417 lines
51 KiB
XML
417 lines
51 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="F27A88B8878B5BF8D9B2ADA570D7C4A3">
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<mods:title id="18819D81329EC5041310B16553C85EC5">Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0AF74F65DA1ECCABA4A8B5885C59150F">Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="2E51768BD4DACD4CB5665E0A9C26476F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D28F95F7A09F1E0BC392E6B38F52656B">Song, Hojun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="48A1A7D17A17EE618269E3739D568597">Oyama, Ken</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DFCE82DA963493CB01E1E7CB7EAA546C">González-Rodríguez, Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F5F53C4B7099BD5AAFD8D3DB0592B999">Castillo, Raúl Cueva Del</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="071E1DBA2A24C033776ACF8D49B76A5B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E4B3F335AE081CE44008CB1FC54EC22E">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="41740F26AB2B79A362050B406C859336">4274</mods:number>
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<treatment id="A12C6E25AC243B4C2CBED2FBFB4EAD14" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6029386" ID-GBIF-Taxon="131876339" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6029386" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A12C6E25AC243B4C2CBED2FBFB4EAD14" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A12C6E25AC243B4C2CBED2FBFB4EAD14" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC243B4B2CBED2FBFB84AFDF" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="293ADF33AC243B4B2CBED2FBFDF2AFBE" blockId="35.[151,1060,151,211]" box="[151,594,151,178]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<heading id="7272685FAC243B4B2CBED2FBFDF2AFBE" bold="true" box="[151,594,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B2CBED2FBFDF2AFBE" ID-CoL="4YV4H" authority="Bruner, 1906" authorityName="Bruner" authorityYear="1906" box="[151,594,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimum">
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<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2CBED2FBFDF2AFBE" bold="true" box="[151,594,151,178]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2CBED2FBFE0AAFBD" bold="true" box="[151,426,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sphenarium minimum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC243B4B2D99D2F4FDF2AFBE" author="Bruner" box="[432,594,152,178]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Bruner, L. (1906) Insecta. Orthoptera. Vol. II. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 199 - 207." type="book chapter" year="1906">Bruner, 1906</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="293ADF33AC243B4B2CBED2D6FB84AFDF" blockId="35.[151,1060,151,211]" box="[151,1060,186,211]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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(http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:
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<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B2E3AD2D6FD34AFDF" box="[531,660,186,211]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
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.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:36988)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC243B4B2CBED36EFE7CAE14" box="[151,476,258,280]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="293ADF33AC243B4B2CBED36EFE7CAE14" blockId="35.[151,476,258,280]" box="[151,476,258,280]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B2CBED36EFE7CAE14" ID-CoL="4YV42" authority="Bruner, 1906" authorityName="Bruner" authorityYear="1906" box="[151,476,258,280]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affine">
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<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2CBED36EFEF1AE14" box="[151,337,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sphenarium affine</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC243B4B2D7ED36FFE7CAE14" author="Bruner" box="[343,476,258,280]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Bruner, L. (1906) Insecta. Orthoptera. Vol. II. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 199 - 207." type="book chapter" year="1906">Bruner, 1906</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC243B4B2CBED329FB1FAB91" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
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<paragraph id="293ADF33AC243B4B2CBED329FD94AC5A" blockId="35.[151,1437,325,2009]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2CBED329FE89AE52" bold="true" box="[151,297,325,350]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Description.</emphasis>
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External morphology (
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC243B4B2E1ED329FD26AE52" box="[567,646,325,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1893,1915]" captionTargetBox="[186,1424,234,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,193,1872]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 8. Type specimens of S. purpurascens: lectotype m (A) and paralectotype f (B); S. planum: lectotype m (C) and paralectotype f (D); S. macrophallicum: holotype m (E) and allotype f (F); S. minimum lectotype m (G); S. affine lecototype m (H) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804200/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
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G, H; 9O, P): total body length ranging from
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<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC243B4B28B7D329FADCAE51" box="[1182,1404,325,350]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.612" metricValueMax="2.857" metricValueMin="2.367" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="26.12" valueMax="28.57" valueMin="23.67">23.67 to 28.57 mm</quantity>
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in females and
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<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC243B4B2D0CD305FE5AAE8D" box="[293,506,361,386]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.147" metricValueMax="2.489" metricValueMin="1.805" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="21.47" valueMax="24.89" valueMin="18.05">18.05 to 24.89 mm</quantity>
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in males; antennae filiform, slightly shorter in females or notably longer than head and pronotum together in males; head subtriangular-elongated slightly longer than wide in females or conical notably longer than wide in males, with oval eyes in both sexes; fastigium moderately elongated, nearly half the length of interocular space in both sexes; tegmina spatula-like in both sexes; subgenital plate of males rounded moderately developed posteriorly; dorsal ovipositor valves lanceolate, notably elongated towards the apex. Male genitalia: bridge of epiphallus as long as the length of lateral plates in most cases (
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC243B4B2802D071FBDCAD3A" box="[1067,1148,541,566]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 12. Male genital structures of S. tarascum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. planum (D – F); S. macrophallicum paratype # 234 (G – I); and S. minimum (J – L). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804210/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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J-I). Ectophallus in dorsal view (
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC243B4B2CC8D02DFE94AD55" box="[225,308,577,602]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 12. Male genital structures of S. tarascum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. planum (D – F); S. macrophallicum paratype # 234 (G – I); and S. minimum (J – L). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804210/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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J-II) with lateral borders of ramus strongly concave; basal emargination of cingulum moderately developed; interspace between apodemal plates of cingulum moderately open. Ectophallus in posterior view (
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC243B4B2946D009FF12ADAE" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 12. Male genital structures of S. tarascum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. planum (D – F); S. macrophallicum paratype # 234 (G – I); and S. minimum (J – L). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804210/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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K) without a conspicuous sclerotized hollow in the sheath; inflections of supraramus moderately developed with distal margins laterally directed in most cases; valves of cingulum notably small, triangular and slightly developed posteriorly (
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC243B4B2D0AD0BDFED6ADE6" box="[291,374,721,746]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 12. Male genital structures of S. tarascum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. planum (D – F); S. macrophallicum paratype # 234 (G – I); and S. minimum (J – L). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804210/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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K, L). In lateral view of endophallus (
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC243B4B2F1FD0BDFC28ADE6" box="[822,904,721,746]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 12. Male genital structures of S. tarascum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. planum (D – F); S. macrophallicum paratype # 234 (G – I); and S. minimum (J – L). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804210/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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J-III) pseudoarch elongated loosely joined the valves of cingulum; aedeagal valves medium sized with smooth ventral margins and moderately rounded in the apex, without apical spine (
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC243B4B2DE5D175FDBCAC3E" box="[460,540,793,818]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 12. Male genital structures of S. tarascum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. planum (D – F); S. macrophallicum paratype # 234 (G – I); and S. minimum (J – L). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804210/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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K, L); aedeagal valves and sclerites together about 1 ¼ fold the length of dorsal inflections of endophallic apodemes.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="293ADF33AC243B4B2CEED10DFB1FAB91" blockId="35.[151,1437,325,2009]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2CEED10DFEFFAC76" bold="true" box="[199,351,865,890]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Colouration.</emphasis>
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Ground colours vary from green, yellow or brown. Body uniformly coloured or with the following colour traits: antennae and fastigium frequently brown; lateral postocular bands frequently present, narrow and yellow; dorsomedial line generally absent, if present very narrow almost restricted to the abdomen, whitish, yellowish or pinkish; dorsal shades frequently absent, if present very narrow in head and thorax, wider in the dorsal portion of abdomen, light to dark brown; lateral shades often absent, if present very narrow, black or dark brown, almost restricted to head and abdomen; lateral bands of blotches not evident; ventral bands of pronotum often absent, if present very narrow and yellowish; mesonotum partially or entirely black; lateral whitish blotches of 1st abdominal segment sometimes evident; in most cases hind femora uniformly coloured, sometimes with lower medial area whitish or yellowish and brown knees; hind tibia frequently yellow or pale orange.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC243B4B2CEED6C4FDD3AAB1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="293ADF33AC243B4B2CEED6C4FDD3AAB1" blockId="35.[151,1437,325,2009]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2CEED6C4FEE1ABCD" bold="true" box="[199,321,1192,1217]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B2D62D6C5FE71ABCC" box="[331,465,1193,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimum">
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<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2D62D6C5FE71ABCC" box="[331,465,1193,1216]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. minimum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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closely resembles
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<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B2E87D6C5FC81ABCD" box="[686,801,1192,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planum">
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<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2E87D6C5FC81ABCD" box="[686,801,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. planum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B2F1BD6C5FC49ABCC" box="[818,1001,1193,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurascens">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2F1BD6C5FC49ABCC" box="[818,1001,1193,1216]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. purpurascens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B2FD3D6C5FB20ABCC" box="[1018,1152,1193,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarascum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2FD3D6C5FB20ABCC" box="[1018,1152,1193,1216]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. tarascum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00C2BE5AAC243B4B28A3D6C4FB62ABCD" box="[1162,1218,1192,1217]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B28A3D6C4FB62ABCD" bold="true" box="[1162,1218,1192,1217]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">sp.n.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B292CD6C5FA3CABCC" box="[1285,1436,1193,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zapotecum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B292CD6C5FA3CABCC" box="[1285,1436,1193,1216]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. zapotecum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00C2BE5AAC243B4B2CBED6A0FF6EABE9" box="[151,206,1228,1253]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2CBED6A0FF6EABE9" bold="true" box="[151,206,1228,1253]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">sp.n.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in both external and genital morphology. Externally
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B2F0DD6A1FC09ABE8" box="[804,937,1229,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2F0DD6A1FC09ABE8" box="[804,937,1229,1252]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. minimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only differs from the former two species by its more elongated head (in both sexes) and its lanceolate and more notably elongated dorsal ovipositor valves. Nevertheless, more conspicuous differences exist between male genital structures of all these species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B293DD778FF5FAA5C" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B293DD778FF5FAA5C" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sphenarium minimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from these species by the following combination of male genital traits: ectophallus with lateral borders of ramus notably concave, valves of cingulum triangular and notably small, medium-sized aedeagal valves and moderately rounded in the apex without apical spine, and aedeagal valves and sclerites about 1 ¼ fold the length of dorsal inflections of endophallic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC243B4B2CEED7A4FB35A908" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="293ADF33AC243B4B2CEED7A4FB35A908" blockId="35.[151,1437,325,2009]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2CEED7A4FEC0AAED" bold="true" box="[199,352,1480,1505]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is distributed in elevations ranging from approximately
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC243B4B2840D7A4FABBAAEC" box="[1129,1307,1480,1505]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.298" metricValueMax="1.5959999999999999" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="1298.0" valueMax="1596.0" valueMin="1000.0">
|
||
<date id="5D3BF9F3AC243B4B2840D7A4FB5EAAED" box="[1129,1278,1480,1505]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="1000" valueMax="1596">1000 to 1596</date>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l. in the outer slope of southern portion of the Sierra Madre Oriental in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC243B4B2F71D781FC1FA908" box="[856,959,1517,1540]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC243B4B2FE3D780FBBFA909" box="[970,1055,1516,1541]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51929FA3AC243B4B2FE3D780FBBFA909" box="[970,1055,1516,1541]" name="Mexico" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC243B4B2807D780FBD2A908" box="[1070,1138,1516,1541]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1094,1116]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,201,1066]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1435,193,1073]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 7. Geographic distribution of Sphenarium species. Numbers within parenthesis in front of taxa names indicate the number of identified morphotype within the species. White surrounded areas and upper case abbreviations denote the Mexican biogeographic provinces. AC, Altos de Chiapas; AL, Altiplano Sur; BRB, Balsas River Basin; GMC, Gulf of Mexico Coast; MVB, Mexican Volcanic Belt; PC, Pacific Coast; SMOC, Sierra Madre Occidental; SMOR, Sierra Madre Oriental; SMS, Sierra Madre Sur; SO, Soconusco; and SOX, Sierra de Oaxaca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804198/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC243B4C2CEED47CFEE2AE11" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="293ADF33AC243B4B2CEED47CFDCCA9B5" blockId="35.[151,1437,325,2009]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="99EDD56EAC243B4B2CEED47CFDCCA9B5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1563451386" collectingDate="1887-11" collectionCode="ANSP" collectorName="Material & Fig. & Jalapa & O. W. Barrett & Orizaba & L. Bruner & Designation & Rehn & Hebard & We" country="Mexico" elevation="7" location="Veracruz" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Veracruz" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2CEED47CFE10A925" bold="true" box="[199,432,1552,1577]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC243B4B2CEED47CFE8FA925" box="[199,303,1552,1577]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Material</collectorName>
|
||
examined.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B2D9ED47DFD9BA924" box="[439,571,1553,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2D9ED47DFD9BA924" box="[439,571,1553,1576]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. minimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<typeStatus id="F63E6191AC243B4B2E63D47CFD11A925" box="[586,689,1552,1577]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2E9ED47DFD6BA924" box="[695,715,1553,1576]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">m</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC243B4B2EF2D47CFCBCA924" box="[731,796,1552,1577]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1893,1915]" captionTargetBox="[186,1424,234,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,193,1872]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 8. Type specimens of S. purpurascens: lectotype m (A) and paralectotype f (B); S. planum: lectotype m (C) and paralectotype f (D); S. macrophallicum: holotype m (E) and allotype f (F); S. minimum lectotype m (G); S. affine lecototype m (H) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804200/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC243B4B2EF2D47CFCA8A925" box="[731,776,1552,1577]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig.</collectorName>
|
||
8
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
G) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51929FA3AC243B4B2F56D47CFC79A925" box="[895,985,1552,1577]" name="Mexico" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC243B4B2FCAD47DFBEAA924" box="[995,1098,1553,1576]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC243B4B287CD47CFB3EA925" box="[1109,1182,1552,1577]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Jalapa</collectorName>
|
||
, XII (
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC243B4B28F6D47CFAD4A924" box="[1247,1396,1552,1576]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">O.W. Barrett</collectorName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B29AED47DFF77A940" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affine">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B29AED47DFF77A940" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. affine</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<typeStatus id="F63E6191AC243B4B2CCDD458FEEBA941" box="[228,331,1588,1613]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2D7BD459FEC6A940" box="[338,358,1589,1612]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">m</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC243B4B2D5CD458FE16A940" box="[373,438,1588,1613]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1893,1915]" captionTargetBox="[186,1424,234,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,193,1872]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 8. Type specimens of S. purpurascens: lectotype m (A) and paralectotype f (B); S. planum: lectotype m (C) and paralectotype f (D); S. macrophallicum: holotype m (E) and allotype f (F); S. minimum lectotype m (G); S. affine lecototype m (H) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804200/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC243B4B2D5CD458FE03A941" box="[373,419,1588,1613]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig.</collectorName>
|
||
8
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
H) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51929FA3AC243B4B2E3ED458FDD1A941" box="[535,625,1588,1613]" name="Mexico" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC243B4B2E52D459FD41A940" box="[635,737,1589,1612]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC243B4B2EC5D458FCE8A941" box="[748,840,1588,1613]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Orizaba</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4D7F001BAC243B4B2F7BD458FC11A940" box="[850,945,1588,1612]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="1887-11">
|
||
<date id="5D3BF9F3AC243B4B2F7BD458FC11A940" box="[850,945,1588,1612]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="1887-11">XI-1887</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC243B4B2FE9D458FB92A940" box="[960,1074,1588,1612]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">L. Bruner</collectorName>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC243B4B286DD458FB70A941" box="[1092,1232,1588,1613]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Designation</collectorName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC243B4B28F0D458FF41A97C" author="Rehn" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Rehn, J. A. G. & Hebard, M. (1912) Fixation of the single type (Lectotype) specimens of species of American Orthoptera. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 64 (1), 60 - 183." type="journal article" year="1912">
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC243B4B28F0D458FAB4A941" box="[1241,1300,1588,1613]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Rehn</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC243B4B2963D458FA3CA941" box="[1354,1436,1588,1613]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Hebard</collectorName>
|
||
(1912)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and location:
|
||
<collectionCode id="4F9447F6AC243B4B2DA4D434FE75A97C" box="[397,469,1624,1648]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ANSP</collectionCode>
|
||
for both
|
||
<typeStatus id="F63E6191AC243B4B2E61D435FDD8A97D" box="[584,632,1625,1649]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens.
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC243B4B2F22D435FC8FA97C" box="[779,815,1625,1648]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">We</collectorName>
|
||
examined only the external morphology of this
|
||
<typeStatus id="F63E6191AC243B4B2945D435FA3CA97D" box="[1388,1436,1625,1649]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2D28D410FE7EA999" box="[257,478,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Additional material</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<elevation id="A2A83800AC243B4B2DC4D411FDB8A998" box="[493,536,1661,1684]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="7.0">
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC243B4B2DC4D411FDB8A998" box="[493,536,1661,1684]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="7.0">
|
||
7
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2E2DD411FDB8A998" box="[516,536,1661,1684]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">m</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, 5
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2E15D410FDE4A998" box="[572,580,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">f</emphasis>
|
||
, from Jalapa (L76);
|
||
<elevation id="A2A83800AC243B4B2F07D410FCF8A998" box="[814,856,1660,1684]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="2.0">
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC243B4B2F07D410FCF8A998" box="[814,856,1660,1684]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="2.0">
|
||
2
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2F6DD411FCF8A998" box="[836,856,1661,1684]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">m</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
from Orizaba (L292),
|
||
<elevation id="A2A83800AC243B4B2875D410FB33A998" box="[1116,1171,1660,1685]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="35.0">
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC243B4B2875D410FB33A998" box="[1116,1171,1660,1685]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="35.0">
|
||
35
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2856D411FB33A998" box="[1151,1171,1661,1684]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">m</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, 26
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B28EFD410FB6EA998" box="[1222,1230,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">f</emphasis>
|
||
, from 12 adjacent localities in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC243B4B2D09D4CDFE24A9B4" box="[288,388,1697,1720]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Appendix
|
||
<tableCitation id="6407EA88AC243B4B2E20D4CCFDFEA9B5" box="[521,606,1696,1721]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="68.[119,196,494,513]" captionText="TABLE 5. Lisŧ of localiŧies reviseđ of eacħ Sphenarium species aŊđ morpħoŧypes (Ŋumbers wiŧħiŊ pareŊŧħesis) iđeŊŧifieđ. Localiŧies iŊcluđeđ our geŊeŧic aŊalysis are đeŊoŧeđ iŊ bolđ. For localiŧy we iŊđicaŧe iŧs localiŧy Ŋumber (LN), đescripŧioŊ, Ŋumber specimeŊs (F, females and M, males) eXamiŊeđ, đeposiŧory of ŧħe eXamiŊeđ maŧerial as iŊđicaŧeđ iŊ ŧħe meŧħođs" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="293ADF33AC243B4C2CEED4A8FEE2AE11" blockId="35.[151,1437,325,2009]" lastBlockId="36.[151,1437,151,536]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2CEED4A8FE71A9D1" bold="true" box="[199,465,1732,1757]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Taxonomic discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC243B4B2DFED4A9FDD6A9D1" author="Bruner" box="[471,630,1732,1757]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Bruner, L. (1906) Insecta. Orthoptera. Vol. II. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 199 - 207." type="book chapter" year="1906">Bruner (1906)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
originally described this species apparently based on a single male from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC243B4B2CBED484FF40A80D" box="[151,224,1768,1793]" country="Guatemala" name="Jalapa" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Jalapa</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC243B4B2CC7D485FEF5A80C" box="[238,341,1769,1792]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC243B4B2D4BD484FDAAA80C" author="Bolivar" box="[354,522,1768,1793]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Bolivar, I. (1909) Orthoptera Fam. Acridiidae Subfam. Pyrgomorphinae. Genera insectorum, 90, 1 - 59." type="journal article" year="1909">Bolivar (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC243B4B2E6ED484FD4DA80C" author="Hebard" box="[583,749,1768,1793]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Hebard, M. (1932) New species and records of Mexican Orthoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 58 (3), 201 - 371." type="journal article" year="1932">Hebard (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B2F55D485FBA3A80C" box="[892,1027,1769,1792]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2F55D485FBA3A80C" box="[892,1027,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. minimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid species. Particularly, the later author proposed a closer relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B2EF0D561FCFDA828" box="[729,861,1805,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2EF0D561FCFDA828" box="[729,861,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. minimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B2F42D561FC70A829" box="[875,976,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2F42D561FC70A829" box="[875,976,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. histrio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B282ED561FB02A828" box="[1031,1186,1805,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B282ED561FB02A828" box="[1031,1186,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. mexicanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mainly based on their head morphology.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC243B4B2D4FD55CFE5BA844" author="Boyle" box="[358,507,1840,1865]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Boyle, W. K. (1974) A Revision of the Genus Sphenarium (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). McGill University, McGill, 214 pp." type="book" year="1974">Boyle (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also identified differences in head morphology and colouration patterns between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B29AED55DFF5FA860" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B29AED55DFF5FA860" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. minimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B2D1FD539FE4BA860" box="[310,491,1877,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurascens">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2D1FD539FE4BA860" box="[310,491,1877,1900]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. purpurascens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, this author only recognized the former taxon as a subspecies of the later,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B2CBED515FE1DA89C" box="[151,445,1913,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="purpurascens" subSpecies="minimum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2CBED515FE1DA89C" box="[151,445,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. purpurascens minimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, principally based on the similarity between their epiphallic and ectophallic structures. Recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC243B4B2D20D5F0FD96A8B9" box="[265,566,1948,1973]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Pedraza-Lara, C., Barrientos-Lozano, L., Rocha-Sanchez, A. Y. & Zaldivar-Riveron, A. (2015) Montane and coastal species diversification in the economically important Mexican grasshopper genus Sphenarium (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 84, 220 - 231." type="journal article">
|
||
Pedraza-Lara
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2D8ED5F1FE42A8B9" box="[423,482,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC243B4B2E58D5F0FC19A8B9" box="[625,953,1948,1973]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Sanabria-Urban, S., Song, H., Oyama, K., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, A., Serrano-Meneses, M. A. & Cueva del Castillo, R. (2015) Body size adaptations to altitudinal climatic variation in neotropical grasshoppers of the genus Sphenarium (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). Plos ONE, 10 (12), 1 - 24." type="journal article">
|
||
Sanabria-Urbán
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B2F02D5F1FCC5A8B9" box="[811,869,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed again the re-establishment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC243B4B29AED5F1FF5FA8D4" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC243B4B29AED5F1FF5FA8D4" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. minimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as valid species based principally on genetic evidence. In this study we found that despite the notable similarity in the male genitalia between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC233B4C2E55D2F4FCA6AFBC" box="[636,774,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC233B4C2E55D2F4FCA6AFBC" box="[636,774,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. minimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC233B4C2F61D2F4FBA2AFBC" box="[840,1026,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurascens">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC233B4C2F61D2F4FBA2AFBC" box="[840,1026,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. purpurascens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the former taxon shows a unique combination of external and male genitalia characters, a well-supported monophyly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC233B4C2871D2D0FB3EAFD8" box="[1112,1182,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1544,1566]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,693,1521]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[150,1436,691,1523]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bayesian phylogeny of Sphenarium based on a concatenated analysis of 2527 nucleotide positions from five loci and 145 terminals (129 ingroup and 16 outgroup terminals). Higher-level phylogenetic relationships are shown on left-top box and ingroup relationships are magnified outside. Voucher and locality identifier numbers of the analysed specimens are indicated in bold characters in terminals names, except for those cases in which genetic information was retrieved from the GenBank. Different branch colours highlight the three mayor clades within the genus (brown, Clade 1; red, Clade 2; and purple, Clade 3). Different colours of the Sphenarium terminals represent the 17 taxa identified during the morphologic analysis. Black circles behind the nodes indicate PP values ± 95 %. For some important nodes we also showed the PP values in bold numbers. Black bottom bars in all cases are equal to 0.03 substitutions per site." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804186/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), and a well-separated geographic distribution from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC233B4C2DF6D28CFD33AFF4" box="[479,659,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurascens">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC233B4C2DF6D28CFD33AFF4" box="[479,659,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. purpurascens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All these lines of evidence support the recognition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC233B4C28D3D28CFADDAFF4" box="[1274,1405,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC233B4C28D3D28CFADDAFF4" box="[1274,1405,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. minimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC233B4C2CEED34BFB4EAD14" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="293ADF33AC233B4C2CEED34BFB4EAD14" blockId="36.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC233B4C2CEED34BFE35AE4C" ID-CoL="4YV42" box="[199,405,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affine">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC233B4C2CEED34BFE35AE4C" box="[199,405,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Sphenarium affine</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was only briefly described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC233B4C2EC5D344FC2BAE4C" author="Bruner" box="[748,907,295,320]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Bruner, L. (1906) Insecta. Orthoptera. Vol. II. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 199 - 207." type="book chapter" year="1906">Bruner (1906)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
apparently based on one female and male from Orizaba,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC233B4C2D29D321FEC7AE68" box="[256,359,333,356]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Originally,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC233B4C2DDFD321FD38AE69" author="Bruner" box="[502,664,332,357]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Bruner, L. (1906) Insecta. Orthoptera. Vol. II. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 199 - 207." type="book chapter" year="1906">Bruner (1906)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized a close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC233B4C285DD321FB73AE68" ID-CoL="4YV42" box="[1140,1235,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affine">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC233B4C285DD321FB73AE68" box="[1140,1235,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. affine</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC233B4C2927D321FA35AE68" ID-CoL="4YV4H" box="[1294,1429,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC233B4C2927D321FA35AE68" box="[1294,1429,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. minimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, only differentiating the former from the later in highly variable traits of head morphology. Later
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC233B4C292FD31CFAC6AE84" ID-CoL="4YV42" box="[1286,1382,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affine">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC233B4C292FD31CFAC6AE84" box="[1286,1382,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. affine</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was synonymised within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC233B4C2DABD3F9FD75AEA0" ID-CoL="4YV4F" authority="Hebard 1932" authorityName="Hebard" authorityYear="1932" box="[386,725,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC233B4C2DABD3F9FD86AEA0" box="[386,550,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. marginatum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC233B4C2E1FD3F8FD6EAEA0" author="Hebard" box="[566,718,404,429]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Hebard, M. (1932) New species and records of Mexican Orthoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 58 (3), 201 - 371." type="journal article" year="1932">Hebard 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, despite the notable external differentiation between both taxa. Posteriorly,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC233B4C2D0CD3DBFE61AEDC" author="Boyle" box="[293,449,439,464]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Boyle, W. K. (1974) A Revision of the Genus Sphenarium (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). McGill University, McGill, 214 pp." type="book" year="1974">Boyle (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC233B4C2E5BD3D4FD75AEDC" ID-CoL="4YV42" box="[626,725,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affine">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC233B4C2E5BD3D4FD75AEDC" box="[626,725,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. affine</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC233B4C2F10D3D4FC4FAEDC" box="[825,1007,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC233B4C2F10D3D4FC4BAEDC" ID-CoL="4YV4H" box="[825,1003,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="purpurascens" subSpecies="minimum">S. p. minimum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In this study we examined several specimens collected in
|
||
<typeStatus id="F63E6191AC233B4C2DB6D3B1FE6FAEF9" box="[415,463,477,501]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
|
||
localities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC233B4C2E4CD3B1FD4AAEF8" ID-CoL="4YV4H" box="[613,746,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC233B4C2E4CD3B1FD4AAEF8" box="[613,746,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. minimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC233B4C2F0DD3B1FC21AEF8" ID-CoL="4YV42" box="[804,897,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affine">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC233B4C2F0DD3B1FC21AEF8" box="[804,897,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. affine</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; which were practically similar among them in their male genital morphology. Therefore, we also recognise
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC233B4C2F68D06CFC3DAD14" ID-CoL="4YV42" box="[833,925,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affine">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC233B4C2F68D06CFC3DAD14" box="[833,925,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. affine</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a synonym of
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC233B4C284BD06CFB4EAD14" box="[1122,1262,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC233B4C284BD06CFB4AAD14" ID-CoL="4YV4H" box="[1122,1258,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimum">S. minimum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |