707 lines
85 KiB
XML
707 lines
85 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.2478/vzoo-2014-0002" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e88998e1-da5e-43f9-bd14-b625d271dd9b" ID-ISSN="2073-2333" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403889" approvalRequired="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="1" checkinTime="1648783395369" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Martynova, K. V. & Fateryga, A. V." docDate="2014" docId="03998780FFE5762130E1FF35B9B75752" docLanguage="en" docName="VestnikZoologii.48.1.11-26.pdf" docOrigin="Vestnik Zoologii 48 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0002" docStyle="DocumentStyle:9FE6554C034D0A4D8EA9CEAE255F4368.2:VestnikZoologii.2014-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="9FE6554C034D0A4D8EA9CEAE255F4368" docStyleName="VestnikZoologii.2014-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Omalus sculpticollis : Abeille de Perrin 1878" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FFA0FFF8FFE67629304BFF9ABB2C5068" masterDocTitle="Omalus Sculpticollis As The Main Enemy Of Psenulus Fuscipennis (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Crabronidae) In The Crimea, Ukraine" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="11" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1662058812605" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Omalus Sculpticollis As The Main Enemy Of Psenulus Fuscipennis (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Crabronidae) In The Crimea, Ukraine</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Martynova, K. V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fateryga, A. V.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Vestnik Zoologii</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2014-02-01</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>48</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>11</mods:start>
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<mods:end>26</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0002</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.2478/vzoo-2014-0002</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">e88998e1-da5e-43f9-bd14-b625d271dd9b</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">2073-2333</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6403889</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6406068" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194383713" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6406068" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03998780FFE5762130E1FF35B9B75752" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03998780FFE5762130E1FF35B9B75752" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[170,570,175,202]" box="[170,570,175,202]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
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<heading box="[170,570,175,202]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName authority="Abeille, 1878" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[170,570,175,202]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,411,175,202]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
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Abeille, 1878
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[170,775,223,250]" box="[170,775,223,250]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">T a x o n o m i c a l a n d m o r p h o l o g i c a l n o t e s</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[170,1229,271,1002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
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The chrysidid wasp found in the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kohl" authorityYear="1897" box="[629,731,271,297]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[629,731,271,297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Psenulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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nests was identified as
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<taxonomicName authority="Abeille, 1878" authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis" subGenus="Chrysellampus">
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<emphasis box="[1021,1112,271,297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Omalus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Chrysellampus</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis box="[271,404,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">sculpticollis</emphasis>
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Abeille, 1878
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Linsenmaier, W." box="[576,809,303,330]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 232" refId="ref9140" refString="Linsenmaier, W. Revision der Familie Chrysididae (Hymenoptera) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der europaischen Spezies // Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. - 1959 a. - 32, N 1. - P. 1 - 232." type="book chapter" year="1959">Linsenmaier 1959 a</bibRefCitation>
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, b, 1968, 1987, 1997). This species is easily identifiable for the unique punctuation of the mesosoma and the characteristic shape of the third tergite (
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<figureCitation box="[407,470,367,394]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[170,199,1795,1815]" captionTargetBox="[192,1210,1062,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[174,1232,1046,1770]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, female, dorsal view and microsculpture of mesosoma. Рис. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, самка, вид сверху и микроскульптура мезосомы." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403895/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">fig. 3</figureCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[494,726,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
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<emphasis box="[494,726,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was transferred into the genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Abeille, 1879" authorityName="Abeille" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Philoctetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1105,1228,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Philoctetes</emphasis>
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Abeille, 1879
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</taxonomicName>
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by Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Rosa and Soon (2013) also consider it belonging to the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Abeille" authorityYear="1879" box="[364,487,431,457]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Philoctetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[364,487,431,457]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Philoctetes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[170,1229,271,1002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
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It should be noted that Linsenmaier divided the genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Panzer, 1801" authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1801" box="[874,1122,463,490]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[874,964,463,489]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Omalus</emphasis>
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Panzer, 1801
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</taxonomicName>
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into five subgenera:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1801" box="[302,392,495,521]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
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<emphasis box="[302,392,495,521]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Omalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[400,463,496,522]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<taxonomicName authority="Mocsary, 1890" authorityName="Mocsary" authorityYear="1890" box="[476,769,495,521]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Holophris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[476,588,495,521]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Holophris</emphasis>
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Mocsáry, 1890
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authority="Abeille, 1879" authorityName="Abeille" authorityYear="1879" box="[781,1061,495,521]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Philoctetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[781,901,495,521]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Philoctetes</emphasis>
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Abeille, 1879
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authority="Spinola, 1806" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1806" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Elampus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1074,1173,495,521]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Elampus</emphasis>
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Spinola, 1806
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName authority="Forster, 1853" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1853" box="[331,584,527,554]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Notozus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[331,424,528,553]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Notozus</emphasis>
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Förster, 1853
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</taxonomicName>
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) and
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<emphasis box="[651,818,527,553]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Chrysellampus</emphasis>
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Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1932, and placed
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<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[251,380,559,585]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
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<emphasis box="[251,380,559,585]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">sculpticollis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<emphasis box="[416,591,559,585]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Chrysellampus.</emphasis>
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The Swiss author considered the original external morphological characters given by Abeille de Perrin to define the subgenus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Abeille" authorityYear="1879" box="[1002,1122,591,617]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Philoctetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1002,1122,591,617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Philoctetes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, as other authors did (
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<bibRefCitation author="Mocsary, A." box="[314,484,623,649]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refId="ref9465" refString="Mocsary, A. Monographia Chrysididarum orbis Terrestris. - Budapest: Hungarian Academy of Science, 1889. - 643 p." type="book" year="1889">Mocsáry, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Radoszkowski, O." box="[494,727,623,649]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="3 - 40" refId="ref9815" refString="Radoszkowski, O. Revision des armatures copulatrices des males de la tribu des Chrysididae // Horae Soc. Ent. Ross. - 1889 (1888). - 23. - P. 3 - 40." type="journal article" year="1889">Radoszkowski, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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; du Buysson, 1891; etc.). Kimsey and Bohart (1991), reviewing the tribe
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1854" box="[488,596,655,681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" rank="tribe" tribe="Elampini">Elampini</taxonomicName>
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, considered different characters to identify the genera and elevated many subgenera to generic rank. The final result was that part of the former subgenera were elevated to genera, but with different diagnoses and species included, if compared to Linsenmaier’s systematics. Therefore the genus
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<taxonomicName authority="sensu Linsenmaier" authorityName="Linsenmaier" box="[819,1157,751,777]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Philoctetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[819,1007,751,777]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Philoctetes sensu</emphasis>
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Linsenmaier
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</taxonomicName>
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is not comparable to
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<taxonomicName authority="sensu Kimsey, Bohart 1991" authorityName="Kimsey, Bohart" authorityYear="1991" box="[342,778,783,809]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Philoctetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[342,530,783,809]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Philoctetes sensu</emphasis>
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Kimsey, Bohart 1991
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</taxonomicName>
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. Some recent taxonomical publications demonstrated that Kimsey and Bohart’s (1991) genera system needs corrections. Many taxa were recently moved from one genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Kimsey, Bohart (1991)" authorityName="Kimsey, Bohart" authorityYear="1991" box="[603,934,847,874]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" rank="species" species="sensu">
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<emphasis box="[603,665,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">sensu</emphasis>
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Kimsey, Bohart (1991)
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</taxonomicName>
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to other genera (
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<bibRefCitation author="Niehuis, O. & Dathe, A. & Taeger, S. M." pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="119 - 123" refId="ref9636" refString="Niehuis, O. Chrysididae // Entomofauna Germanica 4. Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte / Eds H. H. Dathe, A. Taeger, S. M. Blank. - Dresden, 2001. - 7. - P. 119 - 123." type="book chapter" year="2001">Niehuis, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Rosa, P." box="[239,388,879,906]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 128" refId="ref9903" refString="Rosa, P. La collezione dei Crisidi (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano // Natura. - 2005 b. - 94, N 2. - P. 1 - 128." type="book chapter" year="2005">Rosa, 2005 b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Rosa, P. I" box="[401,459,879,905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refId="ref9944" refString="Rosa, P. I Crisidi della Valle d'Aosta: Monografie del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Saint-Pierre. - Aosta, 2006. - 400 p." type="book" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Rosa, P." box="[470,528,879,905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="209 - 272" refId="ref9973" refString="Rosa, P. Catalogo dei Tipi dei Crisidi del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale " G. Doria " di Genova (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) // Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. " G. Doria ". - 2009. - 100. - P. 209 - 272." type="book chapter" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Strumia, F." box="[539,705,879,906]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref10171" refString="Strumia, F. Hymenoptera Chrysididae // Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana / Eds A. Minelli, S. Ruffo, S. La Posta. - Bologna: Calderini, 1995. - 99. - P. 1 - 10." type="book chapter" year="1995">Strumia, 1995</bibRefCitation>
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||
). However, Kimsey and Bohart’s generic system is not accepted by many European and Russian authors (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kunz, P. X." box="[882,1019,911,937]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref9096" refString="Kunz, P. X. Die Goldwespen (Chrysididae) Baden-Wurttembergs. Taxonomie, Bestimmung, Verbreitung, Kartierung und Okologie // Beih. Veroff. Naturschutz Landschaftspflege Baden-Wurtt. - 1994. - 77. - P. 1 - 188." type="book chapter" year="1994">Kunz, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Mingo, E." box="[1030,1179,911,937]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refId="ref9431" refString="Mingo, E. Hymenoptera Chrysididae. Fauna Iberica. Vol. 6. - Madrid: Museo Nacional de Cencias Naturales Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1994. - 256 p." type="book" year="1994">Mingo, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Vinokurov, N. B." pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="129 - 135" refId="ref10632" refString="Vinokurov, N. B. Fauna of cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) in the interfluve of the Prut and Niester rivers in the Republic of Moldova // Analele stiintifice ale Universitatii " Al. I. Cuza " Din iasi. Lucrarile Simpozionului " Entomofagii si rolul lor in pastrarea echilibrului natural ". - 2008. - P. 129 - 135." type="book chapter" year="2008">Vinokurov, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A new revisional work on the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1854" box="[704,810,943,969]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" rank="tribe" tribe="Elampini">Elampini</taxonomicName>
|
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tribe is needed. In the present paper we follow Linsenmaier’s system (
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<bibRefCitation author="Linsenmaier, W." box="[546,781,975,1002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 232" refId="ref9140" refString="Linsenmaier, W. Revision der Familie Chrysididae (Hymenoptera) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der europaischen Spezies // Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. - 1959 a. - 32, N 1. - P. 1 - 232." type="book chapter" year="1959">Linsenmaier, 1959 a</bibRefCitation>
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||
, b, 1968, 1987, 1997).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403895" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403895/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" startId="3.[170,199,1795,1815]" targetBox="[192,1210,1062,1768]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[170,864,1795,1815]" box="[170,864,1795,1815]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Fig. 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[227,395,1795,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[227,395,1795,1814]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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, female, dorsal view and microsculpture of mesosoma.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[170,852,1838,1858]" box="[170,852,1838,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Рис. 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[233,401,1838,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[233,401,1838,1857]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="14">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, самка, вид сверху и микроскульптура мезосомы.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403897" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403897/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" startId="4.[167,196,874,894]" targetBox="[419,983,191,827]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[166,1225,874,920]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Fig. 4. Sexual dimorphism in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[420,589,874,893]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[420,589,874,893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis box="[599,609,875,893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">a</emphasis>
|
||
— tergum III, top view;
|
||
<emphasis box="[824,834,874,893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">b</emphasis>
|
||
— tergum III, side view;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1054,1062,875,893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">c</emphasis>
|
||
— metasoma, side view;
|
||
<emphasis box="[215,226,901,920]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">d</emphasis>
|
||
— flagellum and pedicellum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[166,1225,943,990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Рис. 4. Половой диморфизм у
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[442,610,943,962]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,610,943,962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis box="[619,629,944,962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">а</emphasis>
|
||
— тергит III, вид сверху;
|
||
<emphasis box="[863,873,943,962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">b</emphasis>
|
||
— тергит III, вид сбоку;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1097,1105,944,962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">с</emphasis>
|
||
— метасома, вид сбоку;
|
||
<emphasis box="[265,299,970,989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">d —</emphasis>
|
||
жгутик и поворотный членик усика.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[166,1225,1029,1312]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Du Buysson (1891) was the first author to observe the remarkable sexual dimorphism in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[200,367,1061,1088]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[200,367,1061,1088]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: females have a more elongated metasoma and the third tergite (T–III) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[174,233,1093,1120]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[167,196,874,894]" captionTargetBox="[419,983,191,827]" captionTargetId="figure-395@4.[380,1012,174,845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Sexual dimorphism in Omalus sculpticollis: a — tergum III, top view; b — tergum III, side view; c — metasoma, side view; d — flagellum and pedicellum. Рис. 4. Половой диморфизм у Omalus sculpticollis: а — тергит III, вид сверху; b — тергит III, вид сбоку; с — метасома, вид сбоку; d — жгутик и поворотный членик усика." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403897/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[242,256,1093,1119]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">b</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[267,278,1094,1119]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">c</emphasis>
|
||
), the T–III is somehow protuberant (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[699,758,1093,1120]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[167,196,874,894]" captionTargetBox="[419,983,191,827]" captionTargetId="figure-395@4.[380,1012,174,845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Sexual dimorphism in Omalus sculpticollis: a — tergum III, top view; b — tergum III, side view; c — metasoma, side view; d — flagellum and pedicellum. Рис. 4. Половой диморфизм у Omalus sculpticollis: а — тергит III, вид сверху; b — тергит III, вид сбоку; с — метасома, вид сбоку; d — жгутик и поворотный членик усика." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403897/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[767,781,1094,1119]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[793,807,1093,1119]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">b</emphasis>
|
||
), flagellomeres are swollen (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1126,1184,1093,1120]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[167,196,874,894]" captionTargetBox="[419,983,191,827]" captionTargetId="figure-395@4.[380,1012,174,845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Sexual dimorphism in Omalus sculpticollis: a — tergum III, top view; b — tergum III, side view; c — metasoma, side view; d — flagellum and pedicellum. Рис. 4. Половой диморфизм у Omalus sculpticollis: а — тергит III, вид сверху; b — тергит III, вид сбоку; с — метасома, вид сбоку; d — жгутик и поворотный членик усика." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403897/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1193,1208,1093,1119]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">d</emphasis>
|
||
); seen in dorsal view, the males’ head, main part of pronotum, mesonotum, propodeum, and upper part of metasoma are darker (matt black) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[723,782,1157,1184]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[170,199,1795,1815]" captionTargetBox="[192,1210,1062,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[174,1232,1046,1770]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, female, dorsal view and microsculpture of mesosoma. Рис. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, самка, вид сверху и микроскульптура мезосомы." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403895/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The matt effect on mesosoma in both sexes is originated from a special complex microsculpture, which could be named “coriaceous and punctate, with hairs” according to the terminology given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eady, R. D." box="[894,1032,1221,1248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" pagination="4 - 6" refId="ref8484" refString="Eady, R. D. Some illustrations of microsculpture in the Hymenoptera // Proc. Royal Entomol. Soc. London (A). - 1968. - 43, N 4 - 6. - P. 66 - 72." type="book chapter" year="1968">Eady (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1045,1103,1221,1248]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[170,199,1795,1815]" captionTargetBox="[192,1210,1062,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[174,1232,1046,1770]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, female, dorsal view and microsculpture of mesosoma. Рис. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, самка, вид сверху и микроскульптура мезосомы." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403895/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). It should be noted that the coriaceous microsculpture preserves the structural coloration (except for black zones), but eliminates the iridescence effect in both sexes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[166,507,1333,1360]" box="[166,507,1333,1360]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<heading box="[166,507,1333,1360]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">S u m m a r y o f n e s t d a t a</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[166,1226,1381,1856]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Only
|
||
<specimenCount box="[283,436,1381,1408]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" type="generic">90 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[471,632,1381,1408]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[471,632,1381,1408]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
emerged from the nests overall, but being the larvae they destroyed 435 cells of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[480,634,1413,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[480,634,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">P. fuscipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see the discussion below). Therefore the common correlation “one parasitoid individual per one host cell”is not valid.At the moment of laboratory examination chrysidids were at prepupal or pupal stage, enclosed in cocoons, similarly to their hosts. As the examination took place early in spring (after winter stay) we can conclude that also
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[219,383,1541,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[219,383,1541,1568]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
overwinters in prepupal stage in the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[816,904,1541,1567]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Crimea</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The emergence of imagoes had been taking place from the second decade of May to the first days of June. But two of these
|
||
<specimenCount box="[166,319,1605,1632]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" type="generic">90 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
emerged much earlier, during summertime: we observed one abandoned cocoon and one with dead imago. Therefore these two should be referred to the so called “facultative generation”, and the studied population of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[648,808,1669,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[648,808,1669,1696]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be considered as monovoltine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[166,1226,1381,1856]" lastBlockId="5.[174,1233,870,1121]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Moreover, we can state the following: in the present study the 698 individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[166,327,1733,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[166,327,1733,1759]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">P. fuscipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were monovoltine and emerged after winter stay, while other 87 (11.1 %) are referred to facultative generation; correspondingly, 88 individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[1053,1225,1765,1792]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1053,1225,1765,1792]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were monovoltine, while two (2.2 %) emerged without winter stay (gave the facultative generation). These data prove a clear evidence of connection between the host’s life cycle and its chrysidid enemy. In this sense the long-term evolution process becomes obvious, as the development of chrysidid wasp is synchronized with that of host (the dates of emergence are close and the facultative generations are shown in both host and chrysidid).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6406070" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6406070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6406070/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" startId="5.[174,203,719,739]" targetBox="[266,1182,178,714]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[174,1232,719,765]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Fig. 5. Reproductive success and mortality of
|
||
<emphasis box="[560,728,719,738]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
progeny caused by hyperparasites and unknown affects (in terms of number of cocoons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[174,1232,788,835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Рис. 5. Репродуктивный успех и гибель потомства
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[644,814,788,807]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[644,814,788,807]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
от гиперпаразитов и неизвестных причин (в перерасчете на количество коконов).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[174,1233,870,1121]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Not all
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[324,496,966,993]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[324,496,966,993]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
successfully developed into imagoes. As shown in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1131,1226,966,993]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[174,203,719,739]" captionTargetBox="[266,1182,178,714]" captionTargetId="graphics-126@5.[266,1018,178,715]" captionText="Fig. 5. Reproductive success and mortality of Omalus sculpticollis progeny caused by hyperparasites and unknown affects (in terms of number of cocoons). Рис. 5. Репродуктивный успех и гибель потомства Omalus sculpticollis от гиперпаразитов и неизвестных причин (в перерасчете на количество коконов)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6406070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6406070/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
, the death of prepupae/pupae in cocoon was registered in five cases, 14 chrysidid cocoons were occupied by
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1839" box="[416,627,1030,1056]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Melittobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acasta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[416,627,1030,1056]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Melittobia acasta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, four cocoons by the ichneumonoid
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1822" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Perithous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septemcinctorius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Perithous septemcinctorius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In total, only the 73.9 % of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[722,893,1062,1089]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[722,893,1062,1089]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
emerged in about the same period, as the host. The sex ratio obtained for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[710,877,1094,1121]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[710,877,1094,1121]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was almost 1 ♂:
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1080,1120,1093,1121]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403899" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403899/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" startId="5.[174,203,1655,1675]" targetBox="[195,1254,1179,1629]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[174,1232,1655,1728]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Fig. 6. Nests of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[307,479,1655,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[307,479,1655,1674]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Psenulus fuscipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
containing cocoons of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[681,849,1655,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[681,849,1655,1674]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis box="[859,869,1656,1674]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">a</emphasis>
|
||
— one chrysidid cocoon between mass of aphids and two host cells;
|
||
<emphasis box="[400,410,1682,1701]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">b</emphasis>
|
||
— two chrysidid cocoons, located after host cell;
|
||
<emphasis box="[837,845,1682,1700]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">c</emphasis>
|
||
— series of tree cells, destroyed by chrysidid larva (note the cocoon in first cell and remainder of cell partitions with big holes).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[174,1232,1751,1851]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Рис. 6. Гнёзда
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[304,477,1751,1770]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[304,477,1751,1770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Psenulus fuscipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, содержащие коконы
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[681,850,1751,1770]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[681,850,1751,1770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis box="[860,870,1752,1770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">a</emphasis>
|
||
— один кокон хризидиды среди массы тлей и две ячейки хозяина;
|
||
<emphasis box="[420,430,1778,1797]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">b</emphasis>
|
||
— два кокона хризидид, расположенные после ячейки хозяина;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1014,1022,1778,1796]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">c</emphasis>
|
||
— серия, состоящая из трёх ячеек, разрушенных личинкой хризидиды (см. кокон в первой ячейке и остатки перегородок между ячейками с большими отверстиями).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[166,1225,175,778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[219,450,175,201]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[219,450,175,201]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found in 54 (56.8 %) of 95 nests constructed by
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1061,1218,175,201]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1061,1218,175,201]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">P. fuscipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In each one of these 54 nests we observed that the series of intercellar partitions between the cells were damaged (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[450,512,239,266]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[174,203,1655,1675]" captionTargetBox="[195,1254,1179,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-312@5.[195,1211,1173,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 6. Nests of Psenulus fuscipennis containing cocoons of Omalus sculpticollis: a — one chrysidid cocoon between mass of aphids and two host cells; b — two chrysidid cocoons, located after host cell; c — series of tree cells, destroyed by chrysidid larva (note the cocoon in first cell and remainder of cell partitions with big holes). Рис. 6. Гнёзда Psenulus fuscipennis, содержащие коконы Omalus sculpticollis: a — один кокон хризидиды среди массы тлей и две ячейки хозяина; b — два кокона хризидид, расположенные после ячейки хозяина; c — серия, состоящая из трёх ячеек, разрушенных личинкой хризидиды (см. кокон в первой ячейке и остатки перегородок между ячейками с большими отверстиями)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403899/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The holes in the partitions were rather large, and the spaces of cells in such series appeared to be united. These united cells were always full of aphids and there was only one chrysidid cocoon always present per one series of cells (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1145,1210,303,330]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[174,203,719,739]" captionTargetBox="[266,1182,178,714]" captionTargetId="graphics-126@5.[266,1018,178,715]" captionText="Fig. 5. Reproductive success and mortality of Omalus sculpticollis progeny caused by hyperparasites and unknown affects (in terms of number of cocoons). Рис. 5. Репродуктивный успех и гибель потомства Omalus sculpticollis от гиперпаразитов и неизвестных причин (в перерасчете на количество коконов)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6406070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6406070/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The series included from 2 to 14 cells (average — 5.0). In more than the 50 % of the cases, the nests contained two or three series of cells (respectively two or three
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[1054,1225,367,394]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1054,1225,367,394]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cocoons per nest were obtained). The location pattern of these series in the nests of host was accidental — no regularity could be shown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[166,1225,175,778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
There are no doubts that this damage is caused by chrysidids. We did not find any other enemy inside the cell series as there were no extraneous holes found (which could explain the presence of other host enemies). These series were often situated in the “middle of the nest” being surrounded from both sides by cells with normally developing
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1041,1199,559,585]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1041,1199,559,585]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">P. fuscipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[166,1225,175,778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Though, one chrysidid wasp per one host cell was observed in seven cases on 90. Each such cell contained the cocoon of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[641,811,623,650]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[641,811,623,650]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with prepupa/pupa inside and the remainder of an empty
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[451,611,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[451,611,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">P. fuscipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cocoon with a big hole (there were no aphids). All these facts indicate that chrysidid wasp devoured the mature larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[981,1139,687,713]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[981,1139,687,713]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">P. fuscipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which had already finished the feeding on aphids and spun its own cocoon. The hole in the host cocoon was made by the chrysidid larva.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[166,516,815,842]" box="[166,516,815,842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<heading box="[166,516,815,842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">D e s c r i p t i o n o f c o c o o n</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[166,1225,879,1834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The cocoon of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[397,566,879,906]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[397,566,879,906]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
looks like a brownish truncated cylinder with rounded posterior end (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[346,411,911,938]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[174,203,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[257,1153,651,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-199@7.[257,1153,630,1615]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7. Cocoon of Omalus sculpticollis: a — general view, part of circular band and excrements are removed; b — scheme of structure (1 — collar, 2 — circular band, 3 — arch, 4 — septum, 5 — nipple, 6 — cocoon proper, 7 — pubescence, 8 — excrements); c — cross section of nipple; d — scheme showing the cocoon after imago’s going out; e — scheme of inverted position of arch. Рис. 7. Кокон Omalus sculpticollis: a — общий вид, часть круговой полосы и экскрементов удалены; b — схема строения (1 — воротничок, 2 — круговая полоса, 3 — свод, 4 — перегородка, 5 — сосочек, 6 — собственно кокон, 7 — опушение, 8 — экскременты); c — поперечный срез через сосочек; d — схема, показывающая кокон после выхода имаго; e — схема инвертированного положения свода." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403901/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its length can vary from
|
||
<quantity box="[740,888,911,938]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="9.0">9 to 11 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The cocoon has a complex structure and consists of two parts, which differ in structure and functions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[166,1225,879,1834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The apical part consists of a transverse septum, made across the boring of the stem, and a circular band attached to it; the septum can include the remainder of intercellar partitions (constructed by
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dahlbom" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[493,658,1039,1065]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Psenulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[493,658,1039,1065]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">P. fuscipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female) on the periphery. All these structures resemble an “arch with collar” at the cross section of the cocoon (terminology by A. N. Kilimnik, pers. comm.). The collar is formed of the remainder of cell facing. The septum is made of opaque, rather thin, but quite dense yellowish material. A small depression is observed in the center of the septum. The circular band is much thinner, semitransparent, light-brown and it is often torn off during the removal of the cocoon. Functionally the arch serves as a plug or barrier, which separates the chrysidid larva from the mass of aphids and protects it from the superfluous humidity (Kilimnik, pers. comm.). The septum is not always attached to the remainder of cell partitions. When the cocoon is located out of relation to nest structure (in the middle of the cell or partially in one cell and partially in other), its arch could be less distinct, having more rounded forms, but still it preserves the functions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[166,1225,879,1834]" lastBlockId="7.[174,1233,175,586]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The cocoon proper is thin-walled, varnished, light-brown, cylindrical with rounded ends (oval in cross section). Its apical part is inserted into the arch. The dense thick pubescence observed provides the junction of the cocoon and the circular band of the arch, which in turn fixes all the structures in the stem. The surface of the cocoon bears an abundant pubescence: it consists of thick brownish fibers all around the cocoon, except for the posterior end of the cocoon, where it is quite thin and whitish. According to Kilimnik (pers. comm.), the function of the pubescence is a shock-absorbing fixation of the cocoon to the nest walls. It should be noted, that the small inclusions (possibly excrements and chitinous remainder of host bodies) are observed within the pubescence all over. Excrements are black in color. Sometimes they can be described as the compact dense mass, arranged along the posterior part of the cocoon, otherwise they look like small round pellets laying more roughly. The apical part of the cocoon bears the nipplelike structure about
|
||
<quantity box="[413,483,1807,1834]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[649,713,1807,1834]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[174,203,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[257,1153,651,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-199@7.[257,1153,630,1615]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7. Cocoon of Omalus sculpticollis: a — general view, part of circular band and excrements are removed; b — scheme of structure (1 — collar, 2 — circular band, 3 — arch, 4 — septum, 5 — nipple, 6 — cocoon proper, 7 — pubescence, 8 — excrements); c — cross section of nipple; d — scheme showing the cocoon after imago’s going out; e — scheme of inverted position of arch. Рис. 7. Кокон Omalus sculpticollis: a — общий вид, часть круговой полосы и экскрементов удалены; b — схема строения (1 — воротничок, 2 — круговая полоса, 3 — свод, 4 — перегородка, 5 — сосочек, 6 — собственно кокон, 7 — опушение, 8 — экскременты); c — поперечный срез через сосочек; d — схема, показывающая кокон после выхода имаго; e — схема инвертированного положения свода." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403901/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[727,738,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">c</emphasis>
|
||
). The latter is well visible and distinctly differs from the other semitransparent brownish parts of cocoon walls by being whitish and opaque. The minute examination of the nipple showed that it has a double-layer structure in cross section. The innermost lenticular layer is formed of very thin brownish fibers laying in parallel and compactly; instead the outermost one consists of more thick white fibers, laying loosely.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[174,1233,175,586]" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The emerging in linear nests forces the imagoes of chrysidids to get out of cocoons through their apical parts — by making holes first in the “nipple area” of the cocoon, and then in the transverse septum of the arch (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[669,730,399,426]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[174,203,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[257,1153,651,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-199@7.[257,1153,630,1615]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7. Cocoon of Omalus sculpticollis: a — general view, part of circular band and excrements are removed; b — scheme of structure (1 — collar, 2 — circular band, 3 — arch, 4 — septum, 5 — nipple, 6 — cocoon proper, 7 — pubescence, 8 — excrements); c — cross section of nipple; d — scheme showing the cocoon after imago’s going out; e — scheme of inverted position of arch. Рис. 7. Кокон Omalus sculpticollis: a — общий вид, часть круговой полосы и экскрементов удалены; b — схема строения (1 — воротничок, 2 — круговая полоса, 3 — свод, 4 — перегородка, 5 — сосочек, 6 — собственно кокон, 7 — опушение, 8 — экскременты); c — поперечный срез через сосочек; d — схема, показывающая кокон после выхода имаго; e — схема инвертированного положения свода." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403901/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[741,756,399,425]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">d</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[174,1233,175,586]" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Sometimes the cocoons of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[547,716,431,458]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[547,716,431,458]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the inverted structure: the apical part bearing the nipple is not inserted into the arch, instead the bare nipple faces the entrance of the nest tube; additionally the arch is attached to the bottom end of the cocoon proper (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[182,243,527,554]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[174,203,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[257,1153,651,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-199@7.[257,1153,630,1615]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7. Cocoon of Omalus sculpticollis: a — general view, part of circular band and excrements are removed; b — scheme of structure (1 — collar, 2 — circular band, 3 — arch, 4 — septum, 5 — nipple, 6 — cocoon proper, 7 — pubescence, 8 — excrements); c — cross section of nipple; d — scheme showing the cocoon after imago’s going out; e — scheme of inverted position of arch. Рис. 7. Кокон Omalus sculpticollis: a — общий вид, часть круговой полосы и экскрементов удалены; b — схема строения (1 — воротничок, 2 — круговая полоса, 3 — свод, 4 — перегородка, 5 — сосочек, 6 — собственно кокон, 7 — опушение, 8 — экскременты); c — поперечный срез через сосочек; d — схема, показывающая кокон после выхода имаго; e — схема инвертированного положения свода." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403901/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[255,267,528,553]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">e</emphasis>
|
||
). Though such structure appeared to be reasonable, as it was revealed in the cases when the mass of aphids was situated behind the posterior part of the cocoon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403901" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403901/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" startId="7.[174,203,1625,1645]" targetBox="[257,1153,651,1596]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[174,1232,1625,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Fig. 7. Cocoon of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[327,496,1625,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[327,496,1625,1644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis box="[506,516,1626,1644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
|
||
— general view, part of circular band and excrements are removed;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1105,1115,1625,1644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">b</emphasis>
|
||
— scheme of structure (1 — collar, 2 — circular band, 3 — arch, 4 — septum, 5 — nipple, 6 — cocoon proper, 7 — pubescence, 8 — excrements);
|
||
<emphasis box="[243,251,1679,1697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">c</emphasis>
|
||
— cross section of nipple;
|
||
<emphasis box="[476,487,1679,1698]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">d</emphasis>
|
||
— scheme showing the cocoon after imago’s going out;
|
||
<emphasis box="[960,969,1679,1697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">e</emphasis>
|
||
— scheme of inverted position of arch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[174,1233,1748,1848]" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Рис. 7. Кокон
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[301,469,1748,1767]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[301,469,1748,1767]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">Omalus sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis box="[479,489,1749,1767]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
|
||
— общий вид, часть круговой полосы и экскрементов удалены;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1078,1088,1748,1767]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">b</emphasis>
|
||
— схема строения (1 — воротничок, 2 — круговая полоса, 3 — свод, 4 — перегородка, 5 — сосочек, 6 — собственно кокон, 7 — опушение, 8 — экскременты);
|
||
<emphasis box="[416,424,1802,1820]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">c</emphasis>
|
||
— поперечный срез через сосочек;
|
||
<emphasis box="[746,757,1801,1820]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">d</emphasis>
|
||
— схема, показывающая кокон после выхода имаго;
|
||
<emphasis box="[174,183,1829,1847]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="18">e</emphasis>
|
||
— схема инвертированного положения свода.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403905" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" startId="8.[170,199,551,571]" targetBox="[258,1152,178,512]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[170,1228,551,598]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Fig. 8. Cocoons of the chrysidid wasps in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1801" box="[610,676,551,570]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[610,676,551,570]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">Omalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis box="[686,816,551,571]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
|
||
a —
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[726,816,552,571]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auratus">O. auratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Danks, H. V." box="[876,984,551,571]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="323 - 399" refId="ref8443" refString="Danks, H. V. Biology of some stem-nesting Aculeate Hymenoptera // Transact. Royal Entomol. Soc. London. - 1971 (1970). - 122, N 11. - P. 323 - 399." type="journal article" year="1971">Danks, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis box="[998,1127,551,571]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
|
||
b —
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[1038,1127,551,571]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillus">O. pusillus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
|
||
c —
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auratus">O. auratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis box="[223,364,578,598]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
|
||
d —
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[263,364,578,597]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="violaceus">O. violaceus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1854" box="[399,502,578,597]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coeruleus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[399,502,578,597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. coeruleus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<emphasis box="[522,532,578,597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">b</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[542,550,579,597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">c</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[560,571,578,597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">d</emphasis>
|
||
— from Buysson, 1891);
|
||
<emphasis box="[787,821,578,598]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">e —</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[825,921,578,598]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[825,891,578,597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">Omalus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Linsenmaier, W." box="[980,1140,578,598]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" refId="ref9259" refString="Linsenmaier, W. The insects of the world. - New York: McGraw-Hill Company, 1972. - 392 p." type="book" year="1972">Linsenmaier, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[170,1229,621,667]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Рис. 8. Коконы представителей рода
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1801" box="[500,566,621,640]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[500,566,621,640]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">Omalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis box="[576,703,621,641]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
|
||
a —
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[614,703,621,640]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auratus">O. auratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(по
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Danks, H. V." box="[742,850,621,641]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="323 - 399" refId="ref8443" refString="Danks, H. V. Biology of some stem-nesting Aculeate Hymenoptera // Transact. Royal Entomol. Soc. London. - 1971 (1970). - 122, N 11. - P. 323 - 399." type="journal article" year="1971">Danks, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis box="[863,989,621,641]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
|
||
b —
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[901,989,621,640]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillus">O. pusillus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis box="[998,1124,621,641]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
|
||
c —
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1034,1124,621,640]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auratus">O. auratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
|
||
d —
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1763" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="violaceus">O. violaceus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(как
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1854" box="[269,372,647,667]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coeruleus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[269,372,647,667]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. coeruleus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<emphasis box="[392,402,647,666]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">b</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[412,420,648,666]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">c</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[430,441,647,666]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">d</emphasis>
|
||
— по: Buysson, 1891);
|
||
<emphasis box="[642,675,647,667]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">e —</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[680,776,647,667]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[680,746,647,666]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">Omalus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(по:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Linsenmaier, W." box="[819,980,647,667]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" refId="ref9259" refString="Linsenmaier, W. The insects of the world. - New York: McGraw-Hill Company, 1972. - 392 p." type="book" year="1972">Linsenmaier, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="19" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[166,1225,703,1146]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Analyzing the variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[533,701,703,729]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[533,701,703,729]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cocoons, we can note the following: the wall thickness, size and coloration can vary considerably; the shape and the structure of the cocoon, the look and colour of the excrements, the presence of “nipple” and “arch” could be considered as stable features.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[166,1225,703,1146]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
|
||
On the base of literature data (du Buysson, 1891;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Marechal, P." box="[800,983,831,858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="27 - 33" refId="ref9397" refString="Marechal, P. Deuxieme note sur l'ethologie des Chrysidides // Bull. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. - 1925. - 65. - P. 27 - 33." type="book chapter" year="1925">Maréchal, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grandi, G." box="[994,1151,831,858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="239 - 292" refId="ref8677" refString="Grandi, G. Contributi alla conoscenza degli Imenotteri Aculeati. XXVIII // Boll. Ist. Ent. Bologna. - 1959. - 23. - P. 239 - 292." type="book chapter" year="1959">Grandi, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grandi, G." box="[1162,1220,831,857]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 659" refId="ref8711" refString="Grandi, G. Studi di un entomologo sugli Imenotteri superiori // Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna. - 1961. - 23. - P. 1 - 659." type="book chapter" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Danks, H. V." box="[166,315,863,889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="323 - 399" refId="ref8443" refString="Danks, H. V. Biology of some stem-nesting Aculeate Hymenoptera // Transact. Royal Entomol. Soc. London. - 1971 (1970). - 122, N 11. - P. 323 - 399." type="journal article" year="1971">Danks, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Krombein, K. V." box="[328,522,863,890]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" refId="ref9065" refString="Krombein, K. V. Trap-nesting wasps and bees: life histories, nests and associates. - Baltimore: Port City Press, 1967. - 570 p." type="book" year="1967">Krombein, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) we can assume that the similar cocoon structure, as given above, is common for all the species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Panzer, 1801 sensu Linsenmaier" authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1801" box="[751,1224,895,921]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[751,842,895,921]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">Omalus</emphasis>
|
||
Panzer, 1801
|
||
<emphasis box="[1007,1070,896,921]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Linsenmaier
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[174,238,927,954]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[170,199,551,571]" captionTargetBox="[258,1152,178,512]" captionTargetId="figure-506@8.[197,1194,171,520]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 8. Cocoons of the chrysidid wasps in the genus Omalus: a — O. auratus (from Danks, 1971); b — O. pusillus; c — O. auratus; d — O. violaceus (as O. coeruleus) (b, c, d — from Buysson, 1891); e — Omalus sp. (from Linsenmaier, 1972). Рис. 8. Коконы представителей рода Omalus: a — O. auratus (по Danks, 1971); b — O. pusillus; c — O. auratus; d — O. violaceus (как O. coeruleus) (b, c, d — по: Buysson, 1891); e — Omalus sp. (по: Linsenmaier, 1972)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Though the cocoon of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Fabricius, 1787)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" box="[536,863,927,954]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeneus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[536,651,927,953]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. aeneus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1787)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is stored in the collection of the second author, differs from the cocoon of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[791,959,959,985]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[791,959,959,985]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having much more distinct nipple, which has also the membranous cap at the top, and by being smaller in size (length —
|
||
<quantity box="[297,372,1023,1049]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
). According to detailed descriptions given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grandi, G." box="[928,1090,1023,1050]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="239 - 292" refId="ref8677" refString="Grandi, G. Contributi alla conoscenza degli Imenotteri Aculeati. XXVIII // Boll. Ist. Ent. Bologna. - 1959. - 23. - P. 239 - 292." type="book chapter" year="1959">Grandi (1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grandi, G." box="[1104,1162,1023,1050]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 659" refId="ref8711" refString="Grandi, G. Studi di un entomologo sugli Imenotteri superiori // Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna. - 1961. - 23. - P. 1 - 659." type="book chapter" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Marechal, P." box="[166,360,1055,1082]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="27 - 33" refId="ref9397" refString="Marechal, P. Deuxieme note sur l'ethologie des Chrysidides // Bull. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. - 1925. - 65. - P. 27 - 33." type="book chapter" year="1925">Marechal (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the cocoon of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[532,859,1055,1082]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auratus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[532,656,1055,1081]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. auratus</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1758)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs by the white to pale yellow color, the absence of distinct nipple (instead the wall of cocoon proper under arch is more dense, matt and opaque) and the smaller size too (length —
|
||
<quantity box="[939,1012,1119,1146]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[166,463,1183,1209]" box="[166,463,1183,1209]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<heading box="[166,463,1183,1209]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">T h e l a r v a l f e a t u r e s</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[166,1225,1247,1850]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
|
||
The cocoons of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[414,585,1247,1273]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[414,585,1247,1273]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contained the cast off skins of the last instar larvae. The level of sclerotization at mouthparts was high, and it was possible to identify some features of the mature larvae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[525,588,1311,1338]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[174,203,625,645]" captionTargetBox="[257,1185,202,600]" captionTargetId="figure-299@9.[229,1207,181,615]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 9. Features of the last instar larva of Omalus sculpticollis: a — head, front view; b–d — left mandible (b — external side, c — top view, d — internal view). Рис. 9. Особенности строения личинки последнего возраста Omalus sculpticollis: a — голова, вид спереди; b–d — левая мандибула (b — вид снаружи, c — вид сверху, d — вид изнутри)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6403907/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
): coronal suture and parietal bands present; antennal orbits circular, located below the middle of head; labrum with depression in the middle and with almost strait apical margin; labrum and clypeus punctulate; mandibles fourdentate (symmetrical); maxillae and clypeus with strong, pigmented bands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[166,1225,1247,1850]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">
|
||
As the last instar larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[529,656,1439,1465]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auratus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[529,656,1439,1465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. auratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described in detail (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Enslin, E." box="[953,1105,1439,1465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="116 - 130" refId="ref8528" refString="Enslin, E. Beitrage zur Metamorphose der Goldwespen // Z. Wiss. Insekt. - Biol. - 1929. - 24. - P. 116 - 130." type="book chapter" year="1929">Enslin, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Giordani Soika, A." pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="337 - 344" refId="ref8641" refString="Giordani Soika, A. Etude sur les larves des Hymenopteres. II note // Ann. Soc. Entom. France. - 1934. - 53. - P. 337 - 344." type="book chapter" year="1934">Giordani Soika, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grandi, G." box="[317,475,1471,1498]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="239 - 292" refId="ref8677" refString="Grandi, G. Contributi alla conoscenza degli Imenotteri Aculeati. XXVIII // Boll. Ist. Ent. Bologna. - 1959. - 23. - P. 239 - 292." type="book chapter" year="1959">Grandi, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grandi, G." box="[488,548,1471,1498]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 659" refId="ref8711" refString="Grandi, G. Studi di un entomologo sugli Imenotteri superiori // Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna. - 1961. - 23. - P. 1 - 659." type="book chapter" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), it could be distinguished from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Abeille de Perrin" authorityYear="1878" box="[1025,1195,1471,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpticollis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1025,1195,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. sculpticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at least by following: the labrum with six (3 + 3) sensillae in the anterior part, distinctly cutout in the middle; clypeus is trapezoidal. The mature larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" box="[879,997,1535,1561]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeneus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[879,997,1535,1561]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. aeneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also minutely described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tormos, J. & Krombein, K. V. & Asis, J. D. & Gayubo, S. F." box="[297,537,1567,1594]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="151 - 155" refId="ref10437" refString="Tormos, J., Krombein, K. V., Asis, J. D., Gayubo, S. F. Description of preimaginal instars of four species of Elampini, with some notes on the phylogenetic importance of larval characters in this tribe (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) // Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. - 1999. - 24. - P. 151 - 155." type="book chapter" year="1999">Tormos et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We can propose to differ it by emarginate labrum with six setae and six protuberant marginal sensillae and bidentate mandibles. The same is for
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Buysson, 1891)" baseAuthorityName="Buysson" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[166,534,1631,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biaccinctus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[166,331,1631,1657]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. biaccinctus</emphasis>
|
||
(Buysson, 1891)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tormos, J. & Asis, J. D. & Gayubo, S. F. & Mingo, E." box="[813,1062,1631,1658]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="56 - 63" refId="ref10369" refString="Tormos, J., Asis, J. D., Gayubo, S. F., Mingo, E. Description of the mature larvae of Chrysis gracillima and Omalus biaccinctus and new data on the biology of Trichrysis cyanea (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) // Florida Entomol. - 1996. - 79, N 1. - P. 56 - 63." type="book chapter" year="1996">Tormos et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: its labrum is emarginate, with 10 short setae and six marginal sensillae, mandibles are tridentate. The drawings of head capsules given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kilimnik, A. N." box="[592,782,1695,1722]" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" refId="ref8952" refString="Kilimnik, A. N. Chrysidid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) of north-west Black Sea coastal area (fauna, systematics, bionomy, ecology): Dis. … cand. boil. sci. - Sant-Petrsburg; Odessa, 1993. - 200 p. - Russian: Kiлiмнik A. Н. Oсы-bлiсtiнki (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) сiviрo-zapadнogo Pрiciрнoмoрьi (фauнa, сiсtiмatika, bioнoмii, ekoлogii)." type="book" year="1993">Kilimnik (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provide the opportunity to differ the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Fabricius, 1804)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[271,594,1727,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[271,392,1727,1753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. pusillus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1804)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at least by widely cutout labrum and the clypeus much bigger than labrum having the convex posterior margin; of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Buysson, 1887)" baseAuthorityName="Buysson" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[876,1188,1759,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Omalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[876,990,1759,1785]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="19">O. politus</emphasis>
|
||
(Buysson, 1887)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of eight (4 + 4) sensillae on labrum and rugae on the lateral parts of clypeus (labrum is distinctly smaller than clypeus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |