214 lines
31 KiB
XML
214 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="FD08475B21A096D490C0EEB9C11F7A5E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.276783" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cbd0de37-eabb-43d6-bae2-ff7fe53daac6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="276783" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460235511592" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2011" docId="03D28792FFCEFF9184E4178A6ED0834B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02759p048.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2759" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Chitonaster cataphractus Sladen 1889" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="FFEBFFEAFFC4FF9D847312686C098034" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1698239547451" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8749810FA5365E13425EB5F970BF3210">
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<mods:title id="26DE6797F27FC28F7479821E972C1246">Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="ACEF7C10DBCD0D8C95379254D8BCADB9" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B0F68C8E77D83438DB37FD7C0DE7FA13">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1424B51B825A8DFA201C5949B16F43B2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A40FE93F1E97E0142869AF30E88C3075">
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<mods:date id="5D51BB31C1F9CEB6280AE93CEE9B28EA">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="8EDE4D5FE6C349D3EAC7F8244C00AE4B" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="5254C256F308A1E7CEAF650643F35B9D">2759</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="3DFF82655B12DAAE43C394D716C49594" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.276783</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0AAE498ECDD2796AB170CA7E0E8BE430" type="GBIF-Dataset">cbd0de37-eabb-43d6-bae2-ff7fe53daac6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5378D5DA4AC526EB7EB475C6F5D08745" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1C458FA0B5FD76C6758131287A585281" type="Zenodo-Dep">276783</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D28792FFCEFF9184E4178A6ED0834B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6184329" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119388105" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6184329" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D28792FFCEFF9184E4178A6ED0834B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D28792FFCEFF9184E4178A6ED0834B" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFCEFF9784E4178A6D328628" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFCEFF9784E4178A6E6585CF" blockId="10.[151,620,1505,1564]" box="[151,620,1505,1532]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<heading id="D08C81E8FFCEFF9784E4178A6E6585CF" bold="true" box="[151,620,1505,1532]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFCEFF9784E4178A6E6585CF" ID-CoL="5XVQP" authority="Sladen, 1889" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,620,1505,1532]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cataphractus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCEFF9784E4178A6E6585CF" bold="true" box="[151,620,1505,1532]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCEFF9784E4178A6DC185C8" bold="true" box="[151,456,1506,1532]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chitonaster cataphractus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFCEFF9785BC17896E6585CF" author="Sladen" box="[463,620,1505,1531]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFCEFF9784E4146C6D328628" blockId="10.[151,620,1505,1564]" box="[151,315,1540,1564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13402A01FFCEFF9784ED146C6CF78628" box="[158,254,1540,1564]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1483,1506]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,553,1461]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,553,1462]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chitonaster cataphracus USNM 1122200 A. Abactinal surface. USNM 1122198. B. Oral surface. C. Dorsolateral surface showing marginal plate series. D. Abactinal plate surface on arm showing irregular marginal plate series. E. Close-up of abactinal plates showing absence of papulae. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276787/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 4</figureCitation>
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A–E)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFCEFF9784E4142468788656" box="[151,1137,1612,1635]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFCEFF9784E4142468788656" blockId="10.[151,1137,1612,1635]" box="[151,1137,1612,1635]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFCEFF9784E414246D178656" author="Sladen" box="[151,286,1612,1634]" pageId="10" pageNumber="48" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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: 283;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFCEFF97852814256E1A8656" author="Clark" box="[347,531,1612,1634]" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, A. M. (1962) Asteroidea. B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931, B 9, 68 - 70." type="journal article" year="1962">A.M. Clark, 1962</bibRefCitation>
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: 22; 1992: 250;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFCEFF9786C514256F648656" author="Clark" box="[694,877,1612,1634]" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea - Part 2: Valvatida. Echinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366." type="journal article" year="1993">A.M. Clark, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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: 250 (as
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFCEFF9787B4142568618657" box="[967,1128,1613,1635]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cataphractus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCEFF9787B4142568618657" box="[967,1128,1613,1635]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. cataphractus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFCEFF9784E414E76CFA86FF" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFCEFF9784E414E76CFA86FF" blockId="10.[151,1436,1679,2027]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCEFF9784E414E76D39869C" bold="true" box="[151,304,1679,1704]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution.</emphasis>
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South Sandwich and Thurston
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<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFCEFF9786D214E76EE18693" box="[673,744,1679,1703]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Island</collectingCountry>
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, Ellsworth Land to 62˚26’S, 95˚44’E (
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<typeStatus id="54C08826FFCEFF9780D814E768D48693" box="[1195,1245,1679,1703]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
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locality),
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<quantity id="4C839B61FFCEFF97812514E76CE686FF" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.481" metricValueMax="5.35" metricValueMin="3.6119999999999997" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="4481.0" valueMax="5350.0" valueMin="3612.0">3612– 5350 m</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFCEFF9684B414BF6FBB8128" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFCEFF9684B414BF6FBB8128" blockId="10.[151,1436,1679,2027]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,500]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCEFF9784B414BF6F0C86C4" bold="true" box="[199,773,1751,1776]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Comments and distinctions from other species.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFCEFF97877D14BF682686DB" box="[782,1071,1751,1775]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cataphractus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCEFF97877D14BF682686DB" box="[782,1071,1751,1775]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chitonaster cataphractus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from the other species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFCEFF97857C14936D9A8727" box="[271,403,1787,1811]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCEFF97857C14936D9A8727" box="[271,403,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chitonaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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based on the single spines on each abactinal and superomarginal plate, the superomarginal and inferomarginal spines in series, the absence of pedicellariae, the elongate arms and relatively small disk (
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<figureCitation id="13402A01FFCEFF97811C15776CAC876F" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1483,1506]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,553,1461]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,553,1462]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chitonaster cataphracus USNM 1122200 A. Abactinal surface. USNM 1122198. B. Oral surface. C. Dorsolateral surface showing marginal plate series. D. Abactinal plate surface on arm showing irregular marginal plate series. E. Close-up of abactinal plates showing absence of papulae. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276787/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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A–E). Other characters, such as the relatively small abactinal plates and the absence of papulae, are shared between
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFCEFF97848815006DA7874B" box="[251,430,1895,1919]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cataphractus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCEFF97848815006DA7874B" box="[251,430,1895,1919]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. cataphractus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFCEFF9785CF15006E0E874B" box="[444,519,1895,1919]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="felli">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCEFF9785CF15006E0E874B" box="[444,519,1895,1919]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. felli</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFCEFF97863615006EC4874B" box="[581,717,1895,1919]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="johannae">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCEFF97863615006EC4874B" box="[581,717,1895,1919]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. johannae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. These all appear to be characters present in taxa collected from abyssal depths (
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<quantity id="4C839B61FFCEFF97853815E36DE58797" box="[331,492,1931,1955]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="3500.0" valueMax="5000.0" valueMin="2000.0">2000–5000 m</quantity>
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). Original
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<typeStatus id="54C08826FFCEFF97861415E46E9E8790" box="[615,663,1932,1956]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
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specimens and newly collected specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFCEFF9780D715E469518797" box="[1188,1368,1931,1955]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cataphractus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCEFF9780D715E469518797" box="[1188,1368,1931,1955]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. cataphractus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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show disparity between small and large sized specimens as well as the number of spines on the marginal plates. The serial spination on the superomarginals and inferomarginals is present in smaller
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFCEFF97806E15BC68C687DF" box="[1053,1231,2003,2027]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cataphractus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCEFF97806E15BC68C687DF" box="[1053,1231,2003,2027]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. cataphractus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but is less distinct relative to those observed in the adults and may vary in specimens as specimen size inceases. Although morphological distinctions are clear between specimens examined, characters such as presence/absence of pedicellariae among other
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFCFFF96855812B76DCE80C3" box="[299,455,223,247]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
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have been shown to be variable. The boundary between
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFCFFF968034128868F380CC" box="[1095,1274,224,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cataphractus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCFFF968034128868F380CC" box="[1095,1274,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. cataphractus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFCFFF96814112886CC98128" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="johannae">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCFFF96814112886CC98128" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. johannae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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should be regarded carefully as more specimens become available.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C361650FFFCFFF9684B4134F6E6381FB" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFCFFF9684B4134F6E6381FB" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,500]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCFFF9684B4134F6DB88174" bold="true" box="[199,433,295,320]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Material examined.</emphasis>
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||
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFCFFF9685C4134F6E01810B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[439,520,295,319]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">USNM</collectionCode>
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1122198
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<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFCFFF96860B134F6F81810B" box="[632,904,295,319]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">South Sandwich Islands</collectingCountry>
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, 55˚05’ 35”S 25˚47’23”W,
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<quantity id="4C839B61FFCFFF9680CE134F691C810B" box="[1213,1301,295,319]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.35" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="5350.0">5350 m</quantity>
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||
. Coll. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (1 dry spec. R=4.6, r=1.3);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFCFFF96876D13246F668150" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[798,879,332,356]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1122200
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFCFFF968793132468F88150" box="[992,1265,332,356]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">South Sandwich Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 55˚05’ 34.8”S 25˚ 47’ 23.28” W,
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B61FFCFFF96851513076DB481B3" box="[358,445,367,391]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.35" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="5350.0">5350 m</quantity>
|
||
. Coll. Stacy Kim, Moss Landing (3 wet spec. R=5.4, r=1.5; R=5.5, r=1.8; R=5.7, 4=1.5),
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFCFFF9684E413FC6CE18198" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[151,232,404,428]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1086360 Thurston
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<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFCFFF9685A113FC6E108198" box="[466,537,404,428]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Ellsworth Land, Southern Ocean. 70˚20’S, 99˚ 10’W to 70˚13’S, 98˚57’W.
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||
<quantity id="4C839B61FFCFFF9684E413DF6D3C81FB" box="[151,309,439,463]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.914" metricValueMax="3.9799999999999995" metricValueMin="3.848" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="3914.0" valueMax="3980.0" valueMin="3848.0">3848–3980 m</quantity>
|
||
. (1 dry spec. R=2.0, r=0.7).
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361650FFFCFFF9184B413B36ED0834B" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFCFFF9684B413B3696981C0" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,500]" box="[199,1376,475,500]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCFFF9684B413B36D5081C0" bold="true" box="[199,345,475,500]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Body stellate with arms, elongate, slender. R/r=2.85 to 3.6. Disk inflated, convex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFCFFF96808A13B4693581C0" box="[1273,1340,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1483,1506]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,553,1461]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,553,1462]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chitonaster cataphracus USNM 1122200 A. Abactinal surface. USNM 1122198. B. Oral surface. C. Dorsolateral surface showing marginal plate series. D. Abactinal plate surface on arm showing irregular marginal plate series. E. Close-up of abactinal plates showing absence of papulae. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276787/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF04660CFFCFFF9684E417A36F48862A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276787/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[155,1436,553,1461]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFCFFF9684E417A36F48862A" blockId="11.[151,1436,1483,1566]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCFFF9684E417A36D1A85D4" bold="true" box="[151,275,1483,1506]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFCFFF96856A17A36E1D85D5" box="[281,532,1483,1505]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cataphracus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCFFF96856A17A36E1D85D5" box="[281,532,1483,1505]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chitonaster cataphracus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
USNM 1122200
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCFFF9686BB17A36EE985D4" bold="true" box="[712,736,1483,1504]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Abactinal surface. USNM 1122198.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCFFF96802A17A4687985D5" bold="true" box="[1113,1136,1484,1505]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Oral surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCFFF96817317A3691185D6" bold="true" box="[1280,1304,1483,1506]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsolateral surface showing marginal plate series.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCFFF96865717826E3485CB" bold="true" box="[548,573,1514,1535]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Abactinal plate surface on arm showing irregular marginal plate series.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCFFF9681511782693085CB" bold="true" box="[1314,1337,1514,1535]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E.</emphasis>
|
||
Close-up of abactinal plates showing absence of papulae. Scale Bar= 0.5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFCFFF9684B414236F2687FF" blockId="11.[151,1436,1611,1995]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Abactinal plates flattened, scalar, each with convex, swollen surface, abutting or only weakly overlapping other disk plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFCFFF96852814076D9786B3" box="[347,414,1647,1671]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1483,1506]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,553,1461]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,553,1462]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chitonaster cataphracus USNM 1122200 A. Abactinal surface. USNM 1122198. B. Oral surface. C. Dorsolateral surface showing marginal plate series. D. Abactinal plate surface on arm showing irregular marginal plate series. E. Close-up of abactinal plates showing absence of papulae. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276787/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C, E). Abactinal plates relatively small compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFCFFF9687971418685286B3" box="[996,1115,1648,1671]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="trangae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFCFFF9687971418685286B3" box="[996,1115,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. trangae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with five to nine plates from superomarginal to superomarginal, at arm base. Each abactinal plate shape polygonal to round in outline. Fasciolar grooves weakly present. Carinal series present, but not conspicuous relative to other abactinal plates. Plates and spines irregularly arranged. Each plate largely bare or with one, occasionally two, conical-pointed to blunt (in smaller specimens, R=2.0) or more cylindrical, blunt spine or spines (at R=5.5). Spines more regularly present on plates adjacent to superomarginal plate series, sometimes absent from disk plates (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFCFFF9680E2154B68DE870F" box="[1169,1239,1827,1851]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1483,1506]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,553,1461]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,553,1462]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chitonaster cataphracus USNM 1122200 A. Abactinal surface. USNM 1122198. B. Oral surface. C. Dorsolateral surface showing marginal plate series. D. Abactinal plate surface on arm showing irregular marginal plate series. E. Close-up of abactinal plates showing absence of papulae. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276787/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A, C). Peripheral accessories absent. In larger specimens abactinal plates are more polygonal becoming more irregularly elongate on arm plates and continuing to arm terminus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFCFFF9686FD15036EDD87B7" box="[654,724,1899,1923]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1483,1506]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,553,1461]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,553,1462]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chitonaster cataphracus USNM 1122200 A. Abactinal surface. USNM 1122198. B. Oral surface. C. Dorsolateral surface showing marginal plate series. D. Abactinal plate surface on arm showing irregular marginal plate series. E. Close-up of abactinal plates showing absence of papulae. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276787/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Abactinal body wall is relatively thin. Pulpy tissue present over abactinal surface that is more clearly visible on wet specimens. Papulae are absent from abactinal surface, an observation verified from dry and wet specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFCFFF9686B815DB6F0787FF" box="[715,782,1971,1995]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1483,1506]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,553,1461]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,553,1462]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chitonaster cataphracus USNM 1122200 A. Abactinal surface. USNM 1122198. B. Oral surface. C. Dorsolateral surface showing marginal plate series. D. Abactinal plate surface on arm showing irregular marginal plate series. E. Close-up of abactinal plates showing absence of papulae. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276787/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFC8FF9184B412FF6D798128" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Superomarginal and inferomarginal plate series slightly offset from one another both with lateral facing (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFC8FF91811C12FF6CAE80E0" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1483,1506]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,553,1461]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,553,1462]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chitonaster cataphracus USNM 1122200 A. Abactinal surface. USNM 1122198. B. Oral surface. C. Dorsolateral surface showing marginal plate series. D. Abactinal plate surface on arm showing irregular marginal plate series. E. Close-up of abactinal plates showing absence of papulae. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276787/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Accessories, such as granules, etc. are absent from marginal plates. Superomarginal plate series in larger specimens, irregular varying in shape from quadrate to rectangular, becoming more polygonal and irregularly round distally on the arm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFC8FF9184B4134F6F03826B" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Superomarginal plates range from 30 (at R=2.0) to approximately 54–58 (at R=5.5) per interradius (counted from armtip to armtip). Superomarginal plates are bare except for one or two spines per plate, conical and pointed in smaller specimens; blunt and cylindrical in larger individuals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFC8FF91871A13076FA481B3" box="[873,941,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1483,1506]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,553,1461]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,553,1462]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chitonaster cataphracus USNM 1122200 A. Abactinal surface. USNM 1122198. B. Oral surface. C. Dorsolateral surface showing marginal plate series. D. Abactinal plate surface on arm showing irregular marginal plate series. E. Close-up of abactinal plates showing absence of papulae. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276787/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Spines occur in distinct linear series. Inferomarginal plates bare, save for one or two spines per plate, each forming a ventrolateral series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFC8FF9180AE13FC69288198" box="[1245,1313,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1483,1506]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,553,1461]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,553,1462]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chitonaster cataphracus USNM 1122200 A. Abactinal surface. USNM 1122198. B. Oral surface. C. Dorsolateral surface showing marginal plate series. D. Abactinal plate surface on arm showing irregular marginal plate series. E. Close-up of abactinal plates showing absence of papulae. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276787/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Similar to the superomarginal series, spines are more conical and pointed in smaller specimens, becoming more cylindrical and blulnt in larger individuals. Inferomarginal plate series, number 36 interradially in small specimens, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B61FFC8FF91849A13976D458223" box="[233,332,511,535]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" metricValueMax="1.5748" metricValueMin="1.4731999999999998" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="in" value="60.0" valueMax="62.0" valueMin="58.0">58–62 in</quantity>
|
||
larger individuals. Inferomarginal plates with quadrate outlines that become more elongate interradially becoming more equidistant distally. Terminal plates relatively large, equivalent in thickness to two superomarginal plates and three to four abactinal plates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFC8FF9184B410046DF582DB" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Actinal intermediate regions very reduced and restricted to disk and/or arm base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFC8FF91801F100468BB82B0" box="[1132,1202,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1483,1506]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,553,1461]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,553,1462]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Chitonaster cataphracus USNM 1122200 A. Abactinal surface. USNM 1122198. B. Oral surface. C. Dorsolateral surface showing marginal plate series. D. Abactinal plate surface on arm showing irregular marginal plate series. E. Close-up of abactinal plates showing absence of papulae. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276787/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Ten to 15 actinal interradial plates present between adambulacral and inferomarginal plate series. Each plate bare of accessories (i.e., no granules or spinelets, etc.) but with one large blunt, conical to cylindrical spine per plate. Tissue similar to that one abactinal plate also present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFC8FF9184B4109468568368" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Adambulacral plates, squarish in outline with curved to straight contacts between plates, each plate bare with no accessories. Two to three furrow spines, round in cross-section, blunt tipped in transverse series. Three furrow spines are present in larger specimens (e.g., R=5.5) but alternate in smaller specimens.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFC8FF9184B4110F6ED0834B" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,896]" box="[199,729,871,896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pedicellariae are absent from all body surfaces.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |