treatments-xml/data/03/E4/D8/03E4D873FFF0DC50FFDBB44DBEBC1BBB.xml
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2.9.
<taxonomicName id="4C4D12E6FFF0DC50FF2DB44DBC051D39" ID-CoL="G6RG" ID-ENA="84005" authorityName="L." box="[146,277,1378,1397]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Arbutus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unedo">Arbutus unedo</taxonomicName>
L
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D12E6FFF0DC50FF3AB4B5BC171DE1" box="[133,263,1434,1453]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Arbutus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unedo">
<emphasis id="B939B577FFF0DC50FF3AB4B5BC171DE1" bold="true" box="[133,263,1434,1453]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Arbutus unedo</emphasis>
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L. belongs to
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species and, in folk medicine, it has been used for many diseases, including gastrointestinal and urological pathologies, hypertension and cardiac diseases. Ziyyat (Ziyyat et al., 2002) evaluated the effects of a decoction obtained from
<taxonomicName id="4C4D12E6FFF0DC50FD0CB4C1BE121E4D" box="[691,770,1518,1537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Arbutus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unedo">
<emphasis id="B939B577FFF0DC50FD0CB4C1BE121E4D" bold="true" box="[691,770,1518,1537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. unedo</emphasis>
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roots, showing that it induced an endothelium-dependent relaxation of aorta.
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In
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<emphasis id="B939B577FFF0DC50FF1CB76EBDE81E18" bold="true" box="[163,248,1601,1620]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. unedo</emphasis>
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roots water extracts, (+)-catechin and ()-catechin gallate were found. Phenolic compounds, benzoic acid, caffeic acid and gallic acid were also detected (Miguel et al., 2014).
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<paragraph id="8BF26965FFF0DC50FF3AB7BAB8AE19DE" blockId="7.[100,770,1434,1732]" lastBlockId="7.[818,1488,159,1015]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">The Authors who studied the pharmacological properties of the plant focused on the investigation concerning the vasorelaxant effects of the decoction and the related mechanisms of action. The results showed that the water extract causes relaxation of rats isolated norepinephrine-precontracted aorta. This effect was endothelium-dependent and it was inhibited by L-NAME pretreatment or by ODQ. In addition, this effect was not related to endothelium muscarinic receptors activation as it was unaffected by atropine. The vasorelaxant effects may be due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds, including tannins and flavonoids, and the mechanism of action might involve the stimulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (Ziyyat et al., 2002).</paragraph>
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The antihypertensive effect of
<taxonomicName id="4C4D12E6FFF0DC50FBD2B0B5B9AD19E1" box="[1133,1213,410,429]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Arbutus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unedo">
<emphasis id="B939B577FFF0DC50FBD2B0B5B9AD19E1" bold="true" box="[1133,1213,410,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. unedo</emphasis>
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roots decoction (
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/kg/ day) and leaves infusion was assessed
<emphasis id="B939B577FFF0DC50FB11B099B9FD1985" bold="true" box="[1198,1261,438,457]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">in vivo</emphasis>
, using rats affected by hypertension induced by L-NAME (Afkir et al., 2008). The administration of the mentioned extracts and L-NAME prevented the increase in systolic BP, improved the vascular reactivity and baroreflex sensitivity, showing that chronic treatment with these extracts not only affects BP, but also exerts a protective activity towards cardiovascular and renal systems in NO-deficient hypertension. Also antiaggregant activity (El Haouari et al., 2007), as well as antidiabetic properties (Ziyyat et al., 1997), may contribute in providing cardiovascular protection.
</paragraph>
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Principal constituents of infusions and decoctions of leaves and roots examined for their antihypertensive activity are the phenolic compounds catechin, already mentioned, catechin 3-O-gallate, epicatechin 3-O-gallate, gallic acid and arbutin (
<figureCitation id="137675E0FFF0DC50FB7AB22AB9E91B54" box="[1221,1273,773,792]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[377,407,643,660]" captionTargetBox="[227,1361,152,621]" captionTargetId="graphics-685@8.[671,947,262,554]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 9. Principal constituents of Arbutus unedo L.infusions examined for antihypertensive activity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8293014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8293014/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
) (Oliveira et al., 2011; Morgado et al., 2018). Catechin and epicatechin 3-O-gallates were proved to exert moderate inhibitory action on ACE (Liu et al., 2003), while gallic acid has been recently investigated for its antihypertensive activity in SHRs ascribed to its ability of attenuating oxidative stress (Jin et al., 2017a,b). Lastly, arbutin was tested in a rat model of heart and mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion finding that it has antioxidant properties and reduces ROS production in mesenteric vessels (Broskova et al., 2013).
</paragraph>
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