164 lines
20 KiB
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164 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="7DEEBEE22C91D766A5FBF8FFBB7F4331" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.276783" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cbd0de37-eabb-43d6-bae2-ff7fe53daac6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="276783" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460235511592" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2011" docId="03D28792FFD2FF8A84E411C16D1D8223" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02759p048.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2759" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Enigmaster scalaris McKnight & H.E.S. Clark 1996" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FFEBFFEAFFC4FF9D847312686C098034" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1698239547451" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3A5C24A3AA9FB21C0101F1CCCFD03DBC">
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<mods:title id="E70FD845CC171410BB30AE70DF1F106E">Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="24F82E86DA7A73E8732CEDAF5F398C20" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="7F294B4096704C6FB1024A1BD7E009D4">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A353833F84876D9307C41ADA3D8FAD81">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="38EC9D7F692A334647896FA2D2A066FD">
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<mods:date id="39981829EE1E760A96A3887E7C123E31">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="9C4A037844C09B2FA5BB0C829DFC5283" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="DA5FA6629268EFED6E2D152BD1EA7DC0">2759</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="EDBBAF6480778826B84475D3C7C0B067">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="409460D2EB2EABDF93442DBDF363ABDD">48</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="84976B3C0F8B9E1374C3E1CB6992F848">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="8258C0866812B30953B5BF0B1A82A7F7" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.276783</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="768D6F036B856A3A2DD41A806E629684" type="GBIF-Dataset">cbd0de37-eabb-43d6-bae2-ff7fe53daac6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4D6B9907DB5D6E02B3CC0F023162A2FD" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="DE932BA54E3C80E7A44F0BADE815E27D" type="Zenodo-Dep">276783</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D28792FFD2FF8A84E411C16D1D8223" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6184343" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119388102" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6184343" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D28792FFD2FF8A84E411C16D1D8223" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D28792FFD2FF8A84E411C16D1D8223" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD2FF8B84E411C16E738432" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD2FF8B84E411C16F1683F6" blockId="22.[151,799,936,963]" box="[151,799,936,963]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<heading id="D08C81E8FFD2FF8B84E411C16F1683F6" bold="true" box="[151,799,936,963]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD2FF8B84E411C16F1683F6" ID-CoL="6FBWD" authority="McKnight & H.E.S. Clark, 1996" authorityName="McKnight & H.E.S. Clark" authorityYear="1996" box="[151,799,936,963]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Enigmaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scalaris">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B84E411C16F1683F6" bold="true" box="[151,799,936,963]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B84E411C16D8E83F7" bold="true" box="[151,391,937,963]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Enigmaster scalaris</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD2FF8B85FD11C06F1683F6" author="McKnight" box="[398,799,936,962]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="22" pageNumber="47" refString="McKnight, D. G. & Clark, H. E. S. (1996) Enigmaster scalaris, n. gen., n. sp., a puzzling sea-star (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) from the Auckland Islands. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 26 (2), 205 - 214." type="journal article" year="1996">McKnight & H.E.S. Clark, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD2FF8B84E411986E738432" blockId="22.[151,634,1008,1030]" box="[151,634,1008,1030]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD2FF8B84E411986DEA8432" author="Clark" box="[151,483,1008,1030]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="22" pageNumber="47" refString="McKnight, D. G. & Clark, H. E. S. (1996) Enigmaster scalaris, n. gen., n. sp., a puzzling sea-star (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) from the Auckland Islands. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 26 (2), 205 - 214." type="journal article" year="1996">H.E.S. Clark & McKnight, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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; 207; 2001: 45
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD2FF8B84E4165A690E8676" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD2FF8B84E4165A6E2B8516" blockId="22.[151,1437,1074,2035]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B84E4165A6D16847F" bold="true" box="[151,287,1074,1099]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Comments.</emphasis>
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It seems possible that characters listed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD2FF8B8762165A685B847E" author="McKnight" box="[785,1106,1074,1098]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="22" pageNumber="47" refString="McKnight, D. G. & Clark, H. E. S. (1996) Enigmaster scalaris, n. gen., n. sp., a puzzling sea-star (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) from the Auckland Islands. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 26 (2), 205 - 214." type="journal article" year="1996">McKnight and Clark (1996)</bibRefCitation>
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may be misinterpreted from dried tissue. The fibrous rungs or bars figured in descriptions of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD2FF8B87F1163F680A845A" box="[898,1027,1111,1134]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Enigmaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B87F1163F680A845A" box="[898,1027,1111,1134]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Enigmaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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appear to be dried connective ligaments connecting the abactinal surface facets of paired ambulacral ossicles as observed in
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD2FF8B80D71613692184A6" box="[1188,1320,1147,1170]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B80D71613692184A6" box="[1188,1320,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ceramaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and other goniasterids. Similarly, the absence of suckers on the tube feet may be a misinterpretation of tube foot from dried tissue deformation. Furthermore, the perception of a suckerless tube foot could be a dried “simple disk”
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<typeStatus id="54C08826FFD2FF8B814716AB696D84EF" box="[1332,1380,1219,1243]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
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tube foot as indicated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD2FF8B850B168E6E5B84CA" box="[376,594,1254,1279]" pageId="22" pageNumber="48" refString="Santos, R., Haesearts, D., Jangoux, M. & Flammang, P. (2005) Comparative histological and immunohistochemical study of sea star tube feet (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Journal of Morphology, 263, 259 - 269." type="journal article">
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Santos
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B85BA16806E0884CA" box="[457,513,1254,1279]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
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(2005)
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</bibRefCitation>
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who described three different
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<typeStatus id="54C08826FFD2FF8B87D5168F6FE884CB" box="[934,993,1255,1279]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">types</typeStatus>
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of tube feet, only one of which actually possessed a well-developed sucker.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD2FF8B84B41746687A85BA" blockId="22.[151,1437,1074,2035]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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The distinctive hastate arm shape observed in
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD2FF8B86B817476F458572" box="[715,844,1327,1350]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Enigmaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B86B817476F458572" box="[715,844,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Enigmaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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could represent unusual phenotypic variation, which is observed in other valvatidans, such as the South African goniasterids
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD2FF8B87CD173C68A7855F" box="[958,1198,1363,1387]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Toraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tuberculatus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B87CD173C68A7855F" box="[958,1198,1363,1387]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Toraster tuberculatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD2FF8B8096173B6DB985BA" authority="Mortensen 1933" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1933" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Calliaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="acanthodes">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B8096173B6CE985BA" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Calliaster acanthodes</emphasis>
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(Mortensen 1933)
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</taxonomicName>
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in conjunction with predation or developmental abnormalities.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD2FF8B84B417F2690E8676" blockId="22.[151,1437,1074,2035]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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If the unusual characters that have been used to distinguish
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B87FC17F468198587" box="[911,1040,1436,1459]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Engimaster</emphasis>
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are de-emphasized, the specimen described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD2FF8B855C17D66E6585E2" author="McKnight" box="[303,620,1470,1494]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="22" pageNumber="47" refString="McKnight, D. G. & Clark, H. E. S. (1996) Enigmaster scalaris, n. gen., n. sp., a puzzling sea-star (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) from the Auckland Islands. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 26 (2), 205 - 214." type="journal article" year="1996">McKnight and Clark (1996)</bibRefCitation>
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more closely resembles
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD2FF8B87F417D7680385E2" box="[903,1034,1471,1494]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B87F417D7680385E2" box="[903,1034,1471,1494]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ceramaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD2FF8B806917D6687685E2" box="[1050,1151,1470,1494]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peltaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B806917D6687685E2" box="[1050,1151,1470,1494]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Peltaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or possibly
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD2FF8B817E17D66CB585CF" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sphaeriodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B817E17D66CB585CF" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Sphaeriodiscus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. However, the description does not surrender a clear picture of precisely which genus
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B8009178C68F285CF" box="[1146,1275,1508,1531]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Engimaster</emphasis>
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may be a synonym of and it is for this reason that
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD2FF8B864B146F6EB0862A" box="[568,697,1543,1566]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Enigmaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B864B146F6EB0862A" box="[568,697,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Enigmaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is left in the key. Additional specimens, especially wet-preserved material, of the
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B853B14446DC08677" box="[328,457,1580,1603]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Engimaster</emphasis>
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morphotype may disprove or further support statements presented herein.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD2FF8B84B41426681C8652" box="[199,1045,1614,1639]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD2FF8B84B41426681C8652" blockId="22.[151,1437,1074,2035]" box="[199,1045,1614,1639]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B84B414266D698653" bold="true" box="[199,352,1614,1639]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Adjacent to Auckland Islands, south of
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<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFD2FF8B875014276FB58652" box="[803,956,1614,1638]" name="New Zealand" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D7DFD0DFFD2FF8B87B41426681C8652" box="[967,1045,1614,1638]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="generic">
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<quantity id="4C839B61FFD2FF8B87B4142668188652" box="[967,1041,1614,1638]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="520.0">520 m</quantity>
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.
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</specimenCount>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD2FF8B84B4141A6800869A" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD2FF8B84B4141A6800869A" blockId="22.[151,1437,1074,2035]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B84B4141A6DBB86BF" bold="true" box="[199,434,1650,1675]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Material examined.</emphasis>
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None. This species is known from a unique
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<typeStatus id="54C08826FFD2FF8B87C4141A681086BE" box="[951,1049,1650,1674]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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housed in the Auckland Museum (
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<accessionNumber id="9428AB67FFD2FF8B84ED14FE6D21869A" box="[158,296,1686,1710]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AK797001" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="EnaNcbi">AK 797001</accessionNumber>
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), which was unavailable for loan. No other specimens are known.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD2FF8A84B414D26D1D8223" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD2FF8B84B414D2692E872E" blockId="22.[151,1437,1074,2035]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD2FF8B84B414D26D5086E7" bold="true" box="[199,345,1722,1747]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Description.</emphasis>
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Because extensive descriptions of this species are outlined in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD2FF8B806214D2699286E6" author="McKnight" box="[1041,1435,1722,1746]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="22" pageNumber="47" refString="McKnight, D. G. & Clark, H. E. S. (1996) Enigmaster scalaris, n. gen., n. sp., a puzzling sea-star (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) from the Auckland Islands. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 26 (2), 205 - 214." type="journal article" year="1996">McKnight and H.E.S. Clark (1996)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD2FF8B84B514B66E4786C2" author="Clark" box="[198,590,1758,1782]" pageId="22" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, H. E. S. & McKnight, D. G. (2001) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Echinodermata: Asteroidea (sea-stars), Order Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 117, 1 - 270." type="journal article" year="2001">H.E.S. Clark and McKnight (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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only a summary description of characters from
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFD2FF8B801714B6699586C2" author="Clark" box="[1124,1436,1758,1782]" pageId="22" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, H. E. S. & McKnight, D. G. (2001) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Echinodermata: Asteroidea (sea-stars), Order Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 117, 1 - 270." type="journal article" year="2001">Clark and McKnight (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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is listed here. But see comments above on the validity of this description as useful diagnostic characters.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD2FF8B84B4154E68E08756" blockId="22.[151,1437,1074,2035]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Disk large, thin, weakly pentagonal. Arms hastate (i.e., arrowhead shaped with basal lobes emerging at right angles) with marginals large and regular near arm tip. Marginal plates interradially small, jumbled.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD2FF8A84B415066CD780E0" blockId="22.[151,1437,1074,2035]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1436,151,535]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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Abactinal plates angular with granules, peripheral series smaller. Central granules round, oval or hexagonal. Granules proximally oblong, oval or irregular in shape with close mosaic of finely thorny granules. Papulae six or seven, surrounding each plate. Present radially, but absent to sparse interradially. Straight pedicellariae present. One
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<typeStatus id="54C08826FFD2FF8B84BF15B36CF587C7" box="[204,252,2011,2035]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
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with slender, tapering blades, the other with broad, fan-like blades. Both leave oblong pits, one to four per plate, with a distinct lip. These are widely present abactinally. Other pits lacking lips. Madreporite irregular in shape.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD3FF8A84B412B768BE810B" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,535]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Superomarginals and inferomarginals clearly evident at armtips. Plates wide, rectangular, forming beveled edge to disk. Plates granulated (bare on specimen) with peripheral granulation. Distalmost two to three superomarginals in contact over midline. Interradial marginal series irregular in shape, in jumbled series.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD3FF8A84B4132469438198" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,535]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Actinal areas large in regular chevrons. Actinal plates square, rectangular and irregular with plates bordering adambulacrals well defined, rectangular, large. Plates covered by small granules. Peripheral granules round to angular, spaced. Each plate with pedicellariae pits, one to three, occuring more distally and less proximally.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD3FF8A84B413D06D1D8223" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,535]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Furrow spines three to five (four on average, proximally three, five distally). Subambulacral spines two or three, short, thick, forming gently curivng series. Subambulacral granules angular, well-spaced forming two to three rows.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |