457 lines
51 KiB
XML
457 lines
51 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="69586A514A08AE3E2A1EA10D1EA91EEF">Digitonthophagus Balthasar, 1959: taxonomy, systematics, and morphological phylogeny of the genus revealing an African species complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A12E0256FC48" bold="true" box="[151,569,871,898]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A12E011EFC4B" bold="true" box="[151,369,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEF8A1210256FC48" author="Balthasar" box="[376,569,872,898]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Balthasar, V. (1959) Beitrag zur kenntnis der Gattung Onthophagus Latr. Sbornik entomologickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 33, 461 - 471." type="journal article" year="1959">Balthasar, 1959</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="95E0118F0772FF9EFF17A1E702D2FC29" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A1E7024AFC0E" ID-CoL="45DS" authority="Balthasar, 1959: 464" authorityName="Balthasar" authorityPageNumber="464" authorityYear="1959" box="[151,549,942,964]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A1E70121FC0E" box="[151,334,942,964]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="345110B00772FF9EFED4A1E7024AFC0E" author="Balthasar" box="[340,549,942,964]" page="464" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1959">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFED4A1E70199FC0E" author="Balthasar" box="[340,502,942,964]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Balthasar, V. (1959) Beitrag zur kenntnis der Gattung Onthophagus Latr. Sbornik entomologickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 33, 461 - 471." type="journal article" year="1959">Balthasar, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 464
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(original description)
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<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A1840121FC29" ID-CoL="45DS" box="[151,334,973,995]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A1840121FC29" box="[151,334,973,995]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="345110B00772FF9EFEE7A184025DFC29" author="Balthasar" box="[359,562,973,995]" page="159" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1963">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEE7A184026DFC29" author="Balthasar" box="[359,514,973,995]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Balthasar, V. (1963) Monographie der Scarabaeidae und Aphodiidae der palaearktischen und orientalischen Region. Coleoptera: Lamellicornia. Band, 2. Coprinae (Onitini, Oniticellini, Onthophagini). Monographie der Scarabaeidae und Aphodiidae der palaearktischen und orientalischen Region, 2. Verlag der Tschechoslowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Prague, Czech Republic, 627 pp., 16 plates." type="book" year="1963">Balthasar 1963</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 159
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
(monograph)
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||
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="B54F36A10772FF9EFF17A1A502C1FBC8" blockId="13.[151,953,942,1424]" box="[151,686,1004,1026]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="95E0118F0772FF9EFF17A1A502C1FBC8" box="[151,686,1004,1026]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A1A50121FBC8" ID-CoL="45DS" box="[151,334,1004,1026]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A1A50121FBC8" box="[151,334,1004,1026]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="345110B00772FF9EFEE7A1A5024CFBC8" author="Ferreira" box="[359,547,1004,1026]" page="593" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1968">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEE7A1A5019CFBC8" author="Ferreira" box="[359,499,1004,1026]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Ferreira, M. C. (1968) Os escarabideos de Mocambique. I. Revista de Entomologia de Mocambique, 10, 5 - 778." type="journal article" year="1968">Ferreira 1968</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 593
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(monograph)
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="FDEA652A0772FF9EFF17A64302F7FBF5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
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<paragraph id="B54F36A10772FF9EFF17A64302F5FBEA" blockId="13.[151,953,942,1424]" box="[151,666,1034,1056]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="95E0118F0772FF9EFF17A64302F5FBEA" box="[151,666,1034,1056]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A6430121FBEA" ID-CoL="45DS" box="[151,334,1034,1056]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A6430121FBEA" box="[151,334,1034,1056]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="345110B00772FF9EFEE7A643024CFBEA" author="Ferreira" box="[359,547,1034,1056]" page="779" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1972">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEE7A643019CFBEA" author="Ferreira" box="[359,499,1034,1056]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Ferreira, M. C. (1972) Os escarabideos de Africa (sul do Saara). I. Revista de Entomologia de Mocambique, 11, 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 779
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
(diagnosis)
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B54F36A10772FF9EFF17A66002F7FBF5" blockId="13.[151,953,942,1424]" box="[151,664,1065,1087]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="95E0118F0772FF9EFF17A66002F7FBF5" box="[151,664,1065,1087]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A6600121FBF5" ID-CoL="45DS" box="[151,334,1065,1087]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A6600121FBF5" box="[151,334,1065,1087]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="345110B00772FF9EFEE7A660024EFBF5" author="Kabakov" box="[359,545,1065,1087]" page="94" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1979">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEE7A6600191FBF5" author="Kabakov" box="[359,510,1065,1087]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Kabakov, O. N. (1979) Obzor plastichnatoystykh zhukov podsemeystva Coprinae (Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera) Dalnego Vostoka i Sopredelnykh territor. In: Krivolutskaya, G. O. (Ed.), Zhuki Dal'nego Vostoka i vostochnoi Sibirii. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Vladivostok, Russia, pp. 58 - 98." type="book chapter" year="1979">Kabakov 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 94
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
(diagnosis)
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FDEA652A0772FF9EFF17A60102B7FA5A" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="B54F36A10772FF9EFF17A6010289FB51" blockId="13.[151,953,942,1424]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="95E0118F0772FF9EFF17A6010289FB51" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A6010121FB94" ID-CoL="45DS" box="[151,334,1096,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A6010121FB94" box="[151,334,1096,1118]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="345110B00772FF9EFEE7A6010273FB94" author="Zunino" box="[359,540,1096,1118]" page="413" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1981">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEE7A6010183FB94" author="Zunino" box="[359,492,1096,1118]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Zunino, M. (1981) Insect of Saudi Arabia, Coleoptera: Fam. Scarabaeidae, Tribe Onthophagini. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 3, 408 - 416." type="journal article" year="1981">Zunino 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 413
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(new combination, comment taxonomy)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A62F0121FBB6" ID-CoL="45DS" box="[151,334,1126,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A62F0121FBB6" box="[151,334,1126,1148]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="345110B00772FF9EFEE7A62F0210FBB6" author="Zunino" box="[359,639,1126,1148]" page="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1988">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEE7A62F0233FBB6" author="Zunino" box="[359,604,1126,1148]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Zunino, M. & Halffter, G. (1988) Analisis taxonomico, ecologico y biogeografico de un grupo americana de Onthophagus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Monographie, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, 9, 1 - 211." type="journal article" year="1988">Zunino & Halffter 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 17
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(comment taxonomy)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A6CC0121FB51" ID-CoL="45DS" box="[151,334,1157,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A6CC0121FB51" box="[151,334,1157,1179]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="345110B00772FF9EFEE7A6CC026BFB51" author="Ochi" box="[359,516,1157,1179]" page="260" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="2003">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEE7A6CC01BBFB51" author="Ochi" box="[359,468,1157,1179]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Ochi, T. (2003) Studies on the coprophagous scarab beetles from East Asia. VII Descriptions of two new subgenera of the genus Onthophagus (Co / eoptera, Scarabaeidae). Giornale Italiano di Entomologia, 10, 259 - 274." type="journal article" year="2003">Ochi 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 260
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(diagnosis, comment)
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B54F36A10772FF9EFF17A6ED028FFADC" blockId="13.[151,953,942,1424]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="95E0118F0772FF9EFF17A6ED028FFADC" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A6ED0121FB70" ID-CoL="45DS" box="[151,334,1188,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A6ED0121FB70" box="[151,334,1188,1210]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="345110B00772FF9EFEE7A6ED0216FB70" author="Monaghan" box="[359,633,1188,1210]" page="678" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="2007">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEE7A6ED0226FB70" author="Monaghan" box="[359,585,1188,1210]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Monaghan, M. T., Inward, D. J. G., Hunt, T. & Vogler, A. (2007) A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Scarabaeinae (dung beetles). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 45, 674 - 692." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Monaghan
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFE59A6EC0262FB70" box="[473,525,1188,1210]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 678
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(phylogeny)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A68B0121FB12" ID-CoL="45DS" box="[151,334,1218,1240]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A68B0121FB12" box="[151,334,1218,1240]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="345110B00772FF9EFEE7A68A02FEFB12" author="Tarasov" box="[359,657,1218,1240]" page="24" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="2010">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEE7A68A0200FB12" author="Tarasov" box="[359,623,1218,1240]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Tarasov, S. I. & Kabakov, O. N. (2010) Two new species of Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Indochina, with a discussion of some problems with the classification of Serrophorus and similar subgenera. Zootaxa, 2344, 17 - 28." type="journal article" year="2010">Tarasov & Kabakov 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 24
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(comment)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A6A80121FB3D" ID-CoL="45DS" box="[151,334,1249,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A6A80121FB3D" box="[151,334,1249,1271]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="345110B00772FF9EFEE7A6AB02D9FB3D" author="Tarasov" box="[359,694,1249,1271]" page="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="2011">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEE7A6AB02CFFB3D" author="Tarasov" box="[359,672,1249,1271]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Tarasov, S. I. & Solodovnikov, A. Y. (2011) Phylogenetic analyses reveal reliable morphological markers to classify megadiversity in Onthophagini dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Cladistics, 27, 1 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2011.00351. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Tarasov & Solodovnikov 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 2
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(phylogeny)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A7490121FADC" ID-CoL="45DS" box="[151,334,1280,1302]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A7490121FADC" box="[151,334,1280,1302]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="345110B00772FF9EFEE7A7490191FADC" author="Genier" box="[359,510,1280,1302]" page="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="2013">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEE7A7490187FADC" author="Genier" box="[359,488,1280,1302]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Genier, F. (2013) Transfert d' Onthophagus bubalus Harold, 1867, dans le genre Phalops Erichson, 1847, et notes sur sa position phylogenetique (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae). Catharsius, La Revue, 7, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="2013">Génier 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 2
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(comment taxonomy)
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B54F36A10772FF9EFF17A757028BFAFE" blockId="13.[151,953,942,1424]" box="[151,740,1310,1333]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="95E0118F0772FF9EFF17A757028BFAFE" box="[151,740,1310,1333]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A7570121FAFE" ID-CoL="45DS" box="[151,334,1310,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A7570121FAFE" box="[151,334,1310,1332]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="345110B00772FF9EFEE7A757020DFAFE" author="Mlambo" box="[359,610,1310,1333]" page="318" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="2015">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEE7A757025CFAFE" author="Mlambo" box="[359,563,1310,1333]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Mlambo, S., Sole, C. L. & Scholtz, C. H. (2015) A molecular phylogeny of the African Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 73, 303 - 321." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Mlambo
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFE43A7690199FAFE" box="[451,502,1310,1333]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 318
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(phylogeny)
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B54F36A10772FF9EFF17A7740287FAB8" blockId="13.[151,953,942,1424]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="95E0118F0772FF9EFF17A7740287FAB8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A7740121FA99" ID-CoL="45DS" box="[151,334,1341,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A7740121FA99" box="[151,334,1341,1363]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="345110B00772FF9EFEE7A7740213FA99" author="Breeschoten" box="[359,636,1341,1363]" page="87" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="2016">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEE7A7740236FA99" author="Breeschoten" box="[359,601,1341,1363]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Breeschoten, T., Doorenweerd, C., Tarasov, S. & Vogler, A. P. (2016) Phylogenetics and biogeography of the dung beetle genus Onthophagus inferred from mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 105, 86 - 95. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.08.016" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Breeschoten
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFE6AA7770278FA99" box="[490,535,1341,1363]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
|
||
, 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 87
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(phylogeny)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A7150121FAB8" ID-CoL="45DS" box="[151,334,1372,1394]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A7150121FAB8" box="[151,334,1372,1394]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEE7A7140250FAB8" author="Roggero" box="[359,575,1372,1394]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Roggero, A., Barbero, E. & Palestrini, C. (2016 a) Revised classification and phylogeny of an Afrotropical species group based on molecular and morphological data, with the description of a new genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Onthophagini). Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 2016, [1 - 18]." type="journal article" year="2016" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Roggero
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFE44A714019EFAB8" box="[452,497,1372,1394]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: [1] (phylogeny)
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B54F36A10772FF9EFF17A73302B7FA5A" blockId="13.[151,953,942,1424]" box="[151,728,1402,1424]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="95E0118F0772FF9EFF17A73302B7FA5A" box="[151,728,1402,1424]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A7330121FA5A" ID-CoL="45DS" box="[151,334,1402,1424]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A7330121FA5A" box="[151,334,1402,1424]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="345110B00772FF9EFEE7A7320238FA5A" author="Roggero" box="[359,599,1402,1424]" page="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="2016">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFEE7A732022FFA5A" author="Roggero" box="[359,576,1402,1424]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Roggero, A., Dierkens, M., Barbero, E. & Palestrini, C. (2016 b) Combined phylogenetic analysis of two new Afrotropical genera of Onthophagini (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016, 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12498" type="journal article" year="2016" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Roggero
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFE44A732019EFA5A" box="[452,497,1402,1424]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 2
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(phylogeny)
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FDEA652A0772FF9EFF17A7F403A3FA1C" box="[151,972,1469,1494]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="B54F36A10772FF9EFF17A7F403A3FA1C" blockId="13.[151,1437,1469,2034]" box="[151,972,1469,1494]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF17A7F40144FA1C" bold="true" box="[151,299,1469,1494]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Type species</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFEB9A7F402BBFA1C" authority="Fabricius, 1775" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" box="[313,724,1469,1494]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bonasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFEB9A7F40270FA1F" box="[313,543,1469,1493]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scarabaeus bonasus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500772FF9EFDA5A7F402BBFA1C" author="Fabricius" box="[549,724,1469,1494]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1775) Systema Entomologiae sistens Insectorum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species adiectis Synonymis, Locis Descriptionibus, Observationibus. Officina Libraria Kortii, Flensburg & Leipzig, Germany, xxxii + 832 pp." type="book" year="1775">Fabricius, 1775</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(original designation)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FDEA652A0772FF9EFF47A7A8035BF863" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="B54F36A10772FF9EFF47A7A8035BF863" blockId="13.[151,1437,1469,2034]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF47A7A80155FA30" bold="true" box="[199,314,1505,1530]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
. Externally, the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFDE8A7A8035DFA33" box="[616,818,1505,1529]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFDE8A7A8035DFA33" box="[616,818,1505,1529]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is almost indistinguishable from the rest of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFF17A44C015AF9D4" box="[151,309,1541,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Onthophagini">Onthophagini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFE68A44C02DDF9D7" box="[488,690,1541,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFE68A44C02DDF9D7" box="[488,690,1541,1565]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have the anterior portion of the hypomeron produced anteriorly and visible from above; therefore, setae that would be located along the anterior edge in ventral portion are moved to a dorsal position. The only other external characters found separating the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFB52A40405F3F9AF" box="[1234,1436,1613,1637]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFB52A40405F3F9AF" box="[1234,1436,1613,1637]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Digitonthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the other closely related genera, is the presence of a distinctly shaped internoapical tooth of the male protibia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2DCB2A240772FF9EFF1FA4DC0172F964" box="[159,285,1685,1710]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 7 – 10" captionStart-1="FIGURES 11 – 14" captionStart-2="FIGURES 15 – 18" captionStart-3="FIGURES 19 – 22" captionStartId-0="87.[151,264,1949,1971]" captionStartId-1="88.[151,264,1977,1999]" captionStartId-2="89.[151,264,1942,1964]" captionStartId-3="90.[151,264,1959,1981]" captionTargetBox-0="[228,1347,259,1889]" captionTargetBox-1="[202,1376,213,1923]" captionTargetBox-2="[218,1372,259,1904]" captionTargetBox-3="[200,1342,226,1900]" captionTargetId-0="figure@87.[201,1365,193,1905]" captionTargetId-1="figure@88.[196,1383,193,1938]" captionTargetId-2="figure@89.[206,1381,193,1921]" captionTargetId-3="figure@90.[195,1367,193,1916]" captionTargetPageId-0="87" captionTargetPageId-1="88" captionTargetPageId-2="89" captionTargetPageId-3="90" captionText-0="FIGURES 7 – 10. Male dorsal habitus. 7. Digitonthophagus bonasus, alloreferent (Tamil Nadu State, India); 8. D. uks, holotype; 9. D. sahelicus, holotype; 10. D. catta, alloreferent (Tamil Nadu State, India)." captionText-1="FIGURES 11 – 14. Male dorsal habitus. 11. D. eucatta, holotype; 12. D. falciger, holotype; 13. Digitonthophagus biflagellatus, holotype; 14. D. gazella, non type (Central Province, Zambia)." captionText-2="FIGURES 15 – 18. Male dorsal habitus. 15. D. petilus, holotype; 16. D. viridicollis, holotype; 17. D. aksumensis, holotype; 18. D. dilatatus, holotype." captionText-3="FIGURES 19 – 22. Male dorsal habitus. 19. Digitonthophagus fimator, holotype; 20. D. lusinganus, lectotype; 21. D. ulcerosus, holotype; 22. D. namaquensis, holotype." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/439451/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/439452/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/439453/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/439454/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 7–22</figureCitation>
|
||
). This tooth is usually elongate, ventrally flat, and obliquely oriented downward. This character must be combined with females completely lacking this protibial internoapical tooth. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220772FF9EFBC9A4F0048FF91B" box="[1097,1248,1721,1745]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFBC9A4F0048FF91B" box="[1097,1248,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Onthophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species where a similar tooth is present, the shape of this tooth is spiniform and forwardly directed in males and present in females as well but reduced in size (in African species examined). Internally, the parameres are rather short and the basolateral paramerites always present with the apex of the later adjacent to the lateral portion of the apical carinae. The internal sac of the aedeagus is lacking the lamella copulatrix and associated small sclerites and bristle pads. The frontolateral peripheral sclerite (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2DCB2A240772FF9EFDB4A52402F0F84C" box="[564,671,1901,1926]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,836,858]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1897,1919]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1857,1879]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,250,1240,1262]" captionTargetBox-0="[345,1247,205,812]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,910,1872]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,193,1835]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,193,1219]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[340,1247,195,812]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,910,1872]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1835]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1219]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Apical portion of internal sac of Digitonthophagus bonasus (membranous portion colored red)." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Detailed terminology of the frontolateral peripheral and associated sclerites of Digitonthophagus gazella." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Detailed terminology of the frontolateral peripheral and associated sclerites of Digitonthophagus gazella, right lateral view." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Detailed terminology of the frontolateral peripheral and associated sclerites of Digitonthophagus eucatta, ventral view." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/439446/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/439447/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/439448/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/439449/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 2–5</figureCitation>
|
||
) is located at the apex of the internal sac and a subapicoventral lobe oriented perpendicularly to the main plan of FLP is present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FDEA652A0772FF9DFF47A5FC00B0FD62" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="B54F36A10772FF9DFF47A5FC00B0FD62" blockId="13.[151,1437,1469,2034]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,968]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFF47A5FC013EF804" bold="true" box="[199,337,1973,1998]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Description</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFEDFA5FC01E0F804" bold="true" box="[351,399,1973,1998]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Size</emphasis>
|
||
. Small to moderately large (6.5–17.0 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30772FF9EFCFCA5FC03D0F804" bold="true" box="[892,959,1973,1998]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Color</emphasis>
|
||
. Overall color fulvous to light brown with structure edges and sutures more-or-less darker; pronotal disc and head darker and with distinct metallic sheen; elytral margins brown to green, disc with a more-or-less distinct darker irregular macula; metasternum and femoral ventral surface usually with much darker maculae.
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFD70A2F50340FF1F" bold="true" box="[752,815,188,213]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Head</emphasis>
|
||
. With a sharply defined clypeofrontal carina in both sexes; antenna with 9 antennomeres, with deep pits on distal surface of antennomeres 7–8.
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFB59A296053EFF32" bold="true" box="[1241,1361,223,248]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pronotum</emphasis>
|
||
. With distinct squamiform granules anteriorly posterior to the anterior declivity that is always simply punctate, granules larger anteriorly and extending more-or-less posteriorly; anterior discal punctures weakly-defined and becoming well-defined posteriorly, when present.
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFDE6A30502DDFEAF" bold="true" box="[614,690,332,357]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Elytra</emphasis>
|
||
. Juxtasutural interval with strong metallic sheen along sutures; usually with a dark oval macula on the apical declivity on intervals 4–5.
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFC60A326043CFE42" bold="true" box="[992,1107,367,392]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pygidium</emphasis>
|
||
. Surface with scattered, fine granulate punctures; each puncture with an erect, yellow seta.
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFCF4A3DD038FFE67" bold="true" box="[884,992,404,429]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ventrites</emphasis>
|
||
. Hypomeron slightly convex; anterior hypomeral carina well-defined throughout; mesosternum with a bisinuate, glossy surface anteriorly and a more-orless developed longitudinal glossy, keel-shaped structure medially; posterior portion completely rugopunctate and setose; metasternal median lobe usually with a distinct longitudinal ridge behind the anterior suture.
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFAA2A3B605FAFDD2" bold="true" box="[1314,1429,511,536]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Aedeagus</emphasis>
|
||
. Parameres rather short and basolateral paramerites always present, with the apex of the later adjacent to the lateral portion of the apical carinae.
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFD81A00E02A2FDAA" bold="true" box="[513,717,583,608]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
. Infundibulum thin, simple with a median portion reduced; receptaculum seminis elongate, simple, lacking annulate ridges internally (female genitalia characters from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500771FF9DFACBA02500BCFD62" author="Zunino" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Zunino, M. (1981) Insect of Saudi Arabia, Coleoptera: Fam. Scarabaeidae, Tribe Onthophagini. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 3, 408 - 416." type="journal article" year="1981">Zunino 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FDEA652A0771FF9DFF47A0FD01CEFA57" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="B54F36A10771FF9DFF47A0FD0503FC02" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFF47A0FD015BFD07" bold="true" box="[199,308,692,717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. Balthasar’s (1959) original description was restricted to external morphology and included a number of unrelated species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFE67A09102B7FD3A" authority="Balthasar" authorityName="Balthasar" box="[487,728,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="actaeon">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFE67A091020BFD3A" box="[487,612,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. actaeon</emphasis>
|
||
Balthasar
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFD63A0910461FD25" authority="Boucomont" authorityName="Boucomont" box="[739,1038,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anguliceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFD63A0910310FD3A" box="[739,895,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. anguliceps</emphasis>
|
||
Boucomont
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFB9AA0910480FD3A" authority="Arrow" authorityName="Arrow" box="[1050,1263,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avocetta">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFB9AA09104F2FD3A" box="[1050,1181,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. avocetta</emphasis>
|
||
Arrow
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFB7CA0910161FCDF" authority="van Lansberge" authorityName="van Lansberge" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blumei">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFB7CA0910504FD3A" box="[1276,1387,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. blumei</emphasis>
|
||
van Lansberge
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFE9BA0B50261FCDF" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[283,526,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bonasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFE9BA0B501F5FCDE" box="[283,410,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. bonasus</emphasis>
|
||
Fabricius
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFD9BA0B50359FCDF" authority="d'Orbigny" authorityName="d'Orbigny" box="[539,822,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cameloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFD9BA0B502D2FCDE" box="[539,701,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. cameloides</emphasis>
|
||
d'Orbigny
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFCC4A0B504F5FCDE" authority="Boucomont" authorityName="Boucomont" box="[836,1178,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvicarinatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFCC4A0B50464FCDE" box="[836,1035,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. curvicarinatus</emphasis>
|
||
Boucomont
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFB26A0B505F7FCDF" authority="Harold" authorityName="Harold" box="[1190,1432,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diabolicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFB26A0B50550FCDE" box="[1190,1343,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. diabolicus</emphasis>
|
||
Harold
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFF17A169011DFCF2" authority="Arrow" authorityName="Arrow" box="[151,370,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFF17A1690171FCF2" box="[151,286,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. digitatus</emphasis>
|
||
Arrow
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFE00A16902A6FCFD" authority="Boucomont" authorityName="Boucomont" box="[384,713,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diversiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFE00A1690257FCF2" box="[384,568,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. diversiformis</emphasis>
|
||
Boucomont
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFD56A16903FBFCF2" authority="Arrow" authorityName="Arrow" box="[726,916,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fossor">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFD56A1690350FCF2" box="[726,831,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. fossor</emphasis>
|
||
Arrow
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFC22A16904E3FCF2" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[930,1164,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gazella">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFC22A1690477FCF2" box="[930,1048,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. gazella</emphasis>
|
||
Fabricius
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFB1BA169051CFCFD" authority="Bates" authorityName="Bates" box="[1179,1395,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuluensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFB1BA1690547FCF2" box="[1179,1320,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. kuluensis</emphasis>
|
||
Bates
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFA01A1690110FC96" authority="Arrow" authorityName="Arrow" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manipurensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFA01A1690142FC96" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. manipurensis</emphasis>
|
||
Arrow
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFE0CA10D02FDFC96" authority="Nomura" authorityName="Nomura" box="[396,658,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ohbayashii">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFE0CA10D0245FC96" box="[396,554,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. ohbayashii</emphasis>
|
||
Nomura
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFD1EA10D03FCFC96" authority="Boucomont" authorityName="Boucomont" box="[670,915,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ribbei">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFD1EA10D036AFC96" box="[670,773,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. ribbei</emphasis>
|
||
Boucomont
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFC1FA10D04EEFC96" authority="Hope" authorityName="Hope" box="[927,1153,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFC1FA10D0456FC96" box="[927,1081,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. rubricollis</emphasis>
|
||
Hope
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFB0DA10D051AFC97" authority="Harold" authorityName="Harold" box="[1165,1397,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solivagus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFB0DA10D0574FC96" box="[1165,1307,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. solivagus</emphasis>
|
||
Harold
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFA01A10D0103FC4A" authority="Balthasar" authorityName="Balthasar" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="troniceki">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFA01A10D0095FC4A" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. troniceki</emphasis>
|
||
Balthasar
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFE26A12102EEFC4A" authority="Harold" authorityName="Harold" box="[422,641,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wallacei">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFE26A1210247FC4A" box="[422,552,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. wallacei</emphasis>
|
||
Harold
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The main characteristic used by Balthasar to define his subgenus was the elongate and thin protibia of the male. This character state is highly homoplasious in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFBFAA1C50561FC6F" box="[1146,1294,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scarabaeinae">Scarabaeinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and evolved many times in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFEE6A1E6026BFC02" box="[358,516,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Onthophagini">Onthophagini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The subgenus, as originally defined, was clearly paraphyletic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1614B500771FF9DFB49A1E60530FC02" author="Zunino" box="[1225,1375,943,968]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Zunino, M. (1981) Insect of Saudi Arabia, Coleoptera: Fam. Scarabaeidae, Tribe Onthophagini. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 3, 408 - 416." type="journal article" year="1981">Zunino 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B54F36A10771FF9DFF17A1BE0246FAC7" blockId="14.[151,1436,1015,1437]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFF17A1BE0348FBDA" bold="true" box="[151,807,1015,1040]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Remarks for species descriptions and identification key</emphasis>
|
||
. Diagnoses based on external morphology refer to welldeveloped individuals. As in many scarabaeine species, strong allometric variation in the development of external secondary sexual characters is present. Smallest males will show completely feminized head and thoracic ornamentation, while largest males present two horns on the vertex. Pronotal and elytral granulations and punctation are usually diagnostic but variable, and extremes of one species can be similar to individuals of another species, which makes identification difficult with external characters for some specimens. Examination of the FLP sclerite shape will always provide a definite identification for males. Diagnoses for species groups must be used in conjunction with species diagnoses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B54F36A10771FF9DFF47A75E01CEFA57" blockId="14.[151,1436,1015,1437]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Species are arranged into six groups based on the current phylogeny in order to facilitate comparison of closely-related species. Species are listed in alphabetical order within each group except for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFB52A775009CFAB2" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bonasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFB52A775009CFAB2" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Digitonthophagus bonasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFE14A72801B5FAB2" box="[404,474,1376,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uks">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFE14A72801B5FAB2" box="[404,474,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. uks</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is treated next to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F04D220771FF9DFD21A7280370FAB2" box="[673,799,1376,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bonasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8784EAB30771FF9DFD21A7280370FAB2" box="[673,799,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. bonasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
since it is the most closely related species from the same biogeographical region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |