treatments-xml/data/03/99/87/039987B6FF86FFD4A0DAF9F0FE5C9617.xml

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<mods:title id="8B898CDE628361242A311DE0FA9F409B">A record of Notostraca on Socotra Island and the importance of local conservation of the habitat</mods:title>
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<treatment id="039987B6FF86FFD4A0DAF9F0FE5C9617" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5955718" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148461899" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5955718" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039987B6FF86FFD4A0DAF9F0FE5C9617" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039987B6FF86FFD4A0DAF9F0FE5C9617" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="563" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">
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<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF86FFDEA0DAF9F0FD5B9759" blockId="2.[151,738,1584,1644]" box="[151,738,1584,1610]" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">
<heading id="D0C781CCFF86FFDEA0DAF9F0FD5B9759" bold="true" box="[151,738,1584,1610]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="557" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF86FFDEA0DAF9F0FD8F9759" ID-CoL="58WLP" authority="(Lucas, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[151,566,1584,1610]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="2" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granarius">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF86FFDEA0DAF9F0FF5D9759" bold="true" box="[151,228,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">Triops</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF86FFDEA15CF9F0FE319759" bold="true" box="[273,392,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">granarius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF86FFDEA1DAF9F0FD979759" box="[407,558,1584,1610]" pageId="2" pageNumber="557" refId="ref6890" refString="Lucas, H. (1864) Bulletin Entomologique. Seances de la Societe entomologique de France. Seance du 24 Fevrier 1864. Communications. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Series 4, 4, XI - XII." type="book">Lucas, 1864</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from Socotra
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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(
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF86FFDEA0D2F993FEBB977F" box="[159,258,1619,1644]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1812,1834]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox-0="[340,1246,1273,1791]" captionTargetBox-1="[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetBox-2="[203,1371,397,1913]" captionTargetBox-3="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[340,1246,1273,1791]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[201,1391,368,1930]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. A, shallow temporary rockpool after rains on the limestone outcrops at the Eriosh archaeological site, Socotra Island (Yemen); no vegetation grows on the site, which is covered in a fine layer of sediment after rains; Photo KVD, January 2003. B, Triops cf. granarius from Socotra, adult female; scale bar denotes 1cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and female (trachyaspsis form) (B). C–D, carina, lateral view in male (C) and female (D). E, apodous segments, ventral view in male, showing supernumerary spines. F, Labrum adult female, ventral view. Scale bars denote 4mm (A–B), 2mm (E–F) and 1mm (C– D)." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–C, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and females (B– C); females have small spines on the surface (trachyaspis form). D–E, carina in adult male (D) and female (E). Scale bars denote 5mm (A–C) and 1mm (D–E)." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1444470/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1444472/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1444474/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">Figs 2–5</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32A652BFF86FFDFA0DAF95BFA2F900E" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="558" pageId="2" pageNumber="557" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF86FFDEA0DAF95BFBB397E8" blockId="2.[151,1437,1691,2004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF86FFDEA0DAF95BFE3897A7" bold="true" box="[151,385,1691,1716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">Material examined.</emphasis>
Three specimens were examined for this study, two adult females and one adult male, reared from incubated sediment that was collected 
<date id="FF8E1060FF86FFDEA2C6F97FFD4E97C4" box="[651,759,1727,1751]" pageId="2" pageNumber="557" value="2014-01-28">28.I.2014</date>
at Eriosh (alt. 
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, coordinates 
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or 
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), 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF86FFDEA246F923FDD997E8" box="[523,608,1763,1787]" name="Yemen" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">Socotra</collectingCountry>
Island (
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) by KVD (
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF86FFDEA3C6F924FC4397EF" box="[907,1018,1763,1788]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">pers. coll.</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
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Characters of the 
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<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF86FFDEA1ECF8C7FD88960C" bold="true" box="[417,561,1798,1823]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">T. granarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group.
</emphasis>
The absence of a supra-anal plate, visible with the naked eye (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF86FFDEA0D2F8EBFF409650" box="[159,249,1835,1860]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1812,1834]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,1273,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[340,1246,1273,1791]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. A, shallow temporary rockpool after rains on the limestone outcrops at the Eriosh archaeological site, Socotra Island (Yemen); no vegetation grows on the site, which is covered in a fine layer of sediment after rains; Photo KVD, January 2003. B, Triops cf. granarius from Socotra, adult female; scale bar denotes 1cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444470/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
), places these notostracans in 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF86FFDEA219F8ECFD239650" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[596,666,1836,1859]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="2" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF86FFDEA219F8ECFD239650" box="[596,666,1836,1859]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Morphological characters that are considered diagnostic for the 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF86FFDEA5CAF8ECFEBC9674" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="2" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granarius">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF86FFDEA5CAF8ECFEBC9674" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">T. granarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species complex in the classical sense (
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF86FFDEA282F890FCB49674" box="[719,781,1872,1895]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF86FFDEA358F88EFC6E9674" box="[789,983,1870,1895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="557" refId="ref6801" refString="Longhurst, A. R. (1955 a) A review of the Notostraca. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 3, 3 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4119" type="journal article">Longhurst 1955a</bibRefCitation>
) are present in the Socotran specimens. These features include: 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF86FFDEA1E1F8B4FE0D9698" box="[428,436,1908,1931]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">i</emphasis>
) dorsal (nuchal) organ triangular, its anterior margin reaching between the compound eyes, not situated posterior to the eyes (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF86FFDEA21CF856FD1296BC" box="[593,683,1942,1967]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1812,1834]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,1273,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[340,1246,1273,1791]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. A, shallow temporary rockpool after rains on the limestone outcrops at the Eriosh archaeological site, Socotra Island (Yemen); no vegetation grows on the site, which is covered in a fine layer of sediment after rains; Photo KVD, January 2003. B, Triops cf. granarius from Socotra, adult female; scale bar denotes 1cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444470/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF86FFDEA282F856FCAF96BC" box="[719,790,1942,1967]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">5A–B</figureCitation>
); 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF86FFDEA367F858FC8096BC" box="[810,825,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">ii</emphasis>
) carina with none (or one undeveloped) spine anterior to the terminal spine (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF86FFDEA1DFF87BFDA996C0" box="[402,528,1979,2004]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and female (trachyaspsis form) (B). C–D, carina, lateral view in male (C) and female (D). E, apodous segments, ventral view in male, showing supernumerary spines. F, Labrum adult female, ventral view. Scale bars denote 4mm (A–B), 2mm (E–F) and 1mm (C– D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444472/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">Figs 3C–D</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF86FFDEA27AF87BFDC496C0" box="[567,637,1979,2003]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[203,1371,397,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[201,1391,368,1930]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–C, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and females (B– C); females have small spines on the surface (trachyaspis form). D–E, carina in adult male (D) and female (E). Scale bars denote 5mm (A–C) and 1mm (D–E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444474/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">4D–E</figureCitation>
); 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF86FFDEA2DEF87CFD1396C0" box="[659,682,1980,2003]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="557">iii</emphasis>
) supernumerary spines present on the ventral face of the apodous segments (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA143FF57FEDC91A3" box="[270,357,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and female (trachyaspsis form) (B). C–D, carina, lateral view in male (C) and female (D). E, apodous segments, ventral view in male, showing supernumerary spines. F, Labrum adult female, ventral view. Scale bars denote 4mm (A–B), 2mm (E–F) and 1mm (C– D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444472/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
); 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA134FF59FE3491A3" box="[377,397,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">iv</emphasis>
) telson dorsal margin armature with various median spines in an irregular row, which are not large (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA0ADFF7CFEDD91C6" box="[224,356,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Figs 5G–H</figureCitation>
); telson armature variation in the 
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<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA2A1FF7DFCC091C7" box="[748,889,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">T. granarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species complex is shown in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF87FFDFA49BFF7DFF5891EB" pageId="3" pageNumber="558" refId="ref6244" refString="Hamer, M. &amp; Rayner, N. A. (1995) A note on the taxonomy and distribution of Triops Schrank (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca) in southern Africa. Annals of the Natal Museum, 36, 9 - 19." type="journal article">Hamer &amp; Rayner (1995)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF87FFDFA154FF1FFE5491EB" box="[281,493,223,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="558" refId="ref6801" refString="Longhurst, A. R. (1955 a) A review of the Notostraca. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 3, 3 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4119" type="journal article">Longhurst (1955a)</bibRefCitation>
; 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA1B7FF21FDBF91EB" box="[506,518,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">v</emphasis>
) number of apodous segments (two females): 11–13, male 13; 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA483FF21FB5B91EB" box="[1230,1250,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">vi</emphasis>
) second maxilla present (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA0BAFEC4FEE9900E" box="[247,336,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
). Females were distinguished from the male, using the mystax and the P11 (modified in females).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32A652BFF87FFD8A08AFEE7FB7890E6" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="559" pageId="3" pageNumber="558" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF87FFDFA08AFEE7FBD3909B" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA08AFEE7FCAC9053" bold="true" box="[199,789,295,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Morphological notes on the Socotran population.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA350FEE7FCD29053" box="[797,875,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Length</emphasis>
(without furca): 29,1mm (male), 23 and 27,2mm (females); Number of body segments (not including telson): 43 of which 13 apodous (male); 41 (11 apodous) and 43 (13 apodous) in the two female specimens. Colour brown to greenish (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA383FEAFFB9E909B" box="[974,1063,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1812,1834]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,1273,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[340,1246,1273,1791]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. A, shallow temporary rockpool after rains on the limestone outcrops at the Eriosh archaeological site, Socotra Island (Yemen); no vegetation grows on the site, which is covered in a fine layer of sediment after rains; Photo KVD, January 2003. B, Triops cf. granarius from Socotra, adult female; scale bar denotes 1cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444470/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA401FEB0FBE5909B" box="[1100,1116,368,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and female (trachyaspsis form) (B). C–D, carina, lateral view in male (C) and female (D). E, apodous segments, ventral view in male, showing supernumerary spines. F, Labrum adult female, ventral view. Scale bars denote 4mm (A–B), 2mm (E–F) and 1mm (C– D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444472/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF87FFDFA08AFE55FEE892DB" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA08AFE55FE8C90BF" box="[199,309,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Carapace</emphasis>
(lateral view in figs 3A–B &amp; 4A–C; dorsal view in figs 2B &amp; 5A–B) length/width (length from anterior margin to posterior apices of carapace sulcus): 19/ 
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(male), 17,5/ 
<quantity id="4CC89B45FF87FFDFA44AFE77FBF690C3" box="[1031,1103,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="558" unit="mm" value="13.0">13mm</quantity>
and 19/15,1mm (females). In dorsal view, the carapace is wider in posterior part in the male than in females, more tapering in the females and giving the male a more round appearance (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA235FE3FFD41930B" box="[632,760,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Figs 5A–B</figureCitation>
; however only three specimens to compare). In lateral view, the carapace length is about 3–3.5 x height (at highest point) (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA326FDE4FC53932F" box="[875,1002,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and female (trachyaspsis form) (B). C–D, carina, lateral view in male (C) and female (D). E, apodous segments, ventral view in male, showing supernumerary spines. F, Labrum adult female, ventral view. Scale bars denote 4mm (A–B), 2mm (E–F) and 1mm (C– D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444472/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Figs 3A–B</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA45EFDE4FBE2932F" box="[1043,1115,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[203,1371,397,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[201,1391,368,1930]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–C, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and females (B– C); females have small spines on the surface (trachyaspis form). D–E, carina in adult male (D) and female (E). Scale bars denote 5mm (A–C) and 1mm (D–E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444474/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">4A–C</figureCitation>
). Female carapace posterior surface covered in minute spines (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA251FD87FDC09373" box="[540,633,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and female (trachyaspsis form) (B). C–D, carina, lateral view in male (C) and female (D). E, apodous segments, ventral view in male, showing supernumerary spines. F, Labrum adult female, ventral view. Scale bars denote 4mm (A–B), 2mm (E–F) and 1mm (C– D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444472/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Figs 3B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA2CBFD88FD7E9373" box="[646,711,584,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[203,1371,397,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[201,1391,368,1930]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–C, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and females (B– C); females have small spines on the surface (trachyaspis form). D–E, carina in adult male (D) and female (E). Scale bars denote 5mm (A–C) and 1mm (D–E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444474/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">4B–C</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA2A3FD87FCAB9373" box="[750,786,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">5A</figureCitation>
), males with only a few scattered spines (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA4BDFD87FAF79373" box="[1264,1358,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and female (trachyaspsis form) (B). C–D, carina, lateral view in male (C) and female (D). E, apodous segments, ventral view in male, showing supernumerary spines. F, Labrum adult female, ventral view. Scale bars denote 4mm (A–B), 2mm (E–F) and 1mm (C– D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444472/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Figs 3A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA511FD88FAC79373" box="[1372,1406,584,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[203,1371,397,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[201,1391,368,1930]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–C, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and females (B– C); females have small spines on the surface (trachyaspis form). D–E, carina in adult male (D) and female (E). Scale bars denote 5mm (A–C) and 1mm (D–E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444474/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">4A</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA0DAFDACFF039396" box="[151,186,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">5B</figureCitation>
). Short spines on the carapace carina suggests the 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA341FDACFC349396" box="[780,909,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">trachyaspis</emphasis>
-form, a known morphological variation in 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF87FFDFA5CAFDADFE5C93BB" authority="(Longhurst 1955 a)" baseAuthorityName="Longhurst" baseAuthorityYear="1955" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="3" pageNumber="558" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granarius">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA5CAFDADFEBC93BB" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">T. granarius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF87FFDFA155FD4FFE6793BB" box="[280,478,655,680]" pageId="3" pageNumber="558" refId="ref6801" refString="Longhurst, A. R. (1955 a) A review of the Notostraca. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 3, 3 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4119" type="journal article">Longhurst 1955a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and apparently it is variable here in one population hatched from sediment. The single male studied here lacked this feature, except for a few scattered spines on the posterior surface (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA578FD74FA3793DE" box="[1333,1422,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
), whereas the two females showed a carapace covered in spines (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA327FD17FC7193E3" box="[874,968,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1812,1834]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,1273,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[340,1246,1273,1791]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. A, shallow temporary rockpool after rains on the limestone outcrops at the Eriosh archaeological site, Socotra Island (Yemen); no vegetation grows on the site, which is covered in a fine layer of sediment after rains; Photo KVD, January 2003. B, Triops cf. granarius from Socotra, adult female; scale bar denotes 1cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444470/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA399FD18FC4E93E3" box="[980,1015,728,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and female (trachyaspsis form) (B). C–D, carina, lateral view in male (C) and female (D). E, apodous segments, ventral view in male, showing supernumerary spines. F, Labrum adult female, ventral view. Scale bars denote 4mm (A–B), 2mm (E–F) and 1mm (C– D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444472/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">3B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA448FD18FBF193E3" box="[1029,1096,728,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[203,1371,397,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[201,1391,368,1930]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–C, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and females (B– C); females have small spines on the surface (trachyaspis form). D–E, carina in adult male (D) and female (E). Scale bars denote 5mm (A–C) and 1mm (D–E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444474/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">4B–C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA418FD17FB1D93E3" box="[1109,1188,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">5A&amp;C</figureCitation>
). These spines have a chitinized tip (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA177FD3CFE2D9206" box="[314,404,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
). Carapace sulcus (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA220FD3CFD7E9207" box="[621,711,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1812,1834]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,1273,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[340,1246,1273,1791]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. A, shallow temporary rockpool after rains on the limestone outcrops at the Eriosh archaeological site, Socotra Island (Yemen); no vegetation grows on the site, which is covered in a fine layer of sediment after rains; Photo KVD, January 2003. B, Triops cf. granarius from Socotra, adult female; scale bar denotes 1cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444470/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA2A1FD3CFC899206" box="[748,816,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">5A–B</figureCitation>
) spines ca. 40–50 (females), 40 (male). Sulcus in male about as deep as wide (
<quantity id="4CC89B45FF87FFDFA1D1FCE0FE63922B" box="[412,474,800,824]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="558" unit="mm" value="4.0">4mm</quantity>
), in females about two times as deep as wide (
<quantity id="4CC89B45FF87FFDFA3A8FCE0FB84922B" box="[997,1085,800,824]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="558" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3mm</quantity>
wide, 
<quantity id="4CC89B45FF87FFDFA4C5FCDFFB67922B" box="[1160,1246,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="558" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5mm</quantity>
deep) (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA57EFCDFFF14924F" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[203,1371,397,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[201,1391,368,1930]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–C, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and females (B– C); females have small spines on the surface (trachyaspis form). D–E, carina in adult male (D) and female (E). Scale bars denote 5mm (A–C) and 1mm (D–E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444474/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Figs 4A– C</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA089FC85FEAA924F" box="[196,275,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Carina</emphasis>
on carapace well developed, terminal spines with one small or no anterior teeth, further no carinal spines (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA0A6FCA7FEDE9293" box="[235,359,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and female (trachyaspsis form) (B). C–D, carina, lateral view in male (C) and female (D). E, apodous segments, ventral view in male, showing supernumerary spines. F, Labrum adult female, ventral view. Scale bars denote 4mm (A–B), 2mm (E–F) and 1mm (C– D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444472/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Figs 3C–D</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA1C7FCA8FE769293" box="[394,463,872,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[203,1371,397,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[201,1391,368,1930]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–C, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and females (B– C); females have small spines on the surface (trachyaspis form). D–E, carina in adult male (D) and female (E). Scale bars denote 5mm (A–C) and 1mm (D–E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444474/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">4D–E</figureCitation>
). Male carina more robust with the posterior end directed ventrally, whereas in females it remains straight (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA13EFC4CFE6992B7" box="[371,464,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and female (trachyaspsis form) (B). C–D, carina, lateral view in male (C) and female (D). E, apodous segments, ventral view in male, showing supernumerary spines. F, Labrum adult female, ventral view. Scale bars denote 4mm (A–B), 2mm (E–F) and 1mm (C– D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444472/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Figs 3D</figureCitation>
versus 3C &amp; 4B–C versus 4A). In general, the entire dorsum is slightly convex (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA527FC4CFF6392DB" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and female (trachyaspsis form) (B). C–D, carina, lateral view in male (C) and female (D). E, apodous segments, ventral view in male, showing supernumerary spines. F, Labrum adult female, ventral view. Scale bars denote 4mm (A–B), 2mm (E–F) and 1mm (C– D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444472/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Figs 3A–B</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA0B0FC70FEFC92DB" box="[253,325,944,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[203,1371,397,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[201,1391,368,1930]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–C, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and females (B– C); females have small spines on the surface (trachyaspis form). D–E, carina in adult male (D) and female (E). Scale bars denote 5mm (A–C) and 1mm (D–E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444474/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">4A–C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF87FFDFA08AFC15FB7B9526" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA08AFC15FF4592FF" box="[199,252,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Eyes</emphasis>
(dorsal view 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA1D5FC14FE4992FF" box="[408,496,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1812,1834]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,1273,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[340,1246,1273,1791]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. A, shallow temporary rockpool after rains on the limestone outcrops at the Eriosh archaeological site, Socotra Island (Yemen); no vegetation grows on the site, which is covered in a fine layer of sediment after rains; Photo KVD, January 2003. B, Triops cf. granarius from Socotra, adult female; scale bar denotes 1cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444470/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA25BFC14FDE592FE" box="[534,604,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">5A–B</figureCitation>
, lateral view 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA2B8FC14FCC992FF" box="[757,880,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and female (trachyaspsis form) (B). C–D, carina, lateral view in male (C) and female (D). E, apodous segments, ventral view in male, showing supernumerary spines. F, Labrum adult female, ventral view. Scale bars denote 4mm (A–B), 2mm (E–F) and 1mm (C– D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444472/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Figs 3A–B</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA3DBFC14FC6392FF" box="[918,986,980,1004]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[203,1371,397,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[201,1391,368,1930]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–C, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and females (B– C); females have small spines on the surface (trachyaspis form). D–E, carina in adult male (D) and female (E). Scale bars denote 5mm (A–C) and 1mm (D–E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444474/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">4A–C</figureCitation>
) well developed, strongly protruding in lateral view; eye field with strong constriction in middle (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA307FC37FC769503" box="[842,975,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Figs 5A–B</figureCitation>
). Dorsal organ triangular with rounded corners, its anterior margin reaching just beyond the posterior margins of the eyes (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA477FBDCFB0F9526" box="[1082,1206,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Fig. 5A–B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF87FFDFA08AFBFFFDAC954B" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1221]" box="[199,533,1087,1112]" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA08AFBFFFE99954B" box="[199,288,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Labrum</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA162FBFFFE3B954B" box="[303,386,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and female (trachyaspsis form) (B). C–D, carina, lateral view in male (C) and female (D). E, apodous segments, ventral view in male, showing supernumerary spines. F, Labrum adult female, ventral view. Scale bars denote 4mm (A–B), 2mm (E–F) and 1mm (C– D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444472/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
) rectangular.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF87FFDFA08AFBA4FE9395D7" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA08AFBA4FECA956E" box="[199,371,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Second maxilla</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA1C9FBA4FE65956E" box="[388,476,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
) well developed and round, longest setae on the margin less than the diameter of the structure. Row of spiniform setae on the margin continuous, joined by anterior slender setae in the second half of the structure.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4F6628FF87FFDFA0DAF8D4FC7E967B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444470/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558" startId="3.[151,250,1812,1834]" targetBox="[340,1246,1273,1791]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF87FFDFA0DAF8D4FC7E967B" blockId="3.[151,1436,1812,1896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA0DAF8D4FEAC963A" bold="true" box="[151,277,1812,1834]" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
A, shallow temporary rockpool after rains on the limestone outcrops at the Eriosh archaeological site, Socotra Island (Yemen); no vegetation grows on the site, which is covered in a fine layer of sediment after rains; Photo KVD, January 2003. B, 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF87FFDFA0B9F893FE06967B" baseAuthorityName="Longhurst" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[244,447,1874,1896]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="3" pageNumber="558" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granarius">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA0B9F893FE8C967B" box="[244,309,1875,1896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Triops</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA116F893FE06967B" box="[347,447,1875,1896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">granarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Socotra, adult female; scale bar denotes 1cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF87FFD8A08AF84FFE93900E" blockId="3.[151,1437,1935,2032]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,501]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="559" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA08AF84FFEE296BB" box="[199,347,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Thoracopods</emphasis>
(only some parts studied) 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF87FFDFA2CBF84FFC9396BB" box="[646,810,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">P2 endopodite</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF87FFDFA374F84FFC3796BB" box="[825,910,1935,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="558">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
) elongate, about 3.5 times as long as wide and tapering distally and well developed distal claw, straight and about twice the length of the adjacent anterior spine; posterior margin of endopodite implanted with spines just over half of its length, these spines are not equal in size (irregular, some are a third to half shorter). P6 endopodite (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF80FFD8A367FF57FCC591A3" box="[810,892,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
) elongate and tapering, about 
<date id="FF8E1060FF80FFD8A483FF58FB5391A3" box="[1230,1258,152,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">3x</date>
as long as wide and with a pointed apex; distal claw large, curved inwards, and with strongly chitinized tip, twice the length of adjacent spine; spines implanted to about half the posterior margin, four to five distalmost spines, close to distal claw, largest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF80FFD8A08AFEE7FB199077" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF80FFD8A08AFEE7FE259053" box="[199,412,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">Apodous segments</emphasis>
with supernumerary spines present on ventral side, clear in the male, about 8–13 per segment (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF80FFD8A149FE8CFEE39077" box="[260,346,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[340,1247,543,1733]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and female (trachyaspsis form) (B). C–D, carina, lateral view in male (C) and female (D). E, apodous segments, ventral view in male, showing supernumerary spines. F, Labrum adult female, ventral view. Scale bars denote 4mm (A–B), 2mm (E–F) and 1mm (C– D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444472/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
); in females there are fewer supernumerary spines seen per segment (4–8).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF80FFD8A08AFEAFFB7890E6" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF80FFD8A08AFEAFFEB6909B" box="[199,271,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">Telson</emphasis>
armature (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF80FFD8A1C5FEAFFE45909B" box="[392,508,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">Figs 5G–I</figureCitation>
) median spines eight and small, forming an irregular row; anterior lateral spines in groups of two to four; posterior marginals relatively small, about 2,5–3 times as long as wide (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF80FFD8A4A6FE54FAD890BE" box="[1259,1377,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">Figs 5H–I</figureCitation>
) and implanted with small hairs; additional secondary posterior marginal present (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF80FFD8A45CFE77FBDB90C3" box="[1041,1122,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">
Fig. 
<date id="FF8E1060FF80FFD8A405FE77FBDB90C3" box="[1096,1122,439,464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">5I</date>
</figureCitation>
). Lateral margins of telson implanted with conical spines, and two posterior furcal spines, about as long as wide (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF80FFD8A417FE1CFB0C90E6" box="[1114,1205,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF4F6628FF80FFD8A0DAF911FF019650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444472/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="559" startId="4.[151,250,1745,1767]" targetBox="[340,1247,543,1733]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF80FFD8A0DAF911FF019650" blockId="4.[151,1436,1745,1859]" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF80FFD8A0DAF911FEAF97F5" bold="true" box="[151,278,1745,1767]" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF80FFD8A152F912FE4897F4" baseAuthorityName="Longhurst" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[287,497,1745,1767]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="4" pageNumber="559" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granarius">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF80FFD8A152F912FED997F4" box="[287,352,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">Triops</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF80FFD8A1C0F912FE4897F4" box="[397,497,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">granarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and female (
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF80FFD8A0D2F92FFEA49616" box="[159,285,1775,1797]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">trachyaspsis</emphasis>
form) (B). C–D, carina, lateral view in male (C) and female (D). E, apodous segments, ventral view in male, showing supernumerary spines. F, Labrum adult female, ventral view. Scale bars denote 4mm (A–B), 2mm (E–F) and 1mm (C– D).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C32A652BFF80FFDAA08AF8AFFD07954B" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="561" pageId="4" pageNumber="559" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF80FFD9A08AF8AFFAD99053" blockId="4.[151,1436,1903,2036]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="560" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF80FFD8A08AF8AFFE82969B" bold="true" box="[199,315,1903,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">Remarks.</emphasis>
At this point, it is best to assign the Socotran populations to 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF80FFD8A392F8B1FAAB969B" box="[991,1298,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF80FFD8A392F8B1FB22969B" authority="Damme, 2018" authorityName="Damme" authorityYear="2018" box="[991,1179,1905,1928]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="4" pageNumber="559" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="granarius">Triops granarius</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27757C9FF80FFD8A4EFF8B1FAAB969B" box="[1186,1298,1903,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="559" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, in the clear understanding that this is a species group which needs revision and that the animals are not 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF80FFD8A48AF855FF6696C3" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="559">
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF80FFD8A48AF855FAEA96BF" authority="Damme, 2018" authorityName="Damme" authorityYear="2018" box="[1223,1363,1941,1964]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="4" pageNumber="559" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="granarius">T. granarius</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27757C9FF80FFD8A513F855FF6696C3" pageId="4" pageNumber="559" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
. The use of the name rather than assigning these animals to one of many available synonyms described from the adjacent land or to a new name is temporary until a more detailed investigation. It is possible that this is a new species. In particular, molecular analysis and examination of more specimens will help to explore the relationship of the Socotran animals. The 
<typeStatus id="548B8802FF81FFD9A1BDFF7DFD9991C6" box="[496,544,189,213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="560">type</typeStatus>
locality of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF81FFD9A2E4FF7DFC8F91C7" authority="Damme, 2018" authorityName="Damme" authorityYear="2018" box="[681,822,189,212]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="5" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="granarius">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF81FFD9A2E4FF7DFC8F91C7" box="[681,822,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="560">T. granarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27757C9FF81FFD9A30DFF7DFCC791C7" box="[832,894,189,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="560" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is 
<collectingRegion id="49F4F842FF81FFD9A3E9FF7CFC4F91C6" box="[932,1014,188,213]" country="China" name="Beijing" pageId="5" pageNumber="560">Beijing</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF81FFD9A444FF7CFBE891C6" box="[1033,1105,188,213]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="560">China</collectingCountry>
), the East Asian populations likely forming a separate clade (Korn &amp; Hundsdoerfer 2006, 2016), therefore there is a high chance that the Socotran populations may be assigned to another name in the future. However the assignment is beyond the scope of this record and would best include other Arabian and African 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF81FFD9A326FEE9FC4D9053" authorityName="Damme" authorityYear="2018" box="[875,1012,297,320]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="5" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granarius">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF81FFD9A326FEE9FC4D9053" box="[875,1012,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="560">T. granarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like populations in comparison.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4F6628FF81FFD9A0DAF858FDB496FF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444474/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="560" startId="5.[151,250,1944,1966]" targetBox="[203,1371,397,1913]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF81FFD9A0DAF858FDB496FF" blockId="5.[151,1435,1944,2028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="560">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF81FFD9A0DAF858FEAA96BE" bold="true" box="[151,275,1944,1966]" pageId="5" pageNumber="560">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF81FFD9A154F859FE5C96BD" authorityName="Damme" authorityYear="2018" box="[281,485,1944,1966]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="5" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granarius">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF81FFD9A154F859FEE396BD" box="[281,346,1945,1966]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="560">Triops</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF81FFD9A1CCF859FE5C96BD" box="[385,485,1945,1966]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="560">granarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–C, carapace, lateral view in adult male (A) and females (B– C); females have small spines on the surface (
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF81FFD9A230F877FD4B96DE" box="[637,754,1975,1997]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="560">trachyaspis</emphasis>
form). D–E, carina in adult male (D) and female (E). Scale bars denote 5mm (A–C) and 1mm (D–E).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF82FFDAA08AFF58FEF19076" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">
From the few limb features examined here, it seems that the Socotran specimens have a closer affinity to the African, not to the Asian clade. The endopodites of the limbs in the Asian populations are suggested to have a more rounded appearance (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA1CBFF1FFDF291EB" box="[390,587,223,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref6801" refString="Longhurst, A. R. (1955 a) A review of the Notostraca. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 3, 3 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4119" type="journal article">Longhurst 1955a</bibRefCitation>
), and the African more elongate and acute (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA478FF20FACB91EB" box="[1077,1394,223,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref6497" refString="Korn, M. &amp; Hundsfoerfer, A. K. (2016) Molecular phylogeny, morphology and taxonomy of Moroccan Triops granarius (Lucas, 1864) (Crustacea: Notostraca), with the description of two new species. Zootaxa, 4178 (3), 328 - 346. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4178.3.2" type="journal article">Korn &amp; Hundsdoerfer 2016</bibRefCitation>
). In the specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF82FFDAA137FEC4FE6B900F" box="[378,466,260,284]" name="Yemen" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Socotra</collectingCountry>
, this structure is clearly elongate and sharp (
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF82FFDAA38AFEC4FBEE900F" box="[967,1111,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1387,293,1855]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Triops cf. granarius from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (trachyaspis form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Figs 5E &amp; F</figureCitation>
). However this character has not been illustrated in literature for the Asian populations and has not been part of any larger formal systematic revisions so far.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF82FFDAA08AFEB0FD4C9206" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">
A brief examination of the endopodite shape in “true” Asian 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA339FEB1FC44909B" authorityName="Damme" authorityYear="2018" box="[884,1021,369,392]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granarius">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA339FEB1FC44909B" box="[884,1021,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">T. granarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on photos of trunk limbs (P3– 8) kindly provided by Dr M. Korn (
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA279FE54FD7D90BE" box="[564,708,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">unpubl. data</emphasis>
), shows that this is a highly recognisable feature, unmistakably different from the elongate sharp endopodites in the Socotran animals. Furthermore it is clear that the Socotran animals are distinctly different from the Moroccan species that were split by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA3A2FE1DFA8F90E6" box="[1007,1334,476,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref6497" refString="Korn, M. &amp; Hundsfoerfer, A. K. (2016) Molecular phylogeny, morphology and taxonomy of Moroccan Triops granarius (Lucas, 1864) (Crustacea: Notostraca), with the description of two new species. Zootaxa, 4178 (3), 328 - 346. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4178.3.2" type="journal article">Korn &amp; Hundsdoerfer (2016)</bibRefCitation>
from the 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA0DAFDC1FE98930B" authorityName="Damme" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,289,513,536]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granarius">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA0DAFDC1FE98930B" box="[151,289,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">T. granarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, in the setulation of the second maxilla (much shorter in Socotran populations), the endopodite spines (more irregular in the Moroccan species) and the telson armature (secondary posterior marginal spines present in Socotran animals). Unfortunately other members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA3C1FD89FBAE9373" authorityName="Damme" authorityYear="2018" box="[908,1047,585,608]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granarius">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA3C1FD89FBAE9373" box="[908,1047,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">T. granarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group have not been described or redescribed adequately and the morphological notes on the populations from the Arabian mainland shown in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA0DAFD4FFE8E93BB" box="[151,311,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref7472" refString="Thiery, A. (1996) Large branchiopods (Crustacea: Anostraca, Notostraca, Spinicaudata, Laevicaudata) from temporary inland waters of the Arabian Peninsula. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 15, 37 - 98." type="journal article">Thiéry (1996)</bibRefCitation>
do not provide enough details for comparison. The only feature 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA47CFD4FFB6893BB" box="[1073,1233,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref7472" refString="Thiery, A. (1996) Large branchiopods (Crustacea: Anostraca, Notostraca, Spinicaudata, Laevicaudata) from temporary inland waters of the Arabian Peninsula. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 15, 37 - 98." type="journal article">Thiéry (1996)</bibRefCitation>
mentions are the number of apodous body segments in the Omani female 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA359FD75FC2493DF" authorityName="Damme" authorityYear="2018" box="[788,925,693,716]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granarius">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA359FD75FC2493DF" box="[788,925,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">T. granarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens as being less (8–9) than the Saudi populations (9–12). On 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF82FFDAA1EEFD18FE4093E3" box="[419,505,728,752]" name="Yemen" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Socotra</collectingCountry>
the females have more (11–13) apodous body segments but this feature is variable and only two female specimens were examined so far.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF82FFDAA08AFCDFFD07954B" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA08AFCDFFED6922B" bold="true" box="[199,367,799,824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Local ecology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA138FCE1FE04922B" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[373,445,801,824]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA138FCE1FE04922B" box="[373,445,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found with two other large branchiopods that hatched from the sediment, the endemic anostracan 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA157FC84FD8F924E" authorityName="Van Damme, Weekers &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2004" box="[282,566,836,861]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Branchipodidae" genus="Branchipodopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="relictus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA157FC84FD8F924E" box="[282,566,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Branchipodopsis relictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a yet unidentified spinicaudatan. Among the small branchiopods, the endemic 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA14CFCA9FCA09293" authority="Van Damme &amp; Dumont, 2008" authorityName="Van Damme &amp; Dumont" authorityYear="2008" box="[257,793,871,896]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Moinidae" genus="Moina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diksami">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA14CFCA9FE159293" box="[257,428,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Moina diksami</emphasis>
Van Damme &amp; Dumont, 2008
</taxonomicName>
and an unidentified 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA45CFCA7FBCA9293" box="[1041,1139,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Daphnia</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA4CAFCA7FA9F9293" authorityName="Dybowski &amp; Grochowski" authorityYear="1895" box="[1159,1318,871,896]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Daphniidae" genus="Ctenodaphnia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA4CAFCA7FA9F9293" box="[1159,1318,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Ctenodaphnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) sp. were observed (ephippia). No details on the ecological characteristics of the site were collected, except that a series of connected large shallow temporary pools or a very shallow temporary lake forms after rains on the limestone. Dry sediment was stored in the dark at room temperature for two years and 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA3F8FC15FC4292FF" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[949,1019,981,1004]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA3F8FC15FC4292FF" box="[949,1019,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hatched quickly under constant light conditions, appearing 24–48 hrs after wetting the sediment with bottled spring water at constant room temperature. 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA0DAFBDCFEEC9526" authorityName="G.O.Sars" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,341,1052,1077]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Branchipodidae" genus="Branchipodopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA0DAFBDCFEEC9526" box="[151,341,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Branchipodopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hatched simultaneously and raced 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA292FBDDFC9E9527" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[735,807,1053,1076]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA292FBDDFC9E9527" box="[735,807,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to adulthood; notostracans reached maturity after about two weeks, the anostracans after four to six days.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32A652BFF82FFDAA08AFBA4FD3A9767" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF82FFDAA08AFBA4FDA7941E" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA08AFBA4FDB4956E" bold="true" box="[199,525,1124,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Distribution/Biogeography.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA25AFBA4FDE7956E" box="[535,606,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Local.</emphasis>
So far only one locality on 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF82FFDAA3E6FBA4FBB9956F" box="[939,1024,1124,1148]" name="Yemen" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Socotra</collectingCountry>
Island is known to harbour 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA500FBA5FA2A956F" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[1357,1427,1125,1148]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA500FBA5FA2A956F" box="[1357,1427,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Considering that Eriosh has been used traditionally as a watering place for camels and goats during rainy seasons (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA0D2FB6CFEAF95D7" box="[159,278,1196,1220]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref5901" refString="Doe, D. B. (1970) Socotra: An archaeological reconnaissance in 1967. Coconut Grove, Field Research Projects, Miami, FL, 156 pp." type="book">Doe, 1970</bibRefCitation>
) and taking the strong winds on 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF82FFDAA2C5FB6CFD6495D7" box="[648,733,1196,1220]" name="Yemen" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Socotra</collectingCountry>
into account (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA333FB6CFB0995D6" box="[894,1200,1196,1221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref5707" refString="Cheung, C. &amp; DeVantier, L. (2006) Socotra-A natural history of the islands and their people. Van Damme, K. (Ed.), Odyssey Books and Guides, Airphoto International Ltd., Hong Kong, pp. 1 - 408." type="book chapter">Cheung &amp; DeVantier 2006</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA4F6FB6CFF6A95FB" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref7172" refString="Scholte, P. &amp; De Geest, P. (2010) The climate of Socotra Island (Yemen): A first-time assessment of the timing of the monsoon wind reversal and its influence of precipitation and vegetation patterns. Journal of Arid Environments, 74, 1507 - 1515. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jaridenv. 2010.05.017" type="journal article">Scholte &amp; De Geest 2010</bibRefCitation>
), it is likely that 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA1D7FB11FE5B95FB" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[410,482,1233,1256]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA1D7FB11FE5B95FB" box="[410,482,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be found elsewhere on the island. Suitable habitats would be available where larger temporary pools are formed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF82FFDAA08AFAD7FD3A9767" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA08AFAD7FE0B9423" box="[199,434,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">
Global. 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA168FAD9FE0B9423" authority="Damme, 2018" authorityName="Damme" authorityYear="2018" box="[293,434,1305,1328]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="granarius">T. granarius</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27757C9FF82FFDAA1F1FAD9FE439423" box="[444,506,1305,1328]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
was originally described from 
<collectingRegion id="49F4F842FF82FFDAA329FAD7FC009423" box="[868,953,1303,1328]" country="China" name="Beijing" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Beijing</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF82FFDAA385FAD7FBB69423" box="[968,1039,1303,1328]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">China</collectingCountry>
. The species group has the largest geographical and morphological range among the four major lineages in the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA421FAFCFA8A9446" box="[1132,1331,1340,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref6801" refString="Longhurst, A. R. (1955 a) A review of the Notostraca. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 3, 3 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4119" type="journal article">Longhurst 1955a</bibRefCitation>
, Korn &amp; Hundsdoerfer 2006, 2016). Considering the growing evidence for high diversity in this species group, the Socotran animals may well belong to a different species. The complex is widespread in the Old World and the animals are found in suitable habitats from 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF82FFDAA24AFA69FDFE94D3" box="[519,583,1449,1472]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Japan</collectingCountry>
to 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF82FFDAA23FFA67FCBC94D3" box="[626,773,1447,1472]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA355FA67FC5994D3" box="[792,992,1447,1472]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref6801" refString="Longhurst, A. R. (1955 a) A review of the Notostraca. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 3, 3 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4119" type="journal article">Longhurst 1955a</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA3BBFA69FB8794D3" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[1014,1086,1449,1472]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA3BBFA69FB8794D3" box="[1014,1086,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is well represented in several islands around the world (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA1F6FA0CFD3894F6" box="[443,641,1484,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref6848" refString="Longhurst, A. R. (1955 b) Evolution in the Notostraca. Evolution, 9, 84 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1955. tb 01516. x" type="journal article">Longhurst 1955b</bibRefCitation>
), Mediterranean (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA30AFA0CFB8794F7" box="[839,1086,1484,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref6707" refString="Lanfranco, S., De Walsche, C., Schembri, P. &amp; Mertens, J. (1991) Branchiopods (non-cladocerans) of the Maltese Islands (central Mediterranean). Hydrobiologia, 212, 241 - 243. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00026007" type="journal article">
Lanfranco 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA38EFA0DFC4594F6" box="[963,1020,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">et al.</emphasis>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
; Marrone 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA4FFFA0DFB5294F6" box="[1202,1259,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">et al.</emphasis>
2006, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA575FA0CFEAC971B" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref7701" refString="Tzirotzis, I., Zogaris, S., Papatheodoulou, A. &amp; Marrone, F. (2014) First record of the Tadpole Shrimp Triops cancriformis (Branchiopoda: Notostraca) in Cyprus. Limnetica, 33, 341 - 348." type="journal article">
Tzirotzis 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA0DAFA31FF68971B" box="[151,209,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
), Caribbean and the Galápagos (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA2C5FA2FFCAF971B" box="[648,790,1519,1544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref6762" refString="Linder, F. (1960) Nototraca from the Netherlands Antilles - with notes on the Segmentation of the Group. Studies of the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 42, 18 - 32." type="journal article">Linder 1960</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF82FFDAA315FA2FFC66971B" box="[856,991,1519,1544]" name="Madagascar" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA3A2FA2FFB0C971B" box="[1007,1205,1519,1544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref6801" refString="Longhurst, A. R. (1955 a) A review of the Notostraca. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 3, 3 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4119" type="journal article">Longhurst 1955a</bibRefCitation>
). The high dispersal capacity of the dormant eggs allows 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA27EF9D5FDC3973F" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[563,634,1557,1580]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA27EF9D5FDC3973F" box="[563,634,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to occupy temporary pools in remote islands such as Hawai’i and 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF82FFDAA52AF9D5FEB09743" name="New Caledonia" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA15AF9F7FE609743" box="[279,473,1591,1616]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref6801" refString="Longhurst, A. R. (1955 a) A review of the Notostraca. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 3, 3 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4119" type="journal article">Longhurst 1955a</bibRefCitation>
– 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA1A4F9F7FE419743" box="[489,504,1591,1616]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref6848" refString="Longhurst, A. R. (1955 b) Evolution in the Notostraca. Evolution, 9, 84 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1955. tb 01516. x" type="journal article">b</bibRefCitation>
). The Socotran population is the first evidence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA469F9F9FB179743" authorityName="Damme" authorityYear="2018" box="[1060,1198,1593,1616]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granarius">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA469F9F9FB179743" box="[1060,1198,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">T. granarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and only the second of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA0F8F99DFF459767" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[181,252,1629,1652]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA0F8F99DFF459767" box="[181,252,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from islands in the Indian Ocean.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32A652BFF82FFD4A08AF9BFFE5C9617" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="563" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF82FFDBA08AF9BFFA3991EB" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="562" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA08AF9BFFC9E978B" bold="true" box="[199,807,1663,1688]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">
Importance of conservation of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF82FFDAA238F9BFFD06978B" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[629,703,1663,1688]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA238F9BFFD06978B" bold="true" box="[629,703,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
locality.
</emphasis>
There is no formal protection in place in 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF82FFDAA556F940FAC9978B" box="[1307,1392,1664,1688]" name="Yemen" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Socotra</collectingCountry>
for freshwater ecosystems. The locality falls in a rapidly conserved coastal area and in a zone with moderate protection as designed in the original 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF82FFDAA19DF908FD9C97F3" box="[464,549,1736,1760]" name="Yemen" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Socotra</collectingCountry>
Conservation Zoning Plan (Resource Use Reserve; EPC/UNDP GEF, 2000). Eriosh is not part of the 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF82FFDAA1FDF92CFDBC9617" box="[432,517,1772,1796]" name="Yemen" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Socotra</collectingCountry>
National Park, yet just adjacent (&lt;
<quantity id="4CC89B45FF82FFDAA3DBF92CFC739616" box="[918,970,1772,1797]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" unit="km" value="1.0">1km</quantity>
; 
<figureCitation id="130B2A25FF82FFDAA395F92CFB949617" box="[984,1069,1772,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,912,934]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,887]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,195,887]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Locality of Triops on Socotra Island. A, the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen) lies in the western Indian Ocean just off the Horn of Africa. B, Eriosh is situated at the northern coast of Socotra Island. C, relative position of Eriosh to coastal roads and two of the Socotra Conservation Zoning Plan 2000 categories; the site is currently located in a Resource Use Reserve; as the only place currently known on Socotra where Triops is found with other large branchiopods and only the second locality for the genus on Indian Ocean islands, Eriosh should be considered for a special protection status from a freshwater biodiversity conservation perspective." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444468/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
) to it, and therefore falls on the border of UNESCO terrestrial core and buffer properties. The site is located next to the junction of two major roads (also &lt;
<quantity id="4CC89B45FF82FFDAA0ABF8F4FEA1965E" box="[230,280,1844,1869]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" unit="km" value="1.0">1km</quantity>
) on the island and has been damaged by the construction of the Diksam road, which cuts through the centre of the area, destroying a considerable part of it (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA341F898FB989663" box="[780,1057,1879,1904]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref7747" refString="Van Damme, K., De Geest, P. &amp; Jansen van Rensburg, J. (2004) Socotra Island: Conservation issues. [Unpublished Report submitted at EPC Socotra in 2004 highlighting threats to Eriosh]. Available from: http: // www. academia. edu / 586488 / Socotra _ Island _ Conservation _ Issues (accessed 4 July 2018)" type="journal volume">
Van Damme 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA3EEF899FC649663" box="[931,989,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF82FFDAA460F898FA289663" box="[1069,1425,1879,1904]" pageId="6" pageNumber="561" refId="ref7933" refString="Van Damme, K. &amp; De Geest, P. (2006) Case Study 2. Diksam Road and Eriosh's unique archaeology and biology In: Van Damme, K. (Ed.), Cheung, C. &amp; DeUantier, L., Socotra-A natural history of the islands and their people. Odyssey Books and Guides, Airphoto International Ltd., Hong Kong, pp. 350." type="book chapter">Van Damme &amp; De Geest 2006</bibRefCitation>
). However, the 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF82FFDAA178F8BCFE329687" box="[309,395,1916,1940]" name="Yemen" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Socotra</collectingCountry>
Resource Use Reserve legally aims to “ 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA31CF8BDFA8796AB" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">
protect and maintain the unique biological diversity of 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF82FFDAA0FBF861FEB496AB" box="[182,269,1953,1976]" name="Yemen" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Socotra</collectingCountry>
islands, as well as other natural, cultural and landscape values of the area in the long term
</emphasis>
” and in general, the Zoning Plan aims to “ 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF82FFDAA265F805FA3696CE" box="[552,1423,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">
protect the genetic material of rare and endemic species in 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF82FFDAA492F805FA8F96CF" box="[1247,1334,1989,2012]" name="Yemen" pageId="6" pageNumber="561">Socotra</collectingCountry>
islands
</emphasis>
” (Articles 2.5 and 4a in the Zoning Plan; EPC/UNDP GEF 2000). It is therefore important here to briefly highlight natural values and the existence of rare populations (or species) such as an insular 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF83FFDBA41AFF7DFB2791C7" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[1111,1182,189,212]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="7" pageNumber="562" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF83FFDBA41AFF7DFB2791C7" box="[1111,1182,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="562">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the western Indian Ocean, for conservation purposes and to mention the importance of a neglected habitat such as temporary pools.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4F6628FF83FFDBA0DAF889FD5296F5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1444476/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="562" startId="7.[151,250,1865,1887]" targetBox="[206,1377,297,1854]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF83FFDBA0DAF889FD5296F5" blockId="7.[151,1436,1865,2022]" pageId="7" pageNumber="562">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF83FFDBA0DAF889FEAB964D" bold="true" box="[151,274,1865,1887]" pageId="7" pageNumber="562">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF83FFDBA155F88AFE5A964C" authorityName="Damme" authorityYear="2018" box="[280,483,1865,1887]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="7" pageNumber="562" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granarius">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF83FFDBA155F88AFEE0964C" box="[280,345,1866,1887]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="562">Triops</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF83FFDBA132F88AFE5A964C" box="[383,483,1866,1887]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="562">granarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Socotra Island (Yemen). A–B, carapace in dorsal view of adult female (A) and male (B); female with small spines on the carapace (
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF83FFDBA203F8AAFD7A9693" box="[590,707,1898,1920]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="562">trachyaspis</emphasis>
form). C, left posterior corner of carapace in female, dorsal view with spines on the surface. D, second maxilla, female. E, endopodite P2 female, setae on anterior face not shown. F, endopodite P6 female and adjacent endite, setae on anterior face not shown. G–I, telson female (G), details (H) and armature on terminal spines (I). Scale bars denote 10mm (A–B) and 1mm (C–I).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF8CFFD4A08AFF58FE3F909B" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">
From a biological diversity perspective, as this is the only place on the island know so far where three large branchiopods are found together and the only locality known in an Indian Ocean island besides 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF8CFFD4A4AFFF7CFAD091C6" box="[1250,1385,188,213]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
that contains 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF8CFFD4A0B6FF21FEFA91EB" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[251,323,225,248]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A0B6FF21FEFA91EB" box="[251,323,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this locality can be considered as important. Furthermore, considering the large cryptic diversity in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF8CFFD4A08FFEC5FEF7900F" authorityName="Damme" authorityYear="2018" box="[194,334,261,284]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granarius">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A08FFEC5FEF7900F" box="[194,334,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">T. granarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group, there is a possibility that the Socotran 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF8CFFD4A38FFEC5FBB3900F" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[962,1034,261,284]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A38FFEC5FBB3900F" box="[962,1034,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may belong to a new species. The anostracan 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF8CFFD4A155FEE7FE6F9053" authorityName="G.O.Sars" authorityYear="1898" box="[280,470,295,320]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Branchipodidae" genus="Branchipodopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anostraca" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A155FEE7FE6F9053" box="[280,470,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Branchipodopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in this locality is an endemic, so is the cladoceran 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF8CFFD4A462FEE9FAB59053" authority="Baird, 1850" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1850" box="[1071,1292,295,320]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Moinidae" genus="Moina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A462FEE9FBC19053" box="[1071,1144,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Moina</emphasis>
Baird, 1850
</taxonomicName>
, while other interesting taxa (Spinicaudata and 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A26CFE8CFD3A9076" box="[545,643,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Daphnia</emphasis>
) are yet unidentified. The habitat should be locally protected, if only for the branchiopods.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF8CFFD4A08AFE55FC3D92FF" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">
For additional protection beyond the existing 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF8CFFD4A28EFE54FCA190BF" box="[707,792,404,428]" name="Yemen" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Socotra</collectingCountry>
Conservation Zoning Plan, Eriosh could be designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) or its local equivalent in future conservation management plans on 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF8CFFD4A0DAFE1CFF5690E7" box="[151,239,476,500]" name="Yemen" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Socotra</collectingCountry>
, to avoid the risk of losing its value for biodiversity. Immediate threats to this locality include the direct destruction through infrastructure development, which is expanding in 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF8CFFD4A3A5FDC0FB84930B" box="[1000,1085,512,536]" name="Yemen" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Socotra</collectingCountry>
along the coastal roads, and pollution (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF8CFFD4A141FDE4FDD1932F" box="[268,616,548,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" refId="ref7816" refString="Van Damme, K. &amp; Banfield, L. (2011) Past and present human impacts on the biodiversity of Socotra Island (Yemen): implications for future conservation. Zoology of the Middle East, 54, (Supplement 3), 31 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09397140.2011.10648899" type="journal article">Van Damme &amp; Banfield 2011</bibRefCitation>
). Without formal protection there is a high probability that this locality, like much of the northern coastal plain, may be affected in the coming decades, as much of the coastal areas on 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF8CFFD4A0DAFDACFF559397" box="[151,236,620,644]" name="Yemen" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Socotra</collectingCountry>
are being bought up by foreign investors for development regardless of the biodiversity value of this UNESCO World Heritage site. The typical habitats of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF8CFFD4A367FD51FCCB93BB" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[810,882,657,680]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A367FD51FCCB93BB" box="[810,882,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ephemeral pools, are rarely incorporated into conservation measures in tropical or subtropical regions in general. However, they play an important role as model systems in conservation biology (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF8CFFD4A253FD17FCB393E3" box="[542,778,727,752]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" refId="ref8397" refString="Wiggins, G. B., Mackay, R. J. &amp; Smith, I. M. (1980) Evolutionary and ecological strategies of animals in annual temporary pools. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Supplement, 58, 97 - 206." type="journal article">
Wiggins 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A2C5FD19FD7D93E3" box="[648,708,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">et al.</emphasis>
1980
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF8CFFD4A354FD18FB9293E3" box="[793,1067,727,752]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" refId="ref5814" refString="De Meester, L., Declerck, S., Stoks, R., Louette, G., Van De Meutter, F., De Bie, T., Michels, E. &amp; Brendonck, L. (2005) Ponds and pools as model systems in conservation biology, ecology and evolutionary biology. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 15, 715 - 725. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / aqc. 748" type="journal article">
De Meester 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A3E7FD19FC5F93E3" box="[938,998,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
) and the habitat is increasingly making way to land development globally (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF8CFFD4A2FCFD3CFC789207" box="[689,961,764,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" refId="ref5662" refString="Cereghino, R., Biggs, J., Oertli, B. &amp; Declerck, S. (2008) The ecology of European ponds: defining the characteristics of a neglected freshwater habitat. Hydrobiologia, 597, 1 - 6." type="journal article">
Céréghino 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A37AFD3DFCC19206" box="[823,888,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF8CFFD4A398FD3CFB6E9207" box="[981,1239,764,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" refId="ref8442" refString="Williams, P., Biggs, J., Fox, G., Nicolet, P. &amp; Whitfield, M. (2001) History, origins and importance of temporary ponds. Freshwater Forum, 17, 7 - 15." type="journal article">
Williams 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A407FD3DFB329206" box="[1098,1163,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
). In Europe the conservation of this neglected habitat and in particular of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF8CFFD4A30CFCE1FC30922B" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1803" box="[833,905,801,824]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A30CFCE1FC30922B" box="[833,905,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations, is taken seriously as these large branchiopods have become endangered and have gone locally extinct in most countries (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF8CFFD4A4F9FC84FA21924F" box="[1204,1432,836,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" refId="ref5984" refString="Eder, E. &amp; Hodl, W. (2002) Large freshwater branchiopods in Austria: diversity, threats and conservational status. In: Escobar- Briones E. &amp; Alvarez, F. (Eds.), Modern approaches to the study of Crustacea. Springer, New York, pp. 281 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0761 - 1 _ 40" type="book chapter">Eder &amp; Hödl 2002</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF8CFFD4A0DAFCA7FE289293" box="[151,401,871,896]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" refId="ref5595" refString="Brendonck, L., Rogers, C., Olesen, J., Weeks, S. &amp; Hoeh, W. R. (2008) Global diversity of large branchiopods (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 167 - 176. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10750 - 007 - 9119 - 9" type="journal article">
Brendonck 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A155FCA9FEE99293" box="[280,336,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF8CFFD4A1D6FCA7FDC89293" box="[411,625,871,896]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" refId="ref6182" refString="Goldyn, B., Bernard, R., Czyz, M. J. &amp; Jankowiak, A. (2012) Diversity and conservation status of large branchiopods (Crustacea) in ponds of western Poland. Limnologica, 42, 264 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. limno. 2012.08.006" type="journal article">
Gołdyn 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A1BBFCA9FD949293" box="[502,557,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). In the 
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for example, 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF8CFFD4A3C1FCA9FBD09293" baseAuthorityName="Bosc" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[908,1129,872,896]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cancriformis">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A3C1FCA9FBD09293" box="[908,1129,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Triops cancriformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is classified as Endangered under the Wildlife and Countryside Act and the only two localities where it is still found, are under legal protection (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF8CFFD4A0D3FC6FFE8192DB" box="[158,312,943,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" refId="ref6362" refString="Hughes, I. (1997) Conservation breeding of the tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis in Britain. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, 1, 5 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1018362913292" type="journal article">Hughes 1997</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF8CFFD4A109FC6FFDBA92DB" box="[324,515,943,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" refId="ref6064" refString="Feber, R., Hilton, G. M., Hutchins, E., Griffin, L. &amp; Ewald, N. (2011) Ecology and conservation of the Tadpole Shrimp Triops cancriformis in Britain. British Wildlife, 22, 334 - 341." type="journal article">
Feber 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A1C6FC71FE7D92DB" box="[395,452,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF8CFFD4A25DFC6FFD5992DB" box="[528,736,943,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" refId="ref7305" refString="Sellers, G. S., Griffin, L. R., Hanfling, B. &amp; Gomez, A. (2017) A new molecular diagnostic tool for surveying and monitoring Triops cancriformis populations. PeerJ, 2017, 5, e 3228. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 3228" type="journal article">
Sellers 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A229FC71FD2592DB" box="[612,668,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
). There is even a 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF8CFFD4A3EBFC71FB6092DB" authority="Conservation Group" authorityName="Conservation Group" box="[934,1241,943,968]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A3EBFC71FC5792DB" box="[934,1006,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Triops</emphasis>
Conservation Group
</taxonomicName>
in the 
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which also coordinates ex-situ breeding of the population (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF8CFFD4A290FC14FCCE92FF" box="[733,887,980,1005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" refId="ref6362" refString="Hughes, I. (1997) Conservation breeding of the tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis in Britain. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, 1, 5 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1018362913292" type="journal article">Hughes 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF8CFFD4A08AFC37FD7A971B" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">
The conservation of this particular locality which harbours 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF8CFFD4A32BFC39FC179503" box="[870,942,1017,1040]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A32BFC39FC179503" box="[870,942,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F3277630FF8CFFD4A39EFC38FB909503" box="[979,1065,1016,1040]" name="Yemen" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Socotra</collectingCountry>
may not only be important from the perspective of biodiversity, evolution and biogeography, but perhaps from a cultural perspective as well. These animals may actually contribute to protecting the unique petroglyphs on the island. Because of their active foraging and burrowing habits and the large numbers in which they occur, tadpole shrimps are able to modify the aquatic environment they live in through bioturbation as they stir up sediments (as 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A3A3FB49FB6C95B3" box="[1006,1237,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">ecosystem engineers</emphasis>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA14B51FF8CFFD4A4A8FB47FF6A95D7" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" refId="ref5758" refString="Croel, R. C. &amp; Kneitel, J. M. (2011) Ecosystem-level effects of bioturbation by the tadpole shrimp Lepidurus packardi in temporary pond mesocosms. Hydrobiologia, 665, 169 - 181. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10750 - 011 - 0620 - 9" type="journal article">Croel &amp; Kneitel 2011</bibRefCitation>
). Archaeologists suggest that the main reason for which the surface rock art has not been destroyed naturally throughout the centuries is because of the fine sediment that is distributed over the area each monsoon, effectively forming a small protective layer on the soft limestone against erosion (and looters) as well as the absence of shrubs on the site (J. Jansen van Rensburg 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A26EFAD9FD1D9423" box="[547,676,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">pers. comm</emphasis>
.). It is possible that 
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A3C8FAD9FC6D9423" box="[901,980,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF8CFFD4A3C8FAD9FC769423" box="[901,975,1305,1328]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Triops</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
as an active aquatic ecosystem engineer, plays a role in redistributing fine sediment over the inundated rock face after rains and actively uproots seedlings, and may have done so for a very long time. Future development plans for the site should take into account that the dry sediment contains the valuable branchiopod egg bank and should aim to preserve the temporary pools which have an added cultural value as a watering place for herders. Protecting the natural value of the site by conservation of the habitat of the large branchiopods would in this case also protect the cultural values and vice versa. 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF8CFFD4A57BFA0DFAC794F7" box="[1334,1406,1485,1508]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A57BFA0DFAC794F7" box="[1334,1406,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an ancient guardian of an archaeological treasure.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8F36A0FF8CFFD4A08AF9D5FE5C9617" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">
Future conservation efforts on 
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may take an innovative role in Arabia by incorporating examples of the invertebrate freshwater faunas and their ecosystems into future management plans, in particular by including widely ignored habitats such as temporary pools which harbour a unique biodiversity. The potential of 
<taxonomicName id="4C304D23FF8CFFD4A542F99DFAEE9767" box="[1295,1367,1629,1652]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Triopsidae" genus="Triops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notostraca" pageId="8" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B944EAB2FF8CFFD4A542F99DFAEE9767" box="[1295,1367,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="563">Triops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the biological control of mosquito larvae, as well as the potential role in local environmental education, may help in awareness and in establishing a locally positive image for these fascinating large branchiopods. Large branchiopods may be locally promoted on 
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as flagship species in conservation, to help protect their ephemeral habitats. Why not?
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>