treatments-xml/data/03/D2/82/03D28217F446FFDE93BC097A842CBB21.xml

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<mods:title id="7AB7D3E1D547B31D3175F75109E65B55">A detailed description of Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi (Pomeroy) from Mayotte, Comoro islands, with comments on bionomics and biogeography (Diptera: Simuliidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6063008C2E4BB1567281390BBC7DE1D9">Craig, Douglas A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1AF9DA6B954D3A1A57AA0AF8B4FC4C25">Mary-Sasal, Nathalie</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03D28217F446FFDE93BC097A842CBB21" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6146953" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119566371" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6146953" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D28217F446FFDE93BC097A842CBB21" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D28217F446FFDE93BC097A842CBB21" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
<subSubSection id="C361608AF446FFD393BC097A84E1B9FC" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F446FFD393BC097A84A1B95D" blockId="2.[151,753,1302,1328]" box="[151,753,1302,1328]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
<heading id="D08C846DF446FFD393BC097A84A1B95D" bold="true" box="[151,753,1302,1328]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F446FFD393BC097A84A1B95D" ID-CoL="8DXS9" authority="(Pomeroy) 1922" authorityName="Pomeroy" baseAuthorityName="Pomeroy" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[151,753,1302,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi" subGenus="Meilloniellum">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD393BC097A84A1B95D" bold="true" box="[151,753,1302,1328]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD393BC097A875EB95D" bold="true" box="[151,270,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD39234097A879AB95D" bold="true" box="[287,458,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD392F0097A8474B95D" bold="true" box="[475,548,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">adersi</emphasis>
(Pomeroy) 1922
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F446FFD393BC093184E1B9FC" blockId="2.[151,976,1373,1640]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F446FFD393BC09318707B91E" box="[151,343,1373,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirsutum">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD393BC09318707B91E" box="[151,343,1373,1395]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Simulium hirsutum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F446FFD392AF093184C4B91E" authority="Pomeroy 1922: 459" authorityName="Pomeroy" authorityPageNumber="459" authorityYear="1922" box="[388,660,1373,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD392AF09318793B91E" box="[388,451,1373,1395]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">adersi</emphasis>
Pomeroy 1922: 459
</taxonomicName>
. Original description. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F446FFD393BC09108707B9FF" box="[151,343,1404,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirsutum">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD393BC09108707B9FF" box="[151,343,1404,1426]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Simulium hirsutum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F446FFD392AF09108793B9FF" box="[388,451,1404,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD392AF09108793B9FF" box="[388,451,1404,1426]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, de Meillon 1930: 197.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361608AF446FFD393BC09F68572BA05" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F446FFD393BC09F68447B980" blockId="2.[151,976,1373,1640]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F446FFD393BC09F684E0B9DD" authority="Gibbins and Loewenthal 1933: 493" authorityName="Gibbins and Loewenthal" authorityPageNumber="493" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,688,1434,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD393BC09F6876CB9DD" box="[151,316,1434,1456]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Simulium adersi</emphasis>
, Gibbins and Loewenthal 1933: 493
</taxonomicName>
. Referred to at species rank. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F446FFD393BC09D587ABB9A2" authority="Gibbins 1934: 57" authorityName="Gibbins" authorityPageNumber="57" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,507,1465,1487]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD393BC09D5876CB9A2" box="[151,316,1465,1487]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Simulium adersi</emphasis>
, Gibbins 1934: 57
</taxonomicName>
. Detailed description and formal designation. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F446FFD393BC09B48443B980" authority="Bequaert 1939: 120" authorityName="Bequaert" authorityPageNumber="120" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,531,1496,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD393BC09B48713B983" box="[151,323,1496,1518]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Simulium adersi,</emphasis>
Bequaert 1939: 120
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F446FFD393BC099B84E3BA61" blockId="2.[151,976,1373,1640]" box="[151,691,1526,1549]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F446FFD393BC099B87F2BA61" authority="Freeman" authorityName="Freeman" box="[151,418,1527,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD393BC099B8713BA60" box="[151,323,1527,1549]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Simulium adersi,</emphasis>
Freeman
</taxonomicName>
and de Meillon 1953: 110.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F446FFD393BC0A798572BA05" blockId="2.[151,976,1373,1640]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD393BC0A798775BA46" box="[151,293,1557,1579]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F446FFD392000A79844BBA46" authority="Rubtsov 1962: 1" authorityName="Rubtsov" authorityPageNumber="1" authorityYear="1962" box="[299,539,1557,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD392000A798721BA46" box="[299,369,1557,1579]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">adersi,</emphasis>
Rubtsov 1962: 1
</taxonomicName>
,496. Transferred to new genus. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F446FFD393BC0A5884FEBA24" authority="Crosskey 1969: 74" authorityName="Crosskey" authorityPageNumber="74" authorityYear="1969" box="[151,686,1587,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi" subGenus="Meilloniellum">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD393BC0A5886A7BA27" box="[151,247,1588,1610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD3922E0A5887C3BA27" box="[261,403,1588,1610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD392890A5887B8BA27" box="[418,488,1588,1610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">adersi,</emphasis>
Crosskey 1969: 74
</taxonomicName>
. Relegated to subgenus. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F446FFD393BC0A3E854EBA05" authority="Adler and Crosskey, 2013: 51" authorityName="Adler and Crosskey" authorityPageNumber="51" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,798,1618,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi" subGenus="Meilloniellum">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD393BC0A3E86A7BA05" box="[151,247,1618,1640]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD3922E0A3E87C3BA05" box="[261,403,1618,1640]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD392890A3E87B8BA05" box="[418,488,1618,1640]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">adersi,</emphasis>
Adler and Crosskey, 2013: 51
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361608AF446FFD393BC0AFA8327BBA0" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F446FFD393BC0AFA8759BAC0" blockId="2.[151,1436,1686,1998]" box="[151,265,1686,1709]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD393BC0AFA8759BAC0" box="[151,265,1686,1709]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F446FFD393BC0AD58327BBA0" blockId="2.[151,1436,1686,1998]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD393BC0AD586BDBABF" bold="true" box="[151,237,1721,1746]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Adults.</emphasis>
Female mandible toothed only on inner side; pleural membrane haired; hind basitarsus with row of stouter setae; calcipala and pedisulcus present; tarsal claw with basal tooth; female abdominal tergites III–V small, rounded; male gonostyli abruptly tapered distally, ventral plate deeply emarginated posteromedially. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD3967D0B6E83C4BB77" bold="true" box="[1366,1428,1794,1818]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Pupa</emphasis>
: thoracic cuticle with small even granules, gill with three basal branches, bifurcating to 11 finely tapered filaments; abdominal sternite IX lacks grapnel hooks. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD391AD0B2584B0BB0F" bold="true" box="[646,736,1865,1890]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Cocoon</emphasis>
: silk threads coarse, open weave, slipper shaped, low profile, internal pocket. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F446FFD392780B0187CCBBE8" bold="true" box="[339,412,1901,1925]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Larva</emphasis>
: body pale yellowish grey; head markedly bicoloured, head spot pigmentation negative, figure 8-shaped pattern on cephalic apotome; body cuticle with fine small trichoid setae; posteroventral tubercles poorly developed, rounded; rectal scales present; anal sclerite arms short; accessory sclerites small and distinct.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF046389F447FFD293BC0BED8444BB9E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223557/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="132" targetBox="[208,1378,185,1902]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F447FFD293BC0BED8444BB9E" blockId="3.[151,1436,1921,2035]" pageId="3" pageNumber="132">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F447FFD293BC0BED876BBBFA" bold="true" box="[151,315,1921,1944]" pageId="3" pageNumber="132">FIGURES 2–7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F447FFD292690BED84C2BBFA" box="[322,658,1921,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi" subGenus="Meilloniellum">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F447FFD292690BED87F2BBFA" box="[322,418,1921,1943]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="132">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F447FFD292990BED8410BBFA" box="[434,576,1921,1943]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="132">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F447FFD291640BED84C2BBFA" box="[591,658,1921,1943]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="132">adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Fig. 2. Frontal view of head of female. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 3. Frontal view of head of male. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 4. Mandible of female adult. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 5. Cibarium of female adult. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 6. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 7. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of male. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C361608AF440FFD493BC0CF58439BB9E" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="134" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F440FFD593BC0CF5874BBCDD" blockId="4.[151,1437,153,1499]" box="[151,283,153,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD593BC0CF5874BBCDD" box="[151,283,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F440FFD593BC0CD78768BCBE" blockId="4.[151,1437,153,1499]" box="[151,312,187,211]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Adult Female.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F440FFD593BC0C8C856EB9B7" blockId="4.[151,1437,153,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD593BC0C8C8685BC95" bold="true" box="[151,213,224,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Body</emphasis>
: general body colour in alcohol very dark reddish brown/black; total length 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD597640CB3828CBC9A" box="[1103,1244,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="3.4" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="3.3">3.3–3.5 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD597DF0C8C8364BC95" bold="true" box="[1268,1332,224,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F440FFD5966E0CB383DEBC9A" box="[1349,1422,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[208,1378,185,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[205,1381,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 2. Frontal view of head of female. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 3. Frontal view of head of male. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 4. Mandible of female adult. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 5. Cibarium of female adult. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 6. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 7. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of male. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223557/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
): width 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD593CA0D6F87DABD76" box="[225,394,259,283]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" metricValueMax="6.4" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.62" valueMax="0.64" valueMin="0.6">0.60–0.64 mm</quantity>
; depth 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD592CA0D6F84DABD76" box="[481,650,259,283]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.699999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.485" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.47">0.47–0.50 mm</quantity>
; frons-head ratio (narrowest width of frons: greatest width of head) 1.0:6.0. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD593DF0D4B8771BD52" bold="true" box="[244,289,295,319]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Eye</emphasis>
: interocular distance 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD5913C0D4B84EDBD52" box="[535,701,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="0.8999999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.1" valueMax="0.11" valueMin="0.09">0.09–0.11 mm</quantity>
; ommatidia 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD590600D4B85EEBD52" box="[843,958,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.014">0.014 mm</quantity>
in diameter; 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD5977C0D448221BD52" box="[1111,1137,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">ca</emphasis>
. 30 rows up and across at mid-eye. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD5922A0D268731BD0E" bold="true" box="[257,353,330,355]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Clypeus</emphasis>
: 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD5925B0D268443BD0F" box="[368,531,330,354]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7999999999999998" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.18" valueMax="0.19" valueMin="0.17">0.17–0.19 mm</quantity>
wide; dark brown; vestiture of sparse silvery scales. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD597460D268284BD0E" bold="true" box="[1133,1236,330,355]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Antenna</emphasis>
: length 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD5961B0D2683C8BD0F" box="[1328,1432,330,354]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.46">0.46 mm</quantity>
; not markedly tapered, all nine flagellomeres light brown, subequal in size, wider than long, basal flagellomere larger; scape and pedicel paler. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD591290DFE84C1BDC7" bold="true" box="[514,657,402,426]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Mouthparts</emphasis>
: poorly developed, 0.4 length of head depth; cibarium (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F440FFD596230DFE831BBDC7" box="[1288,1355,402,426]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[208,1378,185,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[205,1381,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 2. Frontal view of head of female. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 3. Frontal view of head of male. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 4. Mandible of female adult. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 5. Cibarium of female adult. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 6. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 7. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of male. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223557/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) broad shallow medial space, armature absent, cornuae short, substantial, rounded; mandible (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F440FFD597740DDA82F2BDA3" box="[1119,1186,438,462]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[208,1378,185,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[205,1381,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 2. Frontal view of head of female. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 3. Frontal view of head of male. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 4. Mandible of female adult. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 5. Cibarium of female adult. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 6. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 7. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of male. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223557/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) narrow and elongate, lacking outer teeth, 16 inner teeth; maxillary palpus (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F440FFD5903B0DB58509BD9C" box="[784,857,473,497]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[208,1378,185,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[205,1381,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 2. Frontal view of head of female. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 3. Frontal view of head of male. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 4. Mandible of female adult. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 5. Cibarium of female adult. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 6. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 7. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of male. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223557/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), total length 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD597290DB5823EBD9C" box="[1026,1134,473,497]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.44">0.44 mm</quantity>
, third article dark brown, remainder lighter, proportional length of 3rd, 4th and 5th articles 1.0:1.1:2.5; 5th article markedly elongated; sensory vesicle spherical, 0.5 times width of 3rd article, opening 0.25 times width of vesicle, lacinia with 6 inner teeth and 11 outer teeth. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD592830E298450BE30" bold="true" box="[424,512,581,605]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Thorax</emphasis>
: length 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD591700E2884A2BE31" box="[603,754,580,604]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.075" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.95" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="1.075" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.95">0.95–1.2 mm</quantity>
; width 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD590680E2885FABE31" box="[835,938,580,604]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.71">0.71 mm</quantity>
; in alcohol, postpronotal lobes concolourous with scutum, sparse pale hairs; scutum evenly dark shiny brown, vestiture of recumbent flattened silvery hairs (usually rubbed bare), presutellar depression not markedly developed, no vittae visible in alcohol; scutellum slightly lighter than scutum, vestiture of sparse long pale hairs laterally; postnotum concolourous with scutum; pleuron and plural membrane concolourous with scutum, with hairs present, but usually rubbed bare, sockets remain—see male (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F440FFD5925E0E9B879BBF62" box="[373,459,759,783]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,262,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[186,1398,190,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[183,1400,161,1889]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 13. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 8. Wing base of female. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Arrow indicates pigmented area. Fig. 9. Metathoracic furcasternum of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 10. Distal hind basitarsus of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 11. Tarsal claw of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 12. Pleural membrane of male showing sparse, fine hairs and sockets. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 13. Tergites I (abdominal scale) to VII of female abdomen. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223558/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD592CA0E9B8472BF7D" bold="true" box="[481,546,759,784]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Wing</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F440FFD5911F0E9B842ABF62" box="[564,634,759,783]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,262,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[186,1398,190,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[183,1400,161,1889]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 13. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 8. Wing base of female. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Arrow indicates pigmented area. Fig. 9. Metathoracic furcasternum of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 10. Distal hind basitarsus of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 11. Tarsal claw of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 12. Pleural membrane of male showing sparse, fine hairs and sockets. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 13. Tergites I (abdominal scale) to VII of female abdomen. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223558/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
): length 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD591CA0E9B853EBF62" box="[737,878,759,783]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.1 mm</quantity>
; width 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD590EF0E9B824FBF62" box="[964,1055,759,783]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
; leading veins poorly pigmented, others virtually not; costa with spines and hairs; radius base haired, and spines more distally; radial sector basally with hairs; small area surrounding campaniform sensilla at junction of radius and median veins distinctly pigmented; vein CuA2 markedly sinuous. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD591AF0F0F848EBF16" bold="true" box="[644,734,867,891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Haltere</emphasis>
: white. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD5906B0F0F85BBBF16" bold="true" box="[832,1003,867,891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Furcasternum</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F440FFD590D50F0E8217BF17" box="[1022,1095,866,890]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,262,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[186,1398,190,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[183,1400,161,1889]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 13. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 8. Wing base of female. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Arrow indicates pigmented area. Fig. 9. Metathoracic furcasternum of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 10. Distal hind basitarsus of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 11. Tarsal claw of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 12. Pleural membrane of male showing sparse, fine hairs and sockets. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 13. Tergites I (abdominal scale) to VII of female abdomen. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223558/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
): anterior lateral arms flared. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD593BC0FEA869FBFF3" bold="true" box="[151,207,902,926]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Legs</emphasis>
: bicolourous with darker brown bases to femoral, tibial, and tarsal segments, yellowish-brown elsewhere; fore basitarsus about 5 times as long as its greatest breadth; hind basitarsus about 6 times as long as greatest breadth; hind basitarsus with ventral series of stout spines (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F440FFD591FD0FA2857BBF8B" box="[726,811,974,998]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,262,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[186,1398,190,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[183,1400,161,1889]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 13. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 8. Wing base of female. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Arrow indicates pigmented area. Fig. 9. Metathoracic furcasternum of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 10. Distal hind basitarsus of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 11. Tarsal claw of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 12. Pleural membrane of male showing sparse, fine hairs and sockets. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 13. Tergites I (abdominal scale) to VII of female abdomen. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223558/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
); calcipala not markedly developed, half width of hind basitarsus; pedisulcus not markedly indented; tarsal claw elegantly curved, basal tooth moderately developed, cone-shaped, both slightly serrated (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F440FFD5911A087984D4B840" box="[561,644,1045,1069]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,262,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[186,1398,190,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[183,1400,161,1889]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 13. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 8. Wing base of female. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Arrow indicates pigmented area. Fig. 9. Metathoracic furcasternum of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 10. Distal hind basitarsus of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 11. Tarsal claw of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 12. Pleural membrane of male showing sparse, fine hairs and sockets. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 13. Tergites I (abdominal scale) to VII of female abdomen. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223558/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD591B10879855FB843" bold="true" box="[666,783,1045,1070]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Abdomen</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F440FFD5903408798524B840" box="[799,884,1045,1069]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,262,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[186,1398,190,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[183,1400,161,1889]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 13. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 8. Wing base of female. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Arrow indicates pigmented area. Fig. 9. Metathoracic furcasternum of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 10. Distal hind basitarsus of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 11. Tarsal claw of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 12. Pleural membrane of male showing sparse, fine hairs and sockets. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 13. Tergites I (abdominal scale) to VII of female abdomen. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223558/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
): abdominal scale poorly developed with sparse, fine pale hairs, barely extended over 2nd abdominal segment; overall, pale anteriorly and evenly mottled grey elsewhere; cuticle markedly corrugated; tergites not obvious in whole animal; pleurites and sternites not expressed; tergite II broad, 5.6 times wider than long, tergite III–V as long as wide, rounded; tergites VI andVII slightly larger and also rounded; tergite vestiture of very fine sparse hairs, longer hairs on posterior tergites, not dense, but possibly heavily worn. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD5928008AB844AB88D" bold="true" box="[427,538,1223,1248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F440FFD5910008A48488B88D" box="[555,728,1224,1248]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 20" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1888,1911]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,183,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[219,1376,183,1884]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 20. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 14. Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 15. Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 16. Ventral view of hypogynial valves (h v). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 17. Lateral view of anal lobe (a l) and cercus (c). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 18. Male genitalia, ventral view (gc—gonocoxa; gs—gonostylus; v p—ventral plate; m s—median sclerite; p—paramere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 19. Gonocoxa (gc), gonostylus (gs) and paramere (p), lateral view. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 20. Ventral view of ventral plate (v p) and median sclerite (m s). Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223559/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Fig. 14, 16, 17</figureCitation>
): sternite VIII pigmented across, lighter medially, vestiture of longer hairs posterolaterally, medially with triads and arrays of microtrichia; hypogynial valves poorly pigmented, broadly rounded apically, vestiture of microtrichia triads; median depression broad and shallow, smoothly divergent, valves broadly rounded posteroapically; genital fork finely constructed, lateral plate elongated, apodeme not obvious (perhaps is pigmented anterior ledge of the plate), median extension of plate sharply pointed; anal lobe in lateral view bare of microtrichia, but with a few hairs, cercus broadly rounded apically. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD597A60916837AB9FE" bold="true" box="[1165,1322,1402,1427]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Spermatheca</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F440FFD59611091683DEB9FF" box="[1338,1422,1402,1426]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 20" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1888,1911]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,183,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[219,1376,183,1884]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 20. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 14. Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 15. Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 16. Ventral view of hypogynial valves (h v). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 17. Lateral view of anal lobe (a l) and cercus (c). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 18. Male genitalia, ventral view (gc—gonocoxa; gs—gonostylus; v p—ventral plate; m s—median sclerite; p—paramere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 19. Gonocoxa (gc), gonostylus (gs) and paramere (p), lateral view. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 20. Ventral view of ventral plate (v p) and median sclerite (m s). Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223559/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
): slightly ovoid; surface pattern absent as are internal hairs; clear area at junction of duct small. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD597E509F28357B9DB" bold="true" box="[1230,1287,1438,1462]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Eggs</emphasis>
: one female, 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD593BC09AF86E2B9B7" box="[151,178,1475,1498]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">ca</emphasis>
. 
<specimenCount id="9D7DF888F440FFD5939409AE8776B9B6" box="[191,294,1474,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" type="egg">160 eggs</specimenCount>
, 0.15 x 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD5925509AE87B2B9B7" box="[382,482,1474,1498]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.09">0.09 mm</quantity>
in size, subtriangular in shape.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F440FFD593BC0A6F874FBA76" blockId="4.[151,1436,1539,2021]" box="[151,287,1539,1563]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Adult Male.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F440FFD493BC0A4B8295BDA4" blockId="4.[151,1436,1539,2021]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,985]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="134" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD593BC0A4B8685BA52" bold="true" box="[151,213,1575,1599]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Body</emphasis>
: general colour dark blackish brown; total length 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD590330A4B85F6BA52" box="[792,934,1575,1599]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="2.6" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="2.5">2.5–2.7 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD590990A4B85A2BA52" bold="true" box="[946,1010,1575,1599]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F440FFD5972F0A4B821ABA52" box="[1028,1098,1575,1599]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[208,1378,185,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[205,1381,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 2. Frontal view of head of female. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 3. Frontal view of head of male. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 4. Mandible of female adult. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 5. Cibarium of female adult. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 6. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 7. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of male. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223557/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
): width 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD597870A4B8345BA52" box="[1196,1301,1575,1599]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.90 mm</quantity>
; depth 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD596400A4B8696BA0F" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.70 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD593F90A27875ABA0E" bold="true" box="[210,266,1611,1635]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Eyes</emphasis>
: upper larger ommatidia orange, 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD591A00A2684AFBA0F" box="[651,767,1610,1634]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.031">0.031 mm</quantity>
in diameter, 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD590BC0A2785E8BA0F" box="[919,952,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">ca.</emphasis>
16 across and 18 down; lower ommatidia dark brown, 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD5920E0A0187C7BAE8" box="[293,407,1645,1669]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.014">0.014 mm</quantity>
in diameter, 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD591020A03841BBAEB" box="[553,587,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">ca.</emphasis>
30 across and 35 down. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD590740A018590BAEB" bold="true" box="[863,960,1645,1670]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Clypeus</emphasis>
: markedly small, dark brown, pollinose in some lighting; 0.20 times as wide as head; no vestiture obvious. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD590B80AFC85AABAC4" bold="true" box="[915,1018,1680,1705]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Antenna</emphasis>
: total length 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD597B10AFC8355BAC5" box="[1178,1285,1680,1704]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.58">0.58 mm</quantity>
; not tapered, evenly medium brown. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD592980AD88412BAA1" bold="true" box="[435,578,1716,1740]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Mouthparts</emphasis>
: poorly developed; length 0.33 times head depth; mandibles insubstantial, broadly tapered with apical hairs; laciniae, finely tapered apically; maxillary palpus (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F440FFD5976D0ABB82D8BA82" box="[1094,1160,1751,1775]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[208,1378,185,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[205,1381,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 2. Frontal view of head of female. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 3. Frontal view of head of male. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 4. Mandible of female adult. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 5. Cibarium of female adult. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 6. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 7. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of male. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223557/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) medium brown basally, pale distally, elongate distally, sensory vesicle markedly small; 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD5904A0A968595BB7F" box="[865,965,1786,1810]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.65">0.65 mm</quantity>
long, proportional lengths of 3rd, 4th and fifth articles 1.0:1.4:2.8. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD592EB0B728448BB5B" bold="true" box="[448,536,1822,1846]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Thorax</emphasis>
: length 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD591AA0B718542BB58" box="[641,786,1821,1845]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="1.05" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.9">0.9–1.2 mm</quantity>
; width 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD5905A0B718251BB58" box="[881,1025,1821,1845]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.7">0.7–0.8 mm</quantity>
; scutum evenly dark brown/black, vestiture of sparse recumbent silvery flat hairs—normally rubbed bare; scutellum translucent and pale with sparse, long pale hairs; postscutellum concolourous with scutum; pleural membrane, haired (usually rubbed bare), but sockets remain visible (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD592B50BE487EFBBF2" box="[414,447,1928,1951]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">e.g</emphasis>
., 
<figureCitation id="13402F84F440FFD592FF0BEB8475BBF2" box="[468,549,1927,1951]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,262,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[186,1398,190,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[183,1400,161,1889]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 13. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 8. Wing base of female. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Arrow indicates pigmented area. Fig. 9. Metathoracic furcasternum of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 10. Distal hind basitarsus of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 11. Tarsal claw of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 12. Pleural membrane of male showing sparse, fine hairs and sockets. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 13. Tergites I (abdominal scale) to VII of female abdomen. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223558/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD591120BEA8429BBF2" bold="true" box="[569,633,1926,1951]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Wing</emphasis>
: 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD591A30BEB855EBBF2" box="[648,782,1927,1951]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.4" valueMin="2.1">2.1–2.4 mm</quantity>
in length, 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F440FFD590A80BEB8259BBF2" box="[899,1033,1927,1951]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="1.05" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.9">0.9–1.2 mm</quantity>
at maximum width. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD597C40BEB8319BBF2" bold="true" box="[1263,1353,1927,1951]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Haltere</emphasis>
: white. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F440FFD593BC0BC7869FBBAE" bold="true" box="[151,207,1963,1987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="133">Legs</emphasis>
: in mature specimens evenly medium brown, for immature specimens bicolorous yellowish-brown, with darker brown femoral, tibial, and tarsal bases; femur and tibia expanded slightly; hind basitarsus 4.5 times as long as greatest breadth; with row of stout spines; tarsal claw partially covered by grappling pad of 24–26 teeth. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD493BC0CD6875CBCBE" bold="true" box="[151,268,186,211]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Abdomen</emphasis>
: overall dark blackish brown; tergites occupy whole width of dorsum, more pigmented areas laterally; small pleurites and sternites posteriorly; vestiture of sparse pale hairs. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD4908E0CB28244BC9A" bold="true" box="[933,1044,222,247]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD497090CB2829ABC9B" box="[1058,1226,222,246]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 20" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1888,1911]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,183,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[219,1376,183,1884]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 20. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 14. Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 15. Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 16. Ventral view of hypogynial valves (h v). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 17. Lateral view of anal lobe (a l) and cercus (c). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 18. Male genitalia, ventral view (gc—gonocoxa; gs—gonostylus; v p—ventral plate; m s—median sclerite; p—paramere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 19. Gonocoxa (gc), gonostylus (gs) and paramere (p), lateral view. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 20. Ventral view of ventral plate (v p) and median sclerite (m s). Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223559/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 18, 19, 20</figureCitation>
): gonocoxa curved and smoothly tapered posteriorly, 1.3 times longer than basal width, extensive medial crenulated region posterior of base, dark brown posteriorly, pale medially, vestiture of sparse, coarse black hairs medially; gonostylus approximately 2.8 times longer than basal width, abruptly decreased in size 2/3 from base apically with single spine; ventral plate broad with major medial depression apically, moderately haired, proximal arms short, substantial; small central keel; median sclerite well expressed, narrow, slightly T-shaped posteriorly; parameres of a thin curved rod basally, thickening to terminate in substantial tooth; aedeagal membrane bare.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F441FFD493EC0DB983D5BF02" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,985]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD493EC0DB98755BD80" bold="true" box="[199,261,469,493]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Pupa</emphasis>
: Body length; male 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F441FFD492DD0DB884D3BD81" box="[502,643,468,492]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8499999999999996" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" unit="mm" value="2.8499999999999996" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="2.8">2.8–2.9 mm</quantity>
, female 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F441FFD491CC0DB88524BD81" box="[743,884,468,492]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" unit="mm" value="2.35" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.2">2.2–2.5 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD490A90DB98592BD80" bold="true" box="[898,962,469,493]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Head</emphasis>
: evenly tuberculate, including the ocular region; facial and frontal setae present, the former double, epicranial setae apparently absent; cephalic apotome of female short and broad, more tuberculate medioventrally, ratio of basal width to length 1:1.5 (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD4979F0E778359BE5E" box="[1204,1289,539,563]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 31" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1900,1923]" captionTargetBox="[195,1435,203,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 31. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 27. Female pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 28. Male pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 29. Left lateral habitus view of last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 30. Dorsal view of last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 31. Pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223562/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
); apotome of male ovoid, ratio of basal width to length 1:2.5 (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD491C60E528517BE3B" box="[749,839,574,598]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 31" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1900,1923]" captionTargetBox="[195,1435,203,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 31. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 27. Female pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 28. Male pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 29. Left lateral habitus view of last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 30. Dorsal view of last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 31. Pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223562/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
); muscle scars not tuberculate. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD497ED0E52834FBE3B" bold="true" box="[1222,1311,574,598]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Thorax</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD4961E0E5283C0BE3B" box="[1333,1424,574,598]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 25" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1949,1972]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,197,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,113,1934]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 25. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 21. Female pupa, right lateral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 22. Cocoon, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Fig. 23. Lateral view, right pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. Fig. 24. Right thoracic pupal cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 25. Surface structure of pupal gill filaments. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223560/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
). mesonotum finely tuberculate; no distinct pattern; dorsocentral setae simple, elongate. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD497760E0D82DABE17" bold="true" box="[1117,1162,609,634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Gill</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD497B20E0D8346BE14" box="[1177,1302,609,633]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 25" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1949,1972]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,197,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,113,1934]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 25. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 21. Female pupa, right lateral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 22. Cocoon, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Fig. 23. Lateral view, right pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. Fig. 24. Right thoracic pupal cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 25. Surface structure of pupal gill filaments. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223560/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 21, 23</figureCitation>
): maximum length 2.0– 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F441FFD4923D0EE8873FBEF1" box="[278,367,644,668]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
; basal trunk short, three branches rapidly bifurcated to produce 11 smoothly tapered filaments; ventral filaments up to half length shorter than dorsal filaments; filament surface pseudoannulated (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD4961D0ECB83C0BED2" box="[1334,1424,679,703]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 25" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1949,1972]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,197,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,113,1934]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 25. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 21. Female pupa, right lateral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 22. Cocoon, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Fig. 23. Lateral view, right pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. Fig. 24. Right thoracic pupal cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 25. Surface structure of pupal gill filaments. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223560/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD493BC0EA6875CBE8E" bold="true" box="[151,268,714,739]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Abdomen</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD492310EA7873EBE8E" box="[282,366,715,739]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="9.[151,250,2012,2035]" captionTargetBox="[152,1422,1428,2011]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,1417,2013]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 26. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Pupal abdominal armature. Structures not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223561/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
): cuticle pale and membranous; spine combs absent; posterior setae on tergite II trichoid, sparse microtubercles anteriorly; setae on tergite III and IV short curved and spine-like, microsculpture absent; setae on tergite V trichoid; tergites VI–VIII with anterior small spines directed posteriorly, lateral microsculpture of scales; sternite III with trichoid setae, sternite IV with one bifurcated spine-like seta; sternite V with two; sternites VI and VII with one bifurcated seta and one single; grapnel hooks on sternite IX absent; terminal spines short and blunt.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F441FFD493EC0F16837FBFB4" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,985]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD493EC0F16874FBFFE" bold="true" box="[199,287,890,915]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Cocoon</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD492060F1787F7BFFE" box="[301,423,891,915]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 25" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1949,1972]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,197,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,113,1934]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 25. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 21. Female pupa, right lateral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 22. Cocoon, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Fig. 23. Lateral view, right pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. Fig. 24. Right thoracic pupal cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 25. Surface structure of pupal gill filaments. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223560/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 21, 22</figureCitation>
): slipper shaped; of markedly thickened dark brown silk threads, loosely woven; inner pocket more closely woven than remainder of cocoon, with distinct anterior edge and occasional indication of dorsomedial projection; lateral extremities of cocoon either with distinct edge, or individual anchor points for silk threads.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F441FFD493BC086F8735B877" blockId="5.[151,1437,1026,2035]" box="[151,357,1026,1050]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Larva (last instar).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F441FFD493BC08498439BB9E" blockId="5.[151,1437,1026,2035]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD493BC08498685B850" bold="true" box="[151,213,1061,1085]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Body</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD493CF08498769B850" box="[228,313,1061,1085]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 31" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1900,1923]" captionTargetBox="[195,1435,203,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 31. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 27. Female pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 28. Male pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 29. Left lateral habitus view of last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 30. Dorsal view of last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 31. Pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223562/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
): total length 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F441FFD492FF0849840EB850" box="[468,606,1061,1085]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" unit="mm" value="4.4" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="4.3">4.3–4.5 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD49143084984F8B850" bold="true" box="[616,680,1061,1085]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD4919C0849855CB850" box="[695,780,1061,1085]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 31" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1900,1923]" captionTargetBox="[195,1435,203,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 31. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 27. Female pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 28. Male pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 29. Left lateral habitus view of last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 30. Dorsal view of last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 31. Pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223562/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
): markedly bicoloured; length 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F441FFD4974E0849835BB850" box="[1125,1291,1061,1085]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="5.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" unit="mm" value="0.58" valueMax="0.65" valueMin="0.51">0.51–0.65 mm</quantity>
, width 0.54– 0.55; distance between antennal bases 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F441FFD49161082484A0B80D" box="[586,752,1096,1120]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="3.5999999999999996" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" unit="mm" value="0.37" valueMax="0.38" valueMin="0.36">0.36–0.38 mm</quantity>
; lateral margins of head smoothly convex; cephalic apotome translucent and pale yellow, median head spots negative, surrounded by rich brown pigmentation, producing marked figure-of-8 shape; cuticle slightly corrugated, no extra vestiture beyond normal array of setae; ecdysial lines narrowed slightly anterior of stemmata, expanded posteriorly to curve broadly posteriorly; cervical sclerites, separate, not markedly developed, poorly pigmented. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD491C508B98505B883" bold="true" box="[750,853,1237,1262]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Antenna</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD4904F08B985E8B880" box="[868,952,1237,1261]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[206,1382,159,1887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
): articles evenly light brown, medial article slightly paler; 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F441FFD49217089487F1B97D" box="[316,417,1272,1296]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35 mm</quantity>
total length, extended just beyond apex of fan stalk; ratio of length of apical, medial and basal articles 1:1.6:1.2, length of basal article 4.8 times width. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD49074097085B1B959" bold="true" box="[863,993,1307,1332]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Labral fan</emphasis>
: stalk clear and relatively short; 40–46 short, substantial rays, 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F441FFD492B3095387ACB93A" box="[408,508,1343,1367]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" unit="mm" value="0.56">0.56 mm</quantity>
in length, 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F441FFD49158095384B5B93A" box="[627,741,1343,1367]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="134" unit="mm" value="0.012">0.012 mm</quantity>
in width at mid length; distinct pattern of microtrichia, longer microtrichia 0.8 times longer than ray width, interspersed with 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD4907F090F8526B917" box="[852,886,1379,1402]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">ca.</emphasis>
8 smaller microtrichia. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD49754090E837CB917" bold="true" box="[1151,1324,1377,1402]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Postgenal cleft</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD49610090E83DFB917" box="[1339,1423,1378,1402]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[206,1382,159,1887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
): markedly rounded, posterior tentorial pit region not markedly sclerotized and pigmented. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD497ED09E983C4B9F3" bold="true" box="[1222,1428,1413,1438]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Postgenal bridge</emphasis>
: subequal in length to hypostoma, slightly paler than dark genae, elongated posteroventral muscles spots not visible. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD493BC09A08770B989" bold="true" box="[151,288,1484,1508]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Hypostoma</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD4921909A787D9B98E" box="[306,393,1483,1507]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[206,1382,159,1887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
): 11 teeth, median tooth shorter than lateral teeth, the latter broadly based, sublateral teeth small and directed laterally; one paralateral tooth; 5–6 small but distinct lateral serrations; 5 hypostomal setae per side, subparallel to edge of hypostoma. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD4915E0A7D84B8BA47" bold="true" box="[629,744,1553,1578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Mandible</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD491D60A7E85D6BA47" box="[765,902,1554,1578]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[206,1382,159,1887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 35, 36</figureCitation>
): normal development, brushes not markedly produced; outer teeth poorly developed; apical tooth well developed; three subapical teeth not substantial decreased in size proximally and then 5–6 spinous teeth (markedly few); serration well developed and sensillum distinct; blade region elongated and smooth. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD491B20A1084A2BAF9" bold="true" box="[665,754,1660,1684]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Thorax</emphasis>
: wider than anterior abdomen, markedly pale dorsally, pale yellowish brown otherwise; pharate pupal gill histoblast (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD4906F0AF385CBBADA" box="[836,923,1695,1719]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 31" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1900,1923]" captionTargetBox="[195,1435,203,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 31. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 27. Female pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 28. Male pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 29. Left lateral habitus view of last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 30. Dorsal view of last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 31. Pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223562/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
) with filaments in broad L-shape; directed ventrally then curved posteriorly to then curve dorsally again and coil back towards the gill base. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD497C90AAD8307BAB7" bold="true" box="[1250,1367,1729,1754]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Abdomen</emphasis>
: clear pale yellowish grey, intersegmental regions pale producing slightly banded appearance; abdominal segments I–IV narrowed, expanded laterally at 5th segment—producing a slight amphora shape, but not ventrally; ventral tubercles poorly developed and rounded; cuticle with minute but distinct simple setae, more dense on posterior segments (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD492380B23873DBB0A" box="[275,365,1871,1895]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[206,1382,159,1887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD492AE0B228470BB0A" bold="true" box="[389,544,1870,1895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Anal sclerite</emphasis>
: anterior and posterior arms short, robust, both abruptly tapered; accessory sclerites small, distinct and sometimes comma-shaped with the tail directed ventrally (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD4975A0B1E8296BBE7" box="[1137,1222,1906,1930]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 31" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1900,1923]" captionTargetBox="[195,1435,203,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 31. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 27. Female pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 28. Male pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 29. Left lateral habitus view of last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 30. Dorsal view of last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 31. Pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223562/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD497FF0B1E82A3BBE7" box="[1236,1267,1906,1930]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[206,1382,159,1887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">37</figureCitation>
). Rectal scales present and interspersed with the abdominal setae (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD491FA0BF98575BBC0" box="[721,805,1941,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 38 – 40" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1170,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,179,1153]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,179,1157]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 38 – 40. Fig. 38. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Rectal scales and posterior abdominal setae. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Figs. 39 &amp; 40. Representative habitats on Mayotte. Fig. 39. Bouyouni Stream, 5 - x- 2008. Fig. 40. Gouloué Stream, 7 - x- 2008." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223564/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD490120BF985BBBBC3" bold="true" box="[825,1003,1941,1966]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Rectal papillae</emphasis>
: three simple lobes with rarely a small basal lobe on the lateral papillae. 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F441FFD491240BD485DDBBBC" bold="true" box="[527,909,1976,2001]" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Posterior proleg circlet of hooks</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD490B70BD485BFBBBD" box="[924,1007,1976,2000]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 31" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1900,1923]" captionTargetBox="[195,1435,203,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 31. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 27. Female pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 28. Male pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 29. Left lateral habitus view of last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 30. Dorsal view of last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 31. Pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223562/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13402F84F441FFD490D00BD4824BBBBD" box="[1019,1051,1976,2000]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[206,1382,159,1887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="134">37</figureCitation>
): directed posteriorly; 75–80 rows of hooks, 12–14 per row (total ca. 1 000).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF046389F442FFD793BC0B1A8356BB84" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223558/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" targetBox="[186,1398,190,1884]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F442FFD793BC0B1A8356BB84" blockId="6.[151,1436,1910,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F442FFD793BC0B1A8714BBE1" bold="true" box="[151,324,1910,1933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">FIGURES 8–13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F442FFD792600B1B84C2BBE0" box="[331,658,1911,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi" subGenus="Meilloniellum">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F442FFD792600B1B87F8BBE0" box="[331,424,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F442FFD7929C0B1B8412BBE0" box="[439,578,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F442FFD7917A0B1B84C2BBE0" box="[593,658,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Fig. 8. Wing base of female. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Arrow indicates pigmented area. Fig. 9. Metathoracic furcasternum of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 10. Distal hind basitarsus of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 11. Tarsal claw of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 12. Pleural membrane of male showing sparse, fine hairs and sockets. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 13. Tergites I (abdominal scale) to VII of female abdomen. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF046389F443FFD693BC0B0C831ABB9F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223559/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" targetBox="[235,1357,183,1847]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F443FFD693BC0B0C831ABB9F" blockId="7.[151,1436,1888,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F443FFD693BC0B0C8705BB1B" bold="true" box="[151,341,1888,1911]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">FIGURES 14–20.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F443FFD692700B0D84FBBB1A" box="[347,683,1889,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi" subGenus="Meilloniellum">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F443FFD692700B0D87EBBB1A" box="[347,443,1889,1911]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F443FFD692E00B0D8409BB1A" box="[459,601,1889,1911]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F443FFD691430B0D84FBBB1A" box="[616,683,1889,1911]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Fig. 14. Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 15. Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 16. Ventral view of hypogynial valves (h v). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 17. Lateral view of anal lobe (a l) and cercus (c). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 18. Male genitalia, ventral view (gc—gonocoxa; gs—gonostylus; v p—ventral plate; m s—median sclerite; p—paramere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 19. Gonocoxa (gc), gonostylus (gs) and paramere (p), lateral view. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 20. Ventral view of ventral plate (v p) and median sclerite (m s). Scale bar = 0.02 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF046389F44CFFD993BC0BF18295BB9C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223560/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" targetBox="[151,1435,197,1933]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44CFFD993BC0BF18295BB9C" blockId="8.[151,1436,1949,2033]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44CFFD993BC0BF18706BBDE" bold="true" box="[151,342,1949,1972]" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">FIGURES 21–25.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44CFFD992740BF284E1BBD9" box="[351,689,1950,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi" subGenus="Meilloniellum">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44CFFD992740BF287EFBBD9" box="[351,447,1950,1972]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44CFFD992FB0BF2840EBBD9" box="[464,606,1950,1972]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44CFFD991440BF284E1BBD9" box="[623,689,1950,1972]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="137">adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Fig. 21. Female pupa, right lateral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 22. Cocoon, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Fig. 23. Lateral view, right pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. Fig. 24. Right thoracic pupal cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 25. Surface structure of pupal gill filaments. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C361608AF44DFFD893EC0CF48734BCB9" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44DFFD893EC0CF48734BCB9" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD893EC0CF48718BCDD" bold="true" box="[199,328,152,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Etymology</emphasis>
: Not specifically mentioned by Pomeroy, but implicitly for William Mansfield Aders (Crosskey and Davies 2012).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361608AF44DFFD893EC0CB3852BBDA2" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44DFFD893EC0CB3826ABC9A" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1364]" box="[199,1082,223,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD893EC0CB387F9BC95" bold="true" box="[199,425,223,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Material examined</emphasis>
: Full array of eggs, larvae, pupae, male and female adults.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44DFFD893EC0D6982ECBDEA" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44DFFD893EC0D698777BD70" box="[199,295,261,285]" name="Mayotte" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
, Comoro Archipelago. Ouroveni, 
<date id="FFC515C1F44DFFD891CA0D68851BBD71" box="[737,843,260,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" value="2008-10-02">2-x-2008</date>
, 
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; Bouyouni, 
<date id="FFC515C1F44DFFD896050D6883C8BD71" box="[1326,1432,260,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" value="2008-10-05">5-x-2008</date>
, 
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; Batirini, 
<date id="FFC515C1F44DFFD891310D4B84D4BD52" box="[538,644,295,319]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" value="2008-10-05">5-x-2008</date>
, 
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; Coconi, 
<date id="FFC515C1F44DFFD897240D4B8228BD52" box="[1039,1144,295,319]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" value="2008-10-06">6-x-2008</date>
, 
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; Combani, 
<date id="FFC515C1F44DFFD892380D20872CBD09" box="[275,380,332,356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" value="2008-10-07">7-x-2008</date>
, 
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; Koualé, 
<date id="FFC515C1F44DFFD8900A0D2085DBBD09" box="[801,907,332,356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" value="2008-10-08">8-x-2008</date>
, 
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; Chirini, 
<date id="FFC515C1F44DFFD896050D2083C8BD09" box="[1326,1432,332,356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" value="2008-10-08">8-x-2008</date>
, 
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; Koualé, 
<date id="FFC515C1F44DFFD8913F0D03842DBDEA" box="[532,637,367,391]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" value="2008-10-09">9-x-2008</date>
, 
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<geoCoordinate id="EE4F55C6F44DFFD8903F0D0385CDBDEA" box="[788,925,367,391]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" precision="1" value="45.18572">E45.18572°</geoCoordinate>
. All collected by N. M-S.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44DFFD893EC0DF8852BBDA2" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
Deposited in the Strickland Museum, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44DFFD893BC0DDB8742BDA2" box="[151,274,439,463]" name="Canada" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">CANADA</collectingCountry>
. Other material is in the personal collection of N. M-S.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361608AF44DFFDB93EC0DB782C8BECA" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44DFFD893EC0DB7856DBE51" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD893EC0DB7871FBD99" bold="true" box="[199,335,475,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Comments.</emphasis>
Below we discuss differences between the original descriptions by Pomeroy (1922), Gibbins (1934), Freeman and de Meillon (1953), Crosskey (1960), Rubtsov (1962) and Crosskey (1969) of African mainland 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44DFFD8922D0E498738BE51" box="[262,360,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD8922D0E498738BE51" box="[262,360,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44DFFD892E30E498475BE50" box="[456,549,549,573]" name="Mayotte" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
material as given above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44DFFD893EC0E2B8378BEC5" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD893EC0E2B874DBE0D" bold="true" box="[199,285,583,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Adults.</emphasis>
The 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44DFFD8924B0E2487EDBE0D" box="[352,445,584,608]" name="Mayotte" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
adults of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44DFFD891170E2484F2BE0D" box="[572,674,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD891170E2484F2BE0D" box="[572,674,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show little difference to previous descriptions of the species. A character, however, apparently not noted elsewhere is the distinct pigmented region around the campaniform sensory organs on the wing at the junction of the radial sector (Rs) vein and 1st radial (R1) vein (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44DFFD897FE0EE38347BECA" box="[1237,1303,655,679]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,262,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[186,1398,190,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[183,1400,161,1889]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 13. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 8. Wing base of female. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Arrow indicates pigmented area. Fig. 9. Metathoracic furcasternum of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 10. Distal hind basitarsus of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 11. Tarsal claw of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 12. Pleural membrane of male showing sparse, fine hairs and sockets. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 13. Tergites I (abdominal scale) to VII of female abdomen. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223558/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44DFFD893EC0ED9856DBF81" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
We make the point, already known, that the mandible of the female has teeth only on one side (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44DFFD896260ED88304BEA1" box="[1293,1364,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[208,1378,185,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[205,1381,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 2. Frontal view of head of female. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 3. Frontal view of head of male. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 4. Mandible of female adult. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 5. Cibarium of female adult. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 6. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 7. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of male. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223557/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). This was described by Freeman and de Meillon (1953: 111) who described 18 small teeth on the inner surface only. The 
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material has 16. It is perhaps surprising that more importance has not been assigned to this character state. We comment because in simuliids, teeth on both sides of the mandible is plesiomorphic. The one-sided condition is known for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44DFFD8923F0F2884CFBF31" authority="Craig et al. 2012" authorityName="Craig et al." authorityYear="2012" box="[276,671,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD8923F0F288794BF31" box="[276,452,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
(Craig 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD891370F29841EBF31" box="[540,590,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">et al</emphasis>
. 2012)
</taxonomicName>
where it is a diagnostic character for that genus in the Australasian region. Further, for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44DFFD892500F04847BBFED" box="[379,555,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD892500F04847BBFED" box="[379,555,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is known to be a derived character—reverting to a two-sided condition in gynandromorphs (Craig and Crosby 2008). Otherwise teeth on one side of the mandible is sporadic in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44DFFD896080FE083CCBFC9" box="[1315,1436,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD8938B0FDD8691BFA5" box="[160,193,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">e.g</emphasis>
., 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44DFFD893F70FDC849DBFAA" authority="Takaoka and Davies 1995" authorityName="Takaoka and Davies" authorityYear="1995" box="[220,717,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Gomphostilbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD893F70FDC87D2BFA5" box="[220,386,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Gomphostilbia</emphasis>
, Takaoka and Davies 1995
</taxonomicName>
, Bentinck 1955). Is it possible that a one-sided mandible is diagnostic for 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD892130FB88785BF81" box="[312,469,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
? We did not investigate further.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44DFFD893EC0F9B8365B859" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
The lacinia in the 
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material has reduced numbers of recurved teeth with only 5 inner and 12 outer teeth (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44DFFD893B4087086B4B859" box="[159,228,1052,1076]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1921,1944]" captionTargetBox="[208,1378,185,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[205,1381,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 2. Frontal view of head of female. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 3. Frontal view of head of male. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 4. Mandible of female adult. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 5. Cibarium of female adult. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 6. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 7. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of male. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223557/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). For other 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44DFFD8924C08718799B859" box="[359,457,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD8924C08718799B859" box="[359,457,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
material, Freeman and de Meillon (1953) describe 9 and 13 teeth respectively
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44DFFD893EC08538775B88A" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
The rather finely crafted mandible and reduced number of teeth on the lacinia along with the relatively short mouthparts tend to indicate that 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44DFFD8912408098423B811" box="[527,627,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD8912408098423B811" box="[527,627,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would be a bird feeder—in agreement with the similar mouthparts in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44DFFD893BC08E48717B8CD" box="[151,327,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD893BC08E48717B8CD" box="[151,327,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Bird feeding in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44DFFD8913C08E4842DB8CD" box="[535,637,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD8913C08E4842DB8CD" box="[535,637,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is well confirmed, but such mouthparts do not preclude feeding on humans and other mammals, as this simuliid is known to do readily (Gibbins 1934, Bequaert 1939, Palmer and de Moor 1998).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44DFFD893EC089887FBB939" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44DFFD893EC089887D2B961" box="[199,386,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD893EC089887D2B961" box="[199,386,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Simulium adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only species of 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD891BF08988561B961" box="[660,817,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
that possesses a haired pleural membrane (Crosskey 1969). Of fine nature this vestiture is difficult to observe and also the hairs dislodge easily, usually leaving only the sockets visible (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44DFFD89261095087CDB939" box="[330,413,1340,1364]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,262,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[186,1398,190,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[183,1400,161,1889]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 13. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 8. Wing base of female. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Arrow indicates pigmented area. Fig. 9. Metathoracic furcasternum of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 10. Distal hind basitarsus of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 11. Tarsal claw of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 12. Pleural membrane of male showing sparse, fine hairs and sockets. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 13. Tergites I (abdominal scale) to VII of female abdomen. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223558/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF046389F44DFFD893BC0BB0822CBB9F" box="[151,1148,2012,2035]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223561/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" targetBox="[152,1422,1428,2011]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44DFFD893BC0BB0822CBB9F" blockId="9.[151,1148,2012,2035]" box="[151,1148,2012,2035]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD893BC0BB08770BB9C" bold="true" box="[151,288,2012,2035]" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44DFFD8920E0BB08424BB9F" box="[293,628,2012,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi" subGenus="Meilloniellum">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD8920E0BB087D5BB9F" box="[293,389,2012,2034]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD892BF0BB08472BB9F" box="[404,546,2012,2034]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44DFFD8911A0BB08424BB9F" box="[561,628,2012,2034]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="138">adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Pupal abdominal armature. Structures not to scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44EFFDB93EC0CFB87E6BC9A" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
There is little difference in adult legs between localities. 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44EFFDB906D0CF485F3BCDD" box="[838,931,152,176]" name="Mayotte" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
females, however, have a calcipala (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44EFFDB96690CFB83C3BCC2" box="[1346,1427,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,262,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[186,1398,190,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[183,1400,161,1889]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 13. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 8. Wing base of female. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Arrow indicates pigmented area. Fig. 9. Metathoracic furcasternum of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 10. Distal hind basitarsus of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 11. Tarsal claw of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 12. Pleural membrane of male showing sparse, fine hairs and sockets. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 13. Tergites I (abdominal scale) to VII of female abdomen. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223558/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) that is slightly more elongate that that illustrated by Gibbins (1934; his fig. 2e) and the membranous area of the pedisulcus less extensive.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44EFFDB93EC0D688339BDEA" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
Crosskey (1969) described the abdomen of the 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44EFFDB91F50D68852BBD71" box="[734,891,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
species as thickly and evenly covered with pale scales. Freeman and de Meillon (1953) describe the abdomen as black with dense silvery and yellow scales. The 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44EFFDB93BC0D2186A4BD08" box="[151,244,333,357]" name="Mayotte" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
material is not black and while there are pale scales, these are sporadic. However, the available females and males give every impression of having been worn and they perhaps are not showing the original vestiture.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44EFFDB93EC0DF882C8BECA" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44EFFDB93EC0DF88748BDC1" bold="true" box="[199,280,404,428]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Pupae.</emphasis>
Difference between pupae of 
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44EFFDB91F50DF98513BDC1" box="[734,835,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44EFFDB91F50DF98513BDC1" box="[734,835,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and those from elsewhere show in the gills and the cocoon. The cocoon as first illustrated by Gibbins (1934; his fig. 8) shows it to be apparently of close weave. Another illustration by Freeman and de Meillon (1953; their fig. 32h) shows the weave to be more open—similar to the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44EFFDB93F70E6C8769BE75" box="[220,313,512,536]" name="Mayotte" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
material (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44EFFDB92800D9387AEBE7A" box="[427,510,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 25" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1949,1972]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,197,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,113,1934]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 25. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 21. Female pupa, right lateral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 22. Cocoon, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Fig. 23. Lateral view, right pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. Fig. 24. Right thoracic pupal cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 25. Surface structure of pupal gill filaments. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223560/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
). Not mentioned, or illustrated previously, is the internal pouch shown clearly here (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44EFFDB93B40E4886A8BE51" box="[159,248,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 25" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1949,1972]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,197,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,113,1934]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 25. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 21. Female pupa, right lateral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 22. Cocoon, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Fig. 23. Lateral view, right pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. Fig. 24. Right thoracic pupal cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 25. Surface structure of pupal gill filaments. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223560/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
). The gills of the 
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pupae have the same number of filaments and branching pattern, but are noticeable longer overall, with relatively shorter ventral filaments. Gibbins (1934; his fig. 7: 1936; his fig 5a), shows the total length of the gill to be 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44EFFDB91140E018409BEE9" box="[575,601,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">ca</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F44EFFDB914D0E0084EFBEE9" box="[614,703,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
. with the ventral filaments slightly shorter than the others, as does Crosskey (1969; his fig. 194). The 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44EFFDB91340EFC842CBEC5" box="[543,636,656,680]" name="Mayotte" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
material has gill length of 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44EFFDB90810EFD8595BEC5" box="[938,965,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">ca</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F44EFFDB90F90EE38277BECA" box="[978,1063,655,679]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44EFFDB971C0EE382DABECA" box="[1079,1162,655,679]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 25" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1949,1972]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,197,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,113,1934]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 25. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 21. Female pupa, right lateral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 22. Cocoon, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Fig. 23. Lateral view, right pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. Fig. 24. Right thoracic pupal cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 25. Surface structure of pupal gill filaments. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223560/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361608AF44EFFDE93EC0ED8842CBB21" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44EFFDB93EC0ED884EBBFC9" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44EFFDB93EC0ED88773BEA1" bold="true" box="[199,291,692,716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Larvae.</emphasis>
Gibbins (1934; his fig. 5a) specifically illustrated the cephalic cuticle of the larva as armed with minute spines, and mentioned a pigmented area below the stemmata as also spined. Such has not been commented on by following workers and the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44EFFDB91090E91842FBF78" box="[546,639,765,789]" name="Mayotte" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
material has merely normal chaetotaxy (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44EFFDB974B0E9082B2BF79" box="[1120,1250,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 31" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1900,1923]" captionTargetBox="[195,1435,203,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 31. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 27. Female pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 28. Male pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 29. Left lateral habitus view of last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 30. Dorsal view of last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 31. Pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223562/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Fig. 30, 31</figureCitation>
) as detailed for simuliids by Craig (2005). Pigmentation pattern of the head, namely the negative head-spots is similar for all material (Crosskey 1960; his fig 21), however the trident-shaped lateral pigmentation posterior to the stemmata is overall slightly darker in the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44EFFDB92C30F058415BFEC" box="[488,581,873,897]" name="Mayotte" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
material. The rendition of the lateral head in Crosskey's figure appears to show the spined region noted by Gibbins (1934).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44EFFDB93EC0FDC833CB859" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
Aspects of the ventral head capsule of the larvae are similar in all material. Shape of the postgenal cleft and postgenal bridge (Crosskey 1960; his fig. 38: 1969; his fig 250) agree with the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44EFFDB97700FB982E8BF80" box="[1115,1208,981,1005]" name="Mayotte" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
material (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44EFFDB961E0FB883DFBF81" box="[1333,1423,980,1004]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[206,1382,159,1887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
). However, that of 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44EFFDB92720F9487E6B87D" box="[345,438,1016,1040]" name="Mayotte" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
have hypostomal teeth (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44EFFDB91E30F9B8549B862" box="[712,793,1015,1039]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[206,1382,159,1887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
) not as prominent as otherwise illustrated (Gibbins 1934; his fig. 6: Crosskey 1960; his fig 57). In particular the median tooth does not protrude beyond the lateral teeth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44EFFDB93EC085385DFB8A9" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
Crosskey (1960) described the larval antenna of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44EFFDB91D2082C850EB835" box="[761,862,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44EFFDB91D2082C850EB835" box="[761,862,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as having the basal article (his first segment) 6.0 times as long as broad. That of the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44EFFDB91090809842FB810" box="[546,639,1125,1149]" name="Mayotte" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
material is only 4.8 times as long as broad. Further, Crosskey (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44EFFDB9663080883DDB811" box="[1352,1421,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">loc cit</emphasis>
.; his figure 79) gave proportions of the three articles as 1.0:1.25:1.28, those for the 
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material are 1.0:1.47:1.18 (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44EFFDB921108C087DCB8A9" box="[314,396,1196,1220]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[206,1382,159,1887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
) where the median article is relatively longer.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44EFFDB93EC08A3872DB91A" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
Labral fan ray number is variable. Gibbins (1934) stated that there were 28–32, but Crosskey's (1960) reexamination of 
<typeStatus id="54C08DA3F44EFFDB926308998728B960" box="[328,376,1269,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">type</typeStatus>
material showed there to actually be 38–41. Overall, Crosskey (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44EFFDB9764089882CCB961" box="[1103,1180,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">loc. cit</emphasis>
.) reported 38–47 rays, with 44 the mean. The 
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material has 40–46 rays. Whether the minor difference in number it taxonomically useful is moot. Fan ray number is known to be phenotypically plastic—dependent on nutrition and velocity of water (Zhang 2006).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44EFFDB93EC09E884C1BA41" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
Crosskey (1960; his fig. 90) illustrated three basic conditions of larval mandible for African simuliids. That of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44EFFDB93BC09C486AAB9AD" box="[151,250,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44EFFDB93BC09C486AAB9AD" box="[151,250,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were of the more common condition (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44EFFDB919A09CB8556B9D2" box="[689,774,1447,1471]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[206,1382,159,1887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
). For 
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material, however, the mandibular serration and sensillum are larger and more closely applied (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44EFFDB91C609A08511B989" box="[749,833,1484,1508]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[206,1382,159,1887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
) than illustrated by Crosskey (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44EFFDB978009A082A4B989" box="[1195,1268,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">loc cit</emphasis>
.; his fig 104). Gibbins (1934; his fig. 5d) illustration appears somewhat stylized, and the mandibular sensillum is rendered as markedly small and the serration smaller too.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44EFFDB93EC0A5B83CBBA19" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
Crosskey (1960; his fig 126) illustrated the maxillary palpus and described it as 3.1 time as long as the basal width, not including the apical sensilla. The palpus of the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44EFFDB90250A318539BA18" box="[782,873,1629,1653]" name="Mayotte" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
larvae is only 2.5 times as long as the basal width.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44EFFDB93EC0A1387B9BB21" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
Overall shape of the posterior abdomen and relative size of the ventral tubercles of 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44EFFDB974E0AEC8292BAF5" box="[1125,1218,1664,1688]" name="Mayotte" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44EFFDB97E30AEC837ABAF5" box="[1224,1322,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44EFFDB97E30AEC837ABAF5" box="[1224,1322,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
last instar larvae agrees closely with the illustration by Crosskey (1960; his fig. 157), but that illustration lacked any accessory sclerite. The anal sclerite is very similar (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44EFFDB91CA0AAB8564BAB2" box="[737,820,1735,1759]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[206,1382,159,1887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
) to that shown by Crosskey (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44EFFDB97A90AA4829FBA8D" box="[1154,1231,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">loc. cit</emphasis>
.; his fig 164), but again his material lacked the accessory sclerite(s). Never-the-less, Crosskey (1969) stated that there are accessory sclerites as &quot;sometimes only minute weakly sclerotized trace&quot;. 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44EFFDB907E0B7D85E2BB44" box="[853,946,1809,1833]" name="Mayotte" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
material has a small, but distinct, accessory sclerite on each side (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44EFFDB92A30B58878CBB21" box="[392,476,1844,1868]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[206,1382,159,1887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44EFFDB93EC0B3B8565BBB1" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
Rectal scales were not mentioned by Gibbins (1934, his fig. 5c) and are notably absent from the illustration. Rubtsov (1962), in his key to larvae, divided 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44EFFDB919F0B108501BBF9" box="[692,849,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
species into those with and without rectal scales. Crosskey (1969) in his revision of 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44EFFDB91080BCC8490BBD5" box="[547,704,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
has rectal scales as a diagnostic character for the subgenus. The 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44EFFDB93BC0BA986A4BBB0" box="[151,244,1989,2013]" name="Mayotte" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
larvae clearly possess these structures (
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44EFFDB919A0BA88554BBB1" box="[689,772,1988,2012]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[206,1382,159,1887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44EFFDB903B0BA8857DBBB1" box="[784,813,1988,2012]" captionStart="FIGURE 38 – 40" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1170,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,179,1153]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,179,1157]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 38 – 40. Fig. 38. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Rectal scales and posterior abdominal setae. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Figs. 39 &amp; 40. Representative habitats on Mayotte. Fig. 39. Bouyouni Stream, 5 - x- 2008. Fig. 40. Gouloué Stream, 7 - x- 2008." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223564/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">38</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44FFFDA93EC0CFB8539BD52" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,716]" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
Gibbins (1934) describes the rectal papillae as trilobed and each with smaller secondary appendages. Freeman and de Meillon (1953) merely refer to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA91480CD18499BCB9" box="[611,713,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA91480CD18499BCB9" box="[611,713,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rectal papillae as trifid—there is no mention of lateral lobes. Rubtsov (1962) describes 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA92E90C8C840FBC95" box="[450,607,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
with branched rectal papillae. Crosskey (1960) describes the papillae as having several secondary lobes each. The 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44FFFDA91460D69849ABD70" box="[621,714,261,285]" name="Mayotte" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
material are basically simple trifid structures with, very rarely, a slight indication of secondary lobules (poorly visible in 
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44FFFDA90210D4B850DBD52" box="[778,861,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 31" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1900,1923]" captionTargetBox="[195,1435,203,1877]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 31. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 27. Female pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 28. Male pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 29. Left lateral habitus view of last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 30. Dorsal view of last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 31. Pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223562/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44FFFDA93EC0D208273BE51" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,716]" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
The number of hooks comprising the circlet of hooks on the posterior proleg is variable. Gibbins (1934) stated there were 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA923F0D1D877EBDE5" box="[276,302,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">ca</emphasis>
. 120 rows of 19–25 hooks for the Nsadzi larvae. Crosskey (1960) gave a much lower number of 69– 75 rows with 9–15 hooks. The 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44FFFDA92DD0DF98403BDC0" box="[502,595,405,429]" name="Mayotte" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
larvae have some 75–80 rows of 12–14 hooks. These characters states are phenotypically plastic, and Palmer and Craig (2000) showed a clear correlation between velocity of water in the habitat of the larva and total number of hooks. Of relevance here too is that the original larval material of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA96110DB183CCBD99" box="[1338,1436,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA96110DB183CCBD99" box="[1338,1436,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Nsadzi Island in Lake Victoria were larger (5.8–6.0 mm in length. Gibbins 1934) than other known larvae (Crosskey 1960. 4.5–5.0 mm in length). The 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44FFFDA91A40E4984BCBE50" box="[655,748,549,573]" name="Mayotte" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
larvae are of the latter size.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44FFFDA93EC0E2B8524BEA1" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,716]" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
Overall, the disagreement in morphological character states between 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44FFFDA90C20E248216BE0D" box="[1001,1094,584,608]" name="Mayotte" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA977B0E2482E6BE0D" box="[1104,1206,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA977B0E2482E6BE0D" box="[1104,1206,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and those from the African mainland, suggest that the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44FFFDA910B0E01842DBEE8" box="[544,637,621,645]" name="Mayotte" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
entity is a separate species. Before, however, that is formally done, the material needs to be compared with 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA91730EFC8491BEC5" box="[600,705,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA91730EFC8491BEC5" box="[600,705,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44FFFDA903F0EE385CDBECA" box="[788,925,655,679]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
. Indeed, the whole complex needs further examination, including using molecular and cytological methods.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44FFFDA93BC0E908478BF79" blockId="11.[151,1437,764,1940]" box="[151,552,764,788]" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
General biology of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA925A0E908478BF79" box="[369,552,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA925A0E908478BF79" box="[369,552,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Simulium adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44FFFDA93BC0F738753B862" blockId="11.[151,1437,764,1940]" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
Commonly mentioned in the literature regarding 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA91EF0F4C8577BF55" box="[708,807,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA91EF0F4C8577BF55" box="[708,807,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is that the immature stages have a remarkable range of habitat. Gibbins (1934) commented about larvae being found on the wave-swept shore of islands in Lake Victoria, in particular Nsadzi Island—a most unusual habitat for simuliid larvae. Immature stages have been found in almost every 
<typeStatus id="54C08DA3F44FFFDA93F60FE1875DBFC8" box="[221,269,909,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">type</typeStatus>
of running water, from large rivers to small runnels, high conductivity, estuarine (Crosskey 1960), and less so, high quality water (Palmer and de Moor 1998; de Moor 2003). Oddly, because of that latter aspect, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA96AC0FDC868DBF81" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA96AC0FDC868DBF81" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been investigated as a possible indicator of water quality in the Buffalo River, 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44FFFDA97A50FB8834FBF81" box="[1166,1311,980,1004]" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(Palmer 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA96A30FB986FDB87D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">et al</emphasis>
. 1996).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44FFFDA93EC087085B8B8F2" blockId="11.[151,1437,764,1940]" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
Of economic importance was replacement of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA91EC08718579B859" box="[711,809,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA91EC08718579B859" box="[711,809,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA904B087185BAB859" box="[864,1002,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigritarse">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA904B087185BAB859" box="[864,1002,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. nigritarse</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both relatively non-pest species, with the seriously biting 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA925F082C87B7B835" box="[372,487,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chutteri">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA925F082C87B7B835" box="[372,487,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. chutteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a result of interbasin water transfer projects involving the Vaal, Orange and Great Fish rivers (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA920908098713B811" box="[290,323,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">e.g</emphasis>
., O'Keeffe and de Moor 1988). Effects of these projects are still of considerable interest (Rivers- Moore 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA93C308E5874AB8CD" box="[232,282,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">et al</emphasis>
. 2007, Gupta and van der Zaag 2008, de 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44FFFDA91C208E5854EB8CD" box="[745,798,1161,1184]" name="Senegal" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Beer</collectingCountry>
and Green 2012).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44FFFDA93EC08C08543BA6A" blockId="11.[151,1437,764,1940]" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
While providing considerable details about water quality, velocity, substrates, and density of aquatic insects, Starmühler (1976, 1979) did not identify 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA914308A384B1B88A" box="[616,737,1231,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
except to Family, so nothing can be said regarding ecological requirements of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA927208998790B961" box="[345,448,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA927208998790B961" box="[345,448,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on Anjouan. Considerable ecological data on the streams sampled in 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44FFFDA962C08998334B960" box="[1287,1380,1269,1293]" name="Mayotte" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
was compiled during the Surveillance Monitoring programme in 
<date id="FFC515C1F44FFFDA9061097B85A7B942" box="[842,1015,1303,1327]" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" value="2008" valueMax="2009">2008 and 2009</date>
. Most localities were forested in one manner or other (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA9274095187D0B939" box="[351,384,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">e.g</emphasis>
., 
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44FFFDA92BC09508448B939" box="[407,536,1340,1364]" captionStart="FIGURE 38 – 40" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1170,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,179,1153]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,179,1157]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 38 – 40. Fig. 38. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Rectal scales and posterior abdominal setae. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Figs. 39 &amp; 40. Representative habitats on Mayotte. Fig. 39. Bouyouni Stream, 5 - x- 2008. Fig. 40. Gouloué Stream, 7 - x- 2008." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223564/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Fig. 39, 40</figureCitation>
). For the localities from which we examined material, larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA97D20951830DB939" box="[1273,1373,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA97D20951830DB939" box="[1273,1373,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were normally found on vegetation in situations where the water velocity was fast. No exact velocity measurements were made. Most sites had substrates of cobble or boulders (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA903209E9856AB9F1" box="[793,826,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">e.g</emphasis>
., 
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44FFFDA907909E885F7B9F1" box="[850,935,1412,1436]" captionStart="FIGURE 38 – 40" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1170,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,179,1153]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,179,1157]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 38 – 40. Fig. 38. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Rectal scales and posterior abdominal setae. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Figs. 39 &amp; 40. Representative habitats on Mayotte. Fig. 39. Bouyouni Stream, 5 - x- 2008. Fig. 40. Gouloué Stream, 7 - x- 2008." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223564/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
), but occasionally solid rock (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA962C09E98378B9F1" box="[1287,1320,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">e.g</emphasis>
., 
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44FFFDA966B09E883C0B9F1" box="[1344,1424,1412,1436]" captionStart="FIGURE 38 – 40" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1170,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,179,1153]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,179,1157]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 38 – 40. Fig. 38. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Rectal scales and posterior abdominal setae. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Figs. 39 &amp; 40. Representative habitats on Mayotte. Fig. 39. Bouyouni Stream, 5 - x- 2008. Fig. 40. Gouloué Stream, 7 - x- 2008." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223564/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Fig 40</figureCitation>
). Water temperatures ranged from 22–31°C, conductivity from 129–394 µS/cm and oxygen saturation 21–93%. Water was generally clear, but there was considerable anthropogenic impact from washing, excrement and garbage. Details of all sites can be obtained directly from N. M-S.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44FFFDA93EC0A78850DBA3D" blockId="11.[151,1437,764,1940]" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
There appears to be no information on nuisance value of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA906B0A7985F2BA41" box="[832,930,1556,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA906B0A7985F2BA41" box="[832,930,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44FFFDA90EF0A798275BA40" box="[964,1061,1557,1581]" name="Mayotte" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
. Certainly no biting was recorded by people involved in the Surveillance Monitoring programme.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44FFFDA93EC0A308322BB21" blockId="11.[151,1437,764,1940]" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
Palmer and de Moor (1998) report that 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA91A70A3184A0BA19" box="[652,752,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA91A70A3184A0BA19" box="[652,752,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females lay some 
<specimenCount id="9D7DF888F44FFFDA90EC0A308260BA18" box="[967,1072,1628,1653]" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" type="egg">400 eggs</specimenCount>
, considerably more than for the single example of 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44FFFDA92460AEC879ABAF5" box="[365,458,1664,1688]" name="Mayotte" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA92FF0AEC8468BAF5" box="[468,568,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA92FF0AEC8468BAF5" box="[468,568,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, the eggs were larger. Perhaps this indicates that the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44FFFDA96140AEC83CCBAF5" box="[1343,1436,1664,1688]" name="Mayotte" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
female had not blood-fed, as suggested by observations by N. M-S. on lack of biting. Oviposition by 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA97D00AC9830CBAD1" box="[1275,1372,1700,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA97D00AC9830CBAD1" box="[1275,1372,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
takes place underwater (Gillet and Lebied 1959, Balay 1964, Crosskey 1969) with eggs clustered on hard substrates. Laboratory studies show that the eggs take 13 days to hatch at 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA904D0A8185D1BB69" box="[870,897,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">ca</emphasis>
. 25°C and the larvae a minimum of 17 days to pupae at the same temperature (Begemann 1980). Seven larval instars were convincingly demonstrated for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA96AC0B7C868DBB21" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA96AC0B7C868DBB21" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Elouard (1987)—in full agreement with the modal number known for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA97310B58833EBB21" authority="Adler et al. 2004" authorityName="Adler et al." authorityYear="2004" box="[1050,1390,1844,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Simuliidae (Adler 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA97C10B59834BBB21" box="[1258,1307,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">et al</emphasis>
. 2004)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44FFFDA93EC0B3B8730BBF9" blockId="11.[151,1437,764,1940]" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
Parasitoids are known for larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA91430B34849DBB1D" box="[616,717,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA91430B34849DBB1D" box="[616,717,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; two genera, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA90450B3485A9BB1D" box="[878,1017,1880,1904]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Caudosporidae" genus="Caudospora" kingdom="Fungi" order="Diaporthales" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA90450B3485A9BB1D" box="[878,1017,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Caudospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44FFFDA971E0B3582C6BB1D" box="[1077,1174,1881,1904]" class="Microsporea" family="Caudosporidae" genus="Weiseria" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Dissociodihaplophasida" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Microsporidia" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44FFFDA971E0B3582C6BB1D" box="[1077,1174,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Weiseria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. were reported by Jamnback (1970).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF046389F448FFDD93BC0B0082B2BBAD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223562/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" targetBox="[195,1435,203,1877]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F448FFDD93BC0B0082B2BBAD" blockId="12.[151,1436,1900,1984]" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F448FFDD93BC0B008703BBEF" bold="true" box="[151,339,1900,1923]" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">FIGURES 27–31.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F448FFDD92730B0184F6BBEE" box="[344,678,1901,1923]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi" subGenus="Meilloniellum">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F448FFDD92730B0187E7BBEE" box="[344,439,1901,1923]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F448FFDD92ED0B018404BBEE" box="[454,596,1901,1923]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F448FFDD91480B0184F6BBEE" box="[611,678,1901,1923]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Fig. 27. Female pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 28. Male pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 29. Left lateral habitus view of last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 30. Dorsal view of last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 31. Pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF046389F449FFDC93BC0B1482DCBB86" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223563/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="142" targetBox="[209,1381,187,1882]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F449FFDC93BC0B1482DCBB86" blockId="13.[151,1436,1912,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F449FFDC93BC0B148707BBE3" bold="true" box="[151,343,1912,1935]" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">FIGURES 32–37.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F449FFDC92490B1584E7BBE2" box="[354,695,1913,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi" subGenus="Meilloniellum">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F449FFDC92490B158792BBE2" box="[354,450,1913,1935]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F449FFDC92FF0B158432BBE2" box="[468,610,1913,1935]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F449FFDC915E0B1584E7BBE2" box="[629,695,1913,1935]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF046389F44AFFDF93BC08FE83D7B8AA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223564/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" targetBox="[151,1435,179,1153]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44AFFDF93BC08FE83D7B8AA" blockId="14.[151,1437,1170,1223]" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF93BC08FE8716B8C5" bold="true" box="[151,326,1170,1193]" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">FIGURE 38–40.</emphasis>
Fig. 38. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF928A08FE84A0B8C5" box="[417,752,1170,1192]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi" subGenus="Meilloniellum">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF928A08FE8450B8C5" box="[417,512,1170,1192]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF913B08FE84CEB8C5" box="[528,670,1170,1192]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">Meilloniellum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF918608FE84A0B8C5" box="[685,752,1170,1192]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Rectal scales and posterior abdominal setae. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Figs. 39 &amp; 40. Representative habitats on Mayotte. Fig. 39. Bouyouni Stream, 5-x-2008. Fig. 40. Gouloué Stream, 7-x-2008.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44AFFDF93EC08818333B91C" blockId="14.[151,1436,1261,1717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">
Female adults 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF92410882879BB968" box="[362,459,1261,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF92410882879BB968" box="[362,459,1261,1285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are primarily bird feeders and a pest of poultry, but are well known to bite sheep, goats and humans (Bequaert 1939). On humans the neck, head and ears are preferred. Fallis and Raybold (1975) convincingly showed that 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF92EB095A8472B920" box="[448,546,1333,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF92EB095A8472B920" box="[448,546,1333,1357]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females were attracted to carbon dioxide exhalations and not silhouettes alone of animals. Oddly, even recently, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF912509368420B91C" box="[526,624,1369,1393]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF912509368420B91C" box="[526,624,1369,1393]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was still referred to as non-anthropophilic (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF97760936822EB91C" box="[1117,1150,1370,1393]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">e.g</emphasis>
., Mbah 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF97F70936835DB91C" box="[1244,1293,1369,1393]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">et al</emphasis>
. 2003),
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44AFFDF93EC091182F2BAD8" blockId="14.[151,1436,1261,1717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF93EC091187D2B9F8" box="[199,386,1405,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF93EC091187D2B9F8" box="[199,386,1405,1429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">Simulium adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females are known vectors of haematozoa in poultry and transmission of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF97DF091286B0B9D4" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Leucocytozoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Protista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neavei">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF97DF091286B0B9D4" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">Leucocytozoon neavei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF923D09CE841FB9D4" box="[278,591,1441,1465]" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Leucocytozoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Protista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="schoutedeni">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF923D09CE841FB9D4" box="[278,591,1441,1465]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">Leucocytozoon schoutedeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was investigated by Fallis 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF90B809CE8598B9D4" box="[915,968,1441,1465]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">et al</emphasis>
. (1973a). Transmission of 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF963A09CE86A8B9B0" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">Trypanosma numidae</emphasis>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF926909AA87F7B9B0" box="[322,423,1477,1501]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF926909AA87F7B9B0" box="[322,423,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to birds was also experimentally demonstrated by Fallis 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF976909AA8226B9B0" box="[1090,1142,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">et al</emphasis>
. (1973b). Because of the nuisance value of that biting, and the transmission of haematozooans, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF90EC0986827CBA6C" box="[967,1068,1513,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF90EC0986827CBA6C" box="[967,1068,1513,1537]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been the subject of control proceedings (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF921A0A628702BA48" box="[305,338,1550,1573]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">e.g</emphasis>
., Car 1984, Myburgh and Neville 2010), using the organophosphate Temophos™ and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF966B0A6187BCBA24" authority="Bti" authorityName="Bti" class="Insecta" family="Bacillidae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="thuringiensis" subSpecies="israelensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF966B0A6187FABA24" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis</emphasis>
(Bti)
</taxonomicName>
. Similarly, because of the possibility that 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF90E60A5E8261BA24" box="[973,1073,1585,1609]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF90E60A5E8261BA24" box="[973,1073,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be involved in vectoring 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF93BC0A3987D3BA00" box="[151,387,1621,1645]" class="Secernentea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Onchocerca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="volvulus">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF93BC0A3987D3BA00" box="[151,387,1621,1645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">Onchocerca volvulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the causative agent of onchocerciasis, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF90150A3A85F0BA00" box="[830,928,1621,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF90150A3A85F0BA00" box="[830,928,1621,1645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was early involved in research related to that disease (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF93D30A16874ABAFC" box="[248,282,1658,1681]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">e.g</emphasis>
., Wanson 1950). 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF92CB0A1584C7BAFC" box="[480,663,1657,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF92CB0A1584C7BAFC" box="[480,663,1657,1681]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">Simulium adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be a potential vector of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF90DB0A168370BAFC" authority="Wegesa 1970" authorityName="Wegesa" authorityYear="1970" box="[1008,1312,1657,1681]" class="Secernentea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Onchocerca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="volvulus">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF90DB0A168220BAFC" box="[1008,1136,1657,1681]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">O. volvulus</emphasis>
(Wegesa 1970)
</taxonomicName>
and is still considered so (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF926B0AF28731BAD8" box="[320,353,1694,1717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">e.g</emphasis>
., Lamontellerie 1963, Johnson 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF91EF0AF284A5BAD8" box="[708,757,1693,1717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">et al</emphasis>
. 1982, Roberts and Irving-Bell 1996).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44AFFDF93BC0AB28766BA9B" blockId="14.[151,1436,1758,2034]" box="[151,310,1758,1782]" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">Biogeography</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44AFFDF93BC0B6E87F7BB9F" blockId="14.[151,1436,1758,2034]" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">
There has been much written about biota of hot-spot islands, in particular that of Hawai'i (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF97B00B6882ECBB76" box="[1179,1212,1796,1819]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">e.g</emphasis>
., Wagner and Funk 1995; Losos and Rickleffs 2010). A parsimonious explanation for insect biota of such islands is by wind dispersal and this is the explanation suggested for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44AFFDF91400B2684B4BB0F" box="[619,740,1866,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
on islands in Polynesia, and the Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44AFFDF97900B268340BB0F" box="[1211,1296,1866,1890]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">Guinea</collectingCountry>
. (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF960E0B208317BB0E" box="[1317,1351,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">e.g</emphasis>
., Craig 2003, Mustapha 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44AFFDF927F0B1C87D6BBEB" box="[340,390,1902,1927]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">et al</emphasis>
. 2006). For the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44AFFDF91160B0284F7BBEB" box="[573,679,1902,1926]" name="Comoros" pageId="14" pageNumber="143">Comoros</collectingCountry>
, wind patterns could indicate an origin from the African mainland. From October to April there is a wet season (Kashkasi) with predominantly strong, consistent north to northwesterly monsoon winds off the Indian Ocean. A dryer season (Kusi) is from May to September with less intense southerly winds.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44BFFDE93EC0CFB8286BD09" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1868]" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">
Given that the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE92460CFB844EBCC2" box="[365,542,151,175]" name="Comoros" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Comoro islands</collectingCountry>
are situated essentially midway between 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE90DB0CFB82D3BCC2" box="[1008,1155,151,175]" name="Mozambique" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
on the African mainland and northern 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE92060CD087E4BCB9" box="[301,436,188,212]" name="Madagascar" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="13402F84F44BFFDE92EF0CD08456BCB9" box="[452,518,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1983,2006]" captionTargetBox="[233,1359,1274,1954]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[223,1363,1263,1962]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Geographic locality of Mayotte (French Protectorate) and the Union of the Comoros. Inset of Mayotte shows general position (dots) of localities for material examined in this study." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223556/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), such wind dispersal out of Africa to the west would not be unreasonable, but 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44BFFDE96AC0CD1868DBC95" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE96AC0CD1868DBC95" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE924E0CB387BCBC9A" box="[357,492,223,247]" name="Madagascar" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(Pilaka and Elouard 1999) and that cannot be ignored as the possible source population. Furthermore if presence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44BFFDE915E0D6985EDBD71" box="[629,957,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imerinae" subGenus="Xenosimulium">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE915E0D6984D3BD71" box="[629,643,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE91890D688512BD71" box="[674,834,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Xenosimulium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE90710D6985EDBD71" box="[858,957,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">imerinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on Mohéli (Adler and Crosskey 2013; Crosskey 2012) can be confirmed, such would indicate that origin of Comoro simuliids was more likely that of 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE93BC0D208770BD09" box="[151,288,332,356]" name="Madagascar" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
. The subgenus 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE92E70D20843DBD09" box="[460,621,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Xenosimulium</emphasis>
is endemic to 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE903B0D2085C7BD09" box="[784,919,332,356]" name="Madagascar" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(Adler and Crosskey 2013).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44BFFDE93EC0D1C86BFBE32" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1868]" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44BFFDE93EC0D1C87D0BDE5" box="[199,384,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE93EC0D1C87D0BDE5" box="[199,384,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Simulium adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread in 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE91640D038486BDEA" box="[591,726,367,391]" name="Madagascar" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(Pilaka and Elouard 1999). While Elouard and Pilaka (2001; their Fig. b) provide keys and distribution maps of Madagascan simuliids and list some 27 species from the island, detailed description of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44BFFDE92BC0DD487A8BDBD" box="[407,504,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE92BC0DD487A8BDBD" box="[407,504,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from there is not yet available, so resolving the question of origin of the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE96080DD483D0BDBD" box="[1315,1408,440,464]" name="Mayotte" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44BFFDE96AC0DD4868DBD99" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE96AC0DD4868DBD99" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will require that examination. With 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44BFFDE91590DB18483BD99" box="[626,723,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE91590DB18483BD99" box="[626,723,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on both 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE901D0DB185C3BD98" box="[822,915,477,501]" name="Mayotte" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
and Anjouan, an expectation might be that the two simuliid faunas would be closely related. It could be though, that the islands were colonized from separate sources, or dispersal events (see below). Nothing, however, is known about long range dispersal ability of this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44BFFDE93EC0E00849ABF79" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1868]" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">
Other species known for 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE92CE0E0084C7BEE9" box="[485,663,620,644]" name="Comoros" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Comoro islands</collectingCountry>
(Crosskey 2012) only partially help with historical biogeography of simuliids of the archipelago. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44BFFDE92C30EFC8494BEC5" box="[488,708,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficorne">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE92C30EFC8494BEC5" box="[488,708,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Simulium ruficorne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is markedly widespread in the region, occurring in Africa, the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE93BC0ED88751BEA1" box="[151,257,692,716]" name="Comoros" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Comoros</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE923D0ED887CFBEA1" box="[278,415,692,716]" name="Madagascar" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, and elsewhere, so gives no indication of origin. However, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44BFFDE97B20ED883C5BEA1" box="[1177,1429,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentulosum">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE97B20ED883C5BEA1" box="[1177,1429,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Simulium dentulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, widespread in Africa is apparently absent from 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE91980EBB856ABE82" box="[691,826,727,751]" name="Madagascar" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(Elouard and Pilaka 2001), so this indicates dispersal from the west to Anjouan, at least for that species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44BFFDE93EC0F738260B858" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1868]" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">
The Comoro appears typical of hot-spot island arrays. Geologically, the western island of Grand 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE97D40F738309BF5A" box="[1279,1369,799,823]" name="Comoros" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Comore</collectingCountry>
is the youngest and still is volcanically active at Karthala volcano; ages increase eastwards through Mohéli, Anjouan, with 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE93FB0F04877DBFED" box="[208,301,872,896]" name="Mayotte" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
the oldest island. The lineage appears to have been formed as the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE973D0F0B8235BF12" box="[1046,1125,871,895]" name="Somalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Somali</collectingCountry>
Plate drifted over a magma hot spot at 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE920B0FE1876BBFC9" box="[288,315,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">ca</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4C839EE4F44BFFDE92660FE08799BFC9" box="[333,457,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="144" unit="mm" value="60.0" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="50.0">50–70 mm</quantity>
/ yr. (Hajash and Armstrong 1972; Emerick and Duncan 1982). They estimated for 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE93BC0FDC86A4BFA5" box="[151,244,944,968]" name="Mayotte" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
that shield building began 5.4 million years ago, with post erosional magma from 3.8–2.4 million year ago and then later flows at 1.5 million. Anjouan had only one date known and that was for 1.2 million years ago. Mohéli commenced shield building at 2.8 million years ago, with other flows at 1.9–1.6 million and more recently at 0.8–0.7. Shield-building of Grand 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE911F087084DEB859" box="[564,654,1052,1076]" name="Comoros" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Comore</collectingCountry>
started merely 0.1 million years ago.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44BFFDE93EC082C85E5B939" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1868]" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE93EC082C8774B835" box="[199,292,1088,1112]" name="Mayotte" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
appears to have followed the basic formation pattern known for Polynesian hot spot islands (Duncan and McDougall 1976; Duncan 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE92DA0809847AB811" box="[497,554,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">et al.</emphasis>
1994; Craig 2003), where, following shield-building volcanics, erosion allows further magma eruptions, often at regular intervals. Later there can be 'rejuvenating flows' of magma, but eventually the island becomes submerged and forms a guyot. In the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE90E608C18258B8A8" box="[973,1032,1197,1221]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Nosy</collectingCountry>
region, northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE962408C083C8B8A9" box="[1295,1432,1196,1220]" name="Madagascar" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, volcanics are dated at 10 million years old. Bathymetry shows flat-topped submerged sea-mountains (guyots), the Banc du Geyser, between the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE92D708998467B960" box="[508,567,1269,1293]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Nosy</collectingCountry>
region (NW 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE91F208988532B961" box="[729,866,1268,1292]" name="Madagascar" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
) and 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE908108998257B960" box="[938,1031,1269,1293]" name="Mayotte" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE97300898823FB961" box="[1051,1135,1268,1292]" name="Taiwan" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
Ocean Research Institute URL—http://cmtt.tori.org.tw/)—consistent with islands forming prior to that of 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE97360974822DB95D" box="[1053,1149,1304,1328]" name="Mayotte" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
, which as such may have provided stepping stones for biota to reach the present 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE91D7095085E0B939" box="[764,944,1340,1364]" name="Comoros" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Comoro islands</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44BFFDE93EC090C8712BA6A" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1868]" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">
However, Nougier 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE92B7090D879EB915" box="[412,462,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">et al</emphasis>
. (1986), in a detailed review of geochronology of the archipelago suggest that 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE9614090C83CCB915" box="[1343,1436,1376,1400]" name="Mayotte" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
was 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE93E709E986B6B9F1" box="[204,230,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">ca</emphasis>
. 8 million years of age, with Anjouan 11.1–3.9 mya, Moheil 5.0–3.2 mya, and Grande 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE97CA09E8836BB9F1" box="[1249,1339,1412,1436]" name="Comoros" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Comore</collectingCountry>
perhaps 0.01–0.13 mya. They also question the hot spot hypothesis for formation of the array of islands; suggesting instead that volcanism of the 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE92A609A087A4B989" box="[397,500,1484,1508]" name="Comoros" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Comoros</collectingCountry>
was controlled by old and deep lithospheric fractures that have been reactivated at different times.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44BFFDE93EC0A788514BAB2" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1868]" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">
Perhaps pertinent to origin of simuliids on 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE91900A78853EBA41" box="[699,878,1556,1580]" name="Comoros" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Comoro islands</collectingCountry>
is an in-depth study of dispersal of frogs in the Indian Ocean region and in particular those of 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE91E90A54854FBA3D" box="[706,799,1592,1616]" name="Mayotte" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
(Vences 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE90A50A558593BA3D" box="[910,963,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">et al</emphasis>
. 2003). These frogs require fresh water. Phylogenetic analysis involving calibration from geological, morphological and molecular data indicates that a 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE93BC0AEC8753BAF5" box="[151,259,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Boophilis</emphasis>
and a 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44BFFDE924B0AEC8450BAF5" box="[352,512,1664,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE924B0AEC8450BAF5" box="[352,512,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Mantidactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, found only on 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE90070AED85DCBAF4" box="[812,908,1665,1689]" name="Mayotte" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
, dispersed from 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7391F44BFFDE97700A1382B2BAFA" box="[1115,1250,1663,1687]" name="Madagascar" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
in independent transmarine events less than 8.7 my ago. For simuliids an expectation might be an age less than that, since permanent running water takes time to develop (Craig 2003).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC43301F44BFFDE93EC0A80842CBB21" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1868]" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">
With the rates of divergence now known for simuliids on Tahiti (Joy 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE90EE0A8185A5BB69" box="[965,1013,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">et al</emphasis>
. 2007) and 
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(Craig 
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE964F0A8183C5BB69" box="[1380,1429,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">et al</emphasis>
. 2012), the probable ages of 
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give ample time for allopatric divergence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4882F44BFFDE970B0B7C82D2BB45" box="[1056,1154,1808,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adersi">
<emphasis id="B90FEF13F44BFFDE970B0B7C82D2BB45" box="[1056,1154,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="144">S. adersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from its precursor, either from the African mainland, or 
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>