W." box="[264,325,812,838]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="33 - 42" refId="ref6183" refString="Hackman, W. (1962) On Hawaiian Scaptomyza species (Dipt., Drosophilidae). Notulae Entomologicae, 42, 33 - 42." type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBE14FCEEBBCEFCD7" author="Hackman, W." box="[340,403,812,838]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="97 - 104" refId="ref6210" refString="Hackman, W. (1982) The relation between the genera Scaptomyza and Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Annales Entomologici Fennici, 48, 97 - 104." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For example, many members of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBC9CFCEEBE0BFCD4" box="[988,1110,812,837]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Elmomyza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBC9CFCEEBE0BFCD4" box="[988,1110,812,837]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Elmomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have six rows of acrostichal setulae, suggesting that this character may be quite variable within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBB91FC96BB19FC04" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBB91FC96BB19FC04" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore, having either two or four rows of acrostichals is not a good synapomorphy for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBE9CFC66B835FC2C" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[476,616,932,957]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBE9CFC66B835FC2C" box="[476,616,932,957]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although it may be useful at delimiting some subgenera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB26E04CBE78FC0EBF74FB47" blockId="2.[264,1324,451,1878]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Perhaps the best character defining all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBC44FC0EB9CDFC74" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[772,912,972,997]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBC44FC0EB9CDFC74" box="[772,912,972,997]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the presence of well developed, exposed surstyli and enlarged lobes on either the epandrium (ninth tergite), cerci, or both. These morphologies are also characteristic of the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBCEEFBDEBE2DFBA4" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[942,1136,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBCEEFBDEBE2DFBA4" box="[942,1136,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Grimshawomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBBECFBDEBB71FBCC" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBBECFBDEBB71FBCC" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Titanochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBD15FB86B948FBCC" box="[597,789,1092,1117]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBD15FB86B948FBCC" box="[597,789,1092,1117]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Engiscaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. An additional character, found in females of most species, is a weakly developed, fleshy, nondentate ovipositor.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBB6AFBAEBE9EFB14" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[1066,1219,1132,1157]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBB6AFBAEBE9EFB14" box="[1066,1219,1132,1157]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Titanochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is atypical in this character as females of this group have a slender, sharply pointed, styletlike ovipositor, a character that may be an adaptation to a lifestyle as a spider egg sac predator.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB26E04DBE78FB21BBBAFE17" blockId="2.[264,1324,451,1878]" lastBlockId="3.[264,1322,284,390]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBE78FB21BBF1FB6C" bold="true" box="[312,428,1251,1277]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Methods.</emphasis>
|
||
We have examined the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C08814EB26E04CBD88FB26B955FB6F" box="[712,776,1252,1278]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, as well as large series of other material, from all species placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBD47FACEB8FDFAB4" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[519,672,1292,1317]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBD47FACEB8FDFAB4" box="[519,672,1292,1317]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Titanochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBDF2FACEB92FFAB4" box="[690,882,1292,1317]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBDF2FACEB92FFAB4" box="[690,882,1292,1317]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Engiscaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBCF9FACEBE26FAB4" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[953,1147,1292,1317]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBCF9FACEBE26FAB4" box="[953,1147,1292,1317]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Grimshawomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F9030DEB26E04CBBCDFACEBEB5FAB7" box="[1165,1256,1292,1318]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,352,485,509]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxa examined in this study and summary of nomenclatural changes." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF04663EEB27E04DBE48FE27BE3EFE6F" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="DF04663EEB27E04DBE48FE27BE3EFE6F">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). We also have examined material from most recognized subgenera of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBBD7FAF6BF7EFADC" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[1175,1315,1332,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBBD7FAF6BF7EFADC" box="[1175,1315,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on this work, we selected a number of taxa placed in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBB7EFA9EBE97FAE4" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[1086,1226,1372,1397]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBB7EFA9EBE97FAE4" box="[1086,1226,1372,1397]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBD4EFA46B92EFA0F" authority="" box="[526,883,1412,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBD4EFA46B8CFFA0C" box="[526,658,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Drosophila</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBDE8FA46B935FA0C" box="[680,872,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Engiscaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBCC6FA46BE15FA0C" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[902,1096,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBCC6FA46BE15FA0C" box="[902,1096,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Grimshawomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBBD1FA46BF77FA0C" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[1169,1322,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBBD1FA46BF77FA0C" box="[1169,1322,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Titanochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
thought to be closely related to this genus, for use in the current molecular and morphological analyses. Over 3.3 kilobase pairs of nucleotide sequence from five genes (16S,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBBB4FA16BF7EFA7C" box="[1268,1315,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Adh</emphasis>
|
||
, COI, COII,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB26E04CBED4FA3EBB88F984" box="[404,469,1532,1557]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gpdh</emphasis>
|
||
) were examined in about 120 drosophilid species using a variety of phylogenetic methods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBEB3F9E6B8F2F9AF" author="Bonacum, J." box="[499,687,1572,1598]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref5803" refString="Bonacum, J. (2001) Molecular systematics of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae. Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut." type="book" year="2001">Bonacum 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The phylogeny shown in figure 1 is the result of a maximum parsimony analysis (addition sequences = random, number of replicates = 100, branch swap = TBR). The search recovered four most parsimonious trees [length 33,181; CI = 0.31; RI = 0.53; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBD75F95EB8A7F927" author="Bonacum, J." box="[565,762,1692,1718]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref5803" refString="Bonacum, J. (2001) Molecular systematics of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae. Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut." type="book" year="2001">Bonacum (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for more detail]; figure 1 is from the strict consensus. Measures of support include bootstrap proportions (BP;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBB48F906BE8CF94F" author="Felsenstein, J." box="[1032,1233,1732,1758]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="783 - 791" refId="ref6000" refString="Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783 - 791." type="journal article" year="1985">Felsenstein 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBBA0F906BF43F94F" author="Felsenstein, J." box="[1248,1310,1732,1758]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="521 - 565" refId="ref6025" refString="Felsenstein, J. (1988) Phylogenies from molecular sequences: inference and reliability. Annual Review of Genetics, 22, 521 - 565." type="journal article" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and decay indices (DI;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBD56F92EB8E9F897" author="Bremer, K." box="[534,692,1772,1798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="795 - 803" refId="ref5861" refString="Bremer, K. (1988). The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution, 42, 795 - 803." type="journal article" year="1988">Bremer 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This phylogeny shown is part of a larger study treating phylogenetic relationships within the entire Hawaiian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB26E04CBCF7F8D6BE00F8BF" box="[951,1117,1812,1838]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Drosophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB26E04CBB2DF8D6BF7BF8BF" author="Bonacum, J." box="[1133,1318,1812,1838]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref5803" refString="Bonacum, J. (2001) Molecular systematics of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae. Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut." type="book" year="2001">Bonacum 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Bonacum et al. in press) and includes several outgroups, as well as representatives of all major Hawaiian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE8FFEDEB80EFEA4" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1823" box="[463,595,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE8FFEDEB80EFEA4" box="[463,595,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Drosophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineages. Based on this taxon sampling, we feel confident in making statements concerning the relationships of the Hawaiian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBB5EFE86BE99FECF" box="[1054,1220,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Drosophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE14FEAEBBBDFE14" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[340,480,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE14FEAEBBBDFE14" box="[340,480,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF04663EEB27E04DBE48FE27BE3EFE6F" ID-Table-UUID="DF04663EEB27E04DBE48FE27BE3EFE6F" box="[264,1123,484,510]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF04663EEB27E04DBE48FE27BE3EFE6F" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[264,352,485,509]" targetBox="[267,1268,548,1364]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB27E04DBE48FE27BE3EFE6F" blockId="3.[264,1123,484,510]" box="[264,1123,484,510]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE48FE27BB26FE6C" bold="true" box="[264,379,485,509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Taxa examined in this study and summary of nomenclatural changes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB27E04DBE4BFDE6BE1AFAC5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<table id="F97BC416EB271FB1BE4BFDE6BEA9FAC5" box="[267,1268,548,1364]" gridcols="2" gridrows="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFDE6BEA9FDAA" box="[267,1268,548,571]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFDE6B88EFDAA" box="[267,723,548,571]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Original Combination</th>
|
||
<th id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FDE6BEA9FDAA" box="[792,1268,548,571]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">New Combination</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFD93BEA9FDF5" box="[267,1268,593,612]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFD93B88EFDF5" box="[267,723,593,612]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFD93B8F4FDF5" authority="Hardy" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1966" box="[267,681,593,612]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amplilobus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFD93B832FDF2" box="[267,623,593,611]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Drosophila (Engiscaptomyza) amplilobus</emphasis>
|
||
Hardy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FD93BEA9FDF5" box="[792,1268,593,612]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FD93BE9FFDF5" authority="(Hardy)" authorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[792,1218,593,612]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampliloba" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FD93BE24FDF2" box="[792,1145,593,611]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scaptomyza (Engiscaptomyza) ampliloba</emphasis>
|
||
(Hardy)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFDBBBEA9FD1D" box="[267,1268,633,652]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFDBBB88EFD1D" box="[267,723,633,652]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFDBBB88EFD1D" authority="Grimshaw" authorityName="Grimshaw" authorityYear="1901" box="[267,723,633,652]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassifemur" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFDBBB828FD1A" box="[267,629,633,651]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Drosophila (Engiscaptomyza) crassifemur</emphasis>
|
||
Grimshaw
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FDBBBEA9FD1D" box="[792,1268,633,652]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FDBBBEA9FD1D" authority="(Grimshaw)" authorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[792,1268,633,652]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassifemur" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FDBBBEDAFD1A" box="[792,1159,633,651]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scaptomyza (Engiscaptomyza) crassifemur</emphasis>
|
||
(Grimshaw)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFD62BEA9FD22" box="[267,1268,672,691]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFD62B88EFD22" box="[267,723,672,691]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFD62B8F0FD22" authority="Kaneshiro" authorityName="Kaneshiro" authorityYear="1969" box="[267,685,672,691]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFD62B80DFD23" box="[267,592,672,690]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Drosophila (Engiscaptomyza) inflatus</emphasis>
|
||
Kaneshiro
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FD62BEA9FD22" box="[792,1268,672,691]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FD62BE93FD22" authority="(Kaneshiro)" baseAuthorityName="Kaneshiro" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[792,1230,672,691]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inflatus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FD62BE3FFD23" box="[792,1122,672,690]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scaptomyza (Engiscaptomyza) inflatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Kaneshiro)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFD0ABEA9FD4A" box="[267,1268,712,731]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFD0AB88EFD4A" box="[267,723,712,731]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFD0AB8ECFD4A" authority="Hardy" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[267,689,712,731]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lonchoptera" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFD0AB82AFD4B" box="[267,631,712,730]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Drosophila (Engiscaptomyza) lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
||
Hardy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FD0ABEA9FD4A" box="[792,1268,712,731]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FD0ABE8FFD4A" authority="(Hardy)" authorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[792,1234,712,731]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lonchoptera" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FD0ABED4FD4B" box="[792,1161,712,730]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scaptomyza (Engiscaptomyza) lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
||
(Hardy)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFD2DBEA9FC93" box="[267,1268,751,770]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFD2DB88EFC93" box="[267,723,751,770]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFD2DB8F7FC93" authority="Grimshaw" authorityName="Grimshaw" authorityYear="1900" box="[267,682,751,770]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nasalis" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFD2DB811FC90" box="[267,588,751,769]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Drosophila (Engiscaptomyza) nasalis</emphasis>
|
||
Grimshaw
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FD2DBEA9FC93" box="[792,1268,751,770]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FD2DBE91FC93" authority="(Grimshaw)" authorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[792,1228,751,770]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nasalis" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FD2DBE02FC90" box="[792,1119,751,769]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scaptomyza (Engiscaptomyza) nasalis</emphasis>
|
||
(Grimshaw)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFCD5BEA9FCBB" box="[267,1268,791,810]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFCD5B88EFCBB" box="[267,723,791,810]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFCD5B8D6FCBB" authority="Hardy" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[267,651,791,810]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFCD5B80CFCB8" box="[267,593,791,809]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Drosophila (Engiscaptomyza) reducta</emphasis>
|
||
Hardy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FCD5BEA9FCBB" box="[792,1268,791,810]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FCD5BEF6FCBB" authority="(Hardy)" authorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[792,1195,791,810]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FCD5BE3EFCB8" box="[792,1123,791,809]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scaptomyza (Engiscaptomyza) reducta</emphasis>
|
||
(Hardy)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFCFCBEA9FCC0" box="[267,1268,830,849]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFCFCB88EFCC0" box="[267,723,830,849]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFCFCB8E7FCC0" authority="Grimshaw" authorityName="Grimshaw" box="[267,698,830,849]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulata" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFCFCB806FCC1" box="[267,603,830,848]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Drosophila (Engiscaptomyza) undulata</emphasis>
|
||
Grimshaw
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FCFCBEA9FCC0" box="[792,1268,830,849]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FCFCBE86FCC0" authority="(Grimshaw)" baseAuthorityName="Grimshaw" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[792,1243,830,849]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulata" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FCFCBE32FCC1" box="[792,1135,830,848]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scaptomyza (Engiscaptomyza) undulata</emphasis>
|
||
(Grimshaw)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFCA4BEA9FCE8" box="[267,1268,870,889]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFCA4B88EFCE8" box="[267,723,870,889]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFCA4B853FCE8" authority="Hardy" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[267,526,870,889]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFCA4BB8EFCE9" box="[267,467,870,888]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Grimshawomyia palata</emphasis>
|
||
Hardy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FCA4BEA9FCE8" box="[792,1268,870,889]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FCA4BE0EFCE8" authority="(Hardy)" baseAuthorityName="Hardy" box="[792,1107,870,889]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palata" subGenus="Grimshawomyia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FCA4BE58FCE9" box="[792,1029,870,888]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. (Grimshawomyia) palata</emphasis>
|
||
(Hardy)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFC4CBEA9FC30" box="[267,1268,910,929]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFC4CB88EFC30" box="[267,723,910,929]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFC4CB81DFC30" authority="Grimshaw" box="[267,576,910,929]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perkinsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFC4CBBBFFC31" box="[267,482,910,928]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Grimshawomyia perkinsi</emphasis>
|
||
Grimshaw
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FC4CBEA9FC30" box="[792,1268,910,929]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FC4CBE22FC30" authority="(Grimshaw)" baseAuthorityName="Grimshaw" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[792,1151,910,929]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perkinsi" subGenus="Grimshawomyia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FC4CBE4EFC31" box="[792,1043,910,928]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. (Grimshawomyia) perkinsi</emphasis>
|
||
(Grimshaw)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFC77BEA9FC59" box="[267,1268,949,968]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFC77B88EFC59" box="[267,723,949,968]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFC77BBB0FC59" authority="Wirth" authorityName="Wirth" authorityYear="1952" box="[267,493,949,968]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bryani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFC77BBEAFC56" box="[267,439,949,967]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Titanochaeta bryani</emphasis>
|
||
Wirth
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FC77BEA9FC59" box="[792,1268,949,968]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FC77BE70FC59" authority="(Wirth)" baseAuthorityName="Wirth" box="[792,1069,949,968]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bryani" subGenus="Titanochaeta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FC77B9B5FC56" box="[792,1000,949,967]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. (Titanochaeta) bryani</emphasis>
|
||
(Wirth)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFC1FBEA9FC61" box="[267,1268,989,1008]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFC1FB88EFC61" box="[267,723,989,1008]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFC1FB847FC61" authority="Hardy" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[267,538,989,1008]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chauliodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFC1FBBBDFC7E" box="[267,480,989,1007]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Titanochaeta chauliodon</emphasis>
|
||
Hardy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FC1FBEA9FC61" box="[792,1268,989,1008]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FC1FBE03FC61" authority="(Hardy)" baseAuthorityName="Hardy" box="[792,1118,989,1008]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chauliodon" subGenus="Titanochaeta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FC1FBE4DFC7E" box="[792,1040,989,1007]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. (Titanochaeta) chauliodon</emphasis>
|
||
(Hardy)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFBC6BEA9FB86" box="[267,1268,1028,1047]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFBC6B88EFB86" box="[267,723,1028,1047]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFBC7B84FFB86" authority="Hardy" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1966" box="[267,530,1028,1047]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contestata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFBC7BB8AFB86" box="[267,471,1029,1047]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Titanochaeta contestata</emphasis>
|
||
Hardy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FBC6BEA9FB86" box="[792,1268,1028,1047]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FBC7BE0BFB86" authority="(Hardy)" authorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="Hardy" box="[792,1110,1028,1047]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contestata" subGenus="Titanochaeta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FBC7BE55FB86" box="[792,1032,1029,1047]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. (Titanochaeta) contestata</emphasis>
|
||
(Hardy)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFBEEBEA9FBAE" box="[267,1268,1068,1087]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFBEEB88EFBAE" box="[267,723,1068,1087]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFBEEBBB6FBAE" authority="Hardy" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[267,491,1068,1087]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="evexa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFBEEBBEDFBAF" box="[267,432,1068,1086]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Titanochaeta evexa</emphasis>
|
||
Hardy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FBEEBEA9FBAE" box="[792,1268,1068,1087]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FBEEBEDDFBAE" authority="O'Grady et al." authorityName="O'Grady" box="[792,1152,1068,1087]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neoevexa" subGenus="Titanochaeta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FBEEB9A2FBAF" box="[792,1023,1068,1086]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. (Titanochaeta) neoevexa</emphasis>
|
||
O’Grady et al.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFB96BEA9FBF6" box="[267,1268,1108,1127]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFB96B88EFBF6" box="[267,723,1108,1127]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFB96BBA9FBF6" authority="Hardy" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[267,500,1108,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFB96BBE7FBF7" box="[267,442,1108,1126]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Titanochaeta glauca</emphasis>
|
||
Hardy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FB96BEA9FBF6" box="[792,1268,1108,1127]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FB96BE64FBF6" authority="(Hardy)" authorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="Hardy" box="[792,1081,1108,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauca" subGenus="Titanochaeta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FB96B9B7FBF7" box="[792,1002,1108,1126]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. (Titanochaeta) glauca</emphasis>
|
||
(Hardy)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFBB9BEA9FB1F" box="[267,1268,1147,1166]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFBB9B88EFB1F" box="[267,723,1147,1166]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFBB9B84CFB1F" authority="Knab" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[267,529,1147,1166]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ichneumon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFBB9BB80FB1C" box="[267,477,1147,1165]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Titanochaeta ichneumon</emphasis>
|
||
Knab
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FBB9BEA9FB1F" box="[792,1268,1147,1166]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FBB9BE0DFB1F" authority="(Knab)" authorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="Knab" box="[792,1104,1147,1166]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ichneumon" subGenus="Titanochaeta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FBB9BE50FB1C" box="[792,1037,1147,1165]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. (Titanochaeta) ichneumon</emphasis>
|
||
(Knab)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFB61BEA9FB27" box="[267,1268,1187,1206]" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFB61B88EFB27" box="[267,723,1187,1206]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFB61B849FB27" authority="Hardy" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[267,532,1187,1206]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kauaiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFB61BB87FB24" box="[267,474,1187,1205]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Titanochaeta kauaiensis</emphasis>
|
||
Hardy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FB61BEA9FB27" box="[792,1268,1187,1206]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FB61BEF7FB27" authority="O'Grady et al." authorityName="O'Grady" box="[792,1194,1187,1206]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neokauaiensis" subGenus="Titanochaeta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FB61BE74FB24" box="[792,1065,1187,1205]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. (Titanochaeta) neokauaiensis</emphasis>
|
||
O’Grady et al.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFB08BEA9FB4C" box="[267,1268,1226,1245]" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFB08B88EFB4C" box="[267,723,1226,1245]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFB09B861FB4C" authority="Hardy" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[267,572,1226,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setosiscutellum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFB09B85FFB4C" box="[267,514,1227,1245]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Titanochaeta setosiscutellum</emphasis>
|
||
Hardy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FB08BEA9FB4C" box="[792,1268,1226,1245]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FB09BEDCFB4C" authority="(Hardy)" authorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="Hardy" box="[792,1153,1226,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setosiscutellum" subGenus="Titanochaeta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FB09BE6FFB4C" box="[792,1074,1227,1245]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. (Titanochaeta) setosiscutellum</emphasis>
|
||
(Hardy)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFB30BEA9FA94" box="[267,1268,1266,1285]" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFB30B88EFA94" box="[267,723,1266,1285]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFB30B85FFA94" authority="Hardy" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[267,514,1266,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFB30BB95FA95" box="[267,456,1266,1284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Titanochaeta silvicola</emphasis>
|
||
Hardy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FB30BEA9FA94" box="[792,1268,1266,1285]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FB30BEC5FA94" authority="O'Grady et al." authorityName="O'Grady" box="[792,1176,1266,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neosilvicola" subGenus="Titanochaeta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FB30BE4AFA95" box="[792,1047,1266,1284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. (Titanochaeta) neosilvicola</emphasis>
|
||
O’Grady et al.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFAD8BEA9FABC" box="[267,1268,1306,1325]" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFAD8B88EFABC" box="[267,723,1306,1325]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFAD8BBAAFABC" authority="Wirth" authorityName="Wirth" authorityYear="1952" box="[267,503,1306,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="swezeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFAD8BB9CFABD" box="[267,449,1306,1324]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Titanochaeta swezeyi</emphasis>
|
||
Wirth
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FAD8BEA9FABC" box="[792,1268,1306,1325]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FAD8BE6BFABC" authority="(Wirth)" baseAuthorityName="Wirth" box="[792,1078,1306,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="swezeyi" subGenus="Titanochaeta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FAD8B9ACFABD" box="[792,1009,1306,1324]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. (Titanochaeta) swezeyi</emphasis>
|
||
(Wirth)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354B34F4EB271FB1BE4BFA83BEA9FAC5" box="[267,1268,1345,1364]" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BE4BFA83B88EFAC5" box="[267,723,1345,1364]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBE4BFA83BBA5FAC5" authority="Hardy" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[267,504,1345,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittiger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBE4BFA83BBE3FAC2" box="[267,446,1345,1363]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Titanochaeta vittiger</emphasis>
|
||
Hardy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="769A5D88EB271FB1BC58FA83BEA9FAC5" box="[792,1268,1345,1364]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB27E04DBC58FA83BE1AFAC5" authority="(Hardy)" authorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[792,1095,1345,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittigera" subGenus="Titanochaeta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB27E04DBC58FA83B9A5FAC2" box="[792,1016,1345,1363]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. (Titanochaeta) vittigera</emphasis>
|
||
(Hardy)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB27E04DBE78FA75BE53F880" blockId="3.[264,1325,1463,1809]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Morphological analyses were done either using light or scanning electron microscopy. Specimens were prepared as follows: adult flies stored in 70% ETOH were completely dehydrated via sequential washes with 80%, 90%, 95% and 100% ETOH. These specimens were then critical point dried using standard protocols (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB27E04DBCA1F9EDBEC9F9D8" author="Grimaldi, D. A." box="[993,1172,1583,1609]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="103 - 268" refId="ref6089" refString="Grimaldi, D. A. (1987) Phylogenetics and taxonomy of Zygothrica (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 186, 103 - 268." type="journal article" year="1987">Grimaldi 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Male genitalic structures were dissected from the abdomen and adhered to a specimen mount (Ted Pella, Inc.) using double coated, carbon conductive tabs (Ted Pella, Inc.). The material was sputter coated and visualized using a Hitachi S4700 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. All image files were saved in.tif file format and edited in Adobe Photoshop 5.0 (Adobe Systems, Inc.). Image files are available upon request.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF04663EEB20E04ABE48FAB6B857F952" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014210" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5014210" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5014210/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[264,367,1396,1420]" targetBox="[265,1322,330,1369]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB20E04ABE48FAB6B857F952" blockId="4.[264,1323,1396,1731]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB20E04ABE48FAB6BBD7FA1D" bold="true" box="[264,394,1396,1420]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogenetic relationships of the Hawaiian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB20E04ABC25FAB6B9A6FA1A" box="[869,1019,1396,1419]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Drosophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB20E04ABB03FAB6BEB4FA1A" author="Bonacum, J." box="[1091,1257,1396,1419]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref5803" refString="Bonacum, J. (2001) Molecular systematics of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae. Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut." type="book" year="2001">Bonacum 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with particular emphasis on the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB20E04ABDCCFA55B956FA3F" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[652,779,1431,1454]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB20E04ABDCCFA55B956FA3F" box="[652,779,1431,1454]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and associated groups (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB20E04ABB66FA55BEECFA3F" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[1062,1201,1431,1454]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB20E04ABB66FA55BEECFA3F" box="[1062,1201,1431,1454]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Titanochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB20E04ABB84FA55BB06FA40" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB20E04ABB84FA55BB06FA40" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Grimshawomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB20E04ABEDDFA78B811FA40" box="[413,588,1466,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB20E04ABEDDFA78B811FA40" box="[413,588,1466,1489]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Engiscaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Numbers above the line at each node are bootstrap proportions, numbers below the line are decay indices (after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB20E04ABC55FA1EB9E1FA62" author="Bonacum, J." box="[789,956,1500,1523]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref5803" refString="Bonacum, J. (2001) Molecular systematics of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae. Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut." type="book" year="2001">Bonacum 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see text for details). Numbers of species sampled/total species described in a group is tabulated individually for the Hawaiian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB20E04ABBA0FA3DBB62F9A8" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1823" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB20E04ABBA0FA3DBB62F9A8" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Drosophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineages, as well as for the Hawaiian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB20E04ABD95F9E0B910F9A8" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1823" box="[725,845,1570,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB20E04ABD95F9E0B910F9A8" box="[725,845,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Drosophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB20E04ABC87F9E0BE1BF9A8" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[967,1094,1570,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB20E04ABC87F9E0BE1BF9A8" box="[967,1094,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a whole (numbers are not additive due to species unplaced in described groups). Chromosome numbers for the ancestor of the Hawaiian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB20E04ABEA6F9A5B820F9EF" box="[486,637,1639,1662]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Drosophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(N=6) and groups where two independent fusions are inferred (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB20E04ABE51F948BBBAF930" box="[273,487,1674,1697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">modified mouthpart</emphasis>
|
||
group and genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB20E04ABDF1F948B96DF930" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[689,816,1674,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB20E04ABDF1F948B96DF930" box="[689,816,1674,1697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are mapped on the tree, after (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB20E04ABBD3F948BB1DF952" author="Clayton, F. E. & Carson, H. L. & Sato, J. E." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="163 - 177" refId="ref5889" refString="Clayton, F. E., Carson, H. L. & Sato, J. E. (1972) Polytene chromosome relationships in Hawaiian species of Drosophila. VI. Supplementary data on metaphases and gene sequences. University of Texas Publications, 7213, 163 - 177." type="journal article" year="1972">Clayton et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB20E04ABE0BF96EBBA3F952" author="Yoon, J. S. & Resch K. & Wheeler, M. R. & Richardson, R. H." box="[331,510,1708,1731]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="249 - 256" refId="ref6778" refString="Yoon, J. S., Resch K., Wheeler, M. R., & Richardson, R. H. (1975) Evolution in Hawaiian Drosophilidae: chromosomal phylogeny of the Drosophila crassifemur complex. Evolution, 29, 249 - 256." type="journal article" year="1975">Yoon et al. 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB20E04BBE78F8DCB83DFC87" blockId="4.[264,1324,1822,1889]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB20E04ABE78F8DCB802F8A9" bold="true" box="[312,607,1822,1848]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Results and Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
The molecular and morphological data strongly support the notion that the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB20E04ABD4DF885B8FBF8F1" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[525,678,1863,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB20E04ABD4DF885B8FBF8F1" box="[525,678,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Titanochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB20E04ABD9EF885B9FDF8F1" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[734,928,1863,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB20E04ABD9EF885B9FDF8F1" box="[734,928,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Grimshawomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB20E04ABB11F885BE88F8F1" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1823" box="[1105,1237,1863,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB20E04ABB11F885BE88F8F1" box="[1105,1237,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Drosophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBE7BFEDEBBA6FEA4" box="[315,507,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBE7BFEDEBBA6FEA4" box="[315,507,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Engiscaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, actually belong within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBCE0FEDEBE71FEA4" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[928,1068,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBCE0FEDEBE71FEA4" box="[928,1068,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The molecular phylogeny we present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A33EB21E04BBEB0FE86B868FECF" box="[496,565,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1396,1420]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,330,1369]" captionTargetId="figure-178@4.[265,1322,320,1369]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationships of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae (after Bonacum 2001), with particular emphasis on the genus Scaptomyza and associated groups (Titanochaeta, Grimshawomyia, and Engiscaptomyza). Numbers above the line at each node are bootstrap proportions, numbers below the line are decay indices (after Bonacum 2001; see text for details). Numbers of species sampled/total species described in a group is tabulated individually for the Hawaiian Drosophila lineages, as well as for the Hawaiian Drosophila and genus Scaptomyza as a whole (numbers are not additive due to species unplaced in described groups). Chromosome numbers for the ancestor of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae (N=6) and groups where two independent fusions are inferred (modified mouthpart group and genus Scaptomyza) are mapped on the tree, after (Clayton et al. 1972; Yoon et al. 1975)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014210" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5014210/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) shows high support for a clade containing these three endemic Hawaiian groups with several subgenera of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBCC0FEAEBE51FE14" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[896,1036,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBCC0FEAEBE51FE14" box="[896,1036,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BP = 100, DI = 24.75). Although support for the Hawaiian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBD8EFE56B907FE3C" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[718,858,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBD8EFE56B907FE3C" box="[718,858,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBB4BFE56BEF9FE3C" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[1035,1188,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBB4BFE56BEF9FE3C" box="[1035,1188,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Titanochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBBFAFE56BB3EFE44" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBBFAFE56BB3EFE44" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Grimshawomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBD03FE7EB95EFE44" box="[579,771,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBD03FE7EB95EFE44" box="[579,771,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Engiscaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is quite robust, relationships within this clade are not well supported. Only the monophyly of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBC9DFE26BE3CFE6C" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1932" box="[989,1121,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Bunostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBC9DFE26BE3CFE6C" box="[989,1121,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bunostoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BP = 100, DI = 44.5) and the sister group relationship of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBDB6FDCEBE68FDB4" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1823" box="[758,1077,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminum" subGenus="Scaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBDB6FDCEBE68FDB4" box="[758,1077,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. (Scaptomyza) graminum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBB31FDCEBBCAFDDC" authorityName="Takada" authorityYear="1970" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elmoi" subGenus="Parascaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBB31FDCEBBCAFDDC" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. (Parascaptomyza) elmoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BP = 100, DI = 24) are well supported (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A33EB21E04BBC3EFDF6B99EFDDF" box="[894,963,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1396,1420]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,330,1369]" captionTargetId="figure-178@4.[265,1322,320,1369]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationships of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae (after Bonacum 2001), with particular emphasis on the genus Scaptomyza and associated groups (Titanochaeta, Grimshawomyia, and Engiscaptomyza). Numbers above the line at each node are bootstrap proportions, numbers below the line are decay indices (after Bonacum 2001; see text for details). Numbers of species sampled/total species described in a group is tabulated individually for the Hawaiian Drosophila lineages, as well as for the Hawaiian Drosophila and genus Scaptomyza as a whole (numbers are not additive due to species unplaced in described groups). Chromosome numbers for the ancestor of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae (N=6) and groups where two independent fusions are inferred (modified mouthpart group and genus Scaptomyza) are mapped on the tree, after (Clayton et al. 1972; Yoon et al. 1975)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014210" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5014210/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The latter relationship, however, implies that the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBD3AFD9EB960FDE4" box="[634,829,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Parascaptomyza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBD3AFD9EB960FDE4" box="[634,829,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parascaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not monophyletic. This phylogeny also calls into question the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBDFDFD46B920FD0C" box="[701,893,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBDFDFD46B920FD0C" box="[701,893,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Engiscaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, placing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBCA9FD46BECCFD0C" authorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1001,1169,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassifemur">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBCA9FD46BECCFD0C" box="[1001,1169,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. crassifemur</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sistertaxon of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBE34FD6EB84BFD54" box="[372,534,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chauliodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBE34FD6EB84BFD54" box="[372,534,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. chauliodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBD12FD6EB899FD54" authorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[594,708,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nasalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBD12FD6EB899FD54" box="[594,708,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. nasalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sister of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBCC3FD6EB9B0FD54" box="[899,1005,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBCC3FD6EB9B0FD54" box="[899,1005,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. palata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A33EB21E04BBCBEFD6EBE18FD57" box="[1022,1093,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1396,1420]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,330,1369]" captionTargetId="figure-178@4.[265,1322,320,1369]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationships of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae (after Bonacum 2001), with particular emphasis on the genus Scaptomyza and associated groups (Titanochaeta, Grimshawomyia, and Engiscaptomyza). Numbers above the line at each node are bootstrap proportions, numbers below the line are decay indices (after Bonacum 2001; see text for details). Numbers of species sampled/total species described in a group is tabulated individually for the Hawaiian Drosophila lineages, as well as for the Hawaiian Drosophila and genus Scaptomyza as a whole (numbers are not additive due to species unplaced in described groups). Chromosome numbers for the ancestor of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae (N=6) and groups where two independent fusions are inferred (modified mouthpart group and genus Scaptomyza) are mapped on the tree, after (Clayton et al. 1972; Yoon et al. 1975)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014210" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5014210/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Clearly, the large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBE48FD16BBC9FD7C" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[264,404,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBE48FD16BBC9FD7C" box="[264,404,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage will need to be surveyed more extensively and completely revised in order to resolve these issues..
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB21E04BBE78FCE6B9E5FAD7" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Scanning electron microscopy was used to compare the morphology of the male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBE28FC8EB85CFCF4" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[360,513,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBE28FC8EB85CFCF4" box="[360,513,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Titanochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBD52FC8EB889FCF4" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[530,724,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBD52FC8EB889FCF4" box="[530,724,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Grimshawomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBC08FC8EB98FFCF4" authorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="O’Grady & Bonacum & Desalle & Val" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[840,978,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassifemur">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBC08FC8EB98FFCF4" box="[840,978,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">crassifemur</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBB2AFC8EBEABFCF4" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[1130,1270,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBB2AFC8EBEABFCF4" box="[1130,1270,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBE48FCB6BBD1FC1C" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1823" box="[264,396,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBE48FCB6BBD1FC1C" box="[264,396,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Drosophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is clear that, based on several characters, the three endemic Hawaiian groups are more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBDE5FC5EB96CFC24" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[677,817,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBDE5FC5EB96CFC24" box="[677,817,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than they are to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBCBBFC5EBE22FC24" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1823" box="[1019,1151,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBCBBFC5EBE22FC24" box="[1019,1151,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Drosophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For example, the epandria and cerci of
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBD07FC06BE09FC4C" box="[583,1108,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBD07FC06B8BEFC4C" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[583,739,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Titanochaeta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBDB3FC06B9E5FC4C" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[755,952,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Grimshawomyia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBC89FC06BE09FC4C" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[969,1108,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scaptomyza</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBBDDFC06BB19FB94" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBBDDFC06BB19FB94" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Engiscaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are all highly modified, possessing expanded lateral lobes that often bear elongate setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A33EB21E04BBE13FBD6BB9AFBBF" box="[339,455,1044,1070]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURES 56. 5" captionStartId-0="6.[264,368,1107,1131]" captionStartId-1="6.[264,367,1836,1860]" captionStartId-2="8.[264,368,1343,1367]" captionStartId-3="10.[264,382,1289,1313]" captionTargetBox-0="[506,1083,453,1087]" captionTargetBox-1="[457,1130,1227,1801]" captionTargetBox-2="[541,1038,647,1320]" captionTargetBox-3="[440,1148,618,1258]" captionTargetId-0="figure-67@6.[501,1086,449,1091]" captionTargetId-1="figure-69@6.[453,1134,1222,1810]" captionTargetId-2="figure-242@8.[536,1052,644,1330]" captionTargetId-3="figure-234@10.[436,1152,614,1262]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Tantalia) varipicta Hardy." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Titanochaeta) chauliodon (Hardy)." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Engiscaptomyza) undulata (Grimshaw)." captionText-3="FIGURES 56. 5, Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Grimshawomyia) perkinsi (Grimshaw); 6, Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Grimshawomyia) palata (Hardy)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014212" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014219" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014221" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014223" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5014212/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5014219/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5014221/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5014223/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2–6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB21E04BBE9CFBD6B8E5FBBF" author="Hardy, D. E." box="[476,696,1044,1070]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 814" refId="ref6241" refString="Hardy, D. E. (1965) Diptera: Cyclorrhapha II, Series Schizophora, Section Acalypterae I, Family Drosophilidae. Insects of Hawaii, 12, 1 - 814." type="journal article" year="1965">Hardy (1965: 606)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noticed these characters and cautioned against referring to them as secondary claspers because he preferred “to use this term only for those distinctly clasperlike lobes...which bear strong spines.” In addition, the genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBBA8FBA6BB06FB34" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBBA8FBA6BB06FB34" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBE2AFB4EB85EFB34" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[362,515,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBE2AFB4EB85EFB34" box="[362,515,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Titanochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBD51FB4EB88EFB34" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[529,723,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBD51FB4EB88EFB34" box="[529,723,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Grimshawomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBC52FB4EB98FFB34" box="[786,978,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBC52FB4EB98FFB34" box="[786,978,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Engiscaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a more “open” arrangement, where the surstyli and lateral lobes of the epandrium form a “cup” on the ventrodistal surface of the abdomen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A33EB21E04BBD8DFB1EB961FB67" box="[717,828,1244,1270]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURES 56. 5" captionStartId-0="6.[264,368,1107,1131]" captionStartId-1="6.[264,367,1836,1860]" captionStartId-2="8.[264,368,1343,1367]" captionStartId-3="10.[264,382,1289,1313]" captionTargetBox-0="[506,1083,453,1087]" captionTargetBox-1="[457,1130,1227,1801]" captionTargetBox-2="[541,1038,647,1320]" captionTargetBox-3="[440,1148,618,1258]" captionTargetId-0="figure-67@6.[501,1086,449,1091]" captionTargetId-1="figure-69@6.[453,1134,1222,1810]" captionTargetId-2="figure-242@8.[536,1052,644,1330]" captionTargetId-3="figure-234@10.[436,1152,614,1262]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Tantalia) varipicta Hardy." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Titanochaeta) chauliodon (Hardy)." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Engiscaptomyza) undulata (Grimshaw)." captionText-3="FIGURES 56. 5, Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Grimshawomyia) perkinsi (Grimshaw); 6, Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Grimshawomyia) palata (Hardy)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014212" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014219" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014221" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014223" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5014212/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5014219/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5014221/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5014223/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
). This is in contrast to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBB99FB1EBB19FA8C" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1823" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBB99FB1EBB19FA8C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Drosophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the surstyli are closely oppressed on either side of the aedeagus and lateral lobes on the epandrium or anal plates are generally absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB21E04BBE78FA96B99FF947" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Chromosome studies also suggest a close affinity between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBCBFFA96BED6FAFC" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[1023,1163,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBCBFFA96BED6FAFC" box="[1023,1163,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBBDDFA96BB19FA04" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBBDDFA96BB19FA04" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Engiscaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBE3FFABEB845FA04" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[383,536,1404,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBE3FFABEB845FA04" box="[383,536,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Titanochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB21E04BBD68FABEB953FA07" author="Clayton, F. E. & Carson, H. L. & Sato, J. E." box="[552,782,1404,1430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="163 - 177" refId="ref5889" refString="Clayton, F. E., Carson, H. L. & Sato, J. E. (1972) Polytene chromosome relationships in Hawaiian species of Drosophila. VI. Supplementary data on metaphases and gene sequences. University of Texas Publications, 7213, 163 - 177." type="journal article" year="1972">Clayton et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB21E04BBC5BFABEB9BFFA07" author="Yoon, J. S. & Resch K. & Wheeler, M. R. & Richardson, R. H." box="[795,994,1404,1430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="249 - 256" refId="ref6778" refString="Yoon, J. S., Resch K., Wheeler, M. R., & Richardson, R. H. (1975) Evolution in Hawaiian Drosophilidae: chromosomal phylogeny of the Drosophila crassifemur complex. Evolution, 29, 249 - 256." type="journal article" year="1975">Yoon et al. 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The metaphase configurations (1 Vshaped, 3 rods, and 1 dot; N = 5) is shared between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBCAFFA66BE26FA2C" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[1007,1147,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBCAFFA66BE26FA2C" box="[1007,1147,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBBCAFA66BF7EFA2C" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[1162,1315,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBBCAFA66BF7EFA2C" box="[1162,1315,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Titanochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBE48FA0EBB95FA74" box="[264,456,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBE48FA0EBB95FA74" box="[264,456,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Engiscaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some species in the
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBC5BFA0EBE4BFA74" box="[795,1046,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">modified mouthparts</emphasis>
|
||
species group (genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBE48FA36BBD1F99C" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1823" box="[264,396,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBE48FA36BBD1F99C" box="[264,396,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Drosophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). All other Hawaiian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBDDFFA36B9D9F99F" box="[671,900,1524,1550]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBDDFFA36B97EF99C" box="[671,803,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Drosophila</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the “ancestral” karyotype (5 rods and 1 dot; N = 6) for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBDFCF9DEB91DF9A4" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1823" box="[700,832,1564,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBDFCF9DEB91DF9A4" box="[700,832,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Drosophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It has been suggested that this reduction in chromosome number has taken place via centric fusion events (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B47EB21E04BBB08F986BB1AF917" author="Patterson, J. T. & Stone, W. S." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref6561" refString="Patterson, J. T. & Stone, W. S. (1952) Evolution in the genus Drosophila. Macmillan Company, New York. 610 p." type="book" year="1952">Patterson & Stone 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Our molecular phylogeny (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A33EB21E04BBDD9F9AEB880F917" box="[665,733,1644,1670]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1396,1420]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,330,1369]" captionTargetId="figure-178@4.[265,1322,320,1369]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationships of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae (after Bonacum 2001), with particular emphasis on the genus Scaptomyza and associated groups (Titanochaeta, Grimshawomyia, and Engiscaptomyza). Numbers above the line at each node are bootstrap proportions, numbers below the line are decay indices (after Bonacum 2001; see text for details). Numbers of species sampled/total species described in a group is tabulated individually for the Hawaiian Drosophila lineages, as well as for the Hawaiian Drosophila and genus Scaptomyza as a whole (numbers are not additive due to species unplaced in described groups). Chromosome numbers for the ancestor of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae (N=6) and groups where two independent fusions are inferred (modified mouthpart group and genus Scaptomyza) are mapped on the tree, after (Clayton et al. 1972; Yoon et al. 1975)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5014210" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5014210/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) suggests that this has taken place at least twice – once in the
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBED4F956B820F93C" box="[404,637,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">modified mouthpart</emphasis>
|
||
species and again in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBCEBF956BE6AF93C" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[939,1079,1684,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBCEBF956BE6AF93C" box="[939,1079,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage (which contains
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBE07F97EBBBDF944" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[327,480,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBE07F97EBBBDF944" box="[327,480,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Titanochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBEAEF97EB8F3F944" box="[494,686,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBEAEF97EB8F3F944" box="[494,686,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Engiscaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBDAFF97EB9ECF944" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[751,945,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBDAFF97EB9ECF944" box="[751,945,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Grimshawomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436B6EB21E048BE78F926BBD3FE17" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastBlockId="6.[264,1323,284,390]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Based on the morphological, chromosomal, and molecular evidence, we propose placing the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBEF5F8CEB813F8B4" authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1914" box="[437,590,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Titanochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBEF5F8CEB813F8B4" box="[437,590,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Titanochaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBDC6F8CEB915F8B4" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1965" box="[646,840,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Grimshawomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBDC6F8CEB915F8B4" box="[646,840,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Grimshawomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBCBAF8CEBEDBF8B4" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[1018,1158,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBCBAF8CEBEDBF8B4" box="[1018,1158,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as subgenera. We are also moving the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBDE0F8F6B93DF8DC" box="[672,864,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Engiscaptomyza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBDE0F8F6B93DF8DC" box="[672,864,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Engiscaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB21E04BBB64F8F6BEF5F8DC" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1823" box="[1060,1192,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E04BBB64F8F6BEF5F8DC" box="[1060,1192,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Drosophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB21E048BB91F8F6BB19FEA4" italics="true" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
. This placement will broaden the morphological concept of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D35EB22E048BBDFFEDEBF76FEA4" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1850" box="[1183,1323,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Scaptomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAA4EB22E048BBDFFEDEBF76FEA4" box="[1183,1323,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scaptomyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which will, in turn facilitate further taxonomic studies on this poorly understood and complex group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |