181 lines
27 KiB
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181 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="9E7E4F0DE5E53EEF36C202C81AD8783D">Systematics, shell structure and affinities of the Palaeozoic Problematicum Cornulites</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="541939C0E543C8AED6B0EC0FBDC0B260">Smith, M. Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="FB5A090BA1BAE1B94FE9AB801BC89925">2007</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C987ECFFEA086EFF01F90EE60BF981" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C987ECFFEA086EFF01F90EE60BF981" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987ECFFEA086EFF01F90EE60BF981" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="698" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">
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<subSubSection id="C37A6571FFEA086FFF01F90EE5A6F970" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFEA086FFF01F90EE5FBF953" blockId="16.[187,713,1718,1774]" box="[187,713,1718,1742]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">
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<heading id="D0978196FFEA086FFF01F90EE5FBF953" box="[187,713,1718,1742]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFEA086FFF01F90EE67FF953" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[187,333,1718,1742]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="16" pageNumber="699" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFEA086FFF01F90EE67FF953" box="[187,333,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">CORNULITES</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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– SHELLED PHORONID, SOLITARY
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFEA086FFF4AF962E5A6F970" blockId="16.[187,713,1718,1774]" box="[240,660,1750,1774]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">
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<heading id="D0978196FFEA086FFF4AF962E5A6F970" box="[240,660,1750,1774]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" reason="5">BRYOZOAN OR ASEPTATE CNIDARIAN?</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37A6571FFEA086EFF34F947E60BF981" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="698" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFEA086FFF34F947E26AFCBE" blockId="16.[142,758,1791,1905]" lastBlockId="16.[806,1423,195,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">
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Vinn (2005) hypothesized that phoronids were perhaps the closest living relatives of
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFEA086FFDA5F8A5E5A7F8AC" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[543,661,1821,1842]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFEA086FFDA5F8A5E5A7F8AC" box="[543,661,1821,1842]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">Cornulites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the tentaculitids, but the supporting evidence is slight. Morphologically, phoronids have a bulbous apex from which a thin, straight tube arises, quite unlike the gradually expanding morphology of
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFEA086FFB76FF5AE270FF69" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[1228,1346,226,247]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFEA086FFB76FF5AE270FF69" box="[1228,1346,226,247]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">Cornulites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. More significantly, the phoronid tube is unmineralized, being formed of polymeric mucopolysaccharides (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEA086FFC94FE86E482FECD" author="Emig CC" box="[814,944,318,340]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref13176" refString="Emig CC. 1982. The biology of Phoronida. Advances in Marine Biology 19: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="1982">Emig, 1982</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEA086FFC01FE86E37BFECA" author="Cohen BL" box="[955,1097,318,340]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" pagination="225 - 231" refId="ref13014" refString="Cohen BL. 2000. Monophyly of brachiopods and phoronids: reconciliation of molecular evidence with Linnaean classification (the subphylum Phoroniformea nov.). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 267: 225 - 231." type="journal article" year="2000">Cohen, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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) arranged as a central basophilic layer and two peripheral acidophilic layers. The central layer is formed of ‘numerous very thin parallel coats’ (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEA086FFCC2FE22E319FE2E" author="Emig CC" box="[888,1067,410,432]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref13176" refString="Emig CC. 1982. The biology of Phoronida. Advances in Marine Biology 19: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="1982">Emig, 1982: 39</bibRefCitation>
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) but the hypothesis that this ‘microlamellar structure... secreted by the entire body surface’ (Vinn, 2005: 210) is homologous with the lamellar calcite skeleton of
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFEA086FFBE0FE4EE3E2FD95" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[1114,1232,502,523]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFEA086FFBE0FE4EE3E2FD95" box="[1114,1232,502,523]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">Cornulites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is unconvincing. Phoronid tubes have neither the growth pattern nor the complexity of the cornulitid skeleton and, while brachiopods are accepted by most researchers as their sister-group and can have lamellar, pseudopunctate shells, using these features to create a composite suite of lophophorate shell characters and reconstruct cornulitids as ‘skeletal phoronids’ is entirely speculative. The only two groups with which
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFEA086FFB06FD53E200FC9E" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[1212,1330,747,768]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFEA086FFB06FD53E200FC9E" box="[1212,1330,747,768]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">Cornulites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be compared directly are bryozoans and cnidarians.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFEA086FFC85FC91E20AFA1B" blockId="16.[806,1423,195,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEA086FFC85FC91E4F3FCA0" author="Dzik J" box="[831,961,809,831]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" pagination="121 - 131" refId="ref13089" refString="Dzik J. 1991. Possible solitary bryozoan ancestors from the Early Palaeozoic and the affinities of the Tentaculita. In: Bigey FP, Hondt J-L d', eds. Bryozoaires actuels et fossiles: Bryozoa living and fossil. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France, Memoire hors serie 1: 121 - 131." type="journal article" year="1991">Dzik (1991</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEA086FFC68FC91E33BFCA1" author="Dzik J" box="[978,1033,809,831]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" pagination="339 - 386" refId="ref13152" refString="Dzik J. 1993. Early metazoan evolution and the meaning of its fossil record. Evolutionary Biology 27: 339 - 386." type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
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) first raised the possibility that cornulitids were ‘close to the extinct ancestors of the Bryozoa’ (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEA086FFC23FCDEE360FCE2" author="Dzik J" box="[921,1106,870,892]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" pagination="121 - 131" refId="ref13089" refString="Dzik J. 1991. Possible solitary bryozoan ancestors from the Early Palaeozoic and the affinities of the Tentaculita. In: Bigey FP, Hondt J-L d', eds. Bryozoaires actuels et fossiles: Bryozoa living and fossil. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France, Memoire hors serie 1: 121 - 131." type="journal article" year="1991">Dzik, 1991: 128</bibRefCitation>
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), having noted similarities between the putative Ordovician cornulitid
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFEA086FFAA3FC3DE46BFC27" authorityName="Dzik" authorityYear="1991" class="Cricoconarida" genus="Cornulitozoon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFEA086FFAA3FC3DE46BFC27" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">Cornulitozoon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and corynotrypid bryozoans. The characters upon which the hypothesis was based were that
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFEA086FFAA3FC7AE46BFC68" authorityName="Dzik" authorityYear="1991" class="Cricoconarida" genus="Cornulitozoon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFEA086FFAA3FC7AE46BFC68" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">Cornulitozoon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was of similar size and shape to corynotrypids, had the same non-porous wall structure and ‘funnellike apertural collars’ (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEA086FFB91FBA6E3EDFBAA" author="Dzik J" box="[1067,1247,1054,1076]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" pagination="121 - 131" refId="ref13089" refString="Dzik J. 1991. Possible solitary bryozoan ancestors from the Early Palaeozoic and the affinities of the Tentaculita. In: Bigey FP, Hondt J-L d', eds. Bryozoaires actuels et fossiles: Bryozoa living and fossil. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France, Memoire hors serie 1: 121 - 131." type="journal article" year="1991">Dzik, 1991: 122</bibRefCitation>
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), and an apical morphology virtually identical to that of the bryozoan ancestrula. He argued also that Siluro-Ordovician members of the two groups showed a closely similar original shell microstructure (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEA086FFB38FB21E232FB31" author="Dzik J" box="[1154,1280,1177,1199]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" pagination="121 - 131" refId="ref13089" refString="Dzik J. 1991. Possible solitary bryozoan ancestors from the Early Palaeozoic and the affinities of the Tentaculita. In: Bigey FP, Hondt J-L d', eds. Bryozoaires actuels et fossiles: Bryozoa living and fossil. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France, Memoire hors serie 1: 121 - 131." type="journal article" year="1991">Dzik, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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) and speculated that cornulitids diverged from bryozoans after the acquisition of a tubular, mineralized skeleton but prior to the development of small zooid size and a colonial life habit. This was supported broadly by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEA086FFA80FAABE305FAD6" author="Vinn O & Mutvei H" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" pagination="726 - 737" refId="ref14426" refString="Vinn O, Mutvei H. 2005. Observations on the morphology and affinities of cornulitids from the Ordovician of Anticosti Island and the Silurian of Gotland. Journal of Paleontology 79: 726 - 737." type="journal article" year="2005">Vinn & Mutvei (2005: 733–735)</bibRefCitation>
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, who noted that some bryozoans have a ‘vesicular wall structure... and an eggshaped embryonic shell’ similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFEA086FFB00FAD7E202FA1A" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[1210,1328,1391,1412]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFEA086FFB00FAD7E202FA1A" box="[1210,1328,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">Cornulites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFEA086FFC85FA36E3ADF88A" blockId="16.[806,1423,195,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">
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Although the initial chamber of
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<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFEA086FFB11FA36E213FA3D" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[1195,1313,1422,1443]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFEA086FFB11FA36E213FA3D" box="[1195,1313,1422,1443]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">Cornulites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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certainly resembles that of bryozoans, its morphology is similar also to that seen in some corals (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEA086FFB63FA73E2B9FA7F" author="Stolarski J" box="[1241,1419,1483,1505]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" pagination="13 - 38" refId="ref14245" refString="Stolarski J. 2000. Origin and phylogeny of Guyniidae (Scleractinia) in the light of microstructural data. Lethaia 33: 13 - 38." type="journal article" year="2000">Stolarski, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 2D) and molluscs (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEA086FFB96FA52E218F99E" author="Vinn O & Mutvei H" box="[1068,1322,1514,1536]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" pagination="726 - 737" refId="ref14426" refString="Vinn O, Mutvei H. 2005. Observations on the morphology and affinities of cornulitids from the Ordovician of Anticosti Island and the Silurian of Gotland. Journal of Paleontology 79: 726 - 737." type="journal article" year="2005">Vinn & Mutvei, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). Hence, the shape is more likely to reflect functional constraints than being indicative of a close phylogenetic relationship. Similarly, there are groups other than bryozoans that have lamellar low-magnesian calcite skeletons, including rugose corals (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEA086FFB72F93BE2B0F907" author="Sandberg P" box="[1224,1410,1667,1689]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" pagination="587 - 606" refId="ref14155" refString="Sandberg P. 1975. Bryozoan diagenesis: bearing on the nature of the original skeleton of rugose corals. Journal of Paleontology 49: 587 - 606." type="journal article" year="1975">Sandberg, 1975</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Of the skeletal characters listed by Vinn (2005) as present in both cornulitids and bryozoans, psuedopuncta are the only feature for which a close analogue is lacking in zoantharians.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFEA086EFC85F8A5E579FD7D" blockId="16.[806,1423,195,1904]" lastBlockId="17.[162,779,195,1567]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="698" pageId="16" pageNumber="697">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEA086FFC85F8A5E3F8F8AD" author="Tavener-Smith R & Williams A" box="[831,1226,1821,1843]" pageId="16" pageNumber="697" pagination="97 - 160" refId="ref14272" refString="Tavener-Smith R, Williams A. 1972. The secretion and structure of the skeleton of living and fossil Bryozoa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 264: 97 - 160." type="journal article" year="1972">Tavener-Smith & Williams (1972)</bibRefCitation>
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argued that the distribution of bryozoan pseudopuncta, which are developed most strongly in trepostomes, cystoporates and cryptostomes, indicated they are ‘restricted to [bryozoan] skeletons of coelocystic origin’ (Tavener- Smith & Williams, 1972: 156). From this it was deduced that pseudopuncta functioned as muscle bases that ‘improved the attachment of a highly folded, hypostegal epithelium to the skeletal surface’ (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEB086EFF13FEC3E541FE0F" author="Tavener-Smith R & Williams A" box="[169,627,379,401]" pageId="17" pageNumber="698" pagination="97 - 160" refId="ref14272" refString="Tavener-Smith R, Williams A. 1972. The secretion and structure of the skeleton of living and fossil Bryozoa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 264: 97 - 160." type="journal article" year="1972">Tavener-Smith & Williams, 1972: 156</bibRefCitation>
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). Nothing is known of cornulitid soft tissues, but it is likely that their pseudopuncta served a similar function. Although no analogous microstructures have been described in corals,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEB086EFE3DFE4EE53DFD92" author="Wise SW" box="[391,527,502,524]" pageId="17" pageNumber="698" pagination="978 - 980" refId="ref14526" refString="Wise SW. 1970. Scleractinian coral exoskeletons: surface microarchitecture and attachment scar patterns. Science 169: 978 - 980." type="journal article" year="1970">Wise (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEB086EFDF0FE4EE6F0FDB5" author="Muscatine L & Tambutte E & Allemand D" pageId="17" pageNumber="698" pagination="205 - 213" refId="ref13810" refString="Muscatine L, Tambutte E, Allemand D. 1997. Morphology of coral desmocytes, cells that anchor the calicoblastic epithelium to the skeleton. Coral Reefs 16: 205 - 213." type="journal article" year="1997">Muscatine, Tambutte & Allemand (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted small pits and spines on the inner surface of some scleractinian skeletons, interpreted as the skeletal surface impressions of desmocytes that attached the soft tissues to the coral skeleton. The means by which the soft parts were attached to the lamellar calcite skeleton of Palaeozoic corals requires further investigation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFEB086EFF01FD54E67FFB50" blockId="17.[162,779,195,1567]" pageId="17" pageNumber="698">
|
||
In terms of overall skeletal structure, cornulitid cellulae and tabulae are comparable with both the dissepiments and tabulae of corals and the cystiphragms and diaphragms of bryozoans. Their method of formation is comparable also, based on the studies of bryozoans by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEB086EFEA0FC3DE59DFC05" author="Tavener-Smith R & Williams A" box="[282,687,901,923]" pageId="17" pageNumber="698" pagination="97 - 160" refId="ref14272" refString="Tavener-Smith R, Williams A. 1972. The secretion and structure of the skeleton of living and fossil Bryozoa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 264: 97 - 160." type="journal article" year="1972">Tavener-Smith & Williams (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and of zoantharians by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEB086EFED8FC1BE6C3FC27" author="Wells JW" box="[354,497,931,953]" pageId="17" pageNumber="698" pagination="17 - 26" refId="ref14463" refString="Wells JW. 1969. The formation of dissepiments in zoantharian corals. In: Campbell KSW, ed. Stratigraphy and palaeontology - essays in honour of Dorothy Hill. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 17 - 26." type="book chapter" year="1969">Wells (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. There are no structures in cornulitids analogous to zoantharian septa, but this does not negate the possibility of a cnidarian affinity.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEB086EFF18FC47E66AFB88" author="Stolarski J" box="[162,344,1023,1046]" pageId="17" pageNumber="698" pagination="13 - 38" refId="ref14245" refString="Stolarski J. 2000. Origin and phylogeny of Guyniidae (Scleractinia) in the light of microstructural data. Lethaia 33: 13 - 38." type="journal article" year="2000">Stolarski (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that the scleractinian species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFEB086EFF18FBA6E655FBAD" box="[162,359,1054,1075]" class="Anthozoa" family="Guyniidae" genus="Guynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="17" pageNumber="698" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFEB086EFF18FBA6E655FBAD" box="[162,359,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="698">Guynia annulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was initially aseptate, whilst
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEB086EFD78FBA6E65AFBCD" author="Fedorowski J" pageId="17" pageNumber="698" pagination="413 - 418" refId="ref13196" refString="Fedorowski J. 1991. Principles of early ontogeny in the rugose corals: a critical review. Hydrobiologia 216 / 217: 413 - 418." type="journal article" year="1991">Fedorowski (1991: 417)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
argued it was ‘very probable’ rugose corals also lacked septa early in ontogeny. Additionally, septa are extremely weakly developed in early taxa such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFEB086EFE87FB21E6FCFB30" authorityName="Handfield" authorityYear="1969" box="[317,462,1177,1198]" class="Hydroconozoa" genus="Tabulaconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="698" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFEB086EFE87FB21E6FCFB30" box="[317,462,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="698">Tabulaconus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEB086EFDB7FB21E673FB50" author="Debrenne FM & Gangloff RA & Lafuste JG" pageId="17" pageNumber="698" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref13055" refString="Debrenne FM, Gangloff RA, Lafuste JG. 1987. Tabulaconus Handfield: microstructure and its implication in the taxonomy of primitive corals. Journal of Paleontology 61: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1987">Debrenne, Gangloff & Lafuste, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF36FAFFEB086EFF01FB6EE60BF981" blockId="17.[162,779,195,1567]" pageId="17" pageNumber="698">
|
||
Cornulitids were solitary organisms. Solitary taxa are known in many cnidarian groups, fossil and extant (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEB086EFF10FAACE66AFAB4" author="Scrutton CT" box="[170,344,1300,1322]" pageId="17" pageNumber="698" pagination="177 - 208" refId="ref14218" refString="Scrutton CT. 1997. The Palaeozoic corals, I: origins and relationships. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 51: 177 - 208." type="journal article" year="1997">Scrutton, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but not within the Bryozoa. While accepting that the ancestral bryozoan was probably solitary (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF14B0BFFEB086EFEB3FAE9E6B5FAF9" author="Dzik J" box="[265,391,1361,1383]" pageId="17" pageNumber="698" pagination="121 - 131" refId="ref13089" refString="Dzik J. 1991. Possible solitary bryozoan ancestors from the Early Palaeozoic and the affinities of the Tentaculita. In: Bigey FP, Hondt J-L d', eds. Bryozoaires actuels et fossiles: Bryozoa living and fossil. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France, Memoire hors serie 1: 121 - 131." type="journal article" year="1991">Dzik, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), it is more parsimonious to compare
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFEB086EFF64FAD7E666FA1A" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[222,340,1391,1412]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="17" pageNumber="698" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFEB086EFF64FAD7E666FA1A" box="[222,340,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="698">Cornulites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with cnidarians. Furthermore, cornulitid shell symmetry is clearly radial, suggesting also a closer affinity to cnidarians. The pseudopuncta of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604D79FFEB086EFF18FA73E62AFA7E" authorityName="Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" box="[162,280,1483,1504]" class="Tentaculita" family="Cornulitidae" genus="Cornulites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cornulitida" pageId="17" pageNumber="698" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914EAE8FFEB086EFF18FA73E62AFA7E" box="[162,280,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="698">Cornulites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do resemble those of bryozoans, but we interpret this character as having been acquired convergently.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |