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<mods:title id="6305231226E247B90AA7013E495B6479">High-level systematics and phylogeny of the extant scorpions (Scorpiones: Orthosterni)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF615B6AFD83533B" blockId="112.[192,802,1309,1915]" box="[192,563,1309,1332]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<heading id="D0D481AFD73CF539FF615B6AFD83533B" box="[192,563,1309,1332]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF615B6AFD83533B" bold="true" box="[192,563,1309,1332]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FEB65B6AFD83533B" ID-CoL="HR9" authority="Thorell, 1876" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[279,563,1309,1332]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Vaejovidae
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FE3C5B6AFD83533B" author="Thorell" box="[413,563,1309,1332]" firstAuthor="Thorell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref98099" refString="THORELL, T. 1876 a. On the classification of scorpions. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (17): 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1876">Thorell, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF539FF515B4BFD9D5047" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF515B4BFD2D535C" blockId="112.[192,802,1309,1915]" box="[240,669,1340,1363]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<typeStatus id="54988861D73CF539FF515B4BFE95535C" box="[240,293,1340,1363]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FE215B4BFD29535C" ID-CoL="85MN" authority="C. L. Koch, 1836" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1836" box="[384,665,1340,1363]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" genus="Vaejovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FE215B4BFE6C535C" box="[384,476,1340,1363]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Vaejovis</emphasis>
C.L. Koch, 1836
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF515B2CFED7537D" blockId="112.[192,802,1309,1915]" box="[240,359,1371,1394]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF515B2CFED7537D" bold="true" box="[240,359,1371,1394]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Synonyms.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FE815B0EFDEB539F" blockId="112.[192,802,1309,1915]" box="[288,603,1401,1424]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF515BEFFD9D5047" blockId="112.[192,802,1309,1915]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF515BEFFE3253A0" bold="true" box="[240,386,1432,1455]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Composition.</emphasis>
The family includes nine genera, which are outlined in detail by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FDB55BC1FD7053C2" author="Sissom" box="[532,704,1462,1485]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref97042" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 c. Family Vaejovidae Thorell, 1876. Pp. 503 - 552 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="c">Sissom (2000c)</bibRefCitation>
. No subfamilies or tribes are currently recognized. The content of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FF405B83FEEA5004" ID-CoL="HR9" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[225,346,1524,1547]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vaejovidae</taxonomicName>
is changed here as the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FD105B83FC925004" ID-CoL="857X" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[689,802,1524,1547]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Uroctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FD105B83FC925004" box="[689,802,1524,1547]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Uroctonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(North America) is moved to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FDA55865FDDF5026" ID-CoL="622L7" baseAuthorityName="Stahnke" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[516,623,1554,1577]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
(under the reestablished subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FE395846FD915047" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1934" box="[408,545,1585,1608]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Uroctoninae">Uroctoninae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF539FF515827FA845420" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF515827FD675068" blockId="112.[192,802,1309,1915]" box="[240,727,1616,1639]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF515827FEC55068" bold="true" box="[240,373,1616,1639]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Distribution</emphasis>
. North America (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73CF539FD935827FD385068" box="[562,648,1616,1639]" name="Mexico" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Mexico</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73CF539FD335827FD7C5068" box="[658,716,1616,1639]" name="United States of America" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">USA</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF515819FA3556F2" blockId="112.[192,802,1309,1915]" lastBlockId="112.[830,1441,199,1357]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF515819FE71508A" bold="true" box="[240,449,1646,1669]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. The taxonomic history of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FD4F5819FEBE50AB" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vaejovidae</taxonomicName>
is traced in detail by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FE5A58FAFD1650AB" author="Sissom" box="[507,678,1677,1700]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref97042" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 c. Family Vaejovidae Thorell, 1876. Pp. 503 - 552 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="c">Sissom (2000c)</bibRefCitation>
. For a long time, subfamilies Iurinae and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FDA358DBFD3F50CC" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[514,655,1708,1731]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpiopinae">Scorpiopinae</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FD0D58DBFF5E50EE" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpiopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpiopsinae">Scorpiopsinae</taxonomicName>
) were included here (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FE4D58BDFD2050EE" author="Stahnke" box="[492,656,1738,1761]" firstAuthor="Stahnke" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="107 - 141" refId="ref97788" refString="STAHNKE, H. L. 1974. Revision and keys to the higher categories of Vejovidae. Journal of Arachnology, 1 (2): 107 - 141." type="journal article" year="1974">Stahnke, 1974</bibRefCitation>
). Later, both Iurinae (including what is now
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FD9A589EFD54510F" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[571,740,1769,1792]" class="Arachnida" family="Caraboctonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Caraboctonidae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FF61597FFEFD5110" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[192,333,1800,1823]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpiopinae">Scorpiopinae</taxonomicName>
were elevated to the family rank (Francke &amp; Soleglad, 1981;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FE2E5951FD935132" author="Sissom" box="[399,547,1830,1853]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref96823" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 1990. Systematics, biogeography and paleontology. Pp. 64 - 160 in G. A. Polis (ed.), Biology of Scorpions. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press." type="book" year="1990">Sissom, 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FD905951FD545132" author="Stockwell" box="[561,740,1830,1853]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="407 - 422" refId="ref97905" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1992. Systematic observations on North American Scorpionida with a key and checklist of the families and genera. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29 (3): 407 - 422." type="journal article" year="1992">Stockwell, 1992</bibRefCitation>
). The subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FE925932FE705153" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[307,448,1861,1884]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpiopinae">Scorpiopinae</taxonomicName>
later was placed as a subfamily in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FF415913FD185174" authority="(Soleglad &amp; Sissom, 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Soleglad &amp; Sissom" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[224,680,1892,1915]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Euscorpiidae (Soleglad &amp; Sissom, 2001)</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FD165913FC3656D1" author="Stockwell" box="[695,902,199,1915]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989)</bibRefCitation>
introduced two subfamilies, four tribes, and three new genera, but all these changes remain unpublished.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FCCF5F73FA845420" blockId="112.[830,1441,199,1357]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FCCF5F73FBD75714" bold="true" box="[878,1127,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FBD95F73FB415714" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[1144,1265,260,283]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vaejovidae</taxonomicName>
are a predominantly arid group found in the desert regions of
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73CF539FAEE5F54FA105735" box="[1359,1440,291,314]" name="Mexico" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and the
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73CF539FC395F35FC605756" box="[920,976,322,345]" name="United States of America" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">USA</collectingCountry>
, exhibiting a number of xeric adaptations. It is reasonable to assume that at least recent (late Tertiary) radiation of this family is connected to aridization on the North American continent (Morafka et al., 1994). Santiago-Blay et al. (2001) reported a presumably vaejovid Oligocene fossil from
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73CF539FBD75FACFB7857FD" box="[1142,1224,475,498]" name="Mexico" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49E7F821D73CF539FB795FACFA9757FD" box="[1240,1319,475,498]" country="Mexico" name="Puebla" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Puebla</collectingRegion>
). Lourenço &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FCFB5F8DFC45541E" author="Sissom" box="[858,1013,506,529]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref96906" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 a. Family Chactidae Pocock, 1893. Pp. 287 - 322 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000">Sissom (2000)</bibRefCitation>
considered vaejovids a group of Laurasian origin, based on their modern distribution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF539FCCF5C40FA9A55D2" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FCCF5C40FA9A55D2" blockId="112.[830,1441,199,1357]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FCCF5C40FC6C5441" bold="true" box="[878,988,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Synapomorphies. Patella trichobothrium
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FC9F5C21FCE35460" box="[830,851,598,623]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
v
<subScript id="17A73486D73CF539FCEB5C17FCE35460" attach="left" box="[842,851,608,623]" fontSize="6" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">3</subScript>
</emphasis>
situated on external surface; single ventral distal spinule (VDS) pair found on leg tarsus; laminar “hook” present on hemispermatophore lamina base; dorsal lateral carinae of metasomal segment IV terminates in conspicuous flared projection; overall shape of pedipalp chela rounded; patellar carina
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FB005C98FB6A5507" box="[1185,1242,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<subScript id="17A73486D73CF539FB005C98FB6A5507" attach="left" box="[1185,1242,751,776]" fontSize="6" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">DPSc</subScript>
</emphasis>
present; pectinal tooth numbers relatively large. Important Symplesiomorphies. Dorsal edge of cheliceral movable finger with
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FC9F5D3CFCD4556D" box="[830,868,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">two</emphasis>
subdistal denticles; ventral surface of leg tarsus configured with moderately developed setal pairs and median spinule row; hemispermatophore capsule present, weak to significant; genital papillae of male visible at posterior edge of genital operculum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF539FCCF5D93FC5A5342" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FCCF5D93FC5A5342" blockId="112.[830,1441,199,1357]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FCCF5D93FC5655F4" bold="true" box="[878,998,996,1019]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Discussion</emphasis>
. Further taxonomic division of this family is contingent on a revision of the large (ca. 70 species) genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FC7D5A55FB885236" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1836" box="[988,1080,1058,1081]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" genus="Vaejovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FC7D5A55FB885236" box="[988,1080,1058,1081]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Vaejovis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is not monophyletic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FCE75A37FBB45258" author="Stockwell" box="[838,1028,1088,1111]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell, 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FBBA5A37FBE45258" author="Stockwell" box="[1051,1108,1088,1111]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="407 - 422" refId="ref97905" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1992. Systematic observations on North American Scorpionida with a key and checklist of the families and genera. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29 (3): 407 - 422." type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FBCA5A37FAA85258" author="Sissom" box="[1131,1304,1088,1111]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref97042" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 c. Family Vaejovidae Thorell, 1876. Pp. 503 - 552 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="c">Sissom, 2000c</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FA945A37FC365279" author="Stockwell" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989)</bibRefCitation>
separated
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FC5D5A28FBE85279" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1836" box="[1020,1112,1119,1142]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" genus="Vaejovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FC5D5A28FBE85279" box="[1020,1112,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Vaejovis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into three genera but this decision was never published. Ponce &amp; Beutelspacher (2001: 88) presented unpublished diagnoses and names for Stockwells genera “
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FBE75ACCFB1F52DD" authorityName="Ponce Saavedra &amp; Beutelspacher" authorityYear="2001" box="[1094,1199,1211,1234]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" genus="Sissomius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FBE75ACCFB1F52DD" box="[1094,1199,1211,1234]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Sissomius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” and “
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FB5C5ACCFA3D52DD" authorityName="Ponce Saavedra &amp; Beutelspacher" authorityYear="2001" box="[1277,1421,1211,1234]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" genus="Lissovaejovis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FB5C5ACCFA3D52DD" box="[1277,1421,1211,1234]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Lissovaejovis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”; these names, however, cannot be considered published by Ponce &amp; Beutelspacher according to ICZN (1999) since these diagnoses neither list
<typeStatus id="54988861D73CF539FB1F5B60FB5C5321" box="[1214,1260,1303,1326]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">type</typeStatus>
species nor fix
<typeStatus id="54988861D73CF539FC9F5B41FCDC5342" box="[830,876,1334,1357]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">type</typeStatus>
specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>