286 lines
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286 lines
35 KiB
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<document id="401E9A232AF3216F86C41A0A26341D80" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.2650482" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e3c1263e-2650-451f-807b-dbb4bf5f09d8" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2650482" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1701714306339" checkinUser="karina" docAuthor="Willmott, Keith R., Marín, Mario A., Nakahara, Shinichi, Pomerantz, Tatiana, Lamas, Gerardo, Huertas, Blanca, Espeland, Marianne, Xiao, Lei, Hall, Jason P. W., Robinson Willmott, James I. & Freitas, André V. L." docDate="2019" docId="03C887BAFFC0FFC10E60FBC4FAE4CE12" docLanguage="en" docName="TropLepidRes.29.1.29-44.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Tropical Lepidoptera Research 29 (1)" docTitle="Optimandes eugenia Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas 2019, n. comb." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="FFF1FFC2FFC4FFC40D27FFCDFFE4C952" masterDocTitle="A revision of the new Andean butterfly genus Optimandes Marín, Nakahara & Willmott, n. gen., with the description of a new species (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina)" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="29" pageNumber="33" updateTime="1701774962631" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:title id="F6D3EB6E48B9555671C40B6872415B5E">A revision of the new Andean butterfly genus Optimandes Marín, Nakahara & Willmott, n. gen., with the description of a new species (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5C3BB654F80DCCF4F1EE72006A0770F9">Willmott, Keith R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8C6310C92848AB0BE922B5BE9ED84F00">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="EF31CC664E913EAC29CCC4F96BA70A84" type="email">kwillmott@flmnh.ufl.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E0B1174697EBBD93D99309115D25C4CC">Marín, Mario A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4DA7EAF3746529831FCE584F730ADF88">Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E61B23589E473B49289ABD188062690B">Nakahara, Shinichi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1C8525669CF4B4EA6B5DEA3ACA99540C">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9B9BD56C43ADB2289E1046E459D34DCA">Pomerantz, Tatiana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9939266DCBAC6F76038D63D3DF0DFD3A">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4A95B4E57DAE4C49F84754DDCE961BF6">Lamas, Gerardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E78CA473DDC84BABC3C47D0A7CB136CC">Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="05F9BEFCF57B7F303DD4D66C42D4C62B">Huertas, Blanca</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3B75126D7F077C23DA62BDFB2C0B0AE9">Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="13767366C803ACB1786C478B4CC29731">Espeland, Marianne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="418B95C7D56B893F7B1E672656C9122B">Arthropoda Department, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="43DB801DB4D9ED8FE47BF3859C2E0355">Xiao, Lei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A25C890D224E08B0EBFC3E16BEF9A750">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="03D43CB82F3EFF146965A59C2596390B">Hall, Jason P. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="892B89FF1D7B0866940F275D7CACC746">Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1AAF7D296AF7963FDE91C9726A070A9F">Robinson Willmott, James I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8AF41125FD106FCA2B682A178897FB7E">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A0D5E2D0CCAE2C5739AF504CA72C6FC9">Freitas, André V. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="26A4D80DF356533A8BE8F43AD460B9C0">Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="B414BA2E1C19B1FC42E5CB9FD55B8B70">Tropical Lepidoptera Research</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9095A0EC37DD852B1ED877C3084D8ABC">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="77EC1FBB68AE8EC3E7AE26104874A5A5">2019-05-03</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="820ED883675B099273385948A26EDF48">29</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="425764DB7C4F940F8E92B2D7CE542018">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="92B59ED2DE33E6CC2C568FCB00D33E41" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.2650482</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C887BAFFC0FFC10E60FBC4FAE4CE12" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10257599" ID-GBIF-Taxon="219499838" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10257599" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C887BAFFC0FFC10E60FBC4FAE4CE12" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C887BAFFC0FFC10E60FBC4FAE4CE12" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
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<subSubSection id="C37B6527FFC0FFC00E60FBC4FA3ECD73" box="[839,1498,1033,1057]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC0FFC00E60FBC4FA3ECD73" blockId="4.[839,1498,1033,1089]" box="[839,1498,1033,1057]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
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<heading id="D09681C0FFC0FFC00E60FBC4FA3ECD73" box="[839,1498,1033,1057]" fontSize="10" level="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00E60FBC4FA8ACD73" authority="(C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867)" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[839,1390,1033,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eugenia" status="n. comb.">
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<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00E60FBC4FBCCCD73" bold="true" box="[839,1064,1033,1057]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Optimandes eugenia</emphasis>
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(C. Felder & R.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC009FBFBC4FA82CD73" author="Felder, C. & Felder, R." bookContentInfo="Wien, Carl Gerold's Sohn. (3): [2]" box="[1244,1382,1033,1057]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="379 - 536" refId="ref14605" refString="Felder, C., Felder, R. 1867. Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung: Lepidoptera. Wien, Carl Gerold's Sohn. (3): [2] + 379 - 536, pls. 48 - 74." title="Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung: Lepidoptera" type="book" year="1867">Felder, 1867</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC0085FFBC4FA3ECD73" bold="true" box="[1400,1498,1033,1057]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22657C5FFC0FFC0085FFBC4FA3ECD73" box="[1400,1498,1033,1057]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37B6527FFC0FFC00946FBE4FB5BCD13" box="[1121,1215,1065,1089]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC0FFC00946FBE4FB5BCD13" blockId="4.[839,1498,1033,1089]" box="[1121,1215,1065,1089]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
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<heading id="D09681C0FFC0FFC00946FBE4FB5BCD13" box="[1121,1215,1065,1089]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" reason="1">
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<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC0FFC00946FBE4FB5BCD13" box="[1121,1215,1065,1089]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig" captionStart-5="Fig" captionStartId-0="2.[128,163,1302,1324]" captionStartId-1="3.[129,164,1241,1263]" captionStartId-2="4.[273,308,918,940]" captionStartId-3="5.[128,163,1579,1601]" captionStartId-4="6.[128,163,944,966]" captionStartId-5="8.[129,164,1007,1029]" captionTargetBox-0="[239,1377,143,1288]" captionTargetBox-1="[158,1488,136,1223]" captionTargetBox-2="[292,1339,141,870]" captionTargetBox-3="[180,1442,149,1558]" captionTargetBox-4="[187,1426,139,933]" captionTargetBox-5="[138,1491,138,997]" captionTargetId-0="graphics-480@2.[239,1352,151,1290]" captionTargetId-1="figure-346@3.[129,1503,128,1232]" captionTargetId-2="figure-562@4.[273,1359,128,899]" captionTargetId-3="figure-135@5.[166,1466,128,1577]" captionTargetId-4="figure-519@6.[187,1446,126,942]" captionTargetId-5="figure-733@8.[129,1495,128,1004]" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionTargetPageId-4="6" captionTargetPageId-5="8" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree (log-likelihood: -26562.376) showing the phylogenetic relationships among Optimandes new genus and relatives within the subtribe Euptychiina. Numbers beside branches are ultrafast bootstrap values. Names in bold were included in Euptychoides in Lamas (2004)." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Optimandes, adults, left side dorsal, right side ventral, unless stated otherwise. A,B Optimandes eugenia eugenia. A. ♂, Venezuela (lectotype Euptychia phineus). B. ♀, Venezuela (Aragua). C-F, Optimandes eugenia transversa. C. ♂, W. Ecuador (Pichincha). D. ♀, W. Ecuador (Carchi). E. ♂, Peru (Cuzco) (lectotype Euptychia transversa). F. ♀, Bolivia (Cochabamba). G,H, Optimandes mocha n. sp., holotype ♂, Ecuador. G. Dorsal surface. H. Ventral surface." captionText-2="Fig.3.A.Optimandes eugenia,morphology.A-C,O.e.transversa,♂ (FLMNH-MGCL-112616).A.Wing venation. B. Lateral view of labial palpus. C. Lateral view of foreleg. D-E, O. e. eugenia, ♀ (FLMNH-MGCL-298582). D. Lateral view of labial palpus. E. Lateral view of foreleg." captionText-3="Fig. 4. Optimandes, male genitalia. A-E, O. eugenia transversa (FLMNH-MGCL-112616, dissection KW-14-30). F-J, O. mocha n. sp. (HT, dissection KW-17-20). A,F. Lateral view terminal abdominal segments. B,G. Lateral view genitalic capsule. C,H. Dorsal view genitalic capsule. D,I. Lateral view aedeagus. E,J. Dorsal view aedeagus." captionText-4="Fig. 5. Optimandes e. eugenia, female genitalia (FLMNH-MGCL-298582, dissection SN-17-205). A. Lateral view of terminal abdominal segments. B. Ventral view of sclerotized plate ventral of ostium bursae. C. Dorsal view of genitalia. D. Perpendicular view of signa." captionText-5="Fig. 6. Distributions of species of Optimandes n. gen.: O. eugenia (left, with inset images of O. e. eugenia, above [photographed by I. Cristóbal Ríos-Málaver], and O. e. transversa, below [photographed by A. F. E. Neild]) and O. mocha n. sp. (right, photographed by K. Kertell)." pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figs. 1-6</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37B6527FFC0FFC00E67FBA4FC53CC33" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC0FFC00E67FBA4FC53CC33" blockId="4.[832,1504,1129,1377]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
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<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00E67FBA4FB9ECDD3" bold="true" box="[832,1146,1129,1153]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Diagnosis and identification</emphasis>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC009A0FBA4FA86CDD3" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1159,1378,1129,1153]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eugenia" status="n. comb.">
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<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC009A0FBA4FA86CDD3" box="[1159,1378,1129,1153]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Optimandes eugenia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC0084FFBA4FA2DCDD3" bold="true" box="[1384,1481,1129,1153]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22657C5FFC0FFC0084FFBA4FA2DCDD3" box="[1384,1481,1129,1153]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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is easily distinguished from the only other member of the genus,
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00E67FB64FBF6CD93" authority="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas, 2019" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" box="[832,1042,1193,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mocha" status="n. sp.">
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00E67FB64FBF6CD93" box="[832,1042,1193,1217]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Optimandes mocha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC0093CFB64FBBECD93" bold="true" box="[1051,1114,1193,1217]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22657C5FFC0FFC0093CFB64FBBECD93" box="[1051,1114,1193,1217]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
, as described under that species. It is superficially similar to a number of other euptychiines, but the very pronounced, single-pupilled VHW ocelli in cells Cu
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC00E78FAD4FC83CC75" attach="left" box="[863,871,1305,1319]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">2</subScript>
|
|
-Cu
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC00EA8FAD4FC73CC75" attach="left" box="[911,919,1305,1319]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">1</subScript>
|
|
and M
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC00ECFFAD4FC14CC75" attach="left" box="[1000,1008,1305,1319]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">2</subScript>
|
|
-M
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC00937FAD4FBFCCC75" attach="left" box="[1040,1048,1305,1319]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">1</subScript>
|
|
and highly reduced ocelli between them, coupled with the undulate dark postdiscal line on the VHW, are distinctive.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C37B6527FFC0FFC10E67FA44FDFACE92" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC0FFC10E67FA44FDFACE92" blockId="4.[832,1505,1417,1985]" lastBlockId="5.[128,800,1704,1984]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00E67FA44FC53CCF3" bold="true" box="[832,951,1417,1441]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Taxonomy</emphasis>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00EF7FA44FB53CCF3" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[976,1207,1417,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eugenia">
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00EF7FA44FB53CCF3" box="[976,1207,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Optimandes eugenia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
contains two subspecies that were formerly placed in different genera until united by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC00E67FA07FC3CCCB3" author="Lamas, G." bookContentInfo="Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Volume 5 A. Gainesville, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera; Scientific Publishers" box="[832,984,1481,1505]" editor="Lamas, G." pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="217 - 223" refId="ref15459" refString="Lamas, G. 2004. Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina, pp. 217 - 223. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Volume 5 A. Gainesville, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera; Scientific Publishers." title="Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B" year="2004">Lamas (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. The two taxa show little divergence in the DNA barcode (
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC0FFC00E81FA24FC0CCF53" box="[934,1000,1513,1537]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[128,163,1302,1324]" captionTargetBox="[239,1377,143,1288]" captionTargetId="graphics-480@2.[239,1352,151,1290]" captionText="Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree (log-likelihood: -26562.376) showing the phylogenetic relationships among Optimandes new genus and relatives within the subtribe Euptychiina. Numbers beside branches are ultrafast bootstrap values. Names in bold were included in Euptychoides in Lamas (2004)." pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|
), share a distinctive, sclerotized plate ventral of the ostium bursae (
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC0FFC00917F9C4FB62CF73" box="[1072,1158,1545,1569]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[128,163,944,966]" captionTargetBox="[187,1426,139,933]" captionTargetId="figure-519@6.[187,1446,126,942]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 5. Optimandes e. eugenia, female genitalia (FLMNH-MGCL-298582, dissection SN-17-205). A. Lateral view of terminal abdominal segments. B. Ventral view of sclerotized plate ventral of ostium bursae. C. Dorsal view of genitalia. D. Perpendicular view of signa." pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
|
Fig. 5
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED70AE69FFC0FFC00955F9C4FB62CF73" box="[1138,1158,1545,1569]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">B</collectionCode>
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|
; male genitalia of the nominate subspecies were not examined), occur at similar elevations, and share a number of distinctive wing pattern characters that suggest they are conspecific. These wing pattern characters include the very similar arrangement of submarginal ocelli on the VHW that is unique within the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC0099CF964FAD8CF93" box="[1211,1340,1705,1729]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Euptychiina">Euptychiina</taxonomicName>
|
|
in terms of the relative size and shape of ocelli in different cells, namely very large ocelli in cells Cu
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC00918F934FBA3CE55" attach="right" box="[1087,1095,1785,1799]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">2</subScript>
|
|
-Cu
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC00949F934FB92CE55" attach="left" box="[1134,1142,1785,1799]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">1</subScript>
|
|
and M
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC009EEF934FB35CE55" attach="left" box="[1225,1233,1785,1799]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">2</subScript>
|
|
-M
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC009D5F934FB1ECE55" attach="right" box="[1266,1274,1785,1799]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">1</subScript>
|
|
, a small but distinct ocellus in cell Cu
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC00925F8D4FBEECE75" attach="left" box="[1026,1034,1817,1831]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">1</subScript>
|
|
-M
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC0090DF8D4FBD6CE75" attach="left" box="[1066,1074,1817,1831]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">3</subScript>
|
|
and a virtually obsolete ocellus in cell M
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC00E7FF8F4FC84CE15" attach="left" box="[856,864,1849,1863]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">3</subScript>
|
|
-M
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC00EA7F8F4FC6CCE15" attach="left" box="[896,904,1849,1863]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">2</subScript>
|
|
(in some otherwise very similar
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC0082FF8E4FA48CE13" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[1288,1452,1833,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hermeuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC0082FF8E4FA48CE13" box="[1288,1452,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Hermeuptychia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the ocelli in cells Cu
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC00927F894FBECCE35" attach="right" box="[1024,1032,1881,1895]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">1</subScript>
|
|
-
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED70AE69FFC0FFC00928F887FBCCCE33" box="[1039,1064,1866,1889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">M</collectionCode>
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC0090FF894FBD4CE35" attach="left" box="[1064,1072,1881,1895]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">3</subScript>
|
|
and
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED70AE69FFC0FFC0094CF887FB67CE33" box="[1131,1155,1866,1889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">M</collectionCode>
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC009A4F894FB6FCE35" attach="left" box="[1155,1163,1881,1895]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">3</subScript>
|
|
-
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED70AE69FFC0FFC009B5F887FB4FCE33" box="[1170,1195,1866,1889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">M</collectionCode>
|
|
<date id="FFDF106CFFC0FFC0098CF894FB08CE30" box="[1195,1260,1866,1895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC0098CF894FB57CE35" attach="left" box="[1195,1203,1881,1895]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">2</subScript>
|
|
may
|
|
</date>
|
|
be small but distinct, or virtually obsolete, but are similar in both cells), and a small ocellus in cell 2A-Cu
|
|
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC0FFC0090AF854FBD1CEF5" attach="left" box="[1069,1077,1945,1959]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">2</subScript>
|
|
(absent, for example, in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00868F847FA55CEF3" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1359,1457,1930,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nossis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00868F847FA55CEF3" box="[1359,1457,1930,1953]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">E. nossis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
); in addition, the ocelli that are each surrounded by a yellow ring that is well-defined and narrow, and have a single central white pupil (
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC1FFC10DE1F905FEECCFB2" box="[198,264,1736,1760]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[129,164,1241,1263]" captionTargetBox="[158,1488,136,1223]" captionTargetId="figure-346@3.[129,1503,128,1232]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Optimandes, adults, left side dorsal, right side ventral, unless stated otherwise. A,B Optimandes eugenia eugenia. A. ♂, Venezuela (lectotype Euptychia phineus). B. ♀, Venezuela (Aragua). C-F, Optimandes eugenia transversa. C. ♂, W. Ecuador (Pichincha). D. ♀, W. Ecuador (Carchi). E. ♂, Peru (Cuzco) (lectotype Euptychia transversa). F. ♀, Bolivia (Cochabamba). G,H, Optimandes mocha n. sp., holotype ♂, Ecuador. G. Dorsal surface. H. Ventral surface." pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|
), are further useful distinguishing characters. The undulate dark postdiscal line on the VHW is also distinctive and shared between the taxa, although the nominate subspecies has a straighter dark VHW discal line than
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC10F4FF8E4FCFECE12" box="[616,794,1833,1856]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
|
O. e.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC1FFC10F8EF8E4FCFECE12" authorityName="Weymer" authorityYear="1911" box="[681,794,1833,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transversa">transversa</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
. Mimicry with other cloud forest euptychiines is a possible explanation for the principal difference between the two taxa, namely the large white patch of scaling on the VHW of
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC10FCCF844FF15CE92" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
|
O. e.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC1FFC10DA7F864FF15CE92" authorityName="Weymer" authorityYear="1911" box="[128,241,1961,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transversa">transversa</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
, as discussed further below.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<caption id="DF1E6624FFC1FFC10DA7F9E6FD73CF29" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" startId="5.[128,163,1579,1601]" targetBox="[180,1442,149,1558]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC1FFC10DA7F9E6FD73CF29" blockId="5.[128,1505,1579,1659]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC10DA7F9E6FF25CF12" bold="true" box="[128,193,1579,1601]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC1FFC10DEFF9E6FED8CF12" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" box="[200,316,1579,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC10DEFF9E6FED8CF12" box="[200,316,1579,1600]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Optimandes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, male genitalia.
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC10CC7F9E6FDEBCF12" bold="true" box="[480,527,1579,1600]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">A-E,</emphasis>
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC10F31F9E6FD0ACF13" box="[534,750,1579,1601]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC1FFC10F31F9E6FD65CF13" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[534,641,1579,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eugenia">O. eugenia</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC1FFC10FAEF9E1FD0ACF13" authorityName="Weymer" authorityYear="1911" box="[649,750,1580,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transversa">transversa</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(FLMNH-MGCL-112616, dissection KW-14-30).
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC109F8F9E6FAECCF12" bold="true" box="[1247,1288,1579,1600]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">F-J,</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC1FFC10828F9E6FA8ACF12" authority="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas, 2019" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" box="[1295,1390,1579,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mocha" status="n. sp.">
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC10828F9E6FA8ACF12" box="[1295,1390,1579,1600]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">O. mocha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC10852F9E6FA49CF12" bold="true" box="[1397,1453,1579,1600]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22657C5FFC1FFC10852F9E6FA49CF12" box="[1397,1453,1579,1600]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(HT, dissection KW-17-20).
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC10C78F985FE61CF0F" bold="true" box="[351,389,1608,1629]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">A,F</emphasis>
|
|
. Lateral view terminal abdominal segments.
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC10E16F985FCBDCF0C" bold="true" box="[817,857,1608,1630]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">B,G</emphasis>
|
|
. Lateral view genitalic capsule.
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC109ABF985FB52CF0C" bold="true" box="[1164,1206,1608,1630]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">C,H</emphasis>
|
|
. Dorsal view genitalic capsule.
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC10DA7F9A8FF43CF28" bold="true" box="[128,167,1637,1658]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">D,I.</emphasis>
|
|
Lateral view aedeagus.
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC10CA8F9A8FE5CCF28" bold="true" box="[399,440,1637,1658]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">E,J.</emphasis>
|
|
Dorsal view aedeagus.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C37B6527FFC1FFC10E67F965FAE4CE12" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC1FFC10E67F965FAE4CE12" blockId="5.[832,1504,1704,1856]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC10E67F965FB34CF92" bold="true" box="[832,1232,1704,1728]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Distribution and natural history:</emphasis>
|
|
This species is known from northern Venezuela, western Ecuador and from the east Andean slopes of Ecuador south to Bolivia, in cloud forest from
|
|
<quantity id="4C999B49FFC1FFC10E67F8C5FC35CE72" box="[832,977,1800,1824]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="1600.0" valueMax="2200.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000-2200 m</quantity>
|
|
elevation (
|
|
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC1FFC1096CF8C5FB6ACE72" box="[1099,1166,1800,1824]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1007,1029]" captionTargetBox="[138,1491,138,997]" captionTargetId="figure-733@8.[129,1495,128,1004]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Distributions of species of Optimandes n. gen.: O. eugenia (left, with inset images of O. e. eugenia, above [photographed by I. Cristóbal Ríos-Málaver], and O. e. transversa, below [photographed by A. F. E. Neild]) and O. mocha n. sp. (right, photographed by K. Kertell)." pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
|
). The immature stages of
|
|
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC1FFC1088CF8C4FC55CE12" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
|
O. e.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC1FFC10E67F8E4FC55CE12" authorityName="Weymer" authorityYear="1911" box="[832,945,1833,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transversa">transversa</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
are described under that taxon.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |