233 lines
34 KiB
XML
233 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="4F79580DF4B3966368369DC8DF266F86" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.183642" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a81125ca-89a3-4319-8cf9-8bd010ad96d8" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="183642" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459926002570" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Daly, Marymegan & Ljubenkov, John C." docDate="2008" docId="A431015FFFAB4B60DFCC1109FE97F6E8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01860p027.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1860" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Scolanthus triangulus Daly & Ljubenkov, 2008, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="58087927FFB84B75DF5B1700FFECF40A" masterDocTitle="Edwardsiid sea anemones of California (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae), with descriptions of eight new species" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="20" updateTime="1698229523097" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="BA88343DF0F65C8C55AAFA8B1BBEC854">Edwardsiid sea anemones of California (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae), with descriptions of eight new species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B6EEDC6057C1CE71AE328CF74D1957AA" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="726B7DC66EC5917A13C44FB04F72BCA2">Daly, Marymegan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="D5D2B52EC1757A9D9A4103D6E7B69ABC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="408982ED3A837FF7E7BD0DA5236EEC2A">Ljubenkov, John C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="55B61AA060E170B4F7B9EA08E2CBB974">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="68CC0DD2CB80FECEB6375D889C0ACE65">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BD501B839B5F194C150C392D3B069139">
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<mods:date id="CF591D02738C3066DE98D56F846B7734">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="91C14016578B3ABE7FCD1150FCF51166" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F58994EFA48B8F748DD492DE75D6B2FA">1860</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="F5E48CDF10CCD523C802E62669A296CC">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="219783B762CBF60329A0A5A891A89342">27</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="44590FE89D5CDC2BE7AF3B855BA1C007">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="35173C937DEB0DC5F64AF46E987739E3" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.183642</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A431015FFFAB4B60DFCC1109FE97F6E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5663839" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119374290" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5663839" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A431015FFFAB4B60DFCC1109FE97F6E8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A431015FFFAB4B60DFCC1109FE97F6E8" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFAB4B66DFCC1109FE94F24C" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAB4B66DFCC1109FDEBF229" blockId="19.[151,519,1545,1606]" box="[151,519,1545,1571]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<heading id="776F0725FFAB4B66DFCC1109FDEBF229" bold="true" box="[151,519,1545,1571]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAB4B66DFCC1109FDEBF229" bold="true" box="[151,519,1545,1571]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAB4B66DFCC1109FE4FF229" ID-CoL="4VR5G" box="[151,419,1545,1571]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="triangulus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAB4B66DFCC1109FE4FF229" bold="true" box="[151,419,1545,1571]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Scolanthus triangulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="05DFD120FFAB4B66DEF11109FDEBF229" box="[426,519,1545,1571]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAB4B66DFCC112CFE94F24C" blockId="19.[151,519,1545,1606]" box="[151,376,1580,1606]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAB4B66DFCC112CFF0BF24C" box="[151,231,1580,1606]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[353,1265,189,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[289,1274,177,1871]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comparative external anatomy of Edwardsiidae from southern and central California. Scale bar = 5 mm. A. Edwardsia californica (McMurrich, 1913). B. Edwardsia handi sp. nov. C. Edwardsia juliae sp. nov. D. Edwardsia mcmurrichi sp. nov. E. Edwardsia olguini sp. nov. F. Edwardsia profunda sp. nov. G. Paraedwardsia heia sp. nov. H. Scolanthus scamiti sp. nov. I. Scolanthus triangulus sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183643/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAB4B66DFAE112CFEF8F24C" box="[245,276,1580,1606]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scolanthus triangulus sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175210. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 150 μm. C. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Longitudinal section through aboral end, CAS 175207. Note nemathybomes at proximalmost point and dark peridermal layer covering aboral epidermis. Scale bar = 500 μm. E. Basitrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as in G – M. F. Cross section through scapus, showing nemathybomes. Scale bar = 300 m. G – M, Cnidae. Scale bar in J = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. G. Large spirocyst. H. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. I. Large basitrich of tentacle. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Small spirocyst. L. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. M. Small basitrich of tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183653/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">11</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="611A85F2FFAB4B66DE7A112CFE94F24C" box="[289,376,1580,1606]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="16.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 3. Cnidae of Paraedwardsia heia, Scolanthus scamiti, and S. triangulus. Size of each type of cnida given as a range in μm, with exceptionally small or large values in parentheses. The range was determined by measuring at least 20 capsules of each type of tissue from at least two specimens of each species. Cnidae are depicted in Figures 9 – 11." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Table 3</tableCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFAB4B66DFCC117BFD00F2B4" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAB4B66DFCC117BFD00F2B4" blockId="19.[151,1436,1658,1966]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAB4B66DFCC117BFEFBF29F" bold="true" box="[151,279,1659,1685]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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With small, scattered nemathybomes containing nematocysts longer than 60 μm. Length of whole animal in contraction to
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, diameter to
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.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFAB4B61DFCC11CBFB9BF508" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAB4B66DFCC11CBFE22F3A4" blockId="19.[151,1436,1658,1966]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAB4B66DFCC11CBFE79F2EF" bold="true" box="[151,405,1739,1765]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="F3230EEBFFAB4B66DEFD11CCFDF4F2EC" box="[422,536,1740,1766]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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175210, San Diego, California, Bight 0 3, Sta. 4633,
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,
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<date id="58269689FFAB4B66DE7611F4FE21F304" box="[301,461,1780,1806]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="2003-08-23">23Aug2003</date>
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,
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<specimenCount id="3A9E7BC0FFAB4B66DE8511F4FDCAF304" box="[478,550,1780,1806]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="generic">85 m.</specimenCount>
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<typeStatus id="F3230EEBFFAB4B66DD6A11F4FD44F304" box="[561,680,1780,1806]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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:
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175207, collected with
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<typeStatus id="F3230EEBFFAB4B66DB6E11F4FB77F304" box="[1077,1179,1780,1806]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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(
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<specimenCount id="3A9E7BC0FFAB4B66DBEB11F4FAA6F304" box="[1200,1354,1780,1806]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
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);
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<collectionCode id="4A89288CFFAB4B66DA3811F4FA70F304" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[1379,1436,1780,1806]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">CAS</collectionCode>
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175209, San Diego, California, Bight 0 3 Sta. 4419,
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<geoCoordinate id="49ACD68EFFAB4B66DC5E101CFC78F33C" box="[773,916,1820,1846]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="1" value="34.12233">34.12233°N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="49ACD68EFFAB4B66DCC6101CFBCFF33C" box="[925,1059,1820,1846]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="55" value="-119.331">119.331°W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date id="58269689FFAB4B66DB6A101CFB3EF33C" box="[1073,1234,1820,1846]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="2003-08-19">
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19Aug
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<quantity id="EB601DACFFAB4B66DBCF101CFB3EF33C" box="[1172,1234,1820,1846]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.003132" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="2003132.0">2003</quantity>
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</date>
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, 132 m (
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<specimenCount id="3A9E7BC0FFAB4B66DA66101CFF36F354" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
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);
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<collectionCode id="4A89288CFFAB4B66DFB41044FEC4F354" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[239,296,1860,1886]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">CAS</collectionCode>
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175204, San Diego, California, Bight 0 3 Sta. 4035,
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<geoCoordinate id="49ACD68EFFAB4B66DCC21044FBCBF354" box="[921,1063,1860,1886]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="1" value="34.28417">34.28417°N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="49ACD68EFFAB4B66DB6B1044FB5AF354" box="[1072,1206,1860,1886]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="55" value="-119.507">119.507°W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date id="58269689FFAB4B66DB991044FA8FF354" box="[1218,1379,1860,1886]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="2003-08-18">
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||
18Aug
|
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<quantity id="EB601DACFFAB4B66DA7E1044FA8FF354" box="[1317,1379,1860,1886]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.003271" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="2003271.0">2003</quantity>
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</date>
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, 271 m(
|
||
<specimenCount id="3A9E7BC0FFAB4B66DFE2106CFEBCF38C" box="[185,336,1900,1926]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
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);
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<collectionCode id="4A89288CFFAB4B66DE33106CFE4DF38C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[360,417,1900,1926]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">CAS</collectionCode>
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175208, San Diego, California, Bight 0 3 Sta. 4086,
|
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<geoCoordinate id="49ACD68EFFAB4B66DB72106CFB54F38C" box="[1065,1208,1900,1926]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="1" value="33.83531">33.83531°N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="49ACD68EFFAB4B66DB99106CFAD5F38C" box="[1218,1337,1900,1926]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="555" value="-118.47">118.47°W</geoCoordinate>
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,
|
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<date id="58269689FFAB4B66DA12106CFF38F3A4" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="2003-07-21">21Jul 2003</date>
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, 85 m (
|
||
<specimenCount id="3A9E7BC0FFAB4B66DE761094FE2FF3A4" box="[301,451,1940,1966]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
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).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAC4B61DF9E1797FB9BF508" blockId="20.[151,1435,151,578]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAC4B61DF9E1797FE41F4BB" bold="true" box="[197,429,151,177]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">External anatomy.</emphasis>
|
||
Tentacles filiform, 16. Column elongate to blunt cone in contraction (
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<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAC4B61DBBD1798FAD5F4B8" box="[1254,1337,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scolanthus triangulus sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175210. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 150 μm. C. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Longitudinal section through aboral end, CAS 175207. Note nemathybomes at proximalmost point and dark peridermal layer covering aboral epidermis. Scale bar = 500 μm. E. Basitrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as in G – M. F. Cross section through scapus, showing nemathybomes. Scale bar = 300 m. G – M, Cnidae. Scale bar in J = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. G. Large spirocyst. H. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. I. Large basitrich of tentacle. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Small spirocyst. L. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. M. Small basitrich of tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183653/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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A). Scapus with small, sparsely scattered nemathybomes; in some specimens, nemathybomes of scapus sparser and less prominent distally than proximally. Periderm thin, tightly adherent, fine grained.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFAC4B60DF9E160FFB2FF4B8" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAC4B61DF9E160FFE06F5C0" blockId="20.[151,1435,151,578]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
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<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAC4B61DF9E160FFDB8F523" bold="true" box="[197,596,271,297]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Internal anatomy and histology.</emphasis>
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||
Parietal and retractor muscles relatively weak (
|
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<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAC4B61DBDA1610FB0CF520" box="[1153,1248,272,298]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scolanthus triangulus sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175210. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 150 μm. C. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Longitudinal section through aboral end, CAS 175207. Note nemathybomes at proximalmost point and dark peridermal layer covering aboral epidermis. Scale bar = 500 μm. E. Basitrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as in G – M. F. Cross section through scapus, showing nemathybomes. Scale bar = 300 m. G – M, Cnidae. Scale bar in J = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. G. Large spirocyst. H. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. I. Large basitrich of tentacle. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Small spirocyst. L. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. M. Small basitrich of tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183653/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
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||
B, C). Retractor muscle small, with relatively few, widely spaced, unramified branches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAC4B61DC821638FBC1F558" box="[985,1069,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scolanthus triangulus sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175210. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 150 μm. C. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Longitudinal section through aboral end, CAS 175207. Note nemathybomes at proximalmost point and dark peridermal layer covering aboral epidermis. Scale bar = 500 μm. E. Basitrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as in G – M. F. Cross section through scapus, showing nemathybomes. Scale bar = 300 m. G – M, Cnidae. Scale bar in J = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. G. Large spirocyst. H. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. I. Large basitrich of tentacle. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Small spirocyst. L. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. M. Small basitrich of tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183653/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Parietal muscle trianguloid; central lamella and lateral branches of approximately equal thickness (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAC4B61DC881660FBCBF570" box="[979,1063,352,378]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scolanthus triangulus sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175210. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 150 μm. C. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Longitudinal section through aboral end, CAS 175207. Note nemathybomes at proximalmost point and dark peridermal layer covering aboral epidermis. Scale bar = 500 μm. E. Basitrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as in G – M. F. Cross section through scapus, showing nemathybomes. Scale bar = 300 m. G – M, Cnidae. Scale bar in J = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. G. Large spirocyst. H. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. I. Large basitrich of tentacle. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Small spirocyst. L. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. M. Small basitrich of tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183653/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Branches of parietal muscle closer to body wall grouped, attached to the mesentery by single, slightly longer lamella. All examined specimens either infertile or male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAC4B61DF9D16D8FA89F648" blockId="20.[151,1435,151,578]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Nemathybomes large, single, sunken into mesoglea, protruding into epidermis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAC4B61DB2A16D8FB3CF5F8" box="[1137,1232,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scolanthus triangulus sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175210. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 150 μm. C. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Longitudinal section through aboral end, CAS 175207. Note nemathybomes at proximalmost point and dark peridermal layer covering aboral epidermis. Scale bar = 500 μm. E. Basitrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as in G – M. F. Cross section through scapus, showing nemathybomes. Scale bar = 300 m. G – M, Cnidae. Scale bar in J = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. G. Large spirocyst. H. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. I. Large basitrich of tentacle. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Small spirocyst. L. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. M. Small basitrich of tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183653/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
D, F.). Epidermis and mesoglea relatively uniform in thickness throughout body; mesoglea thicker than epidermis or gastrodermis. Aboral end slightly drawn in at center, with slightly smaller nemathybomes than column (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAC4B61DBB71528FAD3F648" box="[1260,1343,552,578]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scolanthus triangulus sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175210. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 150 μm. C. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Longitudinal section through aboral end, CAS 175207. Note nemathybomes at proximalmost point and dark peridermal layer covering aboral epidermis. Scale bar = 500 μm. E. Basitrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as in G – M. F. Cross section through scapus, showing nemathybomes. Scale bar = 300 m. G – M, Cnidae. Scale bar in J = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. G. Large spirocyst. H. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. I. Large basitrich of tentacle. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Small spirocyst. L. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. M. Small basitrich of tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183653/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="78E7E0C1FFAC4B61DFCC11B7FAF6F394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183653/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" targetBox="[226,1360,669,1692]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAC4B61DFCC11B7FAF6F394" blockId="20.[151,1436,1719,1950]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAC4B61DFCC11B7FECAF2C5" bold="true" box="[151,294,1719,1743]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAC4B61DE7511B7FDF6F2C4" box="[302,538,1719,1742]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="triangulus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAC4B61DE7511B7FDF6F2C4" box="[302,538,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Scolanthus triangulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="05DFD120FFAC4B61DD7A11B7FD94F2C5" box="[545,632,1719,1743]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAC4B61DD7A11B7FD94F2C5" bold="true" box="[545,632,1719,1743]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175210. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 150 μm. C. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Longitudinal section through aboral end, CAS 175207. Note nemathybomes at proximalmost point and dark peridermal layer covering aboral epidermis. Scale bar = 500 μm. E. Basitrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as in G–M. F. Cross section through scapus, showing nemathybomes. Scale bar = 300 m. G–M, Cnidae. Scale bar in J = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. G. Large spirocyst. H. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. I. Large basitrich of tentacle. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Small spirocyst. L. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. M. Small basitrich of tentacle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAD4B60DF9E1797FB2FF4B8" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,738]" box="[197,1219,151,178]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAD4B60DF9E1797FEDDF4BB" bold="true" box="[197,305,151,177]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cnidom.</emphasis>
|
||
Spirocysts, basitrichs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFAD4B60DD191798FD4DF4B8" box="[578,673,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[226,1360,669,1692]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scolanthus triangulus sp. nov. A. External anatomy, holotype CAS 175210. Scale bar = 2 mm. B. Cross section of parietal muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 150 μm. C. Cross section of retractor muscle, CAS 175207. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Longitudinal section through aboral end, CAS 175207. Note nemathybomes at proximalmost point and dark peridermal layer covering aboral epidermis. Scale bar = 500 μm. E. Basitrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as in G – M. F. Cross section through scapus, showing nemathybomes. Scale bar = 300 m. G – M, Cnidae. Scale bar in J = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. G. Large spirocyst. H. Large basitrich of actinopharynx. I. Large basitrich of tentacle. J. Large basitrich of filament. K. Small spirocyst. L. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. M. Small basitrich of tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183653/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
E, G–M; see
|
||
<tableCitation id="611A85F2FFAD4B60DC671798FC7FF4B8" box="[828,915,152,178]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="16.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 3. Cnidae of Paraedwardsia heia, Scolanthus scamiti, and S. triangulus. Size of each type of cnida given as a range in μm, with exceptionally small or large values in parentheses. The range was determined by measuring at least 20 capsules of each type of tissue from at least two specimens of each species. Cnidae are depicted in Figures 9 – 11." pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
for size and distribution).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFAD4B60DF9E17BFFEC0F520" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAD4B60DF9E17BFFEC0F520" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,738]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAD4B60DF9E17BFFEBEF4D3" bold="true" box="[197,338,191,217]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species epithet is a masculine adjective based on the Latin root “triangul” referring to the triangular crosssectional shape of many preserved specimens, and should be translated as “the triangular
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAD4B60DFCC1610FEF4F523" box="[151,280,272,297]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAD4B60DFCC1610FEF4F523" box="[151,280,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Scolanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFAD4B60DF9E1637FEA0F698" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAD4B60DF9E1637FCD6F5A8" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,738]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAD4B60DF9E1637FDE0F55B" bold="true" box="[197,524,311,337]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Occurs most commonly on steep outer shelf; most specimens collected between 71 and
|
||
<specimenCount id="3A9E7BC0FFAD4B60DE031660FE47F570" box="[344,427,352,378]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="EB601DACFFAD4B60DE031660FE4AF570" box="[344,422,352,378]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="132.0">132 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="548FF0D9FFAD4B60DEE81660FE38F570" box="[435,468,352,378]" name="American Samoa" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
this is the deeper end of the sampling range for various Sanitation Districts’ sampling programs, its bathymetric range may extend deeper.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAD4B60DF9E16AFFEA0F698" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,738]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAD4B60DF9E16AFFE6BF5C3" bold="true" box="[197,391,431,457]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Similar species.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAD4B60DED516B0FD63F5C3" box="[398,655,432,457]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="triangulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAD4B60DED516B0FD63F5C3" box="[398,655,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Scolanthus triangulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
superficially resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAD4B60DCF716B0FBF3F5C3" box="[940,1055,432,457]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="olguini">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAD4B60DCF716B0FBF3F5C3" box="[940,1055,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. olguini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although it has smaller and less prominent nemathybomes. The two differ in the details of internal anatomy and in the size of the cnidae. In general aspect, it resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAD4B60DEBC1500FD4DF613" box="[487,673,512,537]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="callimorphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAD4B60DEBC1500FD4DF613" box="[487,673,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. callimorphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, having a similar number of tentacles and arrangement of nemathybomes, and nemathybome nematocysts of similar size. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAD4B60DC931528FBB2F64B" box="[968,1118,552,577]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="triangulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAD4B60DC931528FBB2F64B" box="[968,1118,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. triangulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has much smaller retractor muscles than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAD4B60DE661550FE15F663" box="[317,505,592,617]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="callimorphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAD4B60DE661550FE15F663" box="[317,505,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. callimorphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAD4B60DD1B1550FD10F663" box="[576,764,592,617]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="callimorphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAD4B60DD1B1550FD10F663" box="[576,764,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. callimorphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has much larger basitrichs in the tentacles (13–69 μm:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFAD4B60DFCC1578FED3F698" author="Schmidt" box="[151,319,632,658]" pageId="21" pageNumber="27" refString="Schmidt, H. (1979) Beitrage zur Differentialdiagnose, Morphologie, und Evolution der Edwardsiidae (Actiniaria: Anthozoa). I. Die Gattung Alfredus nov. gen. Mit der Typus art A. lucifugus (Fischer, 1888). Institut fr Meereskunde der Universitt Kiel, 20, 192 - 197." type="journal article" year="1979">Schmidt 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFAD4B60DF9E159FFE97F6E8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFAD4B60DF9E159FFE97F6E8" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,738]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAD4B60DF9E159FFED2F6B3" bold="true" box="[197,318,671,697]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is hard to differentiate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFAD4B60DC7015A0FC72F6B3" box="[811,926,672,697]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="olguini">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFAD4B60DC7015A0FC72F6B3" box="[811,926,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. olguini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
without examination of the nematocysts of the nemathybomes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |