206 lines
28 KiB
XML
206 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="B9945B6C409D1173E6FB010DBBE120DB" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5292273" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630053719600" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Reid, David G., Aravind, Neelavara Ananthram & Madhyastha, Neelavara Ananthram" docDate="2013" docId="038A87FB1935017C98A8FD59E6A3FABA" docLanguage="en" docName="zoj875.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 167 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Cremnoconchus globulus Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha 2013, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="121" masterDocId="FFB3FF83192901609877FFA5E32EFFC6" masterDocTitle="A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W. T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="135" masterPageNumber="93" pageNumber="121" updateTime="1699140868359" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="ACB1FBF9FF058BB8D7C5A129CA8570CB">A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W. T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CADE93628EB65863170D28FB546D4BC9">Reid, David G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="65CB2D049D5FADFA2016FC58DA190DE9">Aravind, Neelavara Ananthram</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E004664B0759E162D36020C013DC65DB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="57DF686DF3A7C8D666352F8D05165D4B">Madhyastha, Neelavara Ananthram</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F6DE9EE8FAD3E5110ECCE6718F93498D">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="08A2AF1170AC6DEFFBD0D38B0E94CC63">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3630F8FDB12524DCAE35000DE4650541">2013-01-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="413A7D8245354A4669FC74BB5B2A9367">167</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="2E1044F82483EF5C8163C3EF1C9847C0">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x</mods:url>
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<subSubSection id="C33965661935017C98A8FD59E1F2FCF4" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1935017C98A8FD59E189FCD4" blockId="28.[170,732,764,818]" box="[223,679,764,786]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
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<heading id="D0D481811935017C98A8FD59E189FCD4" box="[223,679,764,786]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1935017C98A8FD59E114FCD7" ID-CoL="ZC27" authority="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha, 2013" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[223,570,764,785]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globulus" status="sp. nov.">CREMNOCONCHUS GLOBULUS</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9A33FCA5E189FCD4" bold="true" box="[580,679,765,786]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26457841935017C9A33FCA5E189FCD4" box="[580,679,765,786]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" rank="species">SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1935017C98DDFCB8E1F2FCF4" blockId="28.[170,732,764,818]" box="[170,732,796,818]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">(FIGS 2E, 4F, 5K, L, 8, 11H–L, 12H–L, 13A, B)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33965661935017C98E7FCE1E6A3FABA" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1935017C98E7FCE1E164FC73" blockId="28.[144,759,835,949]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C98E7FCE1E3FBFC9F" box="[144,213,836,857]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Types:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B4B3CB01935017C98A8FCE6E164FC73" collectionCode="ZSI, WGRS" country="India" latitude="13.24384" location="Lesser Kadambi Falls" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="75.17056" municipality="Chikmagalur Dist." pageId="28" pageNumber="121" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Karnataka" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="5498884F1935017C98A8FCE6E26BFC9F" box="[223,325,835,857]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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/
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE281935017C9908FCE6E2E3FC9E" box="[383,461,835,856]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z6tk-8dmw" name="Western Ghat Regional Station of the Zoological Survey of India at Calicut" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">WGRS</collectionCode>
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/IR.INV-2310 (Fig. 11I, J);
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<specimenCount id="9D25FD641935017C98E7FCC7E239FCB1" box="[144,279,866,887]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">2 paratypes</specimenCount>
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE281935017C9957FCC7E267FCB1" box="[288,329,866,887]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">ZSI</collectionCode>
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/
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE281935017C9927FCC7E2B1FCB1" box="[336,415,866,887]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z6tk-8dmw" name="Western Ghat Regional Station of the Zoological Survey of India at Calicut" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">WGRS</collectionCode>
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/IR.INV-2311, 2312 (Fig. 11K);
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BF8AC971935017C99C6FC25E1BCFC50" box="[433,658,896,918]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Chikmagalur Dist.</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F1935017C9AD1FC24E3E8FC73" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F334767D1935017C98A3FC3AE23FFC73" box="[212,273,927,949]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">India</collectingCountry>
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(
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE17502A1935017C99CFFC3AE110FC73" box="[440,574,927,949]" degrees="75.17056" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" precision="1" value="75.17056">75.17056°E</geoCoordinate>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1935017C98E7FC78E234FBD4" blockId="28.[144,758,989,1042]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C98E7FC78E223FC34" box="[144,269,989,1010]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Etymology:</emphasis>
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Latin
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1935017C9913FC78E2EBFC34" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[356,453,989,1010]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globulus">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9913FC78E2EBFC34" box="[356,453,989,1010]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">globulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, globular, in reference to shell shape.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1935017C98E7FB9EE3FDFB2F" blockId="28.[144,759,1083,1257]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
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||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C98E7FB9EE228FB96" box="[144,262,1083,1104]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Shell globular, without ribs; pseudumbilicus moderate, sometimes perforated; surface with satin sheen, no microstriae. Operculum weakly calcified, no internal ridge. Penis with lateral glandular flange, slender filament. Western
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<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F1935017C9A0DFB10E3FEFB2F" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Karnataka State</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1935017C98E7FAB7E1B3F912" blockId="28.[144,759,1298,1748]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C98E7FAB7E28FFAE1" box="[144,417,1298,1319]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
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Shell (
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<figureCitation id="13182A681935017C9897FAB7E21BFAE1" box="[224,309,1298,1319]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[144,223,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-0@12.[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Microsculpture of Cremnoconchus species (viewed by SEM). A, C. dwarakii, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. B, C. syhadrensis, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. C, C. syhadrensis, Khandala, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. D, C. conicus, 44 km west of Bhor, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. E, C. conicus, 6 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. F, C. globulus, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. G, C. cingulatus, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. H, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. I, C. canaliculatus, 10 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. J, C. canaliculatus, Dongarwadi, Tamhini, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. K, C. canaliculatus, 5 km south of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. L, C. castanea, Belkal Thirtha Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. M, C. castanea, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. N, C. hanumani, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. O, C. hanumani, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292283/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Figs 4F</figureCitation>
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, 11H–L):
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</emphasis>
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Shell H 6.0–
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<quantity id="4CDB9B081935017C9A3FFAB7E1B1FAEE" box="[584,671,1298,1320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="8.8">8.8 mm</quantity>
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. Shape (
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||
<tableCitation id="C6A103561935017C98E0FA94E3C7FA81" box="[151,233,1329,1351]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[144,208,198,217]" captionText="Table 1. Indices of shell shape of populations of Cremnoconchus species; see Supporting Table S1 for full locality details" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Table 1</tableCitation>
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||
) globular; whorls rounded, without angulation; suture impressed; apex eroded; base slightly swollen. Columella moderately narrow, wider at base. Pseudumbilicus moderate (to
|
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<quantity id="4CDB9B081935017C9A35FA28E1B4FA64" box="[578,666,1421,1442]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
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), sometimes perforated, outlined by angled margin, sometimes forming a slight rounded rib. Surface almost always without ribs above periphery; rarely a slight thickening or indistinct rib near suture. Surface with satin sheen; spiral striae almost or entirely absent (
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<figureCitation id="13182A681935017C98EFF9E1E3C2F99C" box="[152,236,1604,1626]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[144,223,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-0@12.[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Microsculpture of Cremnoconchus species (viewed by SEM). A, C. dwarakii, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. B, C. syhadrensis, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. C, C. syhadrensis, Khandala, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. D, C. conicus, 44 km west of Bhor, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. E, C. conicus, 6 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. F, C. globulus, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. G, C. cingulatus, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. H, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. I, C. canaliculatus, 10 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. J, C. canaliculatus, Dongarwadi, Tamhini, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. K, C. canaliculatus, 5 km south of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. L, C. castanea, Belkal Thirtha Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. M, C. castanea, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. N, C. hanumani, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. O, C. hanumani, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292283/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
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||
). Diameter of first whorl
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081935017C9A21F9E1E1D9F99F" box="[598,759,1604,1626]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" metricValueMax="6.6" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="0.58" valueMax="0.66" valueMin="0.5">0.50–0.66 mm</quantity>
|
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(
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C98EFF9C6E382F9BE" box="[152,172,1635,1656]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">N</emphasis>
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||
= 3). Colour: dark brown or olive-brown, sometimes darker on spire and in band at suture; columella and umbilicus purple-brown; aperture pale brown to whitish, with sutural band showing through.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1935017C98E7F958E6A3FE77" blockId="28.[144,759,1789,1903]" lastBlockId="28.[806,1421,198,434]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C98E7F958E3C5F8D4" box="[144,235,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Animal:</emphasis>
|
||
Head, tentacles, and sides of foot pale grey to black, tentacles darker, paler at tip of snout. Gills: up to 40 leaflets; black. Operculum (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A103561935017C9A67F89FE14AF889" box="[528,612,1850,1872]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[144,208,198,217]" captionText="Table 1. Indices of shell shape of populations of Cremnoconchus species; see Supporting Table S1 for full locality details" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
; Fig. 5K, L): opercular ratio
|
||
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<geoCoordinate id="EE17502A1935017C99E7F8FCE2F5F8A9" box="[400,475,1881,1903]" degrees="0.421" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" precision="55" value="-0.421">–0.421</geoCoordinate>
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||
; weakly calcified, dark red-brown, no internal ridge. Penis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A681935017C9C8AFF63E6AFFF1A" box="[1277,1409,198,220]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1143,1162]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,197,1099]" captionTargetId="figure-211@27.[164,1444,197,1113]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 12. Anatomy of Cremnoconchus hanumani (A–G) and C. globulus (H–L), all to same magnification. A–L, penes (all fixed in ethanol); F, G are intact and sectioned views of same penis. A–C, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: A = 4.9 mm; B = 3.5 mm; C = 3.3 mm). D–G, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: D = 3.9 mm; E = 4.0 mm; F, G = 5.0 mm). H–K, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: H = 7.0 mm; I = 6.0 mm; J = 7.0 mm; K = 6.3 mm). L, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 7.9 mm). Shading conventions as in Figure 6." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292297/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Fig. 12H–L</figureCitation>
|
||
): unpigmented or slightly pigmented; base wrinkled, with long thickened flange running across left side towards eye, glandular knob on right side, and slight glandular swelling distally (sometimes opaque); invagination about half length of base in ethanol-fixed specimens; filament slender, rarely protruding in ethanol-fixed specimens. Pallial oviduct: as for genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1935017C9B51FE7AE787FD6A" blockId="28.[806,1421,479,684]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9B51FE7AE708FE32" box="[806,1062,479,500]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Radula (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A681935017C9BE6FE7AE739FE32" box="[913,1047,479,500]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="30.[144,223,1768,1787]" captionTargetBox="[208,1360,195,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-0@30.[208,1360,195,1738]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 13. Radulae of Cremnoconchus species (two views of each radula, flat and at 45°). A, B, C. globulus, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 7.4 mm). C, D, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 9.5 mm). E, F, C. cingulatus, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 5.7 mm). G, H, C. castanea, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 8.5 mm). Scale bars = 50 Mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292299/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Fig. 13A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Relative radula length 2.66– 3.43. Rachidian: length/width 1.10–1.22; 5 cusps (+ 1 outer denticle on either side). Lateral: 5 cusps (+ 1 inner denticle). Inner marginal: 5 cusps. Outer marginal: 4–5 cusps. Major cusp of each of 5 central teeth triangular leaf-shaped with pointed to slightly rounded tip; other cusps pointed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1935017C9B51FD7FE043FC4E" blockId="28.[806,1421,729,904]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9B51FD7FE0F6FD28" box="[806,984,729,751]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Range (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A681935017C9BFFFD7CE0E7FD28" box="[904,969,729,750]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[196,1411,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure-0@17.[194,1412,193,1791]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Distribution of Cremnoconchus species (solid circles). Two or more species names (e.g. syhadrensis + canaliculatus) indicate sympatric occurrence. See Supporting Table S1 for locality details. The shaded area is the Western Ghats region as defined by Irfan-Ullah & Davande (2008). Cities indicated by asterisks." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292293/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F1935017C9C2DFD7CE609FD28" box="[1114,1319,729,751]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Karnataka State</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Kudremukh (
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081935017C9B0DFD52E0EFFCCB" box="[890,961,759,781]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" unit="km" value="55.0">55 km</quantity>
|
||
north-east of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767D1935017C9C1DFD52E7C6FCCB" box="[1130,1256,759,781]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Mangalore</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Records (see Supporting
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A103561935017C9BCAFCB3E701FCEA" box="[957,1071,790,812]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[144,208,198,217]" captionText="Table 1. Indices of shell shape of populations of Cremnoconchus species; see Supporting Table S1 for full locality details" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F1935017C9C22FCB3E606FCED" box="[1109,1320,790,812]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Karnataka State</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Lesser Kadambi Falls (ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2310, 2311, 2312); Greater Kadambi Falls (ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2308, 2309).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1935017C9B51FC11E623FB82" blockId="28.[806,1421,948,1093]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9B51FC11E73EFC0F" box="[806,1040,948,969]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Habitat and ecology:</emphasis>
|
||
Common in film of water flowing over rock face beside waterfall (Fig. 2E); on stones in shallow streams (to
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081935017C9C52FC57E746FBC1" box="[1061,1128,1010,1031]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||
deep) with fast-flowing water; in partial shade of riparian vegetation in wet evergreen forest. Altitude 941 and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D25FD641935017C9CB7FB8AE623FB82" box="[1216,1293,1071,1093]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081935017C9CB7FB8AE627FB82" box="[1216,1289,1071,1093]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.67" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" unit="m" value="967.0">967 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1935017C9B51FBD7E6A3FABA" blockId="28.[806,1422,1138,1404]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9B51FBD7E0BCFB41" box="[806,914,1138,1159]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
Four
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1935017C9B9EFBD7E7D3FB4E" box="[1001,1277,1138,1160]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9B9EFBD7E7B2FB41" box="[1001,1180,1138,1159]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Cremnoconchus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have similar umbilicate, globular to turbinate, smooth shells (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A103561935017C9B59FB0AE0AAFB03" box="[814,900,1199,1221]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="29.[144,208,643,664]" captionText="Table 4. Diagnostic features of Cremnoconchus dwarakii, C. agumbensis, C. castanea, C. cingulatus, C. globulus, and C. hanumani in western Karnataka" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1935017C9BE8FB0AE7ECFB02" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[927,1218,1199,1220]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9BE8FB0AE7ECFB02" box="[927,1218,1199,1220]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Cremnoconchus globulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished by its lack of a basal rib (present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1935017C9C90FB6BE650FB24" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[1255,1406,1229,1251]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9C90FB6BE650FB24" box="[1255,1406,1229,1251]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">C. cingulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), moderate pseudumbilicus and weakly calcified operculum (well calcified in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1935017C9C4FFAAEE794FAE6" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[1080,1210,1291,1312]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9C4FFAAEE794FAE6" box="[1080,1210,1291,1312]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">C. castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Distinction from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1935017C9B51FA8CE092FAF8" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[806,956,1321,1342]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hanumani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9B51FA8CE092FAF8" box="[806,956,1321,1342]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">C. hanumani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with which it occurs in the same microhabitat, is discussed in the Remarks on that species. The penes of all four are diagnostic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A681935017C9CA3FAC3E607FABD" box="[1236,1321,1382,1404]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1143,1162]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,197,1099]" captionTargetId="figure-211@27.[164,1444,197,1113]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 12. Anatomy of Cremnoconchus hanumani (A–G) and C. globulus (H–L), all to same magnification. A–L, penes (all fixed in ethanol); F, G are intact and sectioned views of same penis. A–C, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: A = 4.9 mm; B = 3.5 mm; C = 3.3 mm). D–G, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: D = 3.9 mm; E = 4.0 mm; F, G = 5.0 mm). H–K, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: H = 7.0 mm; I = 6.0 mm; J = 7.0 mm; K = 6.3 mm). L, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 7.9 mm). Shading conventions as in Figure 6." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292297/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Figs 12</figureCitation>
|
||
, 14, 15).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |