314 lines
38 KiB
XML
314 lines
38 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="68987A4CA635D24BC500521730F44DDD">First record of a living species of the genus Janulum (Class Demospongiae) in the Southern Hemisphere</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8CE96FF3BB3E159014667BCA0C11FCAB">Kelly, Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="799F8B203A63CF402F3639BAAE85B5EE">Erpenbeck, Dirk</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3B8AC37E91E1B2ECE7415F3035AD98CD">Morrow, Christine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="016F360F36C79CAA6D703202634BB6BA">Soest, Rob Van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="ECF454CC78EB6E8A0757B254772615FD">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="5B6587C8026B0D0D2385FBCFFC0B01BD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6122466" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119632928" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6122466" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5B6587C8026B0D0D2385FBCFFC0B01BD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B6587C8026B0D0D2385FBCFFC0B01BD" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="263" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">
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<subSubSection id="9BD66555026B0D032385FBCFFED60613" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D37336DE026B0D032385FBCFFCD80671" blockId="6.[151,882,1046,1106]" box="[151,882,1046,1072]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">
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<heading id="883B81B2026B0D032385FBCFFCD80671" bold="true" box="[151,882,1046,1072]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026B0D032385FBCFFCD80671" bold="true" box="[151,882,1046,1072]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">
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<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D026B0D032385FBCFFE160671" authority="Kelly" authorityName="Kelly" box="[151,444,1046,1072]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Janulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="princeps">
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<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026B0D032385FBCFFEDB0671" bold="true" box="[151,369,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Janulum princeps</emphasis>
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Kelly
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</taxonomicName>
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& van Soest sp. nov. (Late Eocene)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D37336DE026B0D032385FBE0FED60613" blockId="6.[151,882,1046,1106]" box="[151,380,1081,1106]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">
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(
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<figureCitation id="4BF72A5B026B0D03238DFBE0FF480613" box="[159,226,1081,1106]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1146,1168]" captionTargetBox="[457,1128,325,1106]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[453,1133,319,1114]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Study area showing the collection locality for Janulum imago sp. nov., Forde Guyot, Louisville Seamount Chain in International Waters to the east of New Zealand, and location of the Oamaru Diatomite (Late Eocene) from which J. princeps sp. nov. was illustrated by Hinde & Holmes (1892); □ Janulum imago sp. nov.; ○ Janulum princeps sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236018/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="4BF72A5B026B0D0323FDFBE3FF560613" box="[239,252,1082,1106]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,357,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,349,1824]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology and megascleres of New Zealand Janulum species: A. Janulum princeps sp. nov., spined strongyle, length 160 µm, width 20 µm, reproduced from Hinde & Holmes (1892: Plate 7, Fig. 51); Janulum imago sp. nov., holotype NIWA 94196: B. spined strongyles showing a range of curvature of the ends of the spicules; C. preserved holotype encrusting the stony coral Solenosmilia variabilis; D. close-up of surface showing oscules and larger perforations; E. view through sponge surface showing choanosomal isodictyal reticulation and tangential reticulation lining two canals; F. close-up view of strongyles in isodictyal reticulation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236020/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">3</figureCitation>
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A,
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<tableCitation id="9E4E0365026B0D032232FBE0FEDB0613" box="[288,369,1081,1106]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule dimensions (µm) of Janulum spp. Given as length [mean (min-max)] x width [mean (min-max)], n = 20 if not indicated otherwise." pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Table 1</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9BD66555026B0D032385FB58FD3B06F7" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="D37336DE026B0D032385FB58FD3B06F7" blockId="6.[151,703,1153,1206]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F3DC11F0026B0D032385FB58FD3B06F7" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">
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||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D026B0D032385FB58FF5206D6" authority="Hinde" authorityName="Hinde" authorityPageNumber="186" authorityYear="1892" box="[151,248,1153,1175]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Plocamia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Axinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026B0D032385FB58FF5206D6" box="[151,248,1153,1175]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Plocamia</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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?
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<treatmentCitation id="526D10CF026B0D032202FB58FD8106D6" author="Hinde" box="[272,555,1153,1175]" page="186" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" year="1892">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="B75D4B2F026B0D032202FB58FE5306D6" author="Hinde" box="[272,505,1153,1175]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" refString="Hinde, G. J. & Holmes, W. M. (1892) On the sponge-remains in the Lower Tertiary Strata near Oamaru, Otago, New Zealand. Journal of the Linnean Society Zoology, 24 (151), 177 - 262. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1892. tb 02480. x" type="journal article" year="1892">Hinde & Holmes 1892</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 186
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, Pl. 7, Fig. 51.
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<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D026B0D032385FB79FF4406F7" box="[151,238,1184,1206]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Janulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026B0D032385FB79FF4406F7" box="[151,238,1184,1206]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Janulum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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<treatmentCitation id="526D10CF026B0D032205FB79FDAC06F7" author="Wiedenmayer" box="[279,518,1184,1206]" page="79" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" year="1994">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="B75D4B2F026B0D032205FB79FE4B06F7" author="Wiedenmayer" box="[279,481,1184,1206]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" refString="Wiedenmayer, F. (1994) Contributions to the knowledge of post-Palaeozoic neritic and archibenthal sponges (Porifera). The stratigraphic record, ecology, and global distribution of intermediate and higher taxa. Schweizerische Palaontologische Abhandlungen, 116, 1 - 147." type="journal article" year="1994">Wiedenmayer 1994</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 79
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, Fig. 34, 1–3.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="9BD66555026B0D032385FB3BFC07051E" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="D37336DE026B0D032385FB3BFC96075F" blockId="6.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">
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||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026B0D032385FB3BFE2906BA" bold="true" box="[151,387,1250,1275]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Material examined.</emphasis>
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||
None.
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||
<typeStatus id="0C77887C026B0D0322CBFB3BFDEB06BA" box="[473,577,1250,1275]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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named as the fossil species represented by the microfossil spicule cited in
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<bibRefCitation id="B75D4B2F026B0D032385FADFFDD3075E" author="Hinde" box="[151,633,1286,1311]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" refString="Hinde, G. J. & Holmes, W. M. (1892) On the sponge-remains in the Lower Tertiary Strata near Oamaru, Otago, New Zealand. Journal of the Linnean Society Zoology, 24 (151), 177 - 262. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1892. tb 02480. x" type="journal article" year="1892">Hinde & Holmes (1892: 217, Pl 7, Fig. 51)</bibRefCitation>
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||
as
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||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D026B0D03218FFADFFCA2075E" box="[669,776,1286,1311]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Plocamia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Axinellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026B0D03218FFADFFCA2075E" box="[669,776,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Plocamia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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? sp.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="D37336DE026B0D0323D5FAF3FE7E0792" blockId="6.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">
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||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026B0D0323D5FAF3FECC0702" bold="true" box="[199,358,1322,1347]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">
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||
<typeStatus id="0C77887C026B0D0323D5FAF3FEA80702" box="[199,258,1322,1347]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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The exact location of the original material is not specified other than it came from the Oamaru Diatomite member of the Waiareka Volcanic Formation at three possible locations in the Oamaru District (
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<bibRefCitation id="B75D4B2F026B0D032650FA96FF7907CA" author="Lautour" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" refString="Lautour, H. A. de (1889) On the fossil marine diatomaceous deposit near Oamaru. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 21, 293 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Lautour 1889</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="B75D4B2F026B0D0323CCFAABFE2E07CA" author="Edwards" box="[222,388,1394,1419]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" refString="Edwards, A. R. (1991) The Oamaru Diatomite. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin, 64, 1 - 260." type="journal article" year="1991">Edwards 1991</bibRefCitation>
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): Cormacks Siding, near Weston (
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<collectingCountry id="ABDB764E026B0D032011FAAAFC8007CA" box="[771,810,1395,1419]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">NZ</collectingCountry>
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||
Fossil Record Locality J41/f8888); Jackson’s Paddock, Spring Hill Road, near Weston (
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<collectingCountry id="ABDB764E026B0D032101FA4EFD9007EE" box="[531,570,1431,1455]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">NZ</collectingCountry>
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||
Fossil Record Locality J41/f8914); Bain’s Farm, near Weston (
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||
<collectingCountry id="ABDB764E026B0D032635FA4EFAE407EE" box="[1319,1358,1431,1455]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">NZ</collectingCountry>
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||
Fossil Record Locality J41/f8059).
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="D37336DE026B0D0323D5FA07FC3807B6" blockId="6.[151,1437,1250,2031]" box="[199,914,1502,1527]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">
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||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026B0D0323D5FA07FF5607B6" bold="true" box="[199,252,1502,1527]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Age.</emphasis>
|
||
Runangan (Late Eocene) (36.4–34.6 Ma) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B75D4B2F026B0D0321CCFA07FC2F07B6" author="Edwards" box="[734,901,1502,1527]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" refString="Edwards, A. R. (1991) The Oamaru Diatomite. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin, 64, 1 - 260." type="journal article" year="1991">Edwards 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D37336DE026B0D0323D5F9DBFB2C0422" blockId="6.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026B0D0323D5F9DBFE9A045A" bold="true" box="[199,304,1538,1563]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Spicules.</emphasis>
|
||
Megascleres—Strongyle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF72A5B026B0D03214EF9DBFD34045A" box="[604,670,1538,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,357,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,349,1824]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology and megascleres of New Zealand Janulum species: A. Janulum princeps sp. nov., spined strongyle, length 160 µm, width 20 µm, reproduced from Hinde & Holmes (1892: Plate 7, Fig. 51); Janulum imago sp. nov., holotype NIWA 94196: B. spined strongyles showing a range of curvature of the ends of the spicules; C. preserved holotype encrusting the stony coral Solenosmilia variabilis; D. close-up of surface showing oscules and larger perforations; E. view through sponge surface showing choanosomal isodictyal reticulation and tangential reticulation lining two canals; F. close-up view of strongyles in isodictyal reticulation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236020/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A,
|
||
<tableCitation id="9E4E0365026B0D0321D1F9DBFCBE045A" box="[707,788,1538,1563]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule dimensions (µm) of Janulum spp. Given as length [mean (min-max)] x width [mean (min-max)], n = 20 if not indicated otherwise." pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) bent abruptly at each end, ends bent to the same side of the spicule. Lightly spined, conical spines perpendicular to the shaft, aligned in short linear spiralling arrays, ends rounded and smooth, 160 µm long
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||
<date id="A772101E026B0D032132F992FDFB0422" box="[544,593,1611,1635]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" value="1920-10">x 20</date>
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||
µm thick (modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B75D4B2F026B0D032065F993FBD30422" author="Hinde" box="[887,1145,1610,1635]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" refString="Hinde, G. J. & Holmes, W. M. (1892) On the sponge-remains in the Lower Tertiary Strata near Oamaru, Otago, New Zealand. Journal of the Linnean Society Zoology, 24 (151), 177 - 262. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1892. tb 02480. x" type="journal article" year="1892">Hinde & Holmes 1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D37336DE026B0D0323D5F9B7FC07051E" blockId="6.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026B0D0323D5F9B7FD2D04C6" bold="true" box="[199,647,1646,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Substrate, depth range and ecology.</emphasis>
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||
A recent interpretation of the Oamaru Diatomite is that it started accumulating in a narrow basin to the east of a formerly active submarine volcanic ridge, at about
|
||
<quantity id="14349B3B026B0D0327C8F94BFAF204EB" box="[1242,1368,1682,1707]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" unit="m" value="125.0" valueMax="150.0" valueMin="100.0">100–150 m</quantity>
|
||
water depth, under quiet subtropical offshore near-surface waters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B75D4B2F026B0D032047F96FFBAA048E" author="Edwards" box="[853,1024,1718,1743]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" refString="Edwards, A. R. (1991) The Oamaru Diatomite. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin, 64, 1 - 260." type="journal article" year="1991">Edwards 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The phylogenetic diversity of the Oamaru Diatomite is impressive with about 110 sponge species in 43 genera, considered to be an underestimate because
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B75D4B2F026B0D0323E5F927FDA30556" author="Hinde" box="[247,521,1790,1815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" refString="Hinde, G. J. & Holmes, W. M. (1892) On the sponge-remains in the Lower Tertiary Strata near Oamaru, Otago, New Zealand. Journal of the Linnean Society Zoology, 24 (151), 177 - 262. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1892. tb 02480. x" type="journal article" year="1892">Hinde & Holmes (1892)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined material from a restricted location and the sample was very small. The fauna consisted of 10% hexactinellid sponges and c. 90% demosponges, and was a mixture of what are typically deep-water and shallow reef genera today (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B75D4B2F026B0D03216BF89FFC08051E" author="Kelly" box="[633,930,1862,1887]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" refString="Kelly, M. & Buckeridge, J. S. (2005) An early Paleogene sponge fauna, Chatham Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 39, 899 - 914. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00288330.2005.9517361" type="journal article" year="2005">Kelly & Buckeridge 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9BD66555026B0D0323D5F8B3FE4005E6" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="D37336DE026B0D0323D5F8B3FE4005E6" blockId="6.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026B0D0323D5F8B3FEE405C2" bold="true" box="[199,334,1898,1923]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Named as the first record of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D026B0D03203EF8B3FC2605C2" box="[812,908,1898,1923]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Janulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026B0D03203EF8B3FC2605C2" box="[812,908,1898,1923]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Janulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ABDB764E026B0D0320ABF8B2FBFC05C2" box="[953,1110,1898,1923]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, recorded from the Oamaru Diatomite (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D026B0D032205F856FEDD05E7" box="[279,375,1935,1958]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Janulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="princeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026B0D032205F856FEDD05E7" box="[279,375,1935,1958]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">princeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first; L.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9BD66555026B0D0D23D5F86BFC0B01BD" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="263" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="D37336DE026B0D0223D5F86BFDE90301" blockId="6.[151,1437,1250,2031]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="262" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026B0D0323D5F86BFE91058A" bold="true" box="[199,315,1970,1995]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The Late Eocene microfossil spicule illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B75D4B2F026B0D03208BF86BFB1F058A" author="Hinde" box="[921,1205,1970,1995]" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" refString="Hinde, G. J. & Holmes, W. M. (1892) On the sponge-remains in the Lower Tertiary Strata near Oamaru, Otago, New Zealand. Journal of the Linnean Society Zoology, 24 (151), 177 - 262. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1892. tb 02480. x" type="journal article" year="1892">Hinde & Holmes (1892)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is indistinguishable from the peculiar spined strongyles so characteristic of living species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D026B0D0320F0F80FFBE805AE" box="[994,1090,2006,2031]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Janulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="261" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026B0D0320F0F80FFBE805AE" box="[994,1090,2006,2031]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Janulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF72A5B026B0D032747F80FFB3605AE" box="[1109,1180,2006,2031]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1772,1794]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1738]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,195,1748]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Morphology and megascleres of northeast Atlantic Janulum spinispiculum (Carter, 1876): A. BELUM Mc 7745, West Coast of Ireland, deck photo, specimen 40 mm high x 30 mm wide; B. ZMA Por. 19461, southeast Rockall Bank, 680 m, specimen 10 cm long; C. lightly spined strongyles showing a range of morphologies, ZMA Por. 19461, photo E. J. Beglinger; D. thick section showing isodictyal arrangement of spined strongyles, BELUM Mc 7745 (Fig. 2 D reproduced with permission from Redmond et al. 2013; Fig. 5 a); E. spined strongyles from Lundbeck (1902, Pl. XII, Fig. 4 a – b), as Metschnikowia spinispiculum, east of Iceland; F. spined microfossil strongyle from a Neogene deep-sea core (about 3 – 23 Ma) from west of Iceland (reproduced from Bukry, 1978, Pl. 7, Fig. 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236019/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF72A5B026B0D0327B9F80EFB1005AE" box="[1195,1210,2007,2031]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,357,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,349,1824]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology and megascleres of New Zealand Janulum species: A. Janulum princeps sp. nov., spined strongyle, length 160 µm, width 20 µm, reproduced from Hinde & Holmes (1892: Plate 7, Fig. 51); Janulum imago sp. nov., holotype NIWA 94196: B. spined strongyles showing a range of curvature of the ends of the spicules; C. preserved holotype encrusting the stony coral Solenosmilia variabilis; D. close-up of surface showing oscules and larger perforations; E. view through sponge surface showing choanosomal isodictyal reticulation and tangential reticulation lining two canals; F. close-up view of strongyles in isodictyal reticulation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236020/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="261">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The length of the illustrated spicule (160 µm) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF72A5B026A0D0222C9FF4EFDB102F1" box="[475,539,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,357,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,349,1824]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology and megascleres of New Zealand Janulum species: A. Janulum princeps sp. nov., spined strongyle, length 160 µm, width 20 µm, reproduced from Hinde & Holmes (1892: Plate 7, Fig. 51); Janulum imago sp. nov., holotype NIWA 94196: B. spined strongyles showing a range of curvature of the ends of the spicules; C. preserved holotype encrusting the stony coral Solenosmilia variabilis; D. close-up of surface showing oscules and larger perforations; E. view through sponge surface showing choanosomal isodictyal reticulation and tangential reticulation lining two canals; F. close-up view of strongyles in isodictyal reticulation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236020/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A) is shorter than the spicules of Northern Hemisphere
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D026A0D022797FF40FA9102F1" box="[1157,1339,151,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Janulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="262" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="spinispiculum">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D022797FF40FA9102F1" box="[1157,1339,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">J. spinispiculum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(c. 200– 240 µm;
|
||
<tableCitation id="9E4E0365026A0D022211FF65FEF20295" box="[259,344,188,213]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule dimensions (µm) of Janulum spp. Given as length [mean (min-max)] x width [mean (min-max)], n = 20 if not indicated otherwise." pageId="7" pageNumber="262">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) and the spicules of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D026A0D022141FF64FD1D0295" box="[595,695,189,212]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Janulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="262" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="imago" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D022141FF64FD1D0295" box="[595,695,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">J. imago</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8B57B7026A0D0221D3FF65FCB40294" box="[705,798,188,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D0221D3FF65FCB40294" bold="true" box="[705,798,188,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from the Louisville Seamount Chain (c. 240–320 µm) described below. The spicule was originally described as a “dumb-bell spicule of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D026A0D022736FF06FB2502B9" box="[1060,1167,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Plocamia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Axinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="262" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D022736FF06FB2502B9" box="[1060,1167,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">Plocamia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D026A0D022613FF06FA3A02B9" box="[1281,1424,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="262" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Raspailiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but the identification was uncertain given that no additional information on spiculation, skeletal architecture or morphology was available at the time.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="87B36656026A0D022385F8ECFDA905A5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236020/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="262" targetBox="[151,1436,357,1823]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="D37336DE026A0D022385F8ECFDA905A5" blockId="7.[151,1436,1845,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D022385F8ECFEB9050B" bold="true" box="[151,275,1845,1867]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphology and megascleres of New Zealand
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D026A0D0221EEF8ECFCF9050A" box="[764,851,1845,1867]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Janulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="262" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D0221EEF8ECFCF9050A" box="[764,851,1845,1867]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">Janulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species:
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D0220A0F8ECFC6E050B" bold="true" box="[946,964,1845,1866]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D026A0D0220C0F8ECFB2D050A" box="[978,1159,1845,1867]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Janulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="262" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="princeps" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D0220C0F8ECFB2D050A" box="[978,1159,1845,1867]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">Janulum princeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8B57B7026A0D02279CF8ECFB4A050B" box="[1166,1248,1845,1866]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D02279CF8ECFB4A050B" bold="true" box="[1166,1248,1845,1866]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, spined strongyle, length 160 µm, width 20 µm, reproduced from Hinde & Holmes (1892: Plate 7, Fig. 51);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D026A0D02272EF88DFB70052B" box="[1084,1242,1876,1898]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Janulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="262" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="imago" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D02272EF88DFB70052B" box="[1084,1242,1876,1898]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">Janulum imago</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8B57B7026A0D0227F0F88DFA9E0528" box="[1250,1332,1876,1897]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D0227F0F88DFA9E0528" bold="true" box="[1250,1332,1876,1897]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, holotype NIWA 94196:
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D02223FF8AAFE9405C9" bold="true" box="[301,318,1907,1928]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">B</emphasis>
|
||
. spined strongyles showing a range of curvature of the ends of the spicules;
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D022758F8ABFBF605C9" bold="true" box="[1098,1116,1906,1928]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">C</emphasis>
|
||
. preserved holotype encrusting the stony coral
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D026A0D022223F848FDB105E6" box="[305,539,1937,1959]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Solenosmilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="variabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D022223F848FDB105E6" box="[305,539,1937,1959]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">Solenosmilia variabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D02213AF848FD9005E7" bold="true" box="[552,570,1937,1958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">D</emphasis>
|
||
. close-up of surface showing oscules and larger perforations;
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D0227B9F848FB1605E7" bold="true" box="[1195,1212,1937,1958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">E</emphasis>
|
||
. view through sponge surface showing choanosomal isodictyal reticulation and tangential reticulation lining two canals;
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC026A0D0227D6F869FB7B0584" bold="true" box="[1220,1233,1968,1989]" pageId="7" pageNumber="262">F</emphasis>
|
||
. close-up view of strongyles in isodictyal reticulation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="87B3665602650D0D2385FD69FAEC0142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236021/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="263" targetBox="[160,1436,195,666]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="D37336DE02650D0D2385FD69FAEC0142" blockId="8.[151,1435,688,772]" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC02650D0D2385FD69FEBE0084" bold="true" box="[151,276,688,710]" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Megascleres and skeletal arrangement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D02650D0D21DAFD69FBBA0087" authority="Topsent, 1890" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1890" box="[712,1040,688,710]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Janulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="263" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="filholi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC02650D0D21DAFD69FCB50087" box="[712,799,688,710]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">Janulum</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC02650D0D203AFD69FCCF0087" box="[808,869,688,710]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">filholi</emphasis>
|
||
(Topsent, 1890)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, unregistered, Monaco Oceanographic Museum, Station 105 (1892), 927 m:
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC02650D0D2102FD16FD8800A5" bold="true" box="[528,546,719,740]" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC02650D0D213CFD16FD9500A5" bold="true" box="[558,575,719,740]" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">B</emphasis>
|
||
. acanthose strongyles;
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC02650D0D2038FD16FC9600A4" bold="true" box="[810,828,719,741]" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">C</emphasis>
|
||
. thick section showing multispicular isodictyal arrangement of acanthose strongyles in the skeleton (Fig. 4B, C reproduced with permission from Redmond
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC02650D0D274CFD36FB380142" box="[1118,1170,749,772]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013; Fig. 5d, c).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D37336DE02650D0D23D5FCE8FC0B01BD" blockId="8.[151,1436,816,1021]" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">
|
||
Because of the striking similarity of the Oamaru Diatomite microfossil spicule to the unique, diagnostic spined strongyles of
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC02650D0D223DFC8CFE46012C" box="[303,492,852,877]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D02650D0D223DFC8CFE42012C" box="[303,488,852,877]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Janulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="263" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="spinispiculum">J. spinispiculum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and because the microfossil spicule is shorter than those of living
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D02650D0D27C6FC8CFA9E012D" box="[1236,1332,853,876]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Janulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="263" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="imago" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC02650D0D27C6FC8CFA9E012D" box="[1236,1332,853,876]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">J. imago</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8B57B702650D0D262EFC8DFA3F012C" box="[1340,1429,852,877]" pageId="8" pageNumber="263" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC02650D0D262EFC8DFA3F012C" bold="true" box="[1340,1429,852,877]" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, we have taken the step of naming the fossil species with confidence. It is interesting to note the absence of spicules resembling those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D02650D0D226CFC44FE5001F5" box="[382,506,925,948]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Janulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="263" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="princeps" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC02650D0D226CFC44FE5001F5" box="[382,506,925,948]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">J. princeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8B57B702650D0D2110FC45FDF101F5" box="[514,603,924,949]" pageId="8" pageNumber="263" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC02650D0D2110FC45FDFC01F4" bold="true" box="[514,598,924,949]" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, in the recent review of the siliceous sponge fauna of southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ABDB764E02650D0D263DFC45FA3201F4" box="[1327,1432,924,949]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, around the same period of the Late Eocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B75D4B2F02650D0D219DFC19FCE20198" author="Lukowiak" box="[655,840,960,985]" pageId="8" pageNumber="263" refString="Lukowiak, M. (2015) Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicule record. Zootaxa, 3917 (1), 1 - 65. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3917.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">Łukowiak 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CC4D5D02650D0D2049FC19FB8E0199" box="[859,1060,960,985]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Janulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="263" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="princeps" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC02650D0D2049FC19FB8E0199" box="[859,1060,960,985]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">Janulum princeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8B57B702650D0D273EFC19FB2D0198" box="[1068,1159,960,985]" pageId="8" pageNumber="263" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1B8EACC02650D0D273EFC19FB2D0198" bold="true" box="[1068,1159,960,985]" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is the first record of the genus in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ABDB764E02650D0D23EEFC3CFE3F01BC" box="[252,405,996,1021]" name="New Zealand" pageId="8" pageNumber="263">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the South Pacific and Southern Ocean waters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |