326 lines
46 KiB
XML
326 lines
46 KiB
XML
<document id="B28BBE3BA211013723C9F954E81D932B" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00300.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5430990" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630427707611" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Herringshaw, Liam G., Thomas, Alan T. & Smith, M. Paul" docDate="2007" docId="03C987ECFFF00871FCDEFA3BE6ABFDD7" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2007.00300.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (4)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00300.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Cornulites Schlotheim 1820" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="695" masterDocId="FFF0FF94FFFA087FFFBAFFB8E732FF9E" masterDocTitle="Systematics, shell structure and affinities of the Palaeozoic Problematicum Cornulites" masterLastPageNumber="699" masterPageNumber="681" pageNumber="691" updateTime="1699265145129" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="344E338E5B0551ACA4ABCF68AD4BBDFC">Systematics, shell structure and affinities of the Palaeozoic Problematicum Cornulites</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="32843606DE5069A1529D0DF0AEF9C92E">Herringshaw, Liam G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0C915F1C3B1E2F25788726AA7BBB4B9B">Thomas, Alan T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="848B796B8ED32048E02B881B52B1CA66">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="94E0909BB8DB04352FC15F9AF9094FA0">Smith, M. Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D8DEEC057C263998C21046422DA331FD">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9691130446E212AD2468315548FEE9B4">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BAE8C8A818D9BF239F21C23D34216EF6">
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<mods:date id="C73206AB28AAE90BB8360929986A89A0">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8EBEC2AC0C87CFF460B8EBBE09830CBA">2007-08-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3FA48EA242F2FE5DB581526EB98709F3">150</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2EBCD1CF6A319DA171733FC314874B45">4</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="EA6C4965F6CA96A288C42CF976F7A089" type="DOI">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00300.x</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BD3424B8A9E11C92191FDAD2A6078676" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C987ECFFF00871FCDEFA3BE6ABFDD7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C987ECFFF00871FCDEFA3BE6ABFDD7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987ECFFF00871FCDEFA3BE6ABFDD7" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="695" pageId="10" pageNumber="691">
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<subSubSection id="C37A6571FFF00875FCDEFA3BE27DFA07" box="[868,1359,1411,1435]" pageId="10" pageNumber="691" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF00875FCDEFA3BE27DFA07" blockId="10.[868,1359,1411,1467]" box="[868,1359,1411,1435]" pageId="10" pageNumber="691">
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<heading id="D0978196FFF00875FCDEFA3BE27DFA07" box="[868,1359,1411,1435]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="691" reason="2">
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COMPARISON OF
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF00875FB9DFA3BE388FA07" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[1063,1210,1411,1435]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF00875FB9DFA3BE388FA07" box="[1063,1210,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="691">CORNULITES</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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WITH OTHER
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37A6571FFF00871FBB9FA1BE6ABFDD7" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="695" pageId="10" pageNumber="691" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF00875FBB9FA1BE380FA27" blockId="10.[868,1359,1411,1467]" box="[1027,1202,1443,1467]" pageId="10" pageNumber="691">
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<heading id="D0978196FFF00875FBB9FA1BE380FA27" box="[1027,1202,1443,1467]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="691" reason="5">PROBLEMATICA</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF00873FC9CFA73E5D8F981" blockId="10.[806,1421,1483,1536]" lastBlockId="12.[142,758,1238,1904]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="693" pageId="10" pageNumber="691">
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The likely position of
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF00875FBA0FA73E3A2FA7E" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[1050,1168,1483,1504]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="10" pageNumber="691" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF00875FBA0FA73E3A2FA7E" box="[1050,1168,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="691">Cornulites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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within the Metazoa is discussed below, but there are other problematical taxa, notably
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF10874FEEDF93BE5F5F906" authority="Schlotheim, 1820" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[343,711,1667,1689]" class="Cricoconarida" family="Tentaculitidae" genus="Tentaculites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tentaculitida" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF10874FEEDF93BE6D2F906" box="[343,480,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="692">Tentaculites</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF10874FE4EF93BE5F5F906" author="Schlotheim EF" box="[500,711,1667,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" refId="ref14184" refString="Schlotheim EF, von 1820. Die Petrefactenkunde auf ihrem jetzigen Standpunkte durch die Beschreibung seiner Sammlung versteinerter und fossiler Uberreste des Thier- und Pflanzenreichs der Vorwelt erlautert. Gotha. 15 pls." type="book" year="1820">Schlotheim, 1820</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF10874FF18F91AE699F929" authority="Germs, 1972" authorityName="Germs" authorityYear="1972" box="[162,427,1698,1719]" class="Polychaeta" genus="Cloudina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF10874FF18F91AE63EF929" box="[162,268,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="692">Cloudina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF10874FEACF91AE699F929" author="Germs GJB" box="[278,427,1698,1719]" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" pagination="752 - 761" refId="ref13350" refString="Germs GJB. 1972. New shelly fossils from the Nama Group, South West Africa. American Journal of Science 272: 752 - 761." type="journal article" year="1972">Germs, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with which it shares distinct similarities.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF10874FE88F978E533F948" author="Schlotheim EF" box="[306,513,1728,1750]" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" refId="ref14184" refString="Schlotheim EF, von 1820. Die Petrefactenkunde auf ihrem jetzigen Standpunkte durch die Beschreibung seiner Sammlung versteinerter und fossiler Uberreste des Thier- und Pflanzenreichs der Vorwelt erlautert. Gotha. 15 pls." type="book" year="1820">Schlotheim (1820)</bibRefCitation>
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erected
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF10874FDD9F978E5DEF94B" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[611,748,1728,1749]" class="Cricoconarida" family="Tentaculitidae" genus="Tentaculites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tentaculitida" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF10874FDD9F978E5DEF94B" box="[611,748,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="692">Tentaculites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to include a different group of annulated, conical, calcareous shells from the Palaeozoic and described two species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF10874FF61F8A5E660F8AF" box="[219,338,1820,1842]" class="Cricoconarida" family="Tentaculitidae" genus="Tentaculites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tentaculitida" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="scalaris">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF10874FF61F8A5E7DEF8AC" box="[219,236,1821,1842]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="692">T</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF10874FF43F8A4E660F8AF" box="[249,338,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="692">scalaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF10874FE35F8A5E513F8AF" box="[399,545,1820,1842]" class="Cricoconarida" family="Tentaculitidae" genus="Tentaculites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tentaculitida" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="annulatus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF10874FE35F8A5E692F8AC" box="[399,416,1821,1842]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="692">T</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF10874FE17F8A4E513F8AF" box="[429,545,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="692">annulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. As with
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF10874FD29F8A4E616F8CE" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="serpularius">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF10874FD29F8A4E616F8CE" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="692">Cornulites serpularius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the specimens figured by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF10874FD33F883E7D8F8EE" author="Schlotheim EF" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" refId="ref14184" refString="Schlotheim EF, von 1820. Die Petrefactenkunde auf ihrem jetzigen Standpunkte durch die Beschreibung seiner Sammlung versteinerter und fossiler Uberreste des Thier- und Pflanzenreichs der Vorwelt erlautert. Gotha. 15 pls." type="book" year="1820">Schlotheim (1820)</bibRefCitation>
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cannot be traced (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF10874FE02F8E2E55AF8EE" author="Larsson K" box="[440,616,1882,1904]" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref13724" refString="Larsson K. 1979 b. Silurian tentaculitids from Gotland and Scania. Fossils and Strata 11: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1979">Larsson, 1979b</bibRefCitation>
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), but based on the original illustrations the two genera are morphologically similar. Like
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF10874FB80F91AE382F929" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[1082,1200,1698,1719]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF10874FB80F91AE382F929" box="[1082,1200,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="692">Cornulites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF10874FB04F91AE275F929" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[1214,1351,1698,1719]" class="Cricoconarida" family="Tentaculitidae" genus="Tentaculites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tentaculitida" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF10874FB04F91AE275F929" box="[1214,1351,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="692">Tentaculites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is radially symmetrical about its long axis, but the shell is more slender, with a narrower aperture, rarely shows any sinuosity, and normally lacks obvious longitudinal ornamentation. However, having suggested that
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF10874FC80F883E482F8CE" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[826,944,1851,1872]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF10874FC80F883E482F8CE" box="[826,944,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="692">Cornulites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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might be most closely related to annelids,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF10874FC80F8E2E32AF8EE" author="Schlotheim EF" box="[826,1048,1882,1904]" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" refId="ref14184" refString="Schlotheim EF, von 1820. Die Petrefactenkunde auf ihrem jetzigen Standpunkte durch die Beschreibung seiner Sammlung versteinerter und fossiler Uberreste des Thier- und Pflanzenreichs der Vorwelt erlautert. Gotha. 15 pls." type="book" year="1820">Schlotheim (1820)</bibRefCitation>
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interpreted
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF10874FB7CF8E2E27DF8F1" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[1222,1359,1882,1903]" class="Cricoconarida" family="Tentaculitidae" genus="Tentaculites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tentaculitida" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF10874FB7CF8E2E27DF8F1" box="[1222,1359,1882,1903]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="692">Tentaculites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as a crinoid appendage. Subsequent assessments of the biological affinities of
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF60873FE2CFB4DE52DFA94" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[406,543,1269,1290]" class="Cricoconarida" family="Tentaculitidae" genus="Tentaculites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tentaculitida" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF60873FE2CFB4DE52DFA94" box="[406,543,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="693">Tentaculites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have been varied (for a summary see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF60873FE28FAACE578FAB7" author="Larsson K" box="[402,586,1299,1321]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref13724" refString="Larsson K. 1979 b. Silurian tentaculitids from Gotland and Scania. Fossils and Strata 11: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1979">Larsson, 1979b</bibRefCitation>
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): whilst some authors (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF60873FE9DFA8AE6DDFAD9" author="Nicholson HA" box="[295,495,1330,1352]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" pagination="202 - 206" refId="ref13844" refString="Nicholson HA. 1872 a. On the genera Cornulites and Tentaculites, and on a new genus Conchicolites. American Journal of Science 3: 202 - 206." type="journal article" year="1872">Nicholson, 1872a</bibRefCitation>
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, b, 1873;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF60873FDDAFA8AE5DDFAD6" author="Fisher DW" box="[608,751,1330,1352]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" pagination="143" refId="ref13297" refString="Fisher DW. 1962. Small conoidal shells of uncertain affinities. In: Moore RC, ed. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part W. Miscellanea. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America and Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, W 98 - W 143." type="book chapter" year="1962">Fisher, 1962</bibRefCitation>
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) have followed Schlotheim in regarding
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF60873FDD7FAE9E5C4FAF8" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[621,758,1361,1382]" class="Cricoconarida" family="Tentaculitidae" genus="Tentaculites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tentaculitida" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF60873FDD7FAE9E5C4FAF8" box="[621,758,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="693">Tentaculites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF60873FF7BFAD7E605FA1A" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[193,311,1391,1412]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF60873FF7BFAD7E605FA1A" box="[193,311,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="693">Cornulites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as belonging to separate phyla, others (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF60873FF79FA36E6B1FA3A" author="Murchison RI" box="[195,387,1422,1444]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" refId="ref13767" refString="Murchison RI. 1859. Siluria. The history of the oldest known rocks containing organic remains, with a brief sketch of the distribution of gold over the Earth, 3 rd edn. London: John Murray, 41 pls." type="journal volume" year="1859">Murchison, 1859</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF60873FE35FA36E53BFA3D" author="Vine GR" box="[399,521,1422,1444]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" pagination="377 - 393" refId="ref14333" refString="Vine GR. 1882. Notes on the Annelida Tubicola of the Wenlock Shales, from the washings of Mr. George Maw, F. G. S. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 38: 377 - 393, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1882">Vine, 1882</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Bouček, 1964;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF60873FD03FA36E7F5FA5C" author="Dzik J" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" pagination="121 - 131" refId="ref13089" refString="Dzik J. 1991. Possible solitary bryozoan ancestors from the Early Palaeozoic and the affinities of the Tentaculita. In: Bigey FP, Hondt J-L d', eds. Bryozoaires actuels et fossiles: Bryozoa living and fossil. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France, Memoire hors serie 1: 121 - 131." type="journal article" year="1991">Dzik, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF60873FF63FA15E622FA5D" author="Dzik J" box="[217,272,1453,1475]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" pagination="339 - 386" refId="ref13152" refString="Dzik J. 1993. Early metazoan evolution and the meaning of its fossil record. Evolutionary Biology 27: 339 - 386." type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have argued that the two genera are closely related. Indeed, Bouček (1964) erected the Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF60873FF60FA52E66CF99E" authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1964" box="[218,350,1514,1536]" class="Tentaculita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" phylum="Mollusca" rank="order">Cornulitida</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a constituent group of his Class
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF60873FF34F9B1E621F981" authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1964" box="[142,275,1545,1567]" class="Tentaculita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" phylum="Mollusca" rank="class">Tentaculita</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a classification followed by Vinn (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F6672FFF00875FF34F9ECE2BDF8F1" pageId="10" pageNumber="691" startId="10.[142,220,1620,1639]">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF00875FF34F9ECE2BDF8F1" blockId="10.[142,1423,1619,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF00875FF34F9ECE7C4F9F9" bold="true" box="[142,246,1620,1639]" pageId="10" pageNumber="691">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
A–C, E, shell wall structures in apical region of
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF00875FD53F9EBE305F9F9" bold="true" box="[745,1079,1619,1639]" pageId="10" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF00875FD53F9EBE4EEF9F8" authority="Herringshaw & Thomas & Smith, 2007" authorityName="Herringshaw & Thomas & Smith" authorityYear="2007" box="[745,988,1619,1638]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="10" pageNumber="691" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cellulosus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF00875FD53F9EBE4EEF9F8" bold="true" box="[745,988,1619,1638]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="691">Cornulites cellulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2275793FFF00875FC58F9ECE305F9F9" box="[994,1079,1620,1639]" pageId="10" pageNumber="691" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, BU 4371. A, longitudinal section showing undulating and straight lamellae (lam) and tabula (tab), aperture towards top, ×25. B, longitudinal section showing tabulae (tab) and camerae (cam), aperture towards top, ×25. C, transverse section showing concentric lamellae, shell interior to top right, ×25. E,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF00875FEE6F914E6F9F920" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1932" box="[348,459,1708,1726]" genus="Trypanites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="691" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF00875FEE6F914E6F9F920" box="[348,459,1708,1726]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="691">Trypanites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
boring in BU 4378, longitudinal section, aperture towards right, ×6. D, F–M, development of cellulae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF00875FEBEF971E6C9F942" authority="Herringshaw & Thomas & Smith, 2007" authorityName="Herringshaw & Thomas & Smith" authorityYear="2007" box="[260,507,1737,1756]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="10" pageNumber="691" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cellulosus" status="sp. nov.">Cornulites cellulosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2275793FFF00875FDBFF971E56DF943" box="[517,607,1737,1757]" pageId="10" pageNumber="691" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF00875FDBFF971E56AF942" bold="true" box="[517,600,1737,1756]" pageId="10" pageNumber="691">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
D, BU 4371, longitudinal section through annulation in mid-region of shell, showing overgrowth of apertural groove (ag) by undulating lamellae (lam), with single cellula (cel) present, ×25. F, BU 4371, transverse section through shell wall, showing concentric lamellae (lam) and cellulae (cel); shell interior to top left, ×25. G– L, BU 4378, development of cellulae seen in longitudinal sections through annulations from mid- (G) to apertural (L) shell regions; G–J, ×18, K and L, ×20. M, BU 4378, longitudinal section through apertural region of shell, showing development of cellulae into zones separated by thin lamellar bands, ×35. Arrows indicate direction of aperture in longitudinal sections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F6672FFF10874FF18FA0CE539F9C4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5430996" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5430996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5430996/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" startId="11.[162,240,1460,1479]" targetBox="[162,1442,197,1428]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF10874FF18FA0CE539F9C4" blockId="11.[162,1442,1459,1627]" pageId="11" pageNumber="692">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF10874FF18FA0CE638FA56" bold="true" box="[162,266,1460,1480]" pageId="11" pageNumber="692">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Shell structures in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF10874FE5FFA0CE5EEFA59" authority="Herringshaw & Thomas & Smith, 2007" authorityName="Herringshaw & Thomas & Smith" authorityYear="2007" box="[485,732,1460,1479]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cellulosus" status="sp. nov.">Cornulites cellulosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2275793FFF10874FD5FFA0DE40CFA56" box="[741,830,1461,1480]" pageId="11" pageNumber="692" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF10874FD5FFA0DE40AFA56" bold="true" box="[741,824,1461,1480]" pageId="11" pageNumber="692">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A–C, BU 4371, pseudopuncta. A, transverse view, ×45, B, longitudinal view, ×45. C, ESEM image of transverse section (scale bar = 20 µm), shell interior towards top in all images. D, BU 4371, ESEM image of transverse section across mid-region shell wall, showing bipartite structure within lamellae, scale bar = 10 µm. E, BMNH A455, transverse section across apertural region showing concentric lamellae and apertural groove filled with cellulae, ×4. F, G, BMNH A459. F, transverse section close to aperture, ×3.25. G, close-up of concentric lamellae, separated by zones of cellulae, ×4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F6672FFF60873FF34FB92E5AEFB0B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5430998" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5430998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5430998/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" startId="12.[142,220,1066,1085]" targetBox="[142,1422,196,1033]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF60873FF34FB92E5AEFB0B" blockId="12.[142,1421,1065,1173]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF60873FF34FB92E7C4FBA3" bold="true" box="[142,246,1066,1085]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Shell structures in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF60873FE71FB91E5F2FBA2" authority="Herringshaw & Thomas & Smith, 2007" authorityName="Herringshaw & Thomas & Smith" authorityYear="2007" box="[459,704,1065,1084]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cellulosus" status="sp. nov.">Cornulites cellulosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2275793FFF60873FD7CFB92E42CFBA3" box="[710,798,1066,1085]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF60873FD7CFB92E42AFBA3" bold="true" box="[710,792,1066,1085]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A, B, BU 4378, ×60. Longitudinal section through apertural version of shell showing continuity between lamellae (lam) in the shell wall and partitions bounding cellulae (cel): selected lamellae are highlighted in B, ‘ag’ indicates the apertural groove. The pattern of overlap in the lamellae shows that growth occurred in the direction indicated by the arrows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF60872FF1DF990E51DFEAB" blockId="12.[142,758,1238,1904]" lastBlockId="13.[162,778,195,616]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="694" pageId="12" pageNumber="693">
|
||
As with cornulitids, the earliest growth stages of the tentaculitid shell are very rarely preserved (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF60873FD28F9FEE7E7F9E5" author="Larsson K" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref13724" refString="Larsson K. 1979 b. Silurian tentaculitids from Gotland and Scania. Fossils and Strata 11: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1979">Larsson, 1979b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but the shell structures of some tentaculitids show a number of similarities to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF60873FDAFF93BE5B9F906" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[533,651,1667,1688]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF60873FDAFF93BE5B9F906" box="[533,651,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="693">Cornulites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, particularly towards the shell apex. Most prominent are the transverse shell layers that, in many tentaculitids, divide the apical region into distinct chambers, or camerae (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF60873FE96F946E6EFF88A" author="Larsson K" box="[300,477,1790,1812]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref13724" refString="Larsson K. 1979 b. Silurian tentaculitids from Gotland and Scania. Fossils and Strata 11: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1979">Larsson, 1979b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 12). These are similar in arrangement to cornulitid tabulae and camerae, although the transverse layers do not continue up the interior shell surface to form lamellae. Instead, they taper distally, and the shell wall is formed of separate lamellae, unconnected to the transverse layers, producing a bipartite division of primary (outer) and secondary (inner) layers (Bouček, 1964;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF60873FB6AFA8BE2B1FAD6" author="Larsson K" box="[1232,1411,1330,1352]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref13724" refString="Larsson K. 1979 b. Silurian tentaculitids from Gotland and Scania. Fossils and Strata 11: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1979">Larsson, 1979b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF60873FC9CFAE9E337FAF9" author="Larsson K" box="[806,1029,1361,1383]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref13724" refString="Larsson K. 1979 b. Silurian tentaculitids from Gotland and Scania. Fossils and Strata 11: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1979">Larsson (1979b: 27)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted also that tentaculitid lamellae were ‘not persistent along or around the conch’, making them unlike the continuous lamellae of cornulitids. However, he did show that the lamellar part of the conch contained pseudopuncta orientated perpendicular to the surface of the wall. The phylogenetic position of tentaculitids is unresolved but, based on similarities in shell microstructure,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF60873FB4DF990E2BCF9A0" author="Towe KM" box="[1271,1422,1576,1598]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" pagination="626 - 628" refId="ref14313" refString="Towe KM. 1978. Tentaculites: evidence for a brachiopod affinity? Science 201: 626 - 628." type="journal article" year="1978">Towe (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
raised the possibility that they were most closely related either to the brachiopods or their sister group, the phoronids.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF60873FC65F93CE3FDF907" author="Larsson K" box="[991,1231,1667,1689]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref13724" refString="Larsson K. 1979 b. Silurian tentaculitids from Gotland and Scania. Fossils and Strata 11: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1979">Larsson (1979b: 59)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that tentaculitids were perhaps more closely related to phoronids, but noted that the lophophorate feeding system of phoronids was incompatible with the planktonic mode of life proposed for some tentaculitids. Vinn (2005) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF60873FC4FF8A5E232F8AD" author="Vinn O & Mutvei H" box="[1013,1280,1821,1843]" pageId="12" pageNumber="693" pagination="726 - 737" refId="ref14426" refString="Vinn O, Mutvei H. 2005. Observations on the morphology and affinities of cornulitids from the Ordovician of Anticosti Island and the Silurian of Gotland. Journal of Paleontology 79: 726 - 737." type="journal article" year="2005">Vinn & Mutvei (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have interpreted cornulitids and tentaculitids as closely related groups of probable lophophorates but, as discussed below, comparable morphologies and shell structures are found also in cnidarians. Further work is required to resolve both the affinities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF70872FE46FEB9E5B7FE88" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[508,645,257,278]" class="Cricoconarida" family="Tentaculitidae" genus="Tentaculites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tentaculitida" pageId="13" pageNumber="694" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF70872FE46FEB9E5B7FE88" box="[508,645,257,278]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">Tentaculites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its systematic relationship to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF70872FE0BFEA7E515FEAA" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[433,551,287,308]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="13" pageNumber="694" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF70872FE0BFEA7E515FEAA" box="[433,551,287,308]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">Cornulites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF70872FF01FE86E438FE0F" blockId="13.[162,778,195,616]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF70872FF01FE86E617FECD" authorityName="Germs" authorityYear="1972" box="[187,293,318,339]" class="Polychaeta" genus="Cloudina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="694" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF70872FF01FE86E617FECD" box="[187,293,318,339]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">Cloudina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a genus of tubular, calcareous fossils found in rocks of Ediacaran age. The first detailed study of the shell structure of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF70872FDAAFEC3E548FE0E" authorityName="Germs" authorityYear="1972" box="[528,634,379,400]" class="Polychaeta" genus="Cloudina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="694" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF70872FDAAFEC3E548FE0E" box="[528,634,379,400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">Cloudina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was that of
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF70872FF18FE22E438FDB5" blockId="13.[162,778,195,616]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF70872FF18FE22E60BFE2E" author="Grant SWF" box="[162,313,410,432]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694" pagination="261 - 294" refId="ref13419" refString="Grant SWF. 1990. Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic. American Journal of Science 290 A: 261 - 294." type="journal article" year="1990">Grant (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who described a cone-in-cone structure of stacked tubes, a layer of calcium carbonate having been deposited over the entire surface at each growth stage, and the presence of vacuities between the layers both apically and aperturally (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF70872FD95FDADE58EFDB4" author="Grant SWF" box="[559,700,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694" pagination="261 - 294" refId="ref13419" refString="Grant SWF. 1990. Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic. American Journal of Science 290 A: 261 - 294." type="journal article" year="1990">Grant, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 5,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF70872FF18FD8CE43BFBD1" blockId="13.[162,778,195,616]" lastBlockId="13.[162,779,1054,1191]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">7, 9). He described also that each new tubular cone of calcium carbonate was deposited eccentrically within sections through shell wall, showing lamellar structure</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F6672FFF70872FF18FBA6E438FBAF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5431000" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5431000" box="[162,778,1054,1074]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5431000/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="694" startId="13.[162,240,1054,1073]" targetBox="[166,774,662,1022]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF70872FF18FBA6E438FBAF" blockId="13.[162,779,1054,1191]" box="[162,778,1054,1074]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF70872FF18FBA6E638FBAF" bold="true" box="[162,266,1054,1073]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
A, B, BU 4387,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF70872FE68FBA6E545FBAF" authorityName=", Vine" authorityYear="1882" box="[466,631,1054,1073]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="13" pageNumber="694" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="scalariformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF70872FE68FBA6E545FBAF" box="[466,631,1054,1073]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">C. scalariformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, longitudinal
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF70872FF18FBE1E439FB17" blockId="13.[162,779,1054,1191]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">(lam) separated by occasional cellulae (cel), aperture towards top in both images. A, shell interior to right, ×20.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF70872FF18FB2CE6FAFB39" blockId="13.[162,779,1054,1191]" box="[162,456,1170,1191]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">B, shell interior to left, ×23.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F6672FFF70872FF18FB4BE438FA98" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5431002" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5431002" box="[162,778,1267,1286]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5431002/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="694" startId="13.[162,240,1267,1286]" targetBox="[853,1416,196,1814]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF70872FF18FB4BE438FA98" blockId="13.[162,778,1267,1903]" box="[162,778,1267,1286]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF70872FF18FB4BE638FA98" bold="true" box="[162,266,1267,1286]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Schematic reconstruction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF70872FDE1FB4BE5FAFA98" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[603,712,1267,1286]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="13" pageNumber="694" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF70872FDE1FB4BE5FAFA98" box="[603,712,1267,1286]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">Cornulites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shell
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF70872FF18FAA9E438FABA" blockId="13.[162,778,1267,1903]" box="[162,778,1297,1316]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">
|
||
morphology, based on shell structures seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF70872FD33FAA9E438FABA" authorityName="Herringshaw & Thomas & Smith" authorityYear="2007" box="[649,778,1297,1316]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="13" pageNumber="694" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cellulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF70872FD33FAA9E438FABA" box="[649,778,1297,1316]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">C. cellulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF70872FF18FA96E438FA6F" blockId="13.[162,778,1267,1903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">(approximately × 5). Transverse annulations (ann) are visible externally; cutaway sections show major aspects of internal morphology. Narrow apical end of shell possesses tabulae (tab) internally (upper surface of most apertural tabula shaded black; more apical tabulae shown only in section). Shell wall in apical region composed of internally straight, but externally undulating, lamellae (lam).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF70872FF18FA43E438F9B2" blockId="13.[162,778,1267,1903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">Towards aperture, convex-inwards cellulae (cel) become abundant outside inner lamellar layer; in vertical section,</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF70872FF18F98EE438F9D7" blockId="13.[162,778,1267,1903]" box="[162,778,1590,1609]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">cellulae are convex-upwards and bounded by well-</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF70872FF18F9EBE43BF8AA" blockId="13.[162,778,1267,1903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">separated undulating lamellae. In this orientation, the undulating lamellae form a shell wall of outwardly and downwardly dipping zones. Towards aperture, cellulae are arranged in crescentic transverse arcs, indicating an eccentricity to the cone-in-cone growth pattern. In upper cutaway, pale grey shading represents inner surface of outermost shell layer; medium grey indicates inner surface of whole skeleton with faint transverse annulations visible</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF70872FF18F886E62FF8F0" blockId="13.[162,778,1267,1903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="694">(broken lines). Apertural region has prominent apertural groove (ag).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFF40871FF34FF7BE6ABFDD7" blockId="14.[142,758,195,585]" pageId="14" pageNumber="695">
|
||
earlier layers, and stated that he was unaware ‘of any Cambrian or younger fossils that share features of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF40871FF34FEB9E7CAFE88" authorityName="Germs" authorityYear="1972" box="[142,248,257,278]" class="Polychaeta" genus="Cloudina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="695" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF40871FF34FEB9E7CAFE88" box="[142,248,257,278]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="695">Cloudina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shell structure’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF40871FE03FEB9E548FE89" author="Grant SWF" box="[441,634,257,279]" pageId="14" pageNumber="695" pagination="261 - 294" refId="ref13419" refString="Grant SWF. 1990. Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic. American Journal of Science 290 A: 261 - 294." type="journal article" year="1990">Grant, 1990: 286</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, although simpler and lacking such features as pseudopuncta and cellulae, the overall pattern of shell growth and structure in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF40871FE0FFEE5E52DFEEC" authorityName="Germs" authorityYear="1972" box="[437,543,349,370]" class="Polychaeta" genus="Cloudina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="695" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF40871FE0FFEE5E52DFEEC" box="[437,543,349,370]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="695">Cloudina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF40871FF65FEC3E667FE0E" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[223,341,379,400]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="14" pageNumber="695" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF40871FF65FEC3E667FE0E" box="[223,341,379,400]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="695">Cornulites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In particular, the placement of each layer eccentrically within earlier layers gives
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF40871FD13FE22E781FE50" authorityName="Germs" authorityYear="1972" class="Polychaeta" genus="Cloudina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="695" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF40871FD13FE22E781FE50" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="695">Cloudina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a transverse section view similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF40871FD7CFE01E661FE72" authorityName="Herringshaw & Thomas & Smith" authorityYear="2007" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="14" pageNumber="695" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cellulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF40871FD7CFE01E661FE72" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="695">Cornulites cellulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B2A7FFFF40871FE75FE6FE52CFE73" box="[463,542,471,493]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[162,240,1460,1479]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,197,1428]" captionTargetId="figure-268@11.[162,1442,197,1428]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Shell structures in Cornulites cellulosus sp. nov. A–C, BU 4371, pseudopuncta. A, transverse view, ×45, B, longitudinal view, ×45. C, ESEM image of transverse section (scale bar = 20 µm), shell interior towards top in all images. D, BU 4371, ESEM image of transverse section across mid-region shell wall, showing bipartite structure within lamellae, scale bar = 10 µm. E, BMNH A455, transverse section across apertural region showing concentric lamellae and apertural groove filled with cellulae, ×4. F, G, BMNH A459. F, transverse section close to aperture, ×3.25. G, close-up of concentric lamellae, separated by zones of cellulae, ×4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5430996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5430996/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="695">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||
with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFF40871FDDEFE6FE5C0FE72" author="Grant SWF" box="[612,754,471,492]" pageId="14" pageNumber="695" pagination="261 - 294" refId="ref13419" refString="Grant SWF. 1990. Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic. American Journal of Science 290 A: 261 - 294." type="journal article" year="1990">Grant, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 5E). It is possible therefore that the more complex skeleton of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF40871FE92FDADE6ACFDB4" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[296,414,533,554]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="14" pageNumber="695" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF40871FE92FDADE6ACFDB4" box="[296,414,533,554]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="695">Cornulites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
developed from that of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFF40871FF34FD8BE7CAFDD6" authorityName="Germs" authorityYear="1972" box="[142,248,563,584]" class="Polychaeta" genus="Cloudina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="695" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFF40871FF34FD8BE7CAFDD6" box="[142,248,563,584]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="695">Cloudina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like ancestor.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |