286 lines
41 KiB
XML
286 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1181-167" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7284D377F64253E0AF69CFBDBF89912A" ID-ZooBank="E38531F280734B9EA3ECE05D03865AF5" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1181-167" checkinTime="1696562467154" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cherneva, Irina, Ellison, Christina I., Zattara, Eduardo E., Norenburg, Jon L., Schwartz, Megan L., Junoy, Juan & Maslakova, Svetlana A." docDate="2023" docId="66ACAAE4A82B5D1D95F55BE80C36B517" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1181: 167-200" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1181" docPubDate="2023-10-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521" docTitle="Tetranemertes bifrost Cherneva & Ellison & Zattara & Norenburg & Schwartz & Junoy & Maslakova 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="BD99B99B-0F94-403B-86E2-068BD6993D15" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" id="7284D377F64253E0AF69CFBDBF89912A" lastPageNumber="167" masterDocId="7284D377F64253E0AF69CFBDBF89912A" masterDocTitle="Seven new species of Tetranemertes Chernyshev, 1992 (Monostilifera, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from the Caribbean Sea, western Pacific, and Arabian Sea, and revision of the genus" masterLastPageNumber="200" masterPageNumber="167" pageNumber="167" updateTime="1696562769381" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="D9C4C70026747358F1C951579157FCCC">Seven new species of Tetranemertes Chernyshev, 1992 (Monostilifera, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from the Caribbean Sea, western Pacific, and Arabian Sea, and revision of the genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="77CD55BEF39F5418A13375F5258174C9">Cherneva, Irina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1A1A0A3178E6FA947FA846E7E222B0FD">Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CE65F2C413FFCBA861FE188FCB7C87C6">Ellison, Christina I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="45393B8F7CF9D20E265885266D9EFE97" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1856-386X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="C2431BA15DEA95C4D15B32BF40EFB03E">Oregon Institute of Marine Biology and Biology Department, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BF0F078E449712F8622535536AF6A879">Zattara, Eduardo E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="837B0FAC943221AB8E86E733EBA2911A" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9947-9036</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="2C803647C9A5E4D11D03E4D494C51831">Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas, Bariloche, Argentina & Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="018C16E411A25F2EC82CD97392CD643A">Norenburg, Jon L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D8D7E3EF4E737DFA116F382E22CB0A89" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7776-1527</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="DFF3090CDEA709025F4C6603143367B3">Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C356EEBFAC15509C5812FF59E466F3C6">Schwartz, Megan L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9067C487D42E1AE98C93C39AD46501BB" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5318-2838</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="23C60D33D36F41A6039A8C7310BC5574">School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="934679CEC866FC35838137AA33D17430">Junoy, Juan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A1478481BB9B08C7456369A47E3BE9FA" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6125-558X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="D1887DE7CC5508720AAF9F5F27D7DE90">Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3665941D2BA5A6D04262E3A06780A9CF">Maslakova, Svetlana A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C5BD63F0A0B8D8B3FEBCAD4640826828">Oregon Institute of Marine Biology and Biology Department, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="135BAE1A7CC10D3FFAE619089CAABED4" type="email">svetlana@uoregon.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="CCE92C9958B648B84C759C056204DDF1">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E52397144F38F471A3D80E076B1106CF">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C1EBF148AE718FF52983687FF3625D18">2023-10-05</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="36B50891294A1421396F1DB6316CEE30">1181</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="850131014AC338D48DF57FBF7AB6249F">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="3D096A6CD30A6B20863B06FE02E8E7EB">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="37E2CF8410ADBAB0B6DCB74FD230F614" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="66ACAAE4A82B5D1D95F55BE80C36B517" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BD99B99B-0F94-403B-86E2-068BD6993D15" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/66ACAAE4A82B5D1D95F55BE80C36B517" lastPageNumber="167" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
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<paragraph id="FCA6CD958D5FD32FECA81E85B6D4AA58" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
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<taxonomicName id="AB3EB592B7185FF2D993ED383C2B5EAC" LSID="https://zoobank.org/BD99B99B-0F94-403B-86E2-068BD6993D15" authority="Cherneva & Ellison & Zattara & Norenburg & Schwartz & Junoy & Maslakova, 2023" authorityName="Cherneva & Ellison & Zattara & Norenburg & Schwartz & Junoy & Maslakova" authorityYear="2023" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Oerstediidae" genus="Tetranemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetranemertes bifrost" order="Monostilifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bifrost" status="sp. nov.">Tetranemertes bifrost</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="E7CAF89B7BA1FF8E50A2B76D7D4A5BAA" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="4638ACC7E01F0C74B20D1518CD822E95" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="description">
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<paragraph id="57F2CE74BA84BE53D65853975EA64F65" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
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<figureCitation id="994F3B4436AC203F4DA7A3B7A9FA7EAB" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Tetranemertes bifrost sp. nov. A-C external appearance in life of individuals CBdT 0062 (A), CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (B), and CB 057 _ 18 _ 07 (C) showing variation in color D ventral view of anterior end of individual SMCP 0366 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead) E, F close up views of head in dorsal (E) and ventral (F) view of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 showing distribution of pigment, eyes, and the cephalic furrow (arrowhead on F) G anterior end of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 03 compressed under a glass slide to show number and distribution of eyes H, I stylets of individuals CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (H) and CB 057 _ 18 _ 04 (I). Note the sculpted stylets, and the difference in basis shape (forked or rounded posteriorly). Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, pb - proboscis. Scale bars: 5 mm (A-C); 1 mm (D); 0.5 mm (E-G); 25 μm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916924" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="3E229B5E6426305E485B890B0F3ADEC0" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="7FE55C6E77760291E22D96E0DFD73079" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="19C0E569B8BBFC99F3B2616FFB4520D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
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<materialsCitation id="96E99DD0ADDCF8DC2279009574878B3C" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" location="Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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Type material in the form of histological sections, anterior end preserved for histology, and tissue in 95% ethanol is deposited with the
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<location id="85392845D21EDBB27A1A2A522B7758DB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:66ACAAE4A82B5D1D95F55BE80C36B517:85392845D21EDBB27A1A2A522B7758DB" name="Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History">
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Smithsonian
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<normalizedToken id="0AAF11F738B89701E4630853FC9269A5" originalValue="Institution’s">Institution's</normalizedToken>
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National Museum of Natural History
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||
</location>
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:
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<typeStatus id="B88CD4603EAC3ACE884A7E924914D5E0">holotype</typeStatus>
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CB057_18_07 (USNM 1618678),
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<typeStatus id="C0C125C3CF19265D803AB13D5B554197">paratype</typeStatus>
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852_080203_8 (USNM 1156475),
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<typeStatus id="BEDADE7710E11B75F32F035F35A22965">paratype</typeStatus>
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CB057_18_01 (USNM 1618745). See Table
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<tableCitation id="46B3EBDEC8419108F3A0E6B7994184E2" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Examined specimens of Tetranemertes species. USNM - National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution, USA), FLMNH - Florida Museum of Natural History (University of Florida, USA). OIMB - Oregon Institute of Marine Biology (University of Oregon, USA). MCZ-IZ - Museum of Comparative Zoology, Invertebrate Zoology (Harvard University, USA). MNCN - Museo National de Ciencias Naturales (Madrid, Spain). N / A - not available." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/70230C9428E27A83DE03D347E034A6DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" tableUuid="70230C9428E27A83DE03D347E034A6DE">1</tableCitation>
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for
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<typeStatus id="EBA2295FED54043F0CA14135DCCA8D20" isOtherTypeStatus="true">additional specimens</typeStatus>
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and accession numbers, and Table
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<tableCitation id="2D3ED7B412F7E1F80E8E559998AFB1C6" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Collecting information for Tetranemertes specimens." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EFD9BD4EFD87DD577897ACBFCB395DA1" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" tableUuid="EFD9BD4EFD87DD577897ACBFCB395DA1">2</tableCitation>
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for collecting information
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8F2376162655C1B2591CC4DDB8FE2F36" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="C7727344F9F0708B2AFDD377C5578DD3" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4BAB9052191556903FB93CA4913FBEE3" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
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<taxonomicName id="9EF91B18FE1CC8B17579BCD4EBE07E09" authorityName="Cherneva & Ellison & Zattara & Norenburg & Schwartz & Junoy & Maslakova" authorityYear="2023" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Oerstediidae" genus="Tetranemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetranemertes bifrost" order="Monostilifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bifrost">
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<emphasis id="16B86EFCB3397EB7501763BE466A05A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Tetranemertes bifrost</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. differs from all other species of this genus by its distinctive color: purple to black dorsally, with a pattern of bright iridescent longitudinal stripes and spots, which may appear blue, green, yellow and orange, depending on the type of lighting, background, and individual, and blue ventrally. Additionally, it differs from
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<taxonomicName id="A788322F084251E20309B7FAE89265C1" class="Enopla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. antonina" order="Monostilifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="antonina">
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<emphasis id="83E61A3B99D48F7CBDE9DACE039E2AD5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">T. antonina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="17FC5107260B3B6EC5CC2CA7C16C11B9" class="Enopla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. hermaphroditica" order="Monostilifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="hermaphroditica">
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<emphasis id="C3BBA181C756AA76793AF774E3D2EFAC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">T. hermaphroditica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="B7F2BEF655B969A7CF7E02AD515D8CC3" class="Enopla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. paulayi" order="Monostilifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="paulayi">
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<emphasis id="C9E96961C0E63E3082C6B6C358FCD201" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">T. paulayi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. by basis of central stylet posteriorly forked, and from the first two species by having stylets sculpted with spiral groves. At the molecular level, COI barcodes of sequenced specimens clearly differentiate it from other species of
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<taxonomicName id="E1D85CB578BD164CBE1CFCB6F33B7B15" authorityName="Chernyshev" authorityYear="1992" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Oerstediidae" genus="Tetranemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetranemertes" order="Monostilifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4701456FCA37A998F30F1659DA894DDD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Tetranemertes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Table
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<tableCitation id="252EAF2F6BC235F818BD54185E22942D" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="T5" captionText="Table 5. Averaged Jukes-Cantor distances for all possible pairwise intraspecific (diagonal, bold) and interspecific (above diagonal) comparisons of Cytochrome Oxidase I sequences of Tetranemertes species. Assignments based on morphological species hypotheses. The asterisk (*) marks species represented by sequence data for only one individual." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/58E99FAB63AB7F3998541470CC3D62A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" tableUuid="58E99FAB63AB7F3998541470CC3D62A8">5</tableCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="79990FB30078210B7BA069757D76C922" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="964EF11F1AE98CD36363D6994A17112E" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FBDB9ED971FDA1AE152EF380192EA8CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
|
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<emphasis id="24AC769DE2C760F72BB15770320AFED8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
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<emphasis id="38698528D649E05DB14F430EFD5F9C34" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">External appearance of live specimens</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Long, thin, thread-like body. Can stretch much more than 200 mm long, and up to 0.5 mm wide at the head; body up to 0.7 mm wide. Body slightly compressed dorso-laterally in cross-section throughout most of its length. The caudal end is rounded with no obvious modifications.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF84D3552CE73FB629E9CF6ED92BDB96" authorityName="Cherneva & Ellison & Zattara & Norenburg & Schwartz & Junoy & Maslakova" authorityYear="2023" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Oerstediidae" genus="Tetranemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetranemertes bifrost" order="Monostilifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bifrost">
|
||
<emphasis id="E88A5AE2BAA5D3B8555598B89A8CC7C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Tetranemertes bifrost</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is, perhaps, the most spectacularly colored nemertean in the Caribbean, if not the world (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="43B92744121DC2BFE7B8A05935154CAF" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Tetranemertes bifrost sp. nov. A-C external appearance in life of individuals CBdT 0062 (A), CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (B), and CB 057 _ 18 _ 07 (C) showing variation in color D ventral view of anterior end of individual SMCP 0366 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead) E, F close up views of head in dorsal (E) and ventral (F) view of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 showing distribution of pigment, eyes, and the cephalic furrow (arrowhead on F) G anterior end of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 03 compressed under a glass slide to show number and distribution of eyes H, I stylets of individuals CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (H) and CB 057 _ 18 _ 04 (I). Note the sculpted stylets, and the difference in basis shape (forked or rounded posteriorly). Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, pb - proboscis. Scale bars: 5 mm (A-C); 1 mm (D); 0.5 mm (E-G); 25 μm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916924" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">4A-F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Larger individuals present a black to deep purple body dorsally, with a discontinuous bright blue mid-dorsal longitudinal stripe running from anterior to posterior tip of body. The blue stripe is flanked by two continuous dorso-lateral stripes that tend to appear orange to yellow in larger individuals, or sky blue to luminescent green in smaller individuals. The flanking stripes begin at the level of the cerebral organ furrow, and continue to the posterior tip of body. The pigment composing the stripes is highly iridescent, so that perceived coloration changes with type and direction of incident light. Ventral side is typically bright blue, pigment scattered over the dark background in a form of numerous tiny speckles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1B23E9B9BD7BAD04AC61115E265D64A" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Tetranemertes bifrost sp. nov. A-C external appearance in life of individuals CBdT 0062 (A), CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (B), and CB 057 _ 18 _ 07 (C) showing variation in color D ventral view of anterior end of individual SMCP 0366 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead) E, F close up views of head in dorsal (E) and ventral (F) view of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 showing distribution of pigment, eyes, and the cephalic furrow (arrowhead on F) G anterior end of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 03 compressed under a glass slide to show number and distribution of eyes H, I stylets of individuals CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (H) and CB 057 _ 18 _ 04 (I). Note the sculpted stylets, and the difference in basis shape (forked or rounded posteriorly). Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, pb - proboscis. Scale bars: 5 mm (A-C); 1 mm (D); 0.5 mm (E-G); 25 μm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916924" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">4A, D, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). When placed in a dish, worms tangle into a writhing mass, and secrete transparent sticky mucus when handled. Move by ciliary gliding, often with a peristaltic wave passing along the anterior part of the body. When mechanically perturbed, contract into a loose coil. The anterior head region is less contractile, causing an obvious discontinuity in width. Blood is colorless. Remarkably resistant to breaking while being extracted from complex substratum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7A1CE22B64ED92812462A3E1111B66DE" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916924" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph id="41CE750180D2A99B6C8D22082F171679" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<emphasis id="09610DD2E17406450E9ADCFE715E30CB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE57F94488ED120C3370CAE658A5D5E7" authorityName="Cherneva & Ellison & Zattara & Norenburg & Schwartz & Junoy & Maslakova" authorityYear="2023" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Oerstediidae" genus="Tetranemertes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetranemertes bifrost" order="Monostilifera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bifrost">
|
||
<emphasis id="1ADD9567DCD544B733C7F3C3794612CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Tetranemertes bifrost</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis id="F7FB0A7449071C238F01533CBA76F83F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">A-C</emphasis>
|
||
external appearance in life of individuals CBdT0062 (
|
||
<emphasis id="C585370F0E927712F0D0E96214056196" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">A</emphasis>
|
||
), CB057_18_01 (
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCEB452FCB9948231A036131EBECF7B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">B</emphasis>
|
||
), and CB057_18_07 (
|
||
<emphasis id="4F3F048F4A57F1F0B98371B12CB107C7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">C</emphasis>
|
||
) showing variation in color
|
||
<emphasis id="251E51745524894F775AA456D06CD615" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">D</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view of anterior end of individual SMCP0366 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead)
|
||
<emphasis id="40BC02CFDEFCB935947449D508F0E22F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">E, F</emphasis>
|
||
close up views of head in dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="DDE4DAE6F80BD6BFD0BB5C67CE6C53E0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">E</emphasis>
|
||
) and ventral (
|
||
<emphasis id="D1B136E4ABC32D57FB9D922342E3FECF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">F</emphasis>
|
||
) view of individual CB057_18_01 showing distribution of pigment, eyes, and the cephalic furrow (arrowhead on
|
||
<emphasis id="911BA70992E4E7868451428F5A05BC55" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">F</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="2EEB0FA7C0ECBB762A16FAEC23CFAC76" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">G</emphasis>
|
||
anterior end of individual CB057_18_03 compressed under a glass slide to show number and distribution of eyes
|
||
<emphasis id="E3FDE9171FB73CDB6B8D411705C15262" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">H, I</emphasis>
|
||
stylets of individuals CB057_18_01 (
|
||
<emphasis id="6ED80227303665597260661516C5E431" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">H</emphasis>
|
||
) and CB057_18_04 (I). Note the sculpted stylets, and the difference in basis shape (forked or rounded posteriorly). Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, pb - proboscis. Scale bars: 5 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="5A235DBF53753BACDEBC92AA820FB0B9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">A-C</emphasis>
|
||
); 1 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="037861AC335C811C045C698A4D8A31B4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">D</emphasis>
|
||
); 0.5 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="0E8991D49EE0F40AE130B41120AE3B92" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">E-G</emphasis>
|
||
); 25
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A6C287084173B51975A3DBE29D774FFC" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="CAB6804D3199059853DC8F84B0C1BFB2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">H, I</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F37170096AEAD7C6DE897A4647DFC0D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
|
||
The head has a characteristic, narrow diamond or spearhead shape, vaguely reminiscent of a
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9A2117CF13822A1D8DFE1D318D39E8E1" originalValue="viper’s">viper's</normalizedToken>
|
||
head, its anterior region demarcated from the rest of body both by width and a single ventral cephalic furrow, formed by the midventral fusion of the cerebral organ furrows. The cephalic furrow is located anterior to the cerebral ganglia, runs from the lateral sides toward the ventral midline forming a shallow forward-pointing
|
||
<normalizedToken id="890EFAA12830ECA49B319598C9571CAF" originalValue="“V”">"V"</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Margins of the head are clear, translucent; the anterior-most mid-dorsal part of the head often reddish brown (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="1E1B651E6D30F87990E1719E745E6D27" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Tetranemertes bifrost sp. nov. A-C external appearance in life of individuals CBdT 0062 (A), CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (B), and CB 057 _ 18 _ 07 (C) showing variation in color D ventral view of anterior end of individual SMCP 0366 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead) E, F close up views of head in dorsal (E) and ventral (F) view of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 showing distribution of pigment, eyes, and the cephalic furrow (arrowhead on F) G anterior end of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 03 compressed under a glass slide to show number and distribution of eyes H, I stylets of individuals CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (H) and CB 057 _ 18 _ 04 (I). Note the sculpted stylets, and the difference in basis shape (forked or rounded posteriorly). Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, pb - proboscis. Scale bars: 5 mm (A-C); 1 mm (D); 0.5 mm (E-G); 25 μm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916924" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">4G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Small yellow-orange iridescent speckles are scattered on the lateral sides of the head at the level of the cephalic furrow (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="1A3002CF79A695478A1B09D04E53CBD9" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Tetranemertes bifrost sp. nov. A-C external appearance in life of individuals CBdT 0062 (A), CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (B), and CB 057 _ 18 _ 07 (C) showing variation in color D ventral view of anterior end of individual SMCP 0366 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead) E, F close up views of head in dorsal (E) and ventral (F) view of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 showing distribution of pigment, eyes, and the cephalic furrow (arrowhead on F) G anterior end of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 03 compressed under a glass slide to show number and distribution of eyes H, I stylets of individuals CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (H) and CB 057 _ 18 _ 04 (I). Note the sculpted stylets, and the difference in basis shape (forked or rounded posteriorly). Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, pb - proboscis. Scale bars: 5 mm (A-C); 1 mm (D); 0.5 mm (E-G); 25 μm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916924" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">4E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mouth and rhynchopore combine into a single ventral anterior rhynchostomopore. Posterior cephalic furrows lacking.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="82F1A4EF61F8D30BE2750BC5E95A109E" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Numerous small reddish brown ocelli (10-20 on each side of head) are arranged in four longitudinal rows (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3E0973894AF8B8AB185AC7E78E57154" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Tetranemertes bifrost sp. nov. A-C external appearance in life of individuals CBdT 0062 (A), CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (B), and CB 057 _ 18 _ 07 (C) showing variation in color D ventral view of anterior end of individual SMCP 0366 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead) E, F close up views of head in dorsal (E) and ventral (F) view of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 showing distribution of pigment, eyes, and the cephalic furrow (arrowhead on F) G anterior end of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 03 compressed under a glass slide to show number and distribution of eyes H, I stylets of individuals CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (H) and CB 057 _ 18 _ 04 (I). Note the sculpted stylets, and the difference in basis shape (forked or rounded posteriorly). Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, pb - proboscis. Scale bars: 5 mm (A-C); 1 mm (D); 0.5 mm (E-G); 25 μm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916924" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">4E-G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The medial rows, which are not visible in ventral view, reach as far back as anterior margin of cerebral ganglia. The lateral rows have fewer eyes, reach slightly past the cephalic furrow and are visible in ventral view (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="DBC12AA21DEAF2B85533E3FB65AC4E63" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Tetranemertes bifrost sp. nov. A-C external appearance in life of individuals CBdT 0062 (A), CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (B), and CB 057 _ 18 _ 07 (C) showing variation in color D ventral view of anterior end of individual SMCP 0366 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead) E, F close up views of head in dorsal (E) and ventral (F) view of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 showing distribution of pigment, eyes, and the cephalic furrow (arrowhead on F) G anterior end of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 03 compressed under a glass slide to show number and distribution of eyes H, I stylets of individuals CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (H) and CB 057 _ 18 _ 04 (I). Note the sculpted stylets, and the difference in basis shape (forked or rounded posteriorly). Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, pb - proboscis. Scale bars: 5 mm (A-C); 1 mm (D); 0.5 mm (E-G); 25 μm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916924" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">4F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ocelli are somewhat obscured by the dark pigment of the head, and best seen in worms compressed between a slide and a cover-glass (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="3BEFADF7F21C8C61135FC27113129918" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Tetranemertes bifrost sp. nov. A-C external appearance in life of individuals CBdT 0062 (A), CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (B), and CB 057 _ 18 _ 07 (C) showing variation in color D ventral view of anterior end of individual SMCP 0366 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead) E, F close up views of head in dorsal (E) and ventral (F) view of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 showing distribution of pigment, eyes, and the cephalic furrow (arrowhead on F) G anterior end of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 03 compressed under a glass slide to show number and distribution of eyes H, I stylets of individuals CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (H) and CB 057 _ 18 _ 04 (I). Note the sculpted stylets, and the difference in basis shape (forked or rounded posteriorly). Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, pb - proboscis. Scale bars: 5 mm (A-C); 1 mm (D); 0.5 mm (E-G); 25 μm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916924" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">4G</figureCitation>
|
||
). When viewed from dorsal side appear to form two rows (because the two rows on each side of head are almost directly on top of each other).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3C38FC0D1CB66A42AE66E3E45B84A6B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Cerebral organs are small and inconspicuous, difficult to see in living specimens, even when compressed under a glass slide and viewed under a compound microscope. Anterior to the cephalic furrow, the head is dorso-ventrally flattened; posterior to it, there is a dorsal bulge over the brain, and the body is rounder in cross-section than the anterior tip. The anterior margin of the head is bluntly pointed, indented anteriorly by the rhynchostomopore. The cerebral ganglia are clear, and are located at the base of the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B544BE37B198860E0AC996E42342749A" originalValue="“spearhead”">"spearhead"</normalizedToken>
|
||
, connected by fairly wide cerebral commissures (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="BD986774F8F8E1E08B184B7CDB3909FC" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Tetranemertes bifrost sp. nov. A-C external appearance in life of individuals CBdT 0062 (A), CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (B), and CB 057 _ 18 _ 07 (C) showing variation in color D ventral view of anterior end of individual SMCP 0366 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead) E, F close up views of head in dorsal (E) and ventral (F) view of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 showing distribution of pigment, eyes, and the cephalic furrow (arrowhead on F) G anterior end of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 03 compressed under a glass slide to show number and distribution of eyes H, I stylets of individuals CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (H) and CB 057 _ 18 _ 04 (I). Note the sculpted stylets, and the difference in basis shape (forked or rounded posteriorly). Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, pb - proboscis. Scale bars: 5 mm (A-C); 1 mm (D); 0.5 mm (E-G); 25 μm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916924" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">4G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C072487D6F5AC8A494D80137F8CDA0C4" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<emphasis id="E53C57EE4E38CC0122EDC5D33B9FBD5B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<emphasis id="08A34DC138BDAAB6C03F11F7E7F137FD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Rhynchocoel and proboscis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Rhynchocoel does not exceed 1/3 of body length. Proboscis transparent, with two distinctive regions separated by a stylet region. The anterior proboscis is much shorter than the posterior, and the stylet bulb has a length to width ratio of ~ 1. The proboscis is armed with a single central stylet and a pair of lateral pouches holding two accessory stylets each. The shaft of the stylet is straight, sculpted with longitudinal grooves, twisted into a slight spiral (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="6EA5F0BA5339EB76DD0C5F1709313EFE" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Tetranemertes bifrost sp. nov. A-C external appearance in life of individuals CBdT 0062 (A), CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (B), and CB 057 _ 18 _ 07 (C) showing variation in color D ventral view of anterior end of individual SMCP 0366 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead) E, F close up views of head in dorsal (E) and ventral (F) view of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 showing distribution of pigment, eyes, and the cephalic furrow (arrowhead on F) G anterior end of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 03 compressed under a glass slide to show number and distribution of eyes H, I stylets of individuals CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (H) and CB 057 _ 18 _ 04 (I). Note the sculpted stylets, and the difference in basis shape (forked or rounded posteriorly). Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, pb - proboscis. Scale bars: 5 mm (A-C); 1 mm (D); 0.5 mm (E-G); 25 μm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916924" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">4H, I</figureCitation>
|
||
). The basis is rod-shaped with an approximate 1:4 ratio of width to length, and is forked posteriorly (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="3A2DE0CEC8512C75204D69840AE2EFD4" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Tetranemertes bifrost sp. nov. A-C external appearance in life of individuals CBdT 0062 (A), CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (B), and CB 057 _ 18 _ 07 (C) showing variation in color D ventral view of anterior end of individual SMCP 0366 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead) E, F close up views of head in dorsal (E) and ventral (F) view of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 showing distribution of pigment, eyes, and the cephalic furrow (arrowhead on F) G anterior end of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 03 compressed under a glass slide to show number and distribution of eyes H, I stylets of individuals CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (H) and CB 057 _ 18 _ 04 (I). Note the sculpted stylets, and the difference in basis shape (forked or rounded posteriorly). Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, pb - proboscis. Scale bars: 5 mm (A-C); 1 mm (D); 0.5 mm (E-G); 25 μm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916924" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">4H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The smallest individual in which stylets have been examined had a smaller posteriorly rounded basis and a smaller stylet (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4126EB897EC44EB744D6B4ACC1141E7D" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Tetranemertes bifrost sp. nov. A-C external appearance in life of individuals CBdT 0062 (A), CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (B), and CB 057 _ 18 _ 07 (C) showing variation in color D ventral view of anterior end of individual SMCP 0366 showing cephalic furrow (arrowhead) E, F close up views of head in dorsal (E) and ventral (F) view of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 showing distribution of pigment, eyes, and the cephalic furrow (arrowhead on F) G anterior end of individual CB 057 _ 18 _ 03 compressed under a glass slide to show number and distribution of eyes H, I stylets of individuals CB 057 _ 18 _ 01 (H) and CB 057 _ 18 _ 04 (I). Note the sculpted stylets, and the difference in basis shape (forked or rounded posteriorly). Abbreviations: cg - cerebral ganglion, pb - proboscis. Scale bars: 5 mm (A-C); 1 mm (D); 0.5 mm (E-G); 25 μm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1181.109521.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/916924" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">4I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Stylet to basis length ratio is 1.2-1.3 (
|
||
<emphasis id="A713A6FADBB28F102C6A1B7F496633DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 4). The wall of the rhynchocoel is tinged blue.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0AA364D339921640194BA06B7DF0B710" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CD04CC5D053A898CD0A0184CBA7E8B5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<emphasis id="EA7B92452754E502A191CEA61E04D2D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Reproduction</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Oocytes, measuring 50-80 micron in diameter were noted in specimen CB057_18_03 collected in August 2018.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1B98473ACE24F2728FAEE0BA3A0B52DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph id="ED5A424F0543920A7CA61A7852FCEE95" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F6F6ECE234484B7716844C2DDB46B88C" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Free living, benthic marine worms inhabiting coral rubble, gravel, and shell hash. Often found stretched between nooks and crannies of the substratum.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5AE791C28731D05CFD36ED78948A22E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="20D1F34CD0C1C2C6F4AE2106A9BE638E" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Geographic distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="16618480DC1FC1FF62901FB22ECAF7CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Caribbean Sea: Bocas del Toro,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="87C3F5914D3743CAB059C9F66F0D79FB" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
|
||
, also common at Fuerte Sherman, Colon,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C46E39858D0A8C04F709B04FA3F9D2E1" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
|
||
; photographed off Puerto Rico, draped over an unknown fan coral (in 1970s by Smithsonian photographer Kjell Sandved).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DFD89E2AAC2F004A682CB998B927E7EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="93166E41C354AB437FC51500E55DA7EC" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F24D2CFF72871FFFA26B34358568D49B" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">The name refers to the bright, colorful iridescent stripes and spots characterizing this species. Bifrost, the rainbow bridge in the Norse mythology, reaches between Midgard, the human Earth, and Asgard, the realm of the gods. Some authors state that the name Bifrost means "shimmering path" or "the swaying road to heaven", and that it might be inspired by the Milky Way.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |