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<document id="5FFDDF6EA8A664295A83C75E85537DFF" ID-CLB-Dataset="26205" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4623.3.12" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6e70f499-4d53-48e3-8233-61867816d5be" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3335968" ID-ZooBank="BCF9F2C3-89CD-4706-A915-E2F739A50B9C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1563184805962" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ruzzier, Enrico &amp; Colla, Andrea" docDate="2019" docId="038B87BCFFE36A354686FA37FE23FD0D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4623.3.12.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4623 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Micromalthus debilis LeConte 1878" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="592" masterDocId="FFB2FFC4FFE36A364611FFABFFC1FFFE" masterDocTitle="Micromalthus debilis LeConte, 1878 (Coleoptera: Micromalthidae), an American wood-boring beetle new to Italy" masterLastPageNumber="594" masterPageNumber="589" pageNumber="589" updateTime="1698745516308" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="6C44B7DA405E88C1A87C8C2320A90B52">Micromalthus debilis LeConte, 1878 (Coleoptera: Micromalthidae), an American wood-boring beetle new to Italy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="80587046695FD97F056F74891B5BA0AD">Ruzzier, Enrico</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9618089790B4C5E41CCAB4858C340A93">Colla, Andrea</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="A1E7E7E5E94DD20F186394CDE3359060">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="CBA7A9719DE64F1965E0DD038661B65A" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4623.3.12</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038B87BCFFE36A354686FA37FE23FD0D" ID-GBIF-Taxon="158635482" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B87BCFFE36A354686FA37FE23FD0D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B87BCFFE36A354686FA37FE23FD0D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="592" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">
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<paragraph id="8B9D36AAFFE36A364686FA37FEBCF970" blockId="0.[151,1436,1436,1679]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">
On
<collectingDate id="EFD8E982FFE36A3646D1FA37FE4CFA48" box="[192,397,1436,1462]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" value="2017-08-26">
<date id="FF9C106AFFE36A3646D1FA37FE4CFA48" box="[192,397,1436,1462]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" value="2017-08-26">August 26th 2017</date>
</collectingDate>
, one insect sample, containing several adults and larvae, was sent by a private citizen to the Museum of Natural History of Trieste (North-East
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE36A3644C0FA6BFCC7FA25" box="[721,774,1472,1499]" name="Italy" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">Italy</collectingCountry>
) for identification. The samples were initially identified by the second author and then confirmed by the first as
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE36A3644FFFA4FFC1FFA00" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[750,990,1508,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE36A3644FFFA4FFC1FFA00" box="[750,990,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">Micromalthus debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<specimenCount id="9D24FD23FFE36A3645FFFA48FBA5FA00" box="[1006,1124,1507,1534]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" type="adult">125 adults</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="9D24FD23FFE36A36428CFA4FFAC6FA01" box="[1181,1287,1508,1535]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" type="larva">32 larvae</specimenCount>
) (
<figureCitation id="13192A2FFFE36A36430EFA4FFAA1FA00" box="[1311,1376,1508,1534]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1586,1611]" captionTargetBox="[294,1274,470,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[271,1316,453,1566]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Micromalthus debilis LeConte, 1878, adult: dorsal view (left), lateral view (right)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335970/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE36A364686F9A3FDC1F9DC" authority="(Herbst, 1795)" authorityName="Herbst" authorityYear="1795" baseAuthorityName="Herbst" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[151,512,1543,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pselactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spadix">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE36A364686F9A3FE95F9DC" box="[151,340,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">Pselactus spadix</emphasis>
(Herbst, 1795)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE36A364401F9A3FD50F9DC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[528,657,1544,1570]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE36A36448CF9A3FCFFF9DD" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[669,830,1544,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<specimenCount id="9D24FD23FFE36A364547F9ACFC75F9DD" box="[854,948,1543,1571]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" type="adult">5 adults</specimenCount>
). All the
<specimenCount id="9D24FD23FFE36A36420DF9A3FB50F9DC" box="[1052,1169,1544,1570]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" type="generic">specimens</specimenCount>
were collected inside a
<location id="8EFD6071FFE36A364686F987FCFBF9B8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B87BCFFE36A354686FA37FE23FD0D:8EFD6071FFE36A364686F987FCFBF9B8" box="[151,826,1580,1606]" country="Italy" latitude="45.64655" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="13.76519" name="historical building in downtown Trieste (via Santi Martiri 6;" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">historical building in downtown Trieste (via Santi Martiri 6;</location>
<geoCoordinate id="EE16506DFFE36A364553F980FC1DF9B8" box="[834,988,1579,1606]" degrees="45.646548" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" precision="1" value="45.64655">45.646548°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE16506DFFE36A3645F6F980FBBEF9B8" box="[999,1151,1579,1606]" degrees="13.765190" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" precision="1" value="13.76519">13.765190°E</geoCoordinate>
), where they were
<collectedFrom id="383E7557FFE36A364342F987FD9EF994" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">falling from the ceiling in conspicuous numbers</collectedFrom>
. This material is deposited in the collection of the
<collectionCode id="ED33AE6FFFE36A36429DF9FAFEF8F970" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">Museum of Natural History of Trieste</collectionCode>
,
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE36A364755F9DFFEB8F970" box="[324,377,1652,1678]" name="Italy" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">Italy</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3386521FFE36A364686F94BFE06F904" box="[151,455,1760,1787]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B9D36AAFFE36A364686F94BFE06F904" blockId="0.[151,455,1760,1787]" box="[151,455,1760,1787]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">
<heading id="D0D581C6FFE36A364686F94BFE06F904" bold="true" box="[151,455,1760,1787]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE36A364686F94BFE06F904" bold="true" box="[151,455,1760,1787]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">Systematics and Biology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="8B9D36AAFFE36A364686F883FB23F808" blockId="0.[151,1437,1831,2039]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">
<subSubSection id="C3386521FFE36A364686F883FE49F8BC" box="[151,392,1832,1858]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" type="nomenclature">
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE36A364686F883FE49F8BC" ID-CoL="42YL9" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[151,392,1832,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE36A364686F883FE49F8BC" box="[151,392,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">Micromalthus debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3386521FFE36A364783F883FB23F808" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" type="discussion">
is the only species of family
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE36A3644F5F883FB8EF8BD" authority="(Archostemata)" authorityName="Archostemata" baseAuthorityName="Archostemata" box="[740,1103,1832,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micromalthidae (Archostemata)</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE36A364271F883FA56F8BC" author="Lawrence, J. F. &amp; Newton, A. F., Jr." box="[1120,1431,1831,1859]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" pagination="779 - 1006" refId="ref3027" refString="Lawrence, J. F. &amp; Newton, A. F., Jr. (1995) Families and subfamilies of Coleoptera (with selected genera, notes, references and data on family-group names). In: Pakaluk, J. &amp; Slipinski, S. A. (Eds.), Biology, Phylogeny and Classification of Coleoptera. Papers Celebrating the 80 th Birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Muzeum I Instytut PAN, Warszawa, pp. 779 - 1006." type="book chapter" year="1995">Lawrence &amp; Newton 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE36A364686F8E7FEBFF898" author="Beutel, R. G. &amp; Haas F." box="[151,382,1868,1895]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" pagination="102 - 141" refId="ref2162" refString="Beutel, R. G. &amp; Haas F. (2000) Phylogenetic relationships of the suborders of Coleoptera (Insecta). Cladistics, 16, 102 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / clad. 1999.0124" type="journal article" year="2000">Beutel &amp; Haas 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE36A364798F8E7FD2BF898" author="Beutel, R. G. &amp; Hornschemeyer, T." box="[393,746,1868,1894]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" pagination="169 - 190" refId="ref2206" refString="Beutel, R. G. &amp; Hornschemeyer, T. (2002) Larval morphology and phylogenetic position of Micromalthus debilis LeConte (Coleoptera, Micromalthidae). Systematic Entomology, 27, 169 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3113.2002.00172. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Beutel &amp; Hörnschemeyer 2002</bibRefCitation>
). The unique and complex life cycle of this species, involving pedogenesis and several
<typeStatus id="54998808FFE36A3647B8F8DAFE25F875" box="[425,484,1905,1931]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">types</typeStatus>
of parthenogenesis (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE36A3644D8F8DBFCA2F874" author="Barber, H. S." box="[713,867,1904,1930]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" pagination="31 - 38" refId="ref2087" refString="Barber, H. S. (1913 a) Observations on the life history of Micromalthus debilis LeC. (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 15, 31 - 38." type="journal article" year="1913">Barber 1913a</bibRefCitation>
, b;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE36A364598F8DBFBDAF874" author="Pringle, J. A." box="[905,1051,1904,1930]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" pagination="271 - 286" refId="ref3837" refString="Pringle, J. A. (1938) A contribution to the knowledge of Micromalthus debilis LeC. (Coleoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 87, 271 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1938. tb 00088. x" type="journal article" year="1938">Pringle 1938</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE36A364234F8DBFB61F874" author="Scott, A. C." box="[1061,1184,1904,1930]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" pagination="485 - 509" refId="ref4075" refString="Scott, A. C. (1936) Haploidy and aberrant spermatogenesis in a coleopteran, Micromalthus debilis LeConte. Journal of Morphology, 59, 485 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1050590305" type="journal article" year="1936">Scott 1936</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE36A3642B8F8DBFB25F874" author="Scott, A. C." box="[1193,1252,1904,1930]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" pagination="633 - 653" refId="ref4118" refString="Scott, A. C. (1938) Paedogenesis in the Coleoptera. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 33, 633 - 653. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00407571" type="journal article" year="1938">1938</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE36A3642FFF8DBFAE8F874" author="Scott, A. C." box="[1262,1321,1904,1930]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" pagination="420 - 431" refId="ref4157" refString="Scott, A. C. (1941) Reversal of sex production in Micromalthus. Biological Bulletin, 81, 420 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1537915" type="journal article" year="1941">1941</bibRefCitation>
), has been recently revised by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE36A364764F83FFD69F850" author="Pollock, D. A. &amp; Normark, B. B." box="[373,680,1940,1966]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" pagination="105 - 112" refId="ref3770" refString="Pollock, D. A. &amp; Normark, B. B. (2002) The life cycle of Micromalthus debilis LeConte (Coleoptera: Archostemata: Micromalthidae): historical review and evolutionary perspective. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 40, 105 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1439 - 0469.2002.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Pollock &amp; Normark (2002)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE36A3644CEF83FFC01F851" author="Perotti, M. A. &amp; Young, D. K. &amp; Braig, H. R." box="[735,960,1940,1967]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" pagination="27364" refId="ref3553" refString="Perotti, M. A., Young, D. K. &amp; Braig, H. R. (2016) The ghost sex-life of the paedogenetic beetle Micromalthus debilis. Scientific Reports, 6, 27364. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 27364" type="journal article" year="2016">
Perotti
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE36A364520F83EFCABF850" box="[817,874,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">et al.</emphasis>
(2016)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE36A3645DAF83FFB7BF850" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[971,1210,1940,1966]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE36A3645DAF83FFB7BF850" box="[971,1210,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">Micromalthus debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents a “living fossil” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE36A3646FFF813FDE1F82C" author="Hornschemeyer, T. &amp; Wedmann, S. &amp; Poinar, G." box="[238,544,1976,2002]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" pagination="300 - 311" refId="ref2527" refString="Hornschemeyer, T., Wedmann, S. &amp; Poinar, G. (2010) How long can insect species exist? Evidence from extant and fossil Micromalthus beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 158, 300 - 311. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009.00549. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Hörnschemeyer
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE36A3647B6F812FE1FF82C" box="[423,478,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
), with records from Cretaceous Lebanese amber (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE36A364254F813FB2CF82C" author="Crowson, R. A." box="[1093,1261,1976,2002]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" refId="ref2318" refString="Crowson, R. A. (1981) The Biology of the Coleoptera. Academic Press, London, 802 pp." type="book" year="1981">Crowson 1981</bibRefCitation>
), Eocene Baltic and Dominican amber (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE36A36478FF877FD15F808" author="Lawrence, J. F. &amp; Newton, A. F., Jr." box="[414,724,2011,2039]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" pagination="779 - 1006" refId="ref3027" refString="Lawrence, J. F. &amp; Newton, A. F., Jr. (1995) Families and subfamilies of Coleoptera (with selected genera, notes, references and data on family-group names). In: Pakaluk, J. &amp; Slipinski, S. A. (Eds.), Biology, Phylogeny and Classification of Coleoptera. Papers Celebrating the 80 th Birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Muzeum I Instytut PAN, Warszawa, pp. 779 - 1006." type="book chapter" year="1995">Lawrence &amp; Newton, 1995</bibRefCitation>
), and Mexican amber (
<collectingRegion id="49E6F848FFE36A3645C7F877FBF2F809" box="[982,1075,2012,2039]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="0" pageNumber="589">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE36A364258F877FB17F808" author="Rozen, J. G." box="[1097,1238,2012,2038]" pageId="0" pageNumber="589" pagination="75 - 76" refId="ref4037" refString="Rozen, J. G. (1971) Micromalthus debilis LeConte from amber of Chiapas, Mexico (Coleoptera, Micromalthidae). The University of California Publications in Entomology, 63, 75 - 76." type="journal article" year="1971">Rozen 1971</bibRefCitation>
).
</subSubSection>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C3386521FFE26A3746D6FF32FBECFF29" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B9D36AAFFE26A3746D6FF32FBECFF29" blockId="1.[151,1437,153,431]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE26A3746D6FF32FE74FF4D" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[199,437,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A3746D6FF32FE74FF4D" box="[199,437,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Micromalthus debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has wood-boring larvae, developing in and feeding mainly on moist and decaying wood, frequently in association with brown or white rot fungi infections (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A374590FF16FBE3FF29" author="Heming, B. S." box="[897,1058,189,215]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" refId="ref2504" refString="Heming, B. S. (2003) Insect Development and Evolution. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 444 pp." type="book" year="2003">Heming 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3386521FFE26A3746D6FF4AFB14FE51" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8B9D36AAFFE26A3746D6FF4AFB14FE51" blockId="1.[151,1437,153,431]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">
This species, most probably primarily adapted to gymnosperms as recorded in other Archostemata beetles (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A37468FFEAEFE53FEE1" author="Friedrich F. &amp; Farrell, B. D. &amp; Beutel, R. G." box="[158,402,261,287]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref2442" refString="Friedrich F., Farrell, B. D. &amp; Beutel, R. G. (2009) The thoracic morphology of Archostemata and the relationships of the extant suborders of Coleoptera (Hexapoda). Cladistics, 25, 1 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2008.00233. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
Friedrich
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A374700FEADFE84FEE1" box="[273,325,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
), is a polyphagous insect able to develop on wood of both conifers such as
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE26A37431BFEADFA8BFEE1" box="[1290,1354,262,287]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A37431BFEADFA8BFEE1" box="[1290,1354,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Pinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE26A37434BFEADFA5DFEE1" authorityName="Carriere" authorityYear="1855" baseAuthorityName="Endler" box="[1370,1436,262,287]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Tsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A37434BFEADFA5DFEE1" box="[1370,1436,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Tsuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A37468EFE82FEF6FEBD" author="APHIS &amp; United States, USDA" box="[159,311,297,323]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" refId="ref1914" refString="APHIS (2010) Risk Assessment of the Movement of Firewood within the United States, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Available from: https: // www. fs. usda. gov / Internet / FSE _ DOCUMENTS / stelprdb 5331675. pdf (accessed 5 February 2019)" type="book" year="2010">APHIS 2010</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE26A37475CFE82FD11FEBD" authority="(Mudge et al. 2001)" authorityName="Mudge" authorityYear="2001" baseAuthorityName="Mudge" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[333,720,297,323]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudotsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A37475CFE82FE1DFEBD" box="[333,476,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Pseudotsuga</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A3747FCFE82FD09FEBD" author="Mudge, A. D. &amp; Labonte, J. R. &amp; Johnson, K. J. R. &amp; Lagasa, E. H." box="[493,712,297,323]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="1011 - 1019" refId="ref3342" refString="Mudge, A. D., Labonte, J. R., Johnson, K. J. R. &amp; Lagasa, E. H. (2001) Exotic woodboring Coleoptera (Micromalthidae, Scolytidae) and Hymenoptera (Xiphydriidae) new to Oregon and Washington. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 103, 1011 - 1019." type="journal article" year="2001">
Mudge
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A374459FE81FD42FEBD" box="[584,643,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and broadleaf trees such as
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE26A374231FE82FBBFFEBD" box="[1056,1150,297,323]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A374231FE82FBBFFEBD" box="[1056,1150,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE26A37429EFE82FB38FEBD" box="[1167,1273,297,323]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A37429EFE82FB38FEBD" box="[1167,1273,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Castanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A374318FE82FA56FEBD" author="Arnett, R. H. Jr." box="[1289,1431,296,323]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" refId="ref1968" refString="Arnett, R. H. Jr. (1985) American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. Van Nostran Reinhold Company Ltd, New York, 850 pp." type="book" year="1985">Arnett 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A374686FEE6FEDEFE99" author="Evans, A. V." box="[151,287,333,359]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" refId="ref2341" refString="Evans, A. V. (2014) Beetles of Eastern North America. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 566 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9781400851829" type="book" year="2014">Evans 2014</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE26A374722FEE6FE40FE99" box="[307,385,333,359]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A374722FEE6FE40FE99" box="[307,385,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Acacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE26A3747A9FEE6FCC1FE99" authority="(Lawrence 1991)" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1991" baseAuthorityName="Lawrence" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[440,768,333,359]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A3747A9FEE6FDF5FE99" box="[440,564,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A374452FEE6FD36FE99" author="Lawrence, J. F." box="[579,759,333,359]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="300 - 302" refId="ref2979" refString="Lawrence, J. F. (1991) Micromalthidae (Archostemata). In: Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature Insects. Vol. 2. Kendall ⁄ Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, pp. 300 - 302." type="book chapter" year="1991">Lawrence 1991</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Up to now,
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE26A37459EFEE5FC3EFE99" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[911,1023,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A37459EFEE5FC3EFE99" box="[911,1023,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">M. debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recognized as a minor pest on timber of wood buildings, telephone poles, railroad ties, bridges, fences and woody structures exposed to humid conditions in general (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A374781FE3EFD86FE51" author="Craighead, F. C." box="[400,583,404,431]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" refId="ref2260" refString="Craighead, F. C. (1950) Insect Enemies of the Eastern Forests. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications. No 657. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 679 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65598" type="book" year="1950">Craighead 1950</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A374442FE3EFD22FE51" author="Suzuki, H." box="[595,739,405,431]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="35 - 38" refId="ref4223" refString="Suzuki, H. (1999) Notes on Micromalthus debilis LeConte (Coleoptera Micromalthidae) discovered from a Wooden House in Kawagoe City. Urban Pest Management, 21, 35 - 38. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1999">Suzuki 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A3744FEFE3EFC7EFE51" author="Mudge, A. D. &amp; Labonte, J. R. &amp; Johnson, K. J. R. &amp; Lagasa, E. H." box="[751,959,405,431]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="1011 - 1019" refId="ref3342" refString="Mudge, A. D., Labonte, J. R., Johnson, K. J. R. &amp; Lagasa, E. H. (2001) Exotic woodboring Coleoptera (Micromalthidae, Scolytidae) and Hymenoptera (Xiphydriidae) new to Oregon and Washington. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 103, 1011 - 1019." type="journal article" year="2001">
Mudge
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A374554FE3DFCB7FE51" box="[837,886,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A3745DAFE3EFB09FE51" author="Philips, T. K. &amp; Young, D. K." box="[971,1224,405,431]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="22 - 23" refId="ref3698" refString="Philips, T. K. &amp; Young, D. K. (2001) Family 2. Micromalthidae. In: Arnett, R. H. Jr. &amp; Thomas, M. C. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 22 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3496680" type="book chapter" year="2001">Philips &amp; Young 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5D6622FFE26A374686F999FB9BF9B5" box="[151,1114,1586,1611]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335970/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" startId="1.[151,250,1586,1611]" targetBox="[294,1274,470,1537]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="8B9D36AAFFE26A374686F999FB9BF9B5" blockId="1.[151,1114,1586,1611]" box="[151,1114,1586,1611]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A374686F999FED2F9B5" bold="true" box="[151,275,1586,1611]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE26A374708F998FD51F9B5" authority="LeConte, 1878" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[281,656,1587,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A374708F998FE30F9B5" box="[281,497,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Micromalthus debilis</emphasis>
LeConte, 1878
</taxonomicName>
, adult: dorsal view (left), lateral view (right).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3386521FFE26A344686F936FBC6FEBD" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="591" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9D36AAFFE26A374686F936FEF1F949" blockId="1.[151,304,1693,1719]" box="[151,304,1693,1719]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">
<heading id="D0D581C6FFE26A374686F936FEF1F949" bold="true" box="[151,304,1693,1719]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A374686F936FEF1F949" bold="true" box="[151,304,1693,1719]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36AAFFE26A344686F94EFBC6FEBD" blockId="1.[151,1437,1765,2044]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,153,323]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="591" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">
Apparently native to the eastern
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE26A37441EF94EFD69F901" box="[527,680,1765,1791]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">United States</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A3744A9F94EFCAFF901" author="Lawrence, J. F." box="[696,878,1765,1791]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="482 - 553" refId="ref2936" refString="Lawrence, J. F. (1982) Coleoptera. In: Parker, S. P. (Ed.), Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill Publications, New York, pp. 482 - 553." type="book chapter" year="1982">Lawrence 1982</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE26A374592F94DFC37F901" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[899,1014,1765,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A374592F94DFC37F901" box="[899,1014,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">M. debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been found also in
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE26A37431DF94EFA5CF901" box="[1292,1437,1765,1791]" name="South Africa" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A37468EF8A2FE85F8DD" author="Paterson, N. F." box="[159,324,1801,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="287 - 290" refId="ref3495" refString="Paterson, N. F. (1938) Note on the external morphology of South African specimens of Micromalthus (Coleoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 87, 287 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1938. tb 00089. x" type="journal article" year="1938">Paterson 1938</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A374741F8A2FE25F8DD" author="Pringle, J. A." box="[336,484,1801,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="271 - 286" refId="ref3837" refString="Pringle, J. A. (1938) A contribution to the knowledge of Micromalthus debilis LeC. (Coleoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 87, 271 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1938. tb 00088. x" type="journal article" year="1938">Pringle 1938</bibRefCitation>
), Hawaii (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A374448F8A2FD34F8DD" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[601,757,1801,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="459" refId="ref4262" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1940) Micromalthus debilis LeConte in Hawaii (Coleoptera: Micromalthidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 10, 459." type="journal article" year="1940">Swezey 1940</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE26A374518F8A2FC85F8DD" box="[777,836,1801,1827]" name="Cuba" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Cuba</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE26A37456DF8A2FC01F8DD" box="[892,960,1801,1827]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A3745C1F8A2FBB0F8DD" author="Silvestri, F." box="[976,1137,1801,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref4192" refString="Silvestri, F. (1941) Distribuzione geografica del Micromalthus debilis LeConte (Coleoptera: Micromalthidae). Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 73, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1941">Silvestri 1941</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE26A374297F8A1FACBF8DA" box="[1158,1290,1802,1828]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A374308F8A2FE82F8B6" author="Marshall, A. T. &amp; Thornton, I. W. B." pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="715 - 720" refId="ref3241" refString="Marshall, A. T. &amp; Thornton, I. W. B. (1963) Micromalthus (Coleoptera: Micromalthidae) in Hong Kong. Pacific Insects, 5, 715 - 720." type="journal article" year="1963">Marshall &amp; Thornton 1963</bibRefCitation>
), British Columbia, New Mexico, Florida,
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE26A374520F886FC57F8B9" box="[817,918,1837,1863]" name="Gibraltar" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Gibraltar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A3745B6F886FB98F8B9" author="Lawrence, J. F." box="[935,1113,1837,1863]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="300 - 302" refId="ref2979" refString="Lawrence, J. F. (1991) Micromalthidae (Archostemata). In: Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature Insects. Vol. 2. Kendall ⁄ Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, pp. 300 - 302." type="book chapter" year="1991">Lawrence 1991</bibRefCitation>
) and most recently in
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE26A37434DF885FA5DF8B6" box="[1372,1436,1838,1864]" name="Japan" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A37468EF8FAFEF3F895" author="Suzuki, H." box="[159,306,1873,1899]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="35 - 38" refId="ref4223" refString="Suzuki, H. (1999) Notes on Micromalthus debilis LeConte (Coleoptera Micromalthidae) discovered from a Wooden House in Kawagoe City. Urban Pest Management, 21, 35 - 38. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1999">Suzuki 1999</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE26A374755F8FAFE57F895" box="[324,406,1873,1899]" name="Austria" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Austria</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A3747B7F8FAFD6BF895" author="Jach, M. A. &amp; Komarek, A." box="[422,682,1873,1899]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="223 - 224" refId="ref2746" refString="Jach, M. A. &amp; Komarek, A. (2000) Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Osterreich (IX) (Coleoptera: Micromalthidae et Dytiscidae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 70, 223 - 224." type="journal article" year="2000">Jäch &amp; Komarek 2000</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE26A3744AFF8FAFCC7F895" box="[702,774,1873,1899]" name="Belize" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Belize</collectingCountry>
(Philips 2001), Oregon (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A37420EF8FAFB34F895" author="Mudge, A. D. &amp; Labonte, J. R. &amp; Johnson, K. J. R. &amp; Lagasa, E. H." box="[1055,1269,1873,1899]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="1011 - 1019" refId="ref3342" refString="Mudge, A. D., Labonte, J. R., Johnson, K. J. R. &amp; Lagasa, E. H. (2001) Exotic woodboring Coleoptera (Micromalthidae, Scolytidae) and Hymenoptera (Xiphydriidae) new to Oregon and Washington. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 103, 1011 - 1019." type="journal article" year="2001">
Mudge
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE26A374269F8F9FB70F895" box="[1144,1201,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
), and Alabama (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A37468EF8DEFE57F871" author="King, T. N. &amp; Brattain, R. M." box="[159,406,1909,1935]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref2784" refString="King, T. N. &amp; Brattain, R. M. (2012) First records of Micromalthidae and Jacobsoniidae (Coleoptera) in Alabama, USA. Insecta Mundi, 0235, 1 - 2." type="book chapter" year="2012">King &amp; Brattain 2012</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="13192A2FFFE26A3747BDF8DEFE30F871" box="[428,497,1909,1935]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1105,1130]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1086]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,345,1086]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Micromalthus debilis LeConte, 1878, distribution. Green ellipse: area of origin; red dots: record in the literature; orange triangle: first breeding record in Europe (Trieste, Italy)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335972/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="590">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). This unusual distribution pattern outside the native range is apparently attributable to passive dispersal by humans, connected to the timber trade (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A374571F832FBD2F84D" author="Lawrence, J. F." box="[864,1043,1945,1971]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="482 - 553" refId="ref2936" refString="Lawrence, J. F. (1982) Coleoptera. In: Parker, S. P. (Ed.), Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill Publications, New York, pp. 482 - 553." type="book chapter" year="1982">Lawrence 1982</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A37420EF832FB9BF84D" author="Lawrence, J. F." box="[1055,1114,1945,1971]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="300 - 302" refId="ref2979" refString="Lawrence, J. F. (1991) Micromalthidae (Archostemata). In: Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature Insects. Vol. 2. Kendall ⁄ Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, pp. 300 - 302." type="book chapter" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A374276F831FA56F84D" author="Lawrence, J. F. &amp; Newton, A. F., Jr." box="[1127,1431,1944,1972]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="779 - 1006" refId="ref3027" refString="Lawrence, J. F. &amp; Newton, A. F., Jr. (1995) Families and subfamilies of Coleoptera (with selected genera, notes, references and data on family-group names). In: Pakaluk, J. &amp; Slipinski, S. A. (Eds.), Biology, Phylogeny and Classification of Coleoptera. Papers Celebrating the 80 th Birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Muzeum I Instytut PAN, Warszawa, pp. 779 - 1006." type="book chapter" year="1995">Lawrence &amp; Newton 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A374686F816FE7BF829" author="Pollock, D. A. &amp; Normark, B. B." box="[151,442,1981,2007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="105 - 112" refId="ref3770" refString="Pollock, D. A. &amp; Normark, B. B. (2002) The life cycle of Micromalthus debilis LeConte (Coleoptera: Archostemata: Micromalthidae): historical review and evolutionary perspective. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 40, 105 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1439 - 0469.2002.00183. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Pollock &amp; Normark 2002</bibRefCitation>
). The larvae, associated with and feeding on moist and decaying wood (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A3742F1F816FA56F829" author="Craighead, F. C." box="[1248,1431,1980,2007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" refId="ref2260" refString="Craighead, F. C. (1950) Insect Enemies of the Eastern Forests. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications. No 657. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 679 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65598" type="book" year="1950">Craighead 1950</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE26A374686F84AFEFEF805" author="Normark, B. B." box="[151,319,2017,2043]" pageId="1" pageNumber="590" pagination="430 - 431" refId="ref3407" refString="Normark, B. B. (2013) Micromalthus debilis. Current Biology, 23, 430 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2013.02.045" type="journal article" year="2013">Normark 2013</bibRefCitation>
), have been most probably spread worldwide with the same dynamics occurring in other wood-bor- ing beetles, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE16A344764FF32FE3FFF4D" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[373,510,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Buprestidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buprestidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE16A344419FF32FD6CFF4D" box="[520,685,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cerambycidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE16A3444A6FF32FC9BFF4D" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[695,858,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE16A344575FF32FC1BFF4D" box="[868,986,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Scolytinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scolytinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE16A344201FF32FB63FF4D" box="[1040,1186,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platypodinae">Platypodinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE16A3442A1FF32FAB1FF4D" author="Koch, F. H. &amp; Yemshanov, D. &amp; Magarey, R. D. &amp; Smith, W. D." box="[1200,1392,153,179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" pagination="438 - 450" refId="ref2873" refString="Koch, F. H., Yemshanov, D., Magarey, R. D. &amp; Smith, W. D. (2012) Dispersal of invasive forest insects via recreational firewood: a quantitative analysis. Journal of Economic Entomology, 105, 438 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / EC 11270" type="journal article" year="2012">
Koch
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE16A3442E4FF31FAE7FF4D" box="[1269,1318,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
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;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE16A34436BFF32FED2FF29" author="Hu, S. J. &amp; Ning, T. &amp; Fu, D. Y. &amp; Haack, R. A. &amp; Zhang, Z. &amp; Chen, D. &amp; Ma, X. &amp; Ye, H." pageId="2" pageNumber="591" pagination="57568" refId="ref2593" refString="Hu, S. J., Ning, T., Fu, D. Y., Haack, R. A., Zhang, Z., Chen, D., Ma, X. &amp; Ye, H. (2013) Dispersal of the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera; Cerambycidae), in mainland China as inferred from molecular data and associations to indices of human activities. PLoS ONE, 8, e 57568. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0057568" type="journal article" year="2013">
Hu
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE16A344686FF15FF10FF29" box="[151,209,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE16A344731FF16FE24FF29" author="Gohli, J. &amp; Selvarajah, T. &amp; Kirkendall, L. R. &amp; Jordal, B. H." box="[288,485,189,215]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" pagination="37" refId="ref2375" refString="Gohli, J., Selvarajah, T., Kirkendall, L. R. &amp; Jordal, B. H. (2016) Globally distributed Xyleborus species reveal recurrent intercontinental dispersal in a landscape of ancient worldwide distributions. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 16, 37. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 016 - 0610 - 7" type="journal article" year="2016">
Gohli
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE16A344779FF15FE60FF29" box="[360,417,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE16A3447E0FF16FD09FF29" author="Rassati, D. &amp; Haack, R. A. &amp; Knizek, M. &amp; Faccoli, M." box="[497,712,189,215]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" pagination="260 - 268" refId="ref3894" refString="Rassati, D., Haack, R. A., Knizek, M. &amp; Faccoli, M. (2018) National trade can drive range expansion of bark- and wood-boring beetles. Journal of Economic Entomology, 111 (1), 260 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jee / tox 308" type="journal article" year="2018">
Rassati
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE16A34445BFF15FDBDFF29" box="[586,636,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
). Except the established populations occurring in western North
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE16A344686FF4AFF36FF05" authorityName="Santos-Silva &amp; Tavakilian" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,247,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="America" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">America</taxonomicName>
and
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE16A344720FF4AFE03FF05" box="[305,450,225,251]" name="South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE16A3447C0FF4AFDA6FF05" author="Pringle, J. A." box="[465,615,225,251]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" pagination="271 - 286" refId="ref3837" refString="Pringle, J. A. (1938) A contribution to the knowledge of Micromalthus debilis LeC. (Coleoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 87, 271 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1938. tb 00088. x" type="journal article" year="1938">Pringle 1938</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE16A344464FF4AFCD8FF05" author="Paterson, N. F." box="[629,793,225,251]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" pagination="287 - 290" refId="ref3495" refString="Paterson, N. F. (1938) Note on the external morphology of South African specimens of Micromalthus (Coleoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 87, 287 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1938. tb 00089. x" type="journal article" year="1938">Paterson 1938</bibRefCitation>
), all other records are scattered and limited to a reduced number of adult specimens (Philips 2001) or larvae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE16A3444FFFEAEFBE4FEDE" author="Marshall, A. T. &amp; Thornton, I. W. B." box="[750,1061,261,288]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" pagination="715 - 720" refId="ref3241" refString="Marshall, A. T. &amp; Thornton, I. W. B. (1963) Micromalthus (Coleoptera: Micromalthidae) in Hong Kong. Pacific Insects, 5, 715 - 720." type="journal article" year="1963">Marshall &amp; Thornton 1963</bibRefCitation>
), suggesting that this species has probably never completely succeeded in establishing itself in the new habitats.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5D6622FFE16A344686FBFAFCD5FB70" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335972/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" startId="2.[151,250,1105,1130]" targetBox="[151,1436,345,1086]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8B9D36AAFFE16A344686FBFAFCD5FB70" blockId="2.[151,1437,1105,1166]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE16A344686FBFAFED5FB94" bold="true" box="[151,276,1105,1130]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE16A34470AFBF9FD55FB94" authority="LeConte, 1878" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[283,660,1106,1130]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE16A34470AFBF9FE35FB94" box="[283,500,1106,1130]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">Micromalthus debilis</emphasis>
LeConte, 1878
</taxonomicName>
, distribution. Green ellipse: area of origin; red dots: record in the literature; orange triangle: first breeding record in Europe (Trieste, Italy).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3386521FFE16A354686FB4BFE23FD0D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="592" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9D36AAFFE16A344686FB4BFEDAFB04" blockId="2.[151,283,1248,1274]" box="[151,283,1248,1274]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">
<heading id="D0D581C6FFE16A344686FB4BFEDAFB04" bold="true" box="[151,283,1248,1274]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE16A344686FB4BFEDAFB04" bold="true" box="[151,283,1248,1274]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">Discussion</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36AAFFE16A344686FA82FB3BFA2C" blockId="2.[151,1437,1320,2031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">
Here we present the first record of an established population of
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE16A344577FA82FC16FABC" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[870,983,1320,1346]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE16A344577FA82FC16FABC" box="[870,983,1320,1346]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">M. debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Europe. Although two findings of
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE16A34436FFA82FF23FA98" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE16A34436FFA82FF23FA98" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">M. debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known in the Western Palearctic region, in
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE16A3444F8FAE7FC8FFA98" box="[745,846,1356,1382]" name="Gibraltar" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">Gibraltar</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE16A344591FAE7FC13FA98" box="[896,978,1356,1382]" name="Austria" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">Austria</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE16A3445F1FAE7FB50FA98" author="Lawrence, J. F." box="[992,1169,1356,1382]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" pagination="300 - 302" refId="ref2979" refString="Lawrence, J. F. (1991) Micromalthidae (Archostemata). In: Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature Insects. Vol. 2. Kendall ⁄ Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, pp. 300 - 302." type="book chapter" year="1991">Lawrence 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE16A34428AFAE7FA59FA98" author="Jach, M. A. &amp; Komarek, A." box="[1179,1432,1356,1382]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" pagination="223 - 224" refId="ref2746" refString="Jach, M. A. &amp; Komarek, A. (2000) Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Osterreich (IX) (Coleoptera: Micromalthidae et Dytiscidae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 70, 223 - 224." type="journal article" year="2000">Jäch &amp; Komarek 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE16A344686FADBFECFFA74" author="Lobl, I." box="[151,270,1392,1418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" pagination="25" refId="ref3117" refString="Lobl, I. (2003) Micromalthidae. In: Lobl, I. &amp; Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 1. Archostemata- Myxophaga-Adephaga. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 25." type="book chapter" year="2003">Löbl 2003</bibRefCitation>
), none of them mentions a reproductively active community; in fact
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE16A344216FADBFAD4FA74" author="Jach, M. A. &amp; Komarek, A." box="[1031,1301,1392,1418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" pagination="223 - 224" refId="ref2746" refString="Jach, M. A. &amp; Komarek, A. (2000) Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Osterreich (IX) (Coleoptera: Micromalthidae et Dytiscidae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 70, 223 - 224." type="journal article" year="2000">Jäch &amp; Komarek (2000)</bibRefCitation>
specifically refer to a single specimen collected while flying, whereas no information about number of collected specimens or collecting methods is given for the
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE16A344433FA13FD46FA2C" box="[546,647,1464,1490]" name="Gibraltar" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">Gibraltar</collectingCountry>
material nor the source of this record (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE16A34422BFA13FB2FFA2C" author="Lawrence, J. F." box="[1082,1262,1464,1490]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" pagination="300 - 302" refId="ref2979" refString="Lawrence, J. F. (1991) Micromalthidae (Archostemata). In: Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature Insects. Vol. 2. Kendall ⁄ Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, pp. 300 - 302." type="book chapter" year="1991">Lawrence 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36AAFFE16A3546D6FA77FE47FF29" blockId="2.[151,1437,1320,2031]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,153,755]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="592" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE16A3446D6FA77FE74FA08" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[199,437,1500,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE16A3446D6FA77FE74FA08" box="[199,437,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">Micromalthus debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unequivocally recognized as a minor pest in wooden dwellings in its native area. However, the true extent of the damage that it is capable of causing in different environments is still unknown: only
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE16A344686F98FFEF6F9C0" author="Suzuki, H." box="[151,311,1572,1598]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" pagination="35 - 38" refId="ref4223" refString="Suzuki, H. (1999) Notes on Micromalthus debilis LeConte (Coleoptera Micromalthidae) discovered from a Wooden House in Kawagoe City. Urban Pest Management, 21, 35 - 38. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1999">Suzuki (1999)</bibRefCitation>
extensively documented the effects caused by
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE16A344558F98EFC78F9C0" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[841,953,1572,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE16A344558F98EFC78F9C0" box="[841,953,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">M. debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the main structure of a traditional wood house in Kawagoe (
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE16A344765F9E3FE7BF99C" box="[372,442,1608,1634]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">Japan</collectingCountry>
). The situation encountered in Trieste was similar in some respects to what was observed by Suzuki; the larvae were developing in the wood beams supporting the roof of a historical building, although the presence of this species was restricted to a humid spot where water infiltrated the roof, causing partial rotting of the wood structure. The building in which
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE16A34445AF91EFD7AF930" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[587,699,1716,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE16A34445AF91EFD7AF930" box="[587,699,1716,1742]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">M. debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found was built between
<date id="FF9C106AFFE16A34421CF91FFB76F930" box="[1037,1207,1716,1742]" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" value="1834" valueMax="1836">1834 and 1836</date>
; in absence of information about maintenance work done on the building between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries it is assumed that the wooden structure of the building is still original. The occurrence of such a large number of
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE16A3442E1F956FAA0F8E8" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[1264,1377,1788,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE16A3442E1F956FAA0F8E8" box="[1264,1377,1788,1814]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">M. debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals infiltrating the building was apparently stimulated by the intense rains in the previous weeks that disturbed the population living in the roof. Those beetles were part of an established population, as suggested by the presence of several larvae at different stages and a large number of adults, which were developing in the wooden roof structures, already weakened and rotted by water infiltration. This hypothesis is further supported by the presence of the wood-boring
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE16A344766F81BFDF3F834" baseAuthorityName="Herbst" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[375,562,1968,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pselactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spadix">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE16A344766F81BFDF3F834" box="[375,562,1968,1994]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">Pselactus spadix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species that develops in similar conditions and that is widely recognized as a pest of timber (both hardwood and softwood) in both larval and adult life stages (Overing
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE16A34428BF87EFB0AF810" box="[1178,1227,2004,2030]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="591">et al</emphasis>
. 2003). Collecting circumstances suggest that
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE06A3547DDFF31FDFCFF4D" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[460,573,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE06A3547DDFF31FDFCFF4D" box="[460,573,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="592">M. debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be a pest even in Europe, especially regarding historical building and wood infrastructures.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36AAFFE06A3546D6FF4AFB88FEBD" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,755]" pageId="3" pageNumber="592">
Since after the finding of
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE06A3547E3FF49FDA4FF05" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[498,613,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE06A3547E3FF49FDA4FF05" box="[498,613,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="592">M. debilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the infested building has undergone a complete restoration, the authors hypothesize that the colony has been destroyed; however, no specific measure based on insecticides has been made. Notably no information is available in the literature about the control of this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36AAFFE06A3546D6FEE6FC13FD9D" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,755]" pageId="3" pageNumber="592">
The presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C224D29FFE06A354796FEE5FD7DFE96" authority="in Trieste" authorityName="in Trieste" box="[391,700,333,360]" class="Insecta" family="Micromalthidae" genus="Micromalthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE06A354796FEE5FE38FE99" box="[391,505,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="592">M. debilis</emphasis>
in Trieste (
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE06A35446FFEE6FD75FE96" box="[638,692,333,360]" name="Italy" pageId="3" pageNumber="592">Italy</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
and Wiesen (
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE06A354548FEE6FC6EFE96" box="[857,943,333,360]" name="Austria" pageId="3" pageNumber="592">Austria</collectingCountry>
) may suggest a remote introduction of this species through naval commerce. Actually, the presence of this species in Europe was already supposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE06A35432EFEDAFF24FE51" author="Silvestri, F." pageId="3" pageNumber="592" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref4192" refString="Silvestri, F. (1941) Distribuzione geografica del Micromalthus debilis LeConte (Coleoptera: Micromalthidae). Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 73, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1941">Silvestri (1941)</bibRefCitation>
, due to the import of large amounts of timber from the
<collectingCountry id="F335763AFFE06A354559FE3EFC45FE51" box="[840,900,405,431]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="592">USA</collectingCountry>
. Between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries Trieste was the first port of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and one of the most important in the world for international traffic and cargo handling. The large amount of wood for commercial and construction use, combined with the presence of forest areas near the port, could have favored the establishment of this species in Trieste, as already proved for other wood-boring beetles (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE06A354456FD8EFCDDFDC1" author="Rassati, D. &amp; Haack, R. A. &amp; Knizek, M. &amp; Faccoli, M." box="[583,796,549,575]" pageId="3" pageNumber="592" pagination="260 - 268" refId="ref3894" refString="Rassati, D., Haack, R. A., Knizek, M. &amp; Faccoli, M. (2018) National trade can drive range expansion of bark- and wood-boring beetles. Journal of Economic Entomology, 111 (1), 260 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jee / tox 308" type="journal article" year="2018">
Rassati
<emphasis id="B956EAB8FFE06A3544B1FD8DFD19FDC1" box="[672,728,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="592">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
). It is then plausible that this species was spread throughout the country along the main railway lines (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5BFFE06A354485FDE2FC07FD9D" author="Ascensao, F. &amp; Capinha, C." box="[660,966,585,611]" pageId="3" pageNumber="592" pagination="65 - 80" refId="ref2005" refString="Ascensao, F. &amp; Capinha, C. (2017) Aliens on the Move: Transportation Networks and Non-native Species. In: Borda-De-Aagua, L., Barrientos, R., Beja, P. &amp; Pereira, H. (Eds.), Railway Ecology. Springer, Cham, pp. 65 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 57496 - 7 _ 5" type="book chapter" year="2017">
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&amp; Capinha 2017
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36AAFFE06A3546D6FDC6FE23FD0D" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,755]" pageId="3" pageNumber="592">Future research should investigate the actual distribution of this invasive species in Europe and worldwide, evaluate introduction pathways and risks associated with the international timber trade, develop effective monitoring practices, define new or specific quarantine methods and adopt adequate pest control strategies, especially in regard to historical buildings.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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