186 lines
20 KiB
XML
186 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="7D4C09EEA9346971A85177733C74B315">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="17EF215B0AEA5EC05DA23DAF6EDB704A">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="06B75685B1B5F41BA9785A9D80943841">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="623E7BB7456A8785DFEB10F722AB30F1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA1E0A7AFF54FEC1FDEE5B8D" box="[151,639,366,393]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA1E0A7AFF54FEC1FDEE5B8D" blockId="45.[151,639,366,393]" box="[151,639,366,393]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA1E0A7AFF54FEC1FDEE5B8D" bold="true" box="[151,639,366,393]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1E0A7AFF54FEC1FDEE5B8D" ID-CoL="89W3K" authority="(Giles)" baseAuthorityName="Giles" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[151,639,366,393]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gubernatoris" subGenus="Phagomyia">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFF54FEC1FDEE5B8D" bold="true" box="[151,639,366,393]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFF54FEC1FF4E5B8C" bold="true" box="[151,223,366,393]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Aedes</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFF33FEC1FEE85B8C" bold="true" box="[240,377,366,393]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Phagomyia</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFE49FEC1FDB45B8C" bold="true" box="[394,549,366,393]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">gubernatoris</emphasis>
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(Giles)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA1E0A7AFF54FE1CFB8F5822" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA1E0A7AFF54FE1CFB045BEF" blockId="45.[151,1436,435,551]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1E0A7AFECEFE1CFDBA5BCE" ID-CoL="89W3K" authority="(Giles, 1901a)" baseAuthorityName="Giles" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[269,555,435,459]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gubernatoris">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFECEFE1CFE025BCE" bold="true" box="[269,403,435,459]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">gubernatoris</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1E0A7AFE60FE1CFDB55BCE" author="Giles, G. M." box="[419,548,435,459]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="592 - 610" refId="ref156542" refString="Giles, G. M. (1901 a) A plea for the collective investigation of Indian Culicidae, with suggestions as to moot points for enquiry, and a prodromus of species known to the author. Journal of the Bombay Society, 13, 592 - 610, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1901">Giles, 1901a</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1E0A7AFCECFE1CFC675BCE" ID-CoL="8BNFZ" authorityName="Giles" authorityYear="1901" box="[815,1014,435,459]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gubernatoris">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFCECFE1CFC675BCE" box="[815,1014,435,459]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Culex gubernatoris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1E0A7AFB53FE1CFA985BCE" box="[1168,1289,435,459]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1E0A7AFAD5FE1CFADC5BCE" box="[1302,1357,435,459]" name="India" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">India</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1E0A7AFA9AFE1CFA095BCE" box="[1369,1432,435,459]" name="Nepal" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1E0A7AFF04FE7DFE715BEF" box="[199,480,466,490]" name="China" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">People’s Republic of China</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1E0A7AFE29FE7DFDDC5BEF" box="[490,589,466,490]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1E0A7AFD99FE7DFCA85BEF" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[602,825,466,490]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
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Wilkerson
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFD08FE7CFD665BEF" box="[715,759,466,490]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
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. 2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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, incorrectly listed from
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1E0A7AFBE8FE7DFB1B5BEF" box="[1067,1162,466,490]" name="Thailand" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA1E0A7AFF54FE5FFB8F5822" blockId="45.[151,1436,435,551]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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subspecies
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFEC8FE5FFEF6580D" bold="true" box="[267,359,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">kotiensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1E0A7AFEADFE5FFE6E580D" author="Barraud, P. J." box="[366,511,496,520]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref144365" refString="Barraud, P. J. (1934) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. V. Family Culicidae. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. Taylor and Francis, London, xxviii + 463 pp., 8 pls." type="book" year="1934">Barraud, 1934</bibRefCitation>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1E0A7AFD3EFE5FFB28580D" ID-CoL="87N34" authorityName="Barraud" authorityYear="1934" box="[765,1209,496,521]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="gubernatoris" subGenus="Finlaya" variety="kotiensis">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFD3EFE5FFCA8580D" box="[765,825,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Aedes</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFC89FE5FFC08580D" box="[842,921,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Finlaya</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFC6BFE5FFBBA580D" box="[936,1067,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">gubernatoris</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFBA3FE5FFB28580D" box="[1120,1209,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">kotiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(subspecific status by
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1E0A7AFF04FDA0FE5D5822" author="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M." box="[199,460,527,551]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref158836" refString="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M. (2007) Corrections in the status and rank of names used to denote varietal forms of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 1542 (1), 35 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1542.1.3" type="journal article" year="2007">Harbach & Howard 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1E0A7AFDA6FDA0FD085822" box="[613,665,527,551]" name="India" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">India</collectingCountry>
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(Western Himalayas) (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1E0A7AFC41FDA0FB825822" author="Barraud, P. J." box="[898,1043,527,551]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref144365" refString="Barraud, P. J. (1934) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. V. Family Culicidae. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. Taylor and Francis, London, xxviii + 463 pp., 8 pls." type="book" year="1934">Barraud 1934</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA1E0A7AFF54FDFAFA9659D2" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA1E0A7AFF54FDFAFD30598A" blockId="45.[151,1437,597,984]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1E0A7AFF54FDFAFED4586A" author="Barraud, P. J." box="[151,325,597,623]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref144365" refString="Barraud, P. J. (1934) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. V. Family Culicidae. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. Taylor and Francis, London, xxviii + 463 pp., 8 pls." type="book" year="1934">Barraud (1934)</bibRefCitation>
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||
described and named
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFD8BFDFAFD3B586A" box="[584,682,597,623]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">kotiensis</emphasis>
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as a variety of
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1E0A7AFCA2FDFAFC63586A" baseAuthorityName="Giles" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[865,1010,597,623]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gubernatoris">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFCA2FDFAFC63586A" box="[865,1010,597,623]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">gubernatoris</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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based on larvae that differ in having shorter antennae and lateral palatal brush filaments with “comparatively very large teeth”; however, “adults resulting from these larvae appear to be indistinguishable from the type-form.” Information provided by Barraud indicates that the two forms may be allopatric. In the absence of features that distinguish the adults, the perceived larval distinctions may be associated with conditions that influence growth and development in the tree-hole habitats utilized by the larvae. Based on these observations, we believe that subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFBCEFCA6FBFE5926" box="[1037,1135,777,803]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">kotiensis</emphasis>
|
||
is a morphological variant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1E0A7AFF7AFC82FE065942" baseAuthorityName="Giles" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[185,407,813,839]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gubernatoris">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFF7AFC82FE065942" box="[185,407,813,839]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Aedes gubernatoris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which we therefore formally recognize as a synonym:
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFBE1FC82FC4E596E" bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFBE1FC82FB16594D" bold="true" box="[1058,1159,813,840]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">kotiensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1E0A7AFB52FC82FAD35942" author="Barraud, P. J." box="[1169,1346,813,839]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref144365" refString="Barraud, P. J. (1934) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. V. Family Culicidae. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. Taylor and Francis, London, xxviii + 463 pp., 8 pls." type="book" year="1934">Barraud, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1E0A7AFE6CFCFEFC4E596E" authority="(Giles, 1901a)" baseAuthorityName="Giles" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[431,991,849,876]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gubernatoris" subGenus="Phagomyia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFE6CFCFEFE625969" bold="true" box="[431,499,849,876]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Aedes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFDC5FCFEFD185969" bold="true" box="[518,649,849,876]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Phagomyia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFD5FFCFEFCA15969" bold="true" box="[668,816,849,876]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">gubernatoris</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1E0A7AFC82FCFEFC46596E" author="Giles, G. M." box="[833,983,849,875]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="592 - 610" refId="ref156542" refString="Giles, G. M. (1901 a) A plea for the collective investigation of Indian Culicidae, with suggestions as to moot points for enquiry, and a prodromus of species known to the author. Journal of the Bombay Society, 13, 592 - 610, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1901">Giles, 1901a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. This agrees with the Encyclopedia of Life, which does not list
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFE6DFCDAFD81598A" box="[430,528,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">kotiensis</emphasis>
|
||
as a species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA1E0A7AFF04FC35FA9659D2" blockId="45.[151,1437,597,984]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
In addition to
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFEAFFC36FE5F59B6" box="[364,462,921,947]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">kotiensis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFE1DFC35FD0C59B6" box="[478,669,921,948]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Ae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1E0A7AFDCFFC36FD0C59B6" baseAuthorityName="Giles" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[524,669,921,947]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gubernatoris">gubernatoris</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has another synonym,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1E0A7AFC6BFC36FAF359B1" authority="Theobald, 1905 a" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1905" box="[936,1378,921,948]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Lepidotomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magna">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1E0A7AFC6BFC36FB0959B6" box="[936,1176,921,947]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Lepidotomyia magna</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1E0A7AFB63FC36FAF359B1" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[1184,1378,921,948]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref181775" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1905 a) Genera Insectorum. Diptera, Fam. Culicidae. Fascicle 26. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles, 50 pp., 2 pls." type="book" year="1905">Theobald, 1905a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first recognized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1E0A7AFEFFFC12FE7B59D2" author="Barraud, P. J." box="[316,490,957,983]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref144365" refString="Barraud, P. J. (1934) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. V. Family Culicidae. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. Taylor and Francis, London, xxviii + 463 pp., 8 pls." type="book" year="1934">Barraud (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which we retain. All three nominal forms have
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA1E0A7AFBC5FC11FBA759DD" box="[1030,1078,958,984]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
|
||
localities in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1E0A7AFB05FC12FA9259D2" box="[1222,1283,957,983]" name="India" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |