treatments-xml/data/34/06/81/3406810EDD39B225FD61FA3B0968379C.xml

<document id="AFB8BB7C6014D70500BDE6DCDC095566" ID-CLB-Dataset="22049" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2016.178" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2fb82473-fc03-4cd0-87ab-4948df6faf23" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3832959" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1589837371695" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran &amp; Ćetković, Helena" docDate="2016" docId="3406810EDD39B225FD61FA3B0968379C" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2016-178.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 178" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Sycon ancora Klautau, Imešek, Azevedo, Pleše, Nikolić &amp; Ćetković, 2016, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="F39F5C07-44BF-4AC4-822D-77AA1155B018" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="C83FF976DD26B203FFDDFFCB0B3F3437" masterDocTitle="Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis" masterLastPageNumber="52" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1698840226552" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="8D1E097F83E6D376F731D6E086D0CE02">Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="02A404254736245B9900F0C92D733B57">Klautau, Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="575FBC6BDB1E9D69DA3842B75A509811">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941 - 902 Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: C 6 BB 3 D 65 - 7166 - 4 A 2 A-AF 2 B- 7 F 13 EE 94 F 485 &amp; Corresponding authors: mklautau @ biologia. ufrj. br; mimesek @ irb. hr</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="346111E4645C9803963717793E4D631D">Imešek, Mirna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B7F5D9B7D441183FB7851E1039EBE132">Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Molecular Biology, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia. &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 5461 D 38 C-E 1 B 5 - 48 B 1 - A 41 B- 0134 F 337 A 143 &amp; Corresponding authors: mklautau @ biologia. ufrj. br; mimesek @ irb. hr</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FEF2201102577CBAE57C51B6A0C7AEB8">Azevedo, Fernanda</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="91D00E8A7024B7C6AA57F24D46FC9443">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941 - 902 Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. &amp; E-mail: nandaporifera @ gmail. com &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: DC 0 BE 6 B 4 - F 24 F- 4765 - BA 2 B-ED 17 D 774 B 2 B 7</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CA578096EAA802F4A2B2BC49F383209B">Pleše, Bruna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2BDAEBDAEDE00FCE4DAAB7515134C0D7">Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Molecular Biology, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia. &amp; E-mail: bplese @ irb. hr &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: C 9 E 3 BEB 1 - 01 E 6 - 44 A 4 - 807 B- 4800 E 9393 C 09</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5B5FF00E3AA2C1545B36A62EAC9FED73">Nikolić, Vedran</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="99A12544C6485B42142F581F06FA3447">Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Laboratory for Benthos, P. O. Box 500, 21000, Split, Croatia. Equally contributed &amp; E-mail: nikolic @ izor. hr &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 84828 CF 3 - 6 BA 3 - 4541 - AEF 2 - 24422 CEA 0179</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3891DC9B48FA14095E27A5285D879B87">Ćetković, Helena</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C4329C646BD24410DE014352207B7AD1">Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Molecular Biology, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia. &amp; E-mail: cetkovic @ irb. hr &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: BD 5 D 084 E- 8 AAE- 4 CBA- 991 B- 0901 EB 6 C 8 DE 1</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="AC9CD361B932DDE27E1074934065655C">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<treatment id="3406810EDD39B225FD61FA3B0968379C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3850383" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164167729" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3850383" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F39F5C07-44BF-4AC4-822D-77AA1155B018" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3406810EDD39B225FD61FA3B0968379C" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD39B21CFD61FA3B085D323C" authorityName="Klautau, Imesek, Azevedo, Plese, Nikolic &amp; Cetkovi" authorityYear="2016" box="[700,866,1520,1547]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ancora" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD39B21CFD61FA3B085D323C" bold="true" box="[700,866,1520,1547]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sycon ancora</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="95E85171DD39B21CFCB4FA3A08FC323C" box="[873,963,1521,1547]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 
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<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD39B21CFD19F9FD08743266" box="[708,843,1590,1617]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="32.[227,270,1968,1994]" captionStartId-1="33.[227,270,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox-0="[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetBox-1="[227,1436,888,1884]" captionTargetId-0="figure@32.[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetId-1="figure@33.[227,1436,888,1886]" captionTargetPageId-0="32" captionTargetPageId-1="33" captionText-0="Fig. 14. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Specimen in ethanol. B. Cross section. C. Detail of the distal cone. D. Tubar and subatrial skeletons. E. Atrial skeleton (white" captionText-1="Fig. 15. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Cortical diactine. B–C. Anchor-like tetractines. D–E. Triactines of the cones. F–H. Tubar triactines. I. Subatrial triactine. J. Atrial triactine. K. Atrial tetractine. Scale bar D–K = 100 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832989" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832991" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3832989/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3832991/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs 14–15</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="F12D05A3DD39B21CFC8BF9FD08853266" box="[854,954,1590,1617]" captionStart="Table 11" captionStartId="34.[227,296,305,331]" captionText="Table 11. Spicule measurements of Sycon ancora sp. nov. (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345)." pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Table 11</tableCitation>
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<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD39B21CFF3EF9B30A5532A5" bold="true" box="[227,362,1656,1682]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Etymology</emphasis>
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From the Latin 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD39B21CFE47F96C0AD232F7" authorityName="Klautau, Imesek, Azevedo, Plese, Nikolic &amp; Cetkovi" authorityYear="2016" box="[410,493,1703,1728]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ancora">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD39B21CFE47F96C0AD232F7" box="[410,493,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">ancora</emphasis>
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, meaning anchor, for the presence of anchor-like spicules for attachment.
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<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD39B21CFF3EF9230AEF3335" bold="true" box="[227,464,1768,1794]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Material examined</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="0CC73A45DD39B21CFECDF8DC080F334F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2620548302" collectingDate="2011-02-14" collectionCode="V, PMR" elevation="1" latitude="44.47638" location="Island of Pag" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="15.044373" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="63148EBADD39B21CFECDF8DC0ABD3306" box="[272,386,1815,1841]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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<paragraph id="BC103018DD39B21CFF3EF8F1080F334F" blockId="31.[227,1437,1815,1912]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
ADRIATIC SEA: 
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, 
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="D99B56DFDD39B21CFCF4F8F108E03363" box="[809,991,1850,1877]" degrees="15" direction="east" minutes="02" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" precision="1" seconds="39.74" value="15.044373">15°02'39.74&quot; E</geoCoordinate>
, 
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<elevation id="3782D72BDD39B21CFC36F8F10F243363" box="[1003,1051,1850,1876]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</elevation>
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, collected by 
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. Nikolić, 
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<collectingDate id="D855EF30DD39B21CFA99F8F10A223340" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2011-02-14">14 Feb. 2011</collectingDate>
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(
<collectionCode id="DABEA8DDDD39B21CFEF0F8960A543340" box="[301,363,1885,1911]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/xq4z-q5gq" name="Prirodoslovni muzej Rijeka" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">PMR</collectionCode>
17809 = UFRJPOR 8345, in ethanol).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BC103018DD39B21CFECDF8540ABD338E" blockId="31.[227,1437,1951,2048]" box="[272,386,1951,1977]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<typeStatus id="63148EBADD39B21CFECDF8540ABD338E" box="[272,386,1951,1977]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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<paragraph id="BC103018DD39B21CFF3EF80908213C37" blockId="31.[227,1437,1951,2048]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
ADRIATIC SEA: near Split, 
<geoCoordinate id="D99B56DFDD39B21CFDE4F80A09CE33EB" box="[569,753,1985,2012]" degrees="43" direction="north" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" precision="1" seconds="27.57" value="43.50766">43°30'27.57&quot; N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="D99B56DFDD39B21CFD20F80A088D33EB" box="[765,946,1985,2012]" degrees="16" direction="east" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" precision="1" seconds="20.55" value="16.389042">16°23'20.55&quot; E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD39B21CFC63F80A0F2633EB" box="[958,1049,1985,2012]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 m</quantity>
, collected by 
<collectionCode id="DABEA8DDDD39B21CFB64F8090FF133EB" box="[1209,1230,1986,2012]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
. Nikolić, 
<date id="C81116D8DD39B21CFA9DF80A0A2233C8" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2011-08-15">15 Aug. 2011</date>
(
<collectionCode id="DABEA8DDDD39B21CFEF1F82E0AAF33C8" box="[300,400,2021,2047]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">IRB-SD</collectionCode>
12 = UFRJPOR 8347, in ethanol).
</paragraph>
<caption id="E8D06090DD06B223FF3EF87B0EA333DA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832989" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3832989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832989/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" startId="32.[227,270,1968,1994]" targetBox="[225,1434,424,1916]" targetPageId="32">
<paragraph id="BC103018DD06B223FF3EF87B0EA333DA" blockId="32.[227,1437,1968,2030]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD06B223FF3EF87B0A7D33FD" bold="true" box="[227,322,1968,1994]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD06B223FE91F87A0ACF33FD" authorityName="Klautau, Imesek, Azevedo, Plese, Nikolic &amp; Cetkovi" authorityYear="2016" box="[332,496,1969,1995]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ancora" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD06B223FE91F87A0ACF33FD" box="[332,496,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Sycon ancora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="95E85171DD06B223FE27F87A096533FC" box="[506,602,1969,1995]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD06B223FBA4F87B0FB133FD" bold="true" box="[1145,1166,1968,1994]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">A</emphasis>
. Specimen in ethanol. 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD06B223FF3EF81F0BC833D9" bold="true" box="[227,247,2004,2030]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">B</emphasis>
. Cross section. 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD06B223FE72F8180AFB33DA" bold="true" box="[431,452,2003,2029]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">C</emphasis>
. Detail of the distal cone. 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD06B223FD2AF81F083333D9" bold="true" box="[759,780,2004,2030]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">D</emphasis>
. Tubar and subatrial skeletons. 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD06B223FBA0F81F0FAE33D9" bold="true" box="[1149,1169,2004,2030]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">E</emphasis>
. Atrial skeleton (white
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD06B223FF3EF83C0E4F3C27" blockId="32.[227,307,2039,2065]" box="[227,1392,2038,2065]" lastBlockId="32.[1307,1392,2038,2064]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">arrows atrium.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD06B223FEE7F83C0E2B3C26" blockId="32.[314,1300,2038,2065]" box="[314,1300,2038,2065]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
= subatrial triactines). 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD06B223FD9FF83C096B3C26" bold="true" box="[578,596,2039,2065]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">F</emphasis>
. Tangential section of the atrial skeleton. Abbreviation: at =
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD07B222FF3EFEFB0A04357D" blockId="33.[227,315,304,330]" box="[227,315,304,330]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<heading id="E7588774DD07B222FF3EFEFB0A04357D" bold="true" box="[227,315,304,330]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" reason="3">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD07B222FF3EFEFB0A04357D" bold="true" box="[227,315,304,330]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Colour</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD07B222FF3EFE940913354E" blockId="33.[227,556,351,377]" box="[227,556,351,377]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">White in life and in ethanol.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F4B56393DD07B220FF3EFE6B09173055" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph id="BC103018DD07B222FF3EFE6B0A4B358D" blockId="33.[227,372,416,442]" box="[227,372,416,442]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<heading id="E7588774DD07B222FF3EFE6B0A4B358D" bold="true" box="[227,372,416,442]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" reason="3">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD07B222FF3EFE6B0A4B358D" bold="true" box="[227,372,416,442]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD07B222FF3EFE040EA536D7" blockId="33.[227,1437,463,736]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The body is vase-shaped (1.1 × 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD07B222FD91FE0409A135DD" box="[588,670,463,490]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="cm" value="0.8">0.8 cm</quantity>
), with a single apical osculum surrounded by a crown of trichoxeas (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD07B222FF36FE390A69363A" box="[235,342,498,525]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[227,270,1968,1994]" captionTargetBox="[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 14. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Specimen in ethanol. B. Cross section. C. Detail of the distal cone. D. Tubar and subatrial skeletons. E. Atrial skeleton (white" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832989/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
) and diactines supported by sagittal tetractines. These tetractines are arranged parallel to each other and their unpaired actines are basipetally directed. The unpaired actine is longer and thinner than the paired ones and the apical actine is curved towards the osculum aperture. The paired actines are slightly curved. There is no suboscular region. The aquiferous system is syconoid and the atrium is central. The radial tubes are coalescent (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD07B222FD66FDB4081836AE" box="[699,807,639,665]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[227,270,1968,1994]" captionTargetBox="[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 14. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Specimen in ethanol. B. Cross section. C. Detail of the distal cone. D. Tubar and subatrial skeletons. E. Atrial skeleton (white" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832989/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
). Diactines and trichoxeas protrude through the distal cones; consequently, the surface is very hispid. These diactines (ca 10 to 15) penetrate only a little into the sponge surface (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD07B222FE10FD0E090636D7" box="[461,569,709,736]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[227,270,1968,1994]" captionTargetBox="[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 14. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Specimen in ethanol. B. Cross section. C. Detail of the distal cone. D. Tubar and subatrial skeletons. E. Atrial skeleton (white" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832989/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 14C</figureCitation>
). The unpaired actine of some triactines also protrudes through the cones.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD07B221FF3EFCCC08E7326E" blockId="33.[227,1436,775,837]" lastBlockId="34.[227,1437,1212,1626]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The tubar skeleton is articulated, but not so well organised as in most sycons (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD07B222FBACFCCC0FE13716" box="[1137,1246,775,801]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[227,270,1968,1994]" captionTargetBox="[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 14. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Specimen in ethanol. B. Cross section. C. Detail of the distal cone. D. Tubar and subatrial skeletons. E. Atrial skeleton (white" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832989/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 14D</figureCitation>
). It is composed of rows of sagittal triactines that point their unpaired actines to the surface. These tubar triactines are larger than those of the distal cones and the paired actines are frequently curved. The subatrial skeleton is composed of sagittal triactines and tetractines (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD04B221FCF7FB1408AC30CD" box="[810,915,1247,1274]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[227,270,1968,1994]" captionTargetBox="[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 14. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Specimen in ethanol. B. Cross section. C. Detail of the distal cone. D. Tubar and subatrial skeletons. E. Atrial skeleton (white" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832989/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 14E</figureCitation>
) with very thin actines. The unpaired actine is much longer than the paired ones and the longest ones are frequently localized among the choanocyte chambers. They point their unpaired actines towards the distal cones. Some of the subatrial triactines are similar to pseudosagittal spicules. The atrial skeleton is composed of two categories of tetractines tangentially organized (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD04B221FE26FAA7095831B1" box="[507,615,1388,1414]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[227,270,1968,1994]" captionTargetBox="[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 14. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Specimen in ethanol. B. Cross section. C. Detail of the distal cone. D. Tubar and subatrial skeletons. E. Atrial skeleton (white" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832989/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 14E</figureCitation>
). They frequently have long, unpaired and short, paired actines. One of the paired actines is commonly shorter than the other; however, the three basal actines can have the same size (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD04B221FEBAFA780AEE31FA" box="[359,465,1459,1485]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[227,270,1968,1994]" captionTargetBox="[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 14. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Specimen in ethanol. B. Cross section. C. Detail of the distal cone. D. Tubar and subatrial skeletons. E. Atrial skeleton (white" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832989/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 14F</figureCitation>
). When one of the paired actines is shorter than the other, it frequently penetrates an exhalant canal. The main difference between the two categories of atrial tetractines is in the apical actine. Tetractines with thinner apical actines project these actines mainly into the canals, while thicker and curved apical actines penetrate into the atrium (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD04B221FCE3F9D708973201" box="[830,936,1564,1590]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[227,270,1968,1994]" captionTargetBox="[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[225,1434,424,1916]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 14. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Specimen in ethanol. B. Cross section. C. Detail of the distal cone. D. Tubar and subatrial skeletons. E. Atrial skeleton (white" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832989/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 14E</figureCitation>
). Few anchor-like tetractines are present at the sponge base and project their basal actines into the substrate.
</paragraph>
<caption id="E8D06090DD07B222FF3EF84308EC33DE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832991" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3832991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832991/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" startId="33.[227,270,1928,1954]" targetBox="[227,1436,888,1884]" targetPageId="33">
<paragraph id="BC103018DD07B222FF3EF84308EC33DE" blockId="33.[227,1437,1928,2025]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD07B222FF3EF8430A7A3395" bold="true" box="[227,325,1928,1954]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD07B222FE8EF8420AC53395" authorityName="Klautau, Imesek, Azevedo, Plese, Nikolic &amp; Cetkovi" authorityYear="2016" box="[339,506,1929,1955]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ancora" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD07B222FE8EF8420AC53395" box="[339,506,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sycon ancora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="95E85171DD07B222FDD5F84209543394" box="[520,619,1929,1955]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD07B222FB7FF8430F883395" bold="true" box="[1186,1207,1928,1954]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A</emphasis>
. Cortical diactine. 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD07B222FF3EF8600A2533F2" bold="true" box="[227,282,1963,1989]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">B–C</emphasis>
. Anchor-like tetractines. 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD07B222FD9FF867094633F1" bold="true" box="[578,633,1964,1990]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">D–E</emphasis>
. Triactines of the cones. 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD07B222FC42F86708E933F1" bold="true" box="[927,982,1964,1990]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">F–H</emphasis>
. Tubar triactines. 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD07B222FB77F8670F8A33F1" bold="true" box="[1194,1205,1964,1990]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">I</emphasis>
. Subatrial triactine. 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD07B222FF3EF8040BCD33DE" bold="true" box="[227,242,1999,2025]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">J</emphasis>
. Atrial triactine. 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD07B222FE64F8040AEF33DE" bold="true" box="[441,464,1999,2025]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">K</emphasis>
. Atrial tetractine. Scale bar D–K = 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E8D06090DD04B221FF3EFEFA0E25357B" box="[227,1306,305,332]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<paragraph id="BC103018DD04B221FF3EFEFA0E25357B" blockId="34.[227,1306,305,332]" box="[227,1306,305,332]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD04B221FF3EFEFA0A6D357C" bold="true" box="[227,338,305,331]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Table 11.</emphasis>
Spicule measurements of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD04B221FD55FEF90817357C" authorityName="Klautau, Imesek, Azevedo, Plese, Nikolic &amp; Cetkovi" authorityYear="2016" box="[648,808,306,332]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ancora" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD04B221FD55FEF90817357C" box="[648,808,306,332]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Sycon ancora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="95E85171DD04B221FCEDFEF908B5357B" box="[816,906,306,332]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD04B221FD7BFEA20E46305A" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<table id="CEAFC2B8DD044DFCFF2CFEA20E46305A" box="[241,1401,361,1133]" colsContinueFrom="30.[241,1422,362,1024]" gridcols="11" gridrows="18" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFEA20E4635B4" box="[241,1401,361,387]" gridrow="0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FEA2080135B4" box="[666,830,361,387]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">length (µm)</th>
<th id="414E5B26DD044DFCFBF8FEA20F8635B4" box="[1061,1209,361,387]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">width (µm)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFE440E46359E" box="[241,1401,399,425]" gridrow="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFDE5FE440945359E" box="[568,634,399,425]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">min</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FE4409E3359E" box="[666,732,399,425]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">mean</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD21FE440801359E" box="[764,830,399,425]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">sd</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC87FE44089A359E" box="[858,933,399,425]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">max</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC15FE4408C4359E" box="[968,1019,399,425]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">min</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFBF8FE440F5A359E" box="[1061,1125,399,425]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">mean</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB49FE440F86359E" box="[1172,1209,399,425]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">sd</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB32FE440E1C359E" box="[1263,1315,399,425]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">max</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFA81FE440E46359E" box="[1372,1401,399,425]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">n</td>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFE7F0E4635F8" box="[241,1401,436,463]" gridrow="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="414E5B26DD044DFCFF2CFE7F0ABC35F8" box="[241,387,436,463]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Diactine</th>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFDE5FE7F094535F8" box="[568,634,436,463]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">378.0</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FE7F09E335F8" box="[666,732,436,463]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">537.8</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD21FE7F080135F8" box="[764,830,436,463]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">180.1</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC87FE7F089A35F8" box="[858,933,436,463]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">800.0</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC15FE7F08C435F8" box="[968,1019,436,463]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">10.8</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFBF8FE7F0F5A35F8" box="[1061,1125,436,463]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">16.1</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB49FE7F0F8635F8" box="[1172,1209,436,463]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">4.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB32FE7F0E1C35F8" box="[1263,1315,436,463]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">20</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFA81FE7F0E4635F8" box="[1372,1401,436,463]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFE2B0E463629" box="[241,1401,480,542]" gridrow="3" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="414E5B26DD044DFCFF2CFE2B0ABC3629" box="[241,387,480,542]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Anchor-like tetractine</th>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFDE5FE2B09453629" box="[568,634,480,542]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">-</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FE2B09E33629" box="[666,732,480,542]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">-</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD21FE2B08013629" box="[764,830,480,542]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">-</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC87FE2B089A3629" box="[858,933,480,542]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">&gt;1000</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC15FE2B08C43629" box="[968,1019,480,542]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">25.0</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB32FE2B0E1C3629" box="[1263,1315,480,542]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">37.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFA81FE2B0E463629" box="[1372,1401,480,542]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFDE40E46365B" box="[241,1401,559,620]" gridrow="4" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<th id="414E5B26DD044DFCFF2CFDE40ABC365B" box="[241,387,559,620]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Triactine (distal cone)</th>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFE77FDE40928365B" box="[426,535,559,620]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Paired</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFDE5FDE40945365B" box="[568,634,559,620]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">59.4</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FDE409E3365B" box="[666,732,559,620]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">112.3</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD21FDE40801365B" box="[764,830,559,620]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">27.2</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC87FDE4089A365B" box="[858,933,559,620]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">148.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC15FDE408C4365B" box="[968,1019,559,620]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">5.4</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFBF8FDE40F5A365B" box="[1061,1125,559,620]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">6.9</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB49FDE40F86365B" box="[1172,1209,559,620]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">1.4</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB32FDE40E1C365B" box="[1263,1315,559,620]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">10.8</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFA81FDE40E46365B" box="[1372,1401,559,620]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">20</td>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFDA40E4636BD" box="[241,1401,623,650]" gridrow="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFE77FDA4092836BD" box="[426,535,623,650]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Unpaired</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFDE5FDA4094536BD" box="[568,634,623,650]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">54.0</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FDA409E336BD" box="[666,732,623,650]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">78.6</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD21FDA4080136BD" box="[764,830,623,650]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">18.7</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC87FDA4089A36BD" box="[858,933,623,650]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">124.2</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC15FDA408C436BD" box="[968,1019,623,650]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">5.4</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFBF8FDA40F5A36BD" box="[1061,1125,623,650]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">7.0</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB49FDA40F8636BD" box="[1172,1209,623,650]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">1.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB32FDA40E1C36BD" box="[1263,1315,623,650]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">10.8</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFA81FDA40E4636BD" box="[1372,1401,623,650]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">20</td>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFD470E4636FE" box="[241,1401,652,713]" gridrow="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<th id="414E5B26DD044DFCFF2CFD470ABC36FE" box="[241,387,652,713]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tubar triactine</th>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFE77FD47092836FE" box="[426,535,652,713]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Paired</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFDE5FD47094536FE" box="[568,634,652,713]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">116.1</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FD4709E336FE" box="[666,732,652,713]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">168.2</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD21FD47080136FE" box="[764,830,652,713]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">25.8</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC87FD47089A36FE" box="[858,933,652,713]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">216.0</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC15FD4708C436FE" box="[968,1019,652,713]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">8.1</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFBF8FD470F5A36FE" box="[1061,1125,652,713]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">13.0</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB49FD470F8636FE" box="[1172,1209,652,713]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">2.7</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB32FD470E1C36FE" box="[1263,1315,652,713]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">16.2</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFA81FD470E4636FE" box="[1372,1401,652,713]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">20</td>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFD070E4636D0" box="[241,1401,716,743]" gridrow="7" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFE77FD07092836D0" box="[426,535,716,743]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Unpaired</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFDE5FD07094536D0" box="[568,634,716,743]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">143.1</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FD0709E336D0" box="[666,732,716,743]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">188.1</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD21FD07080136D0" box="[764,830,716,743]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">29.6</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC87FD07089A36D0" box="[858,933,716,743]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">259.2</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC15FD0708C436D0" box="[968,1019,716,743]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">8.1</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFBF8FD070F5A36D0" box="[1061,1125,716,743]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">12.4</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB49FD070F8636D0" box="[1172,1209,716,743]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">2.8</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB32FD070E1C36D0" box="[1263,1315,716,743]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">18.9</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFA81FD070E4636D0" box="[1372,1401,716,743]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">20</td>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFD220E463734" box="[241,1401,745,771]" gridrow="8" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="414E5B26DD044DFCFF2CFD220ABC3734" box="[241,387,745,771]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Subatrial</th>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFCC70E463710" box="[241,1401,780,807]" gridrow="9" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<th id="414E5B26DD044DFCFF2CFCC70ABC3710" box="[241,387,780,807]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">triactine and</th>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFE77FCC709283710" box="[426,535,780,807]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Paired</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFDE5FCC709453710" box="[568,634,780,807]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">67.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FCC709E33710" box="[666,732,780,807]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">97.9</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD21FCC708013710" box="[764,830,780,807]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">41.6</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC87FCC7089A3710" box="[858,933,780,807]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">159.3</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC15FCC708C43710" box="[968,1019,780,807]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">4.1</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFBF8FCC70F5A3710" box="[1061,1125,780,807]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">5.4</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB49FCC70F863710" box="[1172,1209,780,807]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">1.1</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB32FCC70E1C3710" box="[1263,1315,780,807]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">6.8</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFA81FCC70E463710" box="[1372,1401,780,807]" gridcol="10" gridrow="9" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFCFB0E46377D" box="[241,1401,816,842]" gridrow="10" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="414E5B26DD044DFCFF2CFCFB0ABC377D" box="[241,387,816,842]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">tetractine</th>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFC860E46375F" box="[241,1401,845,872]" gridrow="11" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFE77FC860928375F" box="[426,535,845,872]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Unpaired</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFDE5FC860945375F" box="[568,634,845,872]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">108.0</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FC8609E3375F" box="[666,732,845,872]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">212.4</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD21FC860801375F" box="[764,830,845,872]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">36.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC87FC86089A375F" box="[858,933,845,872]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">264.6</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC15FC8608C4375F" box="[968,1019,845,872]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">4.1</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFBF8FC860F5A375F" box="[1061,1125,845,872]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">6.0</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB49FC860F86375F" box="[1172,1209,845,872]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">1.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB32FC860E1C375F" box="[1263,1315,845,872]" gridcol="9" gridrow="11" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">8.1</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFA81FC860E46375F" box="[1372,1401,845,872]" gridcol="10" gridrow="11" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">21</td>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFCA10E46379F" box="[241,1401,874,936]" gridrow="12" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<th id="414E5B26DD044DFCFF2CFCA10ABC379F" box="[241,387,874,936]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Atrial tetractine I</th>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFE77FCA10928379F" box="[426,535,874,936]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Paired</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFDE5FCA10945379F" box="[568,634,874,936]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">94.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FCA109E3379F" box="[666,732,874,936]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">153.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD21FCA10801379F" box="[764,830,874,936]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">31.7</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC87FCA1089A379F" box="[858,933,874,936]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">202.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC15FCA108C4379F" box="[968,1019,874,936]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">7.6</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFBF8FCA10F5A379F" box="[1061,1125,874,936]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">10.8</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB49FCA10F86379F" box="[1172,1209,874,936]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">2.1</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB32FCA10E1C379F" box="[1263,1315,874,936]" gridcol="9" gridrow="12" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">16.2</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFA81FCA10E46379F" box="[1372,1401,874,936]" gridcol="10" gridrow="12" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">17</td>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFC610E4637F2" box="[241,1401,938,965]" gridrow="13" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFE77FC61092837F2" box="[426,535,938,965]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Unpaired</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFDE5FC61094537F2" box="[568,634,938,965]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">55.1</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FC6109E337F2" box="[666,732,938,965]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">219.4</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD21FC61080137F2" box="[764,830,938,965]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">75.8</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC87FC61089A37F2" box="[858,933,938,965]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">332.1</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC15FC6108C437F2" box="[968,1019,938,965]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">7.6</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFBF8FC610F5A37F2" box="[1061,1125,938,965]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">10.7</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB49FC610F8637F2" box="[1172,1209,938,965]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">1.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB32FC610E1C37F2" box="[1263,1315,938,965]" gridcol="9" gridrow="13" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">13.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFA81FC610E4637F2" box="[1372,1401,938,965]" gridcol="10" gridrow="13" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">17</td>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFC1B0E4637DC" box="[241,1401,976,1003]" gridrow="14" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFE77FC1B092837DC" box="[426,535,976,1003]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Apical</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFDE5FC1B094537DC" box="[568,634,976,1003]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">97.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FC1B09E337DC" box="[666,732,976,1003]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">123.8</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD21FC1B080137DC" box="[764,830,976,1003]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">21.9</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC87FC1B089A37DC" box="[858,933,976,1003]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">177.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC15FC1B08C437DC" box="[968,1019,976,1003]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">8.8</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFBF8FC1B0F5A37DC" box="[1061,1125,976,1003]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">11.4</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB49FC1B0F8637DC" box="[1172,1209,976,1003]" gridcol="8" gridrow="14" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">1.4</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB32FC1B0E1C37DC" box="[1263,1315,976,1003]" gridcol="9" gridrow="14" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">12.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFA81FC1B0E4637DC" box="[1372,1401,976,1003]" gridcol="10" gridrow="14" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">20</td>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFC260E46301C" box="[241,1401,1005,1067]" gridrow="15" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<th id="414E5B26DD044DFCFF2CFC260ABC301C" box="[241,387,1005,1067]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Atrial tetractine II</th>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFE77FC260928301C" box="[426,535,1005,1067]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Paired</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFDE5FC260945301C" box="[568,634,1005,1067]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">-</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FC2609E3301C" box="[666,732,1005,1067]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">162.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD21FC260801301C" box="[764,830,1005,1067]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">-</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC87FC26089A301C" box="[858,933,1005,1067]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">-</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC15FC2608C4301C" box="[968,1019,1005,1067]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">-</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFBF8FC260F5A301C" box="[1061,1125,1005,1067]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">6.3</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB49FC260F86301C" box="[1172,1209,1005,1067]" gridcol="8" gridrow="15" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">-</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB32FC260E1C301C" box="[1263,1315,1005,1067]" gridcol="9" gridrow="15" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">-</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFA81FC260E46301C" box="[1372,1401,1005,1067]" gridcol="10" gridrow="15" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFBE60E46307F" box="[241,1401,1069,1096]" gridrow="16" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFE77FBE60928307F" box="[426,535,1069,1096]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Unpaired</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFDE5FBE60945307F" box="[568,634,1069,1096]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">-</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FBE609E3307F" box="[666,732,1069,1096]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">137.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD21FBE60801307F" box="[764,830,1069,1096]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">-</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC87FBE6089A307F" box="[858,933,1069,1096]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">-</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC15FBE608C4307F" box="[968,1019,1069,1096]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">-</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFBF8FBE60F5A307F" box="[1061,1125,1069,1096]" gridcol="7" gridrow="16" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">6.3</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB49FBE60F86307F" box="[1172,1209,1069,1096]" gridcol="8" gridrow="16" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">-</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB32FBE60E1C307F" box="[1263,1315,1069,1096]" gridcol="9" gridrow="16" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">-</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFA81FBE60E46307F" box="[1372,1401,1069,1096]" gridcol="10" gridrow="16" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="029F325ADD044DFCFF2CFB990E46305A" box="[241,1401,1106,1133]" gridrow="17" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFE77FB990928305A" box="[426,535,1106,1133]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Apical</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFDE5FB990945305A" box="[568,634,1106,1133]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">50.0</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD47FB9909E3305A" box="[666,732,1106,1133]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">77.1</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFD21FB990801305A" box="[764,830,1106,1133]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">14.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC87FB99089A305A" box="[858,933,1106,1133]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">112.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFC15FB9908C4305A" box="[968,1019,1106,1133]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">5.0</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFBF8FB990F5A305A" box="[1061,1125,1106,1133]" gridcol="7" gridrow="17" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">5.6</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB49FB990F86305A" box="[1172,1209,1106,1133]" gridcol="8" gridrow="17" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">1.0</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFB32FB990E1C305A" box="[1263,1315,1106,1133]" gridcol="9" gridrow="17" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">7.5</td>
<td id="414E5B26DD044DFCFA81FB990E46305A" box="[1372,1401,1106,1133]" gridcol="10" gridrow="17" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">20</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD04B221FF3EF94A0AF732AC" blockId="34.[227,456,1665,1691]" box="[227,456,1665,1691]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD04B221FF3EF94A0A7532AC" bold="true" box="[227,330,1665,1691]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Spicules</emphasis>
(
<tableCitation id="F12D05A3DD04B221FE84F94A0AFF32AC" box="[345,448,1665,1691]" captionStart="Table 11" captionStartId="34.[227,296,305,331]" captionText="Table 11. Spicule measurements of Sycon ancora sp. nov. (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345)." pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Table 11</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD04B221FF3EF97B0AA832DA" blockId="34.[227,1436,1711,1773]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
DIACTINES. Almost fusiform, but the tip outside the sponge is a little thicker (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD04B221FB12F9640E7A32FD" box="[1231,1349,1711,1738]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[227,270,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[227,1436,888,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[227,1436,888,1886]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 15. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Cortical diactine. B–C. Anchor-like tetractines. D–E. Triactines of the cones. F–H. Tubar triactines. I. Subatrial triactine. J. Atrial triactine. K. Atrial tetractine. Scale bar D–K = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832991/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
). Size: 537.8/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD04B221FEEDF9190AAC32DA" box="[304,403,1746,1773]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="16.1">16.1 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD04B221FF3EF8DE08C23319" blockId="34.[227,1021,1812,1839]" box="[227,1021,1812,1839]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">TRICHOXEAS. Very thin, long and straight. They were always broken.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD04B221FF3EF89D0F123381" blockId="34.[227,1437,1877,1975]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
ANCHOR- LIKE TETRACTINES. The basal actines are very short and curved, while the apical one is very long. Frequently there are spines on the apical actine, but near the basal ones. They vary from four to seven, but seven spines are more common (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD04B221FD4DF85709C43380" box="[656,763,1948,1975]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[227,270,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[227,1436,888,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[227,1436,888,1886]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 15. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Cortical diactine. B–C. Anchor-like tetractines. D–E. Triactines of the cones. F–H. Tubar triactines. I. Subatrial triactine. J. Atrial triactine. K. Atrial tetractine. Scale bar D–K = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832991/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 15B</figureCitation>
). Size:&gt; 1000.0/25.0 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD05B220FF3EFEF90FAA35A5" blockId="35.[227,1437,305,402]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
TRIACTINES OF THE CONES. They are smaller than the tubar triactines. The unpaired actine protrudes through the cones and it is shorter than the paired ones, which are curved. Actines are slightly conical and sharp (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD05B220FF36FEBC0A0135A5" box="[235,318,375,402]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[227,270,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[227,1436,888,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[227,1436,888,1886]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 15. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Cortical diactine. B–C. Anchor-like tetractines. D–E. Triactines of the cones. F–H. Tubar triactines. I. Subatrial triactine. J. Atrial triactine. K. Atrial tetractine. Scale bar D–K = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832991/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
C–D). Size: 112.3/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD05B220FDC6FEBC095035A5" box="[539,623,375,402]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 µm</quantity>
(paired actine); 78.6/7.0 µm (unpaired actine).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD05B220FF3EFE730E06362E" blockId="35.[227,1436,439,537]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
TRIACTINES OF THE TUBES. Subregular to sagittal. The unpaired actine is a little longer or has the same length of the paired ones. The paired actines are straight or slightly curved. Actines are slightly conical and sharp (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD05B220FEB9FE350A88362E" box="[356,439,510,537]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[227,270,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[227,1436,888,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[227,1436,888,1886]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 15. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Cortical diactine. B–C. Anchor-like tetractines. D–E. Triactines of the cones. F–H. Tubar triactines. I. Subatrial triactine. J. Atrial triactine. K. Atrial tetractine. Scale bar D–K = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832991/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
E–G). Size: 168.2/13.0 µm (paired actine); 188.1/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD05B220FBDDFE350F5C362F" box="[1024,1123,510,536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.24" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="12.4">12.4 µm</quantity>
(unpaired actine).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD05B220FF3EFDF5098836D2" blockId="35.[227,1437,574,741]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
SUBATRIAL TRIACTINES AND TETRACTINES. The subatrial spicules are very thin. They are sagittal or, sometimes, similar to pseudosagittal spicules. Actines are slightly conical and sharp. The unpaired actine is longer than the paired ones (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD05B220FD7AFD4F082836A8" box="[679,791,644,671]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[227,270,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[227,1436,888,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[227,1436,888,1886]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 15. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Cortical diactine. B–C. Anchor-like tetractines. D–E. Triactines of the cones. F–H. Tubar triactines. I. Subatrial triactine. J. Atrial triactine. K. Atrial tetractine. Scale bar D–K = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832991/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 15H</figureCitation>
). The apical actine of the tetractines is conical, sharp, smooth, shorter than the basal ones and curved in the direction of the atrium. Size: 97.9/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD05B220FB33FD6C0E7D36F5" box="[1262,1346,679,706]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="5.4">5.4 µm</quantity>
(paired actine); 212.4/6.0 µm (unpaired actine).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD05B220FF3EFCC009173055" blockId="35.[227,1437,778,1122]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
ATRIAL TETRACTINES I AND II AND TRIACTINES. There are two categories of atrial tetractines and the triactines are very rare. They are sagittal or subregular. The unpaired actine is frequently longer than the paired ones (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD05B220FEA6FC9A0AE3375B" box="[379,476,849,876]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[227,270,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[227,1436,888,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[227,1436,888,1886]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 15. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Cortical diactine. B–C. Anchor-like tetractines. D–E. Triactines of the cones. F–H. Tubar triactines. I. Subatrial triactine. J. Atrial triactine. K. Atrial tetractine. Scale bar D–K = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832991/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 15I</figureCitation>
). It is also common to find one of the paired actines shorter than the other (63.5– 109.3(±64.7)–155.0/10–11.3(±1.8)– 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD05B220FD56FCBF09D037B8" box="[651,751,884,911]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="12.5">12.5 µm</quantity>
(n=2); 
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD05B220FC96FCBF089037B8" box="[843,943,884,911]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[227,270,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[227,1436,888,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[227,1436,888,1886]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 15. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Cortical diactine. B–C. Anchor-like tetractines. D–E. Triactines of the cones. F–H. Tubar triactines. I. Subatrial triactine. J. Atrial triactine. K. Atrial tetractine. Scale bar D–K = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832991/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 15J</figureCitation>
). This shorter, paired actine is frequently projected inside the exhalant canal. Actines are cylindrical and sharp. Sometimes, the tip of the unpaired actine is thicker (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD05B220FE64FC71092137E2" box="[441,542,954,981]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[227,270,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[227,1436,888,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[227,1436,888,1886]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 15. Sycon ancora sp. nov., holotype (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345). A. Cortical diactine. B–C. Anchor-like tetractines. D–E. Triactines of the cones. F–H. Tubar triactines. I. Subatrial triactine. J. Atrial triactine. K. Atrial tetractine. Scale bar D–K = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832991/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 15I</figureCitation>
). The main difference between the two categories of tetractines is in the shape and size of the apical actines, which are straight and thinner in one and curved and thicker in the other. Size (tetractine I): 153.5/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD05B220FD80FBCA09FE302C" box="[605,705,1025,1052]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="10.8">10.8 µm</quantity>
(paired actine); 219.4/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD05B220FC0AFBCA0F05302C" box="[983,1082,1025,1051]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="10.7">10.7 µm</quantity>
(unpaired actine); 123.8/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD05B220FAB7FBCA0A343008" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="11.4">11.4 µm</quantity>
(apical actine). Size (tetractine II): 162.5/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD05B220FCD9FBEF08653008" box="[772,858,1060,1087]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="6.3">6.3 µm</quantity>
(paired actine); 137.5/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD05B220FBB6FBEF0FFE3008" box="[1131,1217,1060,1087]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="6.3">6.3 µm</quantity>
(unpaired actine); 77.1/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD05B220FEC3FB8C0A4D3055" box="[286,370,1095,1122]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="5.6">5.6 µm</quantity>
(apical actine).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F4B56393DD05B220FF3EFB4C0A4D30C4" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="BC103018DD05B220FF3EFB4C0A793096" blockId="35.[227,326,1159,1185]" box="[227,326,1159,1185]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<heading id="E7588774DD05B220FF3EFB4C0A793096" bold="true" box="[227,326,1159,1185]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="3">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FF3EFB4C0A793096" bold="true" box="[227,326,1159,1185]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Ecology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD05B220FF3EFB7D0A4D30C4" blockId="35.[227,1436,1206,1267]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Specimens were collected on a semi-vertical hard limestone bottom. They were found among 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FAC2FB7D0EA330E7" authorityName="C.Agardh" authorityYear="1820" box="[1311,1436,1206,1232]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Cystoseiraceae" genus="Cystoseira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FAC2FB7D0EA330E7" box="[1311,1436,1206,1232]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cystoseira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
macroalgae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F4B56393DD05B225FF3EFAD00968379C" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="BC103018DD05B220FF3EFAD00A6A3102" blockId="35.[227,341,1307,1333]" box="[227,341,1307,1333]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<heading id="E7588774DD05B220FF3EFAD00A6A3102" bold="true" box="[227,341,1307,1333]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="3">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FF3EFAD00A6A3102" bold="true" box="[227,341,1307,1333]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD05B220FF3EFA820F71319E" blockId="35.[227,1436,1353,1450]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Currently there are 12 accepted species of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FD3FFA8208173154" authorityName="Risso" authorityYear="1826" box="[738,808,1353,1379]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FD3FFA8208173154" box="[738,808,1353,1379]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Mediterranean Sea, 10 of which have already been reported for the Adriatic. We compared our specimens to all known species of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FB7BFAA60FD331B0" authorityName="Risso" authorityYear="1826" box="[1190,1260,1389,1415]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FB7BFAA60FD331B0" box="[1190,1260,1389,1415]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and even more carefully to the Mediterranean ones, yet we could not find a perfect match.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD05B220FF3EFA040AB13264" blockId="35.[227,1436,1487,1619]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
The main characteristic discerning 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FD5BFA1B081731DE" authorityName="Klautau, Imesek, Azevedo, Plese, Nikolic &amp; Cetkovi" authorityYear="2016" box="[646,808,1488,1514]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ancora" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FD5BFA1B081731DE" box="[646,808,1488,1514]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sycon ancora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="95E85171DD05B220FCECFA1B08B131DD" box="[817,910,1488,1514]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
from other species is the shape of the atrial triactines and the presence of anchor-like tetractines at the base. If we exclude these characteristics, this species would be mostly comparable to 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FD1CF9DD08703207" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[705,847,1558,1584]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphanus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FD1CF9DD08703207" box="[705,847,1558,1584]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. raphanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; however, there are several important differences between them.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD05B220FF3EF9B20FF032CA" blockId="35.[227,1437,1657,1789]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FF3EF9B20A9F32A4" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[227,416,1657,1683]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphanus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FF3EF9B20A9F32A4" box="[227,416,1657,1683]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sycon raphanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described from the Adriatic Sea by 
<bibRefCitation id="D83E4DE9DD05B220FC22F9B20F8432A3" author="Schmidt O." box="[1023,1211,1657,1684]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref23673" refString="Schmidt O. 1862. Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres, enthaltend die Histologie und systematiche Erganzungen. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig." type="book" year="1862">Schmidt (1862)</bibRefCitation>
. Unfortunately, his description was not detailed enough. According to him, 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FCA3F9570F333281" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[894,1036,1692,1718]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphanus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FCA3F9570F333281" box="[894,1036,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. raphanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a bulb shape and a peduncle. He even considered these characteristics to distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FCB9F90B08CF32EE" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[868,1008,1727,1754]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphanus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FCB9F90B08CF32EE" box="[868,1008,1727,1754]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. raphanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FBE8F90B0EBE32EE" authority="(Fabricius, 1780)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[1077,1409,1727,1754]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ciliatum">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FBE8F90B0F8D32EE" box="[1077,1202,1727,1754]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. ciliatum</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1780)
</taxonomicName>
, a species from the English Channel which he believed to be present in the Adriatic Sea.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD05B227FF3EF8E90AF236F9" blockId="35.[227,1437,1826,2064]" lastBlockId="36.[227,1437,305,718]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<bibRefCitation id="D83E4DE9DD05B220FF3EF8E90AA4330B" author="Haeckel E." box="[227,411,1826,1852]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref21944" refString="Haeckel E. 1872. Die Kalkschwamme, eine Monographie. Vols 1 - 3. Reimer, Berlin." type="book" year="1872">Haeckel (1872)</bibRefCitation>
disagreed with the possibility of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FCE9F8E8088B330B" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[820,948,1826,1853]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ciliatum">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FCE9F8E8088B330B" box="[820,948,1826,1853]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. ciliatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurring in the Mediterranean Sea and considered that all specimens called 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FD45F88D08283368" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[664,791,1861,1888]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ciliatum">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FD45F88D08283368" box="[664,791,1861,1888]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. ciliatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were, in fact, 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FC18F88D0F6C3368" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[965,1107,1861,1888]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphanus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FC18F88D0F6C3368" box="[965,1107,1861,1888]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. raphanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. He also mentioned that he analysed all the specimens from Schmidt’s collection identified as 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FBDCF8A20FB033B4" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[1025,1167,1897,1923]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphanus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FBDCF8A20FB033B4" box="[1025,1167,1897,1923]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. raphanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and found a potpourri of species, including 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FE3CF84709853391" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[481,698,1932,1958]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aspera">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FE3CF84709853391" box="[481,698,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Leucandra aspera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FD17F84708AF3391" authorityName="Risso" authorityYear="1826" box="[714,912,1932,1958]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="humboldti">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FD17F84708AF3391" box="[714,912,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sycon humboldti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FC7CF8470F703391" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" box="[929,1103,1932,1958]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="setosum">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FC7CF8470F703391" box="[929,1103,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sycon setosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and “the real 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FB27F8470EB73391" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[1274,1416,1932,1958]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphanus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FB27F8470EB73391" box="[1274,1416,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. raphanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”. Therefore, he made a detailed description of this species, which has since then been considered as the official description of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FE36F818094633DB" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[491,633,2002,2029]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphanus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FE36F818094633DB" box="[491,633,2002,2029]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. raphanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. According to his description, 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD05B220FC37F8180F4733DB" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[1002,1144,2002,2029]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphanus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD05B220FC37F8180F4733DB" box="[1002,1144,2002,2029]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. raphanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically very variable, solitary or not, with or without peduncle. The skeleton is composed of tufts of 5–10 cylindrical diactines (
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FE86FEFA093D357C" box="[347,514,305,331]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="variety" variety="tergestina">
var. 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FE53FEF9093D357C" box="[398,514,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">tergestina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to 20–50 diactines (
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FD24FEFA0884357C" box="[761,955,305,331]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="variety" variety="procumbens">
var. 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FCF0FEFA0884357C" box="[813,955,305,331]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">procumbens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the size of the diactines varies from 400–800/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD02B227FE8EFE9F0AF13558" box="[339,462,340,367]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">20–30 µm</quantity>
up to 1000–2000/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD02B227FD6CFE9F080F3558" box="[689,816,340,367]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="30.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="20.0">20–40 µm</quantity>
, rarely attaining 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD02B227FBDEFE9F0F4B3558" box="[1027,1140,340,367]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="3000.0">3000 µm</quantity>
. Analyzed specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FF3EFEB30A6B35A6" authorityName="Klautau, Imesek, Azevedo, Plese, Nikolic &amp; Cetkovi" authorityYear="2016" box="[227,340,376,402]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ancora" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FF3EFEB30A6B35A6" box="[227,340,376,402]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. ancora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="95E85171DD02B227FE81FEB30A8835A5" box="[348,439,376,402]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
have tufts of 10–15 diactines measuring 378+1500/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD02B227FBFBFEBC0FEC35A5" box="[1062,1235,375,402]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4849999999999999" metricValueMax="1.89" metricValueMin="1.08" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="14.85" valueMax="18.9" valueMin="10.8">10.8–18.9 µm</quantity>
. 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FB02FEB30EA335A5" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[1247,1436,376,402]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphanus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FB02FEB30EA335A5" box="[1247,1436,376,402]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Sycon raphanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has triactines with curved paired actines in the distal cones and in the tubar skeleton. The tubar triactines are 100–180/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD02B227FEA3FE750ACB35EF" box="[382,500,446,472]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10–12 µm</quantity>
(paired) and 150–250/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD02B227FCDDFE75084A35EF" box="[768,885,446,473]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10–12 µm</quantity>
(unpaired), which are thinner than in 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FAF0FE750EA335EF" authorityName="Klautau, Imesek, Azevedo, Plese, Nikolic &amp; Cetkovi" authorityYear="2016" box="[1325,1436,446,472]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ancora" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FAF0FE750EA335EF" box="[1325,1436,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. ancora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="95E85171DD02B227FF3EFE290A0135CB" box="[227,318,482,508]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
The subatrial skeleton of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FDAEFE29083E35CC" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[627,769,481,508]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphanus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FDAEFE29083E35CC" box="[627,769,481,508]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. raphanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has triactines (paired: 100–180/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD02B227FB5CFE2A0FE235CB" box="[1153,1245,481,508]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5–8 µm</quantity>
; unpaired: 150– 250/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD02B227FEC7FDCF0A493628" box="[282,374,516,543]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5–8 µm</quantity>
), while 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FE08FDCE097A3629" authorityName="Klautau, Imesek, Azevedo, Plese, Nikolic &amp; Cetkovi" authorityYear="2016" box="[469,581,517,543]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ancora" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FE08FDCE097A3629" box="[469,581,517,543]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. ancora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="95E85171DD02B227FD90FDCE09963628" box="[589,681,517,543]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
has triactines and tetractines. The atrial skeleton of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FACDFDCE0EA33629" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[1296,1436,516,543]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphanus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FACDFDCE0EA33629" box="[1296,1436,516,543]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. raphanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows subregular to regular (rarely sagittal) triactines and tetractines (basal: 150–250/ 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD02B227FB05FDEC0E7D3675" box="[1240,1346,551,578]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10 µm</quantity>
; apical: 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD02B227FF3EFD800A533652" box="[227,364,587,613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="90.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="60.0">60–120 µm</quantity>
), while our species has tetractines with two 
<typeStatus id="63148EBADD02B227FCB6FD8008963652" box="[875,937,587,613]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">types</typeStatus>
of apical actines (there is a variation in the thickness and position), a long unpaired actine and paired actines with different sizes. 
<bibRefCitation id="D83E4DE9DD02B227FB38FDA50EA336BF" author="Haeckel E." box="[1253,1436,622,648]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref21944" refString="Haeckel E. 1872. Die Kalkschwamme, eine Monographie. Vols 1 - 3. Reimer, Berlin." type="book" year="1872">Haeckel (1872)</bibRefCitation>
also mentioned the presence of only triactines supporting the oscular crown, while 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FB18FD590E08369C" authorityName="Klautau, Imesek, Azevedo, Plese, Nikolic &amp; Cetkovi" authorityYear="2016" box="[1221,1335,658,684]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ancora" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FB18FD590E08369C" box="[1221,1335,658,684]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. ancora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="95E85171DD02B227FA9DFD590EA2369B" box="[1344,1437,658,684]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
has only tetractines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD02B227FF3EFD3D08FF3704" blockId="36.[227,1436,758,820]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Although we believe the entire genus 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FD46FD3D09DE3727" authorityName="Risso" authorityYear="1826" box="[667,737,758,784]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FD46FD3D09DE3727" box="[667,737,758,784]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Sycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in urgent need of revision, the characteristics we found in our specimens strongly indicate the presence of a new species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD02B227FF3EFC97087F374F" blockId="36.[227,832,860,889]" box="[227,832,860,889]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FF3EFC97087F374F" bold="true" box="[227,832,860,889]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Other calcarean species from the Adriatic Sea</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD02B226FF3EFC470FED3652" blockId="36.[227,1437,908,970]" lastBlockId="37.[227,1437,305,613]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Apart from the species described here, we also recorded and molecularly analyzed specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FAF7FC47094F37FD" authority="(Miklucho-Maclay, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Miklucho-Maclay" baseAuthorityYear="1868" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="blanca">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FAF7FC470A0C37FE" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Clathrina blanca</emphasis>
(Miklucho-Maclay, 1868)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FDA0FC7B08F037FD" authority="(Schmidt, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[637,975,943,970]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FDA0FC7B083D37FE" box="[637,770,943,970]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. clathrus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D83E4DE9DD02B227FCCEFC6408FA37FD" author="Schmidt O." box="[787,965,943,970]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref23696" refString="Schmidt O. 1864. Supplement der Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres, enthaltend die Histologie und systematische Erganzungen. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig." type="book" year="1864">Schmidt, 1864</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FC00FC7B0FF237FD" authority="Sara, 1958" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1958" box="[989,1229,943,970]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FC00FC7B0F7B37FE" box="[989,1092,943,970]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. rubra</emphasis>
Sarà, 1958
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B226FAD7FC6409C3357C" authority="Klautau, Monteiro &amp; Borojevic, 2004" authorityName="Klautau, Monteiro &amp; Borojevic" authorityYear="2004" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Paraleucilla" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="magna">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B226FAD7FC640A0C357C" italics="true" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Paraleucilla magna</emphasis>
Klautau, Monteiro &amp; Borojević, 2004
</taxonomicName>
. These species are not redescribed here, since specimens from the Adriatic Sea have already been recorded and described in earlier works (
<bibRefCitation id="D83E4DE9DD03B226FB46FE9F0EA83559" author="Cvitkovic I. &amp; Despalatovic M. &amp; Grubelic I. &amp; Nikolic V. &amp; Plese B. &amp; Zuljevic A." box="[1179,1431,340,366]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="93 - 99" refId="ref21535" refString="Cvitkovic I., Despalatovic M., Grubelic I., Nikolic V., Plese B. &amp; Zuljevic A. 2013. Occurrence of Paraleucilla magna (Porifera: Calcarea) in the eastern Adriatic Sea. Acta Adriatica: International Journal of Marine Sciences 54 (1): 93 - 99." type="journal article" year="2013">
Cvitković 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD03B226FAC5FE9E0E6C3559" box="[1304,1363,340,366]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D83E4DE9DD03B226FF3EFEBC0A8235A5" author="Imesek M. &amp; Plese B. &amp; Pfannkuchen M. &amp; Godrijan J. &amp; Pfannkuchen D. M. &amp; Klautau M. &amp; Cetkovic H." box="[227,445,375,402]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="21 - 29" refId="ref22165" refString="Imesek M., Plese B., Pfannkuchen M., Godrijan J., Pfannkuchen D. M., Klautau M. &amp; Cetkovic H. 2014. Integrative taxonomy of four Clathrina species of the Adriatic Sea, with the first formal description of Clathrina rubra Sara, 1958. Organisms Diversity &amp; Evolution 14 (1): 21 - 29. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13127 - 013 - 0156 - 0" type="journal article" year="2014">
Imešek 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD03B226FEE3FEB30A4835A5" box="[318,375,376,402]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
). In the present study, 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD03B226FD63FEB3081035A5" baseAuthorityName="Miklucho-Maclay" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[702,815,376,402]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="blanca">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD03B226FD63FEB3081035A5" box="[702,815,376,402]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. blanca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recorded near Selce (
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="D99B56DFDD03B226FACCFEBC0BCA3582" degrees="14" direction="east" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="1" seconds="15.0" value="14.720833">14°43'15.0&quot; E</geoCoordinate>
), about 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD03B226FEBFFE500AAE3582" box="[354,401,411,437]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
deep and 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD03B226FDD0FE50094B3582" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1958" box="[525,628,411,437]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD03B226FDD0FE50094B3582" box="[525,628,411,437]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recorded near the Island of Čiovo (
<geoCoordinate id="D99B56DFDD03B226FB8AFE500E3B3582" box="[1111,1284,411,438]" degrees="43" direction="north" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="1" seconds="58.5" value="43.482918">43°28'58.5&quot; N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="D99B56DFDD03B226FACCFE500BC735EF" degrees="16" direction="east" minutes="21" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="1" seconds="25.6" value="16.357111">16°21'25.6&quot; E</geoCoordinate>
), about 
<quantity id="7B579DFDDD03B226FE8AFE750A4335EE" box="[343,380,446,473]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="5.0">5m</quantity>
deep on a shaded hard bottom. In 
<date id="C81116D8DD03B226FCC8FE750F5C35EF" box="[789,1123,446,472]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2010-08" valueMax="2010-11-31" valueMin="2010-08-00">August and November 2010</date>
they were quite abundant, always only a few millimeters in size and often found on bryozoans. 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD03B226FBDEFE290FBA35CC" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[1027,1157,481,508]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD03B226FBDEFE290FBA35CC" box="[1027,1157,481,508]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. clathrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found in numerous locations along the coast (e.g., Prapratno Cove, 
<geoCoordinate id="D99B56DFDD03B226FCCFFDCF08833628" box="[786,956,516,543]" degrees="42" direction="north" minutes="48" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="1" seconds="36.8" value="42.810223">42°48'36.8&quot; N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="D99B56DFDD03B226FC15FDCF0F503628" box="[968,1135,516,543]" degrees="17" direction="east" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="1" seconds="38.4" value="17.677332">17°40'38.4&quot; E</geoCoordinate>
; near the Island of Čiovo, 
<geoCoordinate id="D99B56DFDD03B226FF3EFDEC0AB13675" box="[227,398,551,578]" degrees="43" direction="north" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="1" seconds="58.5" value="43.482918">43°28'58.5&quot; N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="D99B56DFDD03B226FE47FDEC097F3675" box="[410,576,551,578]" degrees="16" direction="east" minutes="21" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="1" seconds="25.6" value="16.357111">16°21'25.6&quot; E</geoCoordinate>
) and the cryptogenic species 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD03B226FC40FDE30F353676" authorityName="Klautau, Monteiro &amp; Borojevic" authorityYear="2004" box="[925,1034,552,577]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Paraleucilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="magna">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD03B226FC40FDE30F353676" box="[925,1034,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">P. magna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found in large numbers in on aquaculture installations in Grška Cove on the Island of Brač and in the Port of Ploče.
</paragraph>
<caption id="E8D06090DD02B227FF3EF8B00E5033C8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832993" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3832993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832993/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" startId="36.[227,270,1915,1941]" targetBox="[228,1436,1015,1870]" targetPageId="36">
<paragraph id="BC103018DD02B227FF3EF8B00E5033C8" blockId="36.[227,1437,1915,2047]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FF3EF8B00A7933A2" bold="true" box="[227,326,1915,1941]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 16.</emphasis>
Maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA sequences of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FAF3F8B00EA633A2" authorityName="Bidder" authorityYear="1898" box="[1326,1433,1915,1941]" class="Calcarea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="36" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="subClass" subClass="Calcinea">Calcinea</taxonomicName>
. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap values (BS) are given near the branches (PP/BS; when&gt;0.50). Adriatic specimens are written in bold; *Adriatic specimens obtained during this study; **Mediterranean specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FD89F82D080233C8" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[596,829,2021,2047]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Borojevia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cerebrum">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FD89F82D080233C8" box="[596,829,2021,2047]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Borojevia cerebrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; ***Brazilian specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD02B227FB50F82E0E5733C8" authorityName="Klautau &amp; Borojevic" authorityYear="2001" box="[1165,1384,2021,2047]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="conifera">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD02B227FB50F82E0E5733C8" box="[1165,1384,2021,2047]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Clathrina conifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD03B226FF3EFD460AE0369D" blockId="37.[227,479,653,682]" box="[227,479,653,682]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD03B226FF3EFD460AE0369D" bold="true" box="[227,479,653,682]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Molecular analysis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD03B226FF3EFD7509A637BE" blockId="37.[227,1436,702,905]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
The number of sites used for the final alignments (gaps included) was as follows: 513 for ITS 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD03B226FAF3FD750A2136CC" authorityName="Bidder" authorityYear="1898" class="Calcarea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="subClass" subClass="Calcinea">Calcinea, 1434</taxonomicName>
for 28S 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD03B226FE56FD2A0ACA36CC" authorityName="Bidder" authorityYear="1898" box="[395,501,737,763]" class="Calcarea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="subClass" subClass="Calcinea">Calcinea</taxonomicName>
, 734 for ITS 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD03B226FD41FD2A081F36CC" authorityName="Bidder" authorityYear="1898" box="[668,800,737,763]" pageId="37" pageNumber="21" rank="subClass" subClass="Calcaronea">Calcaronea</taxonomicName>
and 846 for 28S 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD03B226FC25FD2A0FBF36CC" authorityName="Bidder" authorityYear="1898" box="[1016,1152,737,763]" pageId="37" pageNumber="21" rank="subClass" subClass="Calcaronea">Calcaronea</taxonomicName>
. Both markers revealed the same tree topology in both analyses (but see 
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD03B226FCE6FCCF08AE3729" box="[827,913,772,798]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="39.[227,270,1868,1894]" captionTargetBox="[234,1436,760,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[227,1436,760,1824]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="Fig. 19. Maximum likelihood tree based on partial 28S rDNA sequences of Calcaronea. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap values (BS) are given near the branches (PP/BS; when&gt;0.50). Adriatic specimens are written in bold. Adriatic specimens obtained in this study are marked with an asterisk. The detached tree shows the only difference in the topology of the ML and Bayesian analyses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832999/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
), yet the Bayesian analysis rendered much better support values than ML in all cases. However, the Adriatic species nested within the respective genera with high bootstrap (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values, thereby confirming the results of morphological analysis (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD03B226FDDEFCA509B337BE" box="[515,652,878,905]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStartId-0="36.[227,270,1915,1941]" captionStartId-1="37.[227,270,1964,1990]" captionStartId-2="38.[227,270,1966,1992]" captionStartId-3="39.[227,270,1868,1894]" captionTargetBox-0="[228,1436,1015,1870]" captionTargetBox-1="[229,1437,1124,1916]" captionTargetBox-2="[233,1436,1177,1923]" captionTargetBox-3="[234,1436,760,1817]" captionTargetId-0="figure@36.[227,1436,1015,1871]" captionTargetId-1="figure@37.[228,1437,1124,1924]" captionTargetId-2="figure@38.[227,1436,1177,1923]" captionTargetId-3="figure@39.[227,1436,760,1824]" captionTargetPageId-0="36" captionTargetPageId-1="37" captionTargetPageId-2="38" captionTargetPageId-3="39" captionText-0="Fig. 16. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA sequences of Calcinea. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap values (BS) are given near the branches (PP/BS; when&gt;0.50). Adriatic specimens are written in bold; *Adriatic specimens obtained during this study; **Mediterranean specimens of Borojevia cerebrum; ***Brazilian specimens of Clathrina conifera." captionText-1="Fig. 17. Maximum likelihood tree (ML) based on partial 28S rDNA sequences of Calcinea. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap values (BS) are given near the branches (PP/BS; when&gt;0.50). Adriatic species are written in bold.Adriatic specimens obtained in this study are marked with an asterisk." captionText-2="Fig. 18. Maximum likelihood tree based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA sequences of Calcaronea. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap values (BS) are given near the branches (PP/BS; when&gt;0.50)." captionText-3="Fig. 19. Maximum likelihood tree based on partial 28S rDNA sequences of Calcaronea. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap values (BS) are given near the branches (PP/BS; when&gt;0.50). Adriatic specimens are written in bold. Adriatic specimens obtained in this study are marked with an asterisk. The detached tree shows the only difference in the topology of the ML and Bayesian analyses." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832993" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832995" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832997" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832999" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3832993/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3832995/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3832997/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3832999/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figs 16–19</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD03B225FF3EFC6408583652" blockId="37.[227,1436,943,1076]" lastBlockId="38.[227,1436,305,613]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Once more the presence of diactines did not show any phylogenetic signal (
<bibRefCitation id="D83E4DE9DD03B226FBBBFC640E0D37FE" author="Rossi A. L. &amp; Russo C. A. M. &amp; Sole-Cava A. M. &amp; Rapp H. T. &amp; Klautau M." box="[1126,1330,943,969]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="1026 - 34" refId="ref23465" refString="Rossi A. L., Russo C. A. M., Sole-Cava A. M., Rapp H. T. &amp; Klautau M. 2011. Phylogenetic signal in the evolution of body colour and spicule skeleton in calcareous sponges. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163: 1026 - 34. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2011.00739. x" type="journal article" year="2011">
Rossi 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD03B226FB6CFC7B0FD237FE" box="[1201,1261,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D83E4DE9DD03B226FAE2FC640A5637DA" author="Klautau M. &amp; Azevedo F. &amp; Baslavi C. - L. &amp; Rapp H. T. &amp; Collins A. &amp; Russo C. A. M." pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="447 - 461" refId="ref22540" refString="Klautau M., Azevedo F., Baslavi C. - L., Rapp H. T., Collins A. &amp; Russo C. A. M. 2013. A molecular phylogeny for the order Clathrinida rekindles and refines Haeckel's taxonomic proposal for calcareous sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology 53 (3): 447 - 461. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / ict 039" type="journal article" year="2013">
Klautau 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD03B226FF3EFC180A1F37DA" box="[227,288,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
). Furthermore, we found former guanchas with only triactines reunited in a monophyletic clade in the ITS analysis, with high support values inside the 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD03B226FC15FC3D0F053027" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[968,1082,1014,1040]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD03B226FC15FC3D0F053027" box="[968,1082,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Clathrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (0.99 PP and 0.84 BS; 
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD03B226FF3EFBD20A033003" box="[227,316,1049,1076]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[227,270,1915,1941]" captionTargetBox="[228,1436,1015,1870]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[227,1436,1015,1871]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 16. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA sequences of Calcinea. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap values (BS) are given near the branches (PP/BS; when&gt;0.50). Adriatic specimens are written in bold; *Adriatic specimens obtained during this study; **Mediterranean specimens of Borojevia cerebrum; ***Brazilian specimens of Clathrina conifera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832993/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
). In the 28S calcinean tree (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD03B226FD52FBD209D93004" box="[655,742,1049,1075]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="37.[227,270,1964,1990]" captionTargetBox="[229,1437,1124,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[228,1437,1124,1924]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Fig. 17. Maximum likelihood tree (ML) based on partial 28S rDNA sequences of Calcinea. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap values (BS) are given near the branches (PP/BS; when&gt;0.50). Adriatic species are written in bold.Adriatic specimens obtained in this study are marked with an asterisk." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832995/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
) we recovered a clade where 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD03B226FB8CFBD20F813004" authorityName="Borojevic &amp; Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1986" box="[1105,1214,1049,1075]" class="Calcarea" family="Levinellidae" genus="Levinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD03B226FB8CFBD20F813004" box="[1105,1214,1049,1075]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Levinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents a sister group to 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD00B225FE8BFEFA0AF9357C" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1872" box="[342,454,305,331]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Ascandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FE8BFEFA0AF9357C" box="[342,454,305,331]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Ascandra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with high support values (1.00 PP and 0.99 BS), which confirms the results of 
<bibRefCitation id="D83E4DE9DD00B225FF3EFE9F0AFD3559" author="Voigt O. &amp; Wulfing E. &amp; Worheide G." box="[227,450,340,366]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="33417" refId="ref24102" refString="Voigt O., Wulfing E. &amp; Worheide G. 2012. Molecular phylogenetic evaluation of classification and scenarios of character evolution in calcareous sponges (Porifera, Class Calcarea). PLoS ONE 7 (3): e 33417. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0033417" type="journal article" year="2012">
Voigt 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FEF6FE9E0A583559" box="[299,359,340,366]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
. We also recovered a clade comprising the genera 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD00B225FBFDFE9E0F993559" authorityName="Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1910" box="[1056,1190,341,366]" class="Calcarea" family="Murrayonidae" genus="Murrayona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Murrayonida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FBFDFE9E0F993559" box="[1056,1190,341,366]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Murrayona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD00B225FB3FFE9F0E003559" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1872" box="[1250,1343,340,366]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Ascaltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FB3FFE9F0E003559" box="[1250,1343,340,366]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Ascaltis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in both analyses; however, the support values were less good (0.71 PP and 0.54 BS). The molecular analyses also confirmed the presence of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD00B225FDBCFE5709ED3582" authorityName="Klautau, Monteiro &amp; Borojevic" authorityYear="2004" box="[609,722,412,437]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Paraleucilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="magna">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FDBCFE5709ED3582" box="[609,722,412,437]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">P. magna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Adriatic Sea (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD00B225FC0EFE500F603582" box="[979,1119,411,437]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="38.[227,270,1966,1992]" captionStartId-1="39.[227,270,1868,1894]" captionTargetBox-0="[233,1436,1177,1923]" captionTargetBox-1="[234,1436,760,1817]" captionTargetId-0="figure@38.[227,1436,1177,1923]" captionTargetId-1="figure@39.[227,1436,760,1824]" captionTargetPageId-0="38" captionTargetPageId-1="39" captionText-0="Fig. 18. Maximum likelihood tree based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA sequences of Calcaronea. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap values (BS) are given near the branches (PP/BS; when&gt;0.50)." captionText-1="Fig. 19. Maximum likelihood tree based on partial 28S rDNA sequences of Calcaronea. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap values (BS) are given near the branches (PP/BS; when&gt;0.50). Adriatic specimens are written in bold. Adriatic specimens obtained in this study are marked with an asterisk. The detached tree shows the only difference in the topology of the ML and Bayesian analyses." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832997" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832999" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3832997/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3832999/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Figs 18–19</figureCitation>
). Besides, we recovered a calcaronean clade with high support (1.00 PP and 0.99 BS in ITS analysis; 0.95 PP and 0.64 BS in 28S analysis) formed only by 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD00B225FDD0FE2A099F35CC" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1892" box="[525,672,481,507]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Paraleucilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FDD0FE2A099F35CC" box="[525,672,481,507]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Paraleucilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. The genus 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD00B225FC54FE2A0F2335CC" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1892" box="[905,1052,481,507]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Paraleucilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FC54FE2A0F2335CC" box="[905,1052,481,507]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Paraleucilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
formed a highly supported clade with 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD00B225FEFDFDCF0AC13629" box="[288,510,516,542]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nicolae">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FEFDFDCF0AC13629" box="[288,510,516,542]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Leucandra nicolae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD00B225FD87FDCF08753629" authorityName="Klautau, Imesek, Azevedo, Plese, Nikolic &amp; Cetkovi" authorityYear="2016" box="[602,842,516,542]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="spinifera" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FD87FDCF08753629" box="[602,842,516,542]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Leucandra spinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="95E85171DD00B225FC8EFDCE088F3628" box="[851,944,517,543]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is a sister species of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD00B225FB6FFDCE0E1C3629" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1202,1315,517,542]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aspera">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FB6FFDCE0E1C3629" box="[1202,1315,517,542]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">L. aspera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD00B225FAE8FDCF0EB13629" box="[1333,1422,516,542]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="39.[227,270,1868,1894]" captionTargetBox="[234,1436,760,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[227,1436,760,1824]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="Fig. 19. Maximum likelihood tree based on partial 28S rDNA sequences of Calcaronea. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap values (BS) are given near the branches (PP/BS; when&gt;0.50). Adriatic specimens are written in bold. Adriatic specimens obtained in this study are marked with an asterisk. The detached tree shows the only difference in the topology of the ML and Bayesian analyses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832999/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD00B225FF3EFDE30ABB3676" authorityName="Klautau, Imesek, Azevedo, Plese, Nikolic &amp; Cetkovi" authorityYear="2016" box="[227,388,552,578]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ancora" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FF3EFDE30ABB3676" box="[227,388,552,578]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Sycon ancora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="95E85171DD00B225FE56FDE30AD83675" box="[395,487,552,578]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
represents a sister species of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD00B225FC99FDE308EE3675" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[836,977,552,578]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raphanus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FC99FDE308EE3675" box="[836,977,552,578]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">S. raphanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD00B225FC3CFDEC0F073675" box="[993,1080,551,578]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="39.[227,270,1868,1894]" captionTargetBox="[234,1436,760,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[227,1436,760,1824]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="Fig. 19. Maximum likelihood tree based on partial 28S rDNA sequences of Calcaronea. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap values (BS) are given near the branches (PP/BS; when&gt;0.50). Adriatic specimens are written in bold. Adriatic specimens obtained in this study are marked with an asterisk. The detached tree shows the only difference in the topology of the ML and Bayesian analyses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832999/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
). We confirmed the paraphyly of the genera 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD00B225FE5EFD800AF63652" authorityName="Risso" authorityYear="1826" box="[387,457,587,613]" class="Calcarea" family="Sycettidae" genus="Sycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FE5EFD800AF63652" box="[387,457,587,613]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Sycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD00B225FDDFFD80085C3652" authority="(Voigt et al. 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Voigt" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[514,867,587,613]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FDDFFD8009BE3652" box="[514,641,587,613]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Leucandra</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D83E4DE9DD00B225FD4DFD8008643652" author="Voigt O. &amp; Wulfing E. &amp; Worheide G." box="[656,859,587,613]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="33417" refId="ref24102" refString="Voigt O., Wulfing E. &amp; Worheide G. 2012. Molecular phylogenetic evaluation of classification and scenarios of character evolution in calcareous sponges (Porifera, Class Calcarea). PLoS ONE 7 (3): e 33417. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0033417" type="journal article" year="2012">
Voigt 
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FD04FD87082B3652" box="[729,788,587,613]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="E8D06090DD03B226FF3EF8670EA13C3A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832995" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3832995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832995/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" startId="37.[227,270,1964,1990]" targetBox="[229,1437,1124,1916]" targetPageId="37">
<paragraph id="BC103018DD03B226FF3EF8670EA13C3A" blockId="37.[227,1438,1964,2062]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD03B226FF3EF8670A7E33F0" bold="true" box="[227,321,1964,1991]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 17.</emphasis>
Maximum likelihood tree (ML) based on partial 28S rDNA sequences of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD03B226FB66F8660E1933F0" authorityName="Bidder" authorityYear="1898" box="[1211,1318,1965,1991]" class="Calcarea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="subClass" subClass="Calcinea">Calcinea</taxonomicName>
. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap values (BS) are given near the branches (PP/BS; when&gt;0.50). Adriatic species are written in bold.Adriatic specimens obtained in this study are marked with an asterisk.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD00B225FF3EFD450A84369D" blockId="38.[227,443,653,682]" box="[227,443,653,682]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="8EDBEC0ADD00B225FF3EFD450A84369D" bold="true" box="[227,443,653,682]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Species richness</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC103018DD00B225FF3EFD750968379C" blockId="38.[227,1436,702,939]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Considering previous data, together with our present results based on morphological and molecular analyses, we found a total of 13 species of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD00B225FD0AFD2A080136CC" authorityName="Bidder" authorityYear="1898" box="[727,830,737,763]" class="Calcarea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="subClass" subClass="Calcinea">Calcinea</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="F12D05A3DD00B225FC91FD2A088B36CC" box="[844,948,737,763]" captionStart="Table 12" captionStartId="40.[227,296,305,331]" captionText="Table 12. Calcinean species reported from the Adriatic Sea and their distribution. *Type locality. ** Probably Clathrina conifera or C. primordialis." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Table 12</tableCitation>
) and 26 of 
<taxonomicName id="7BAF4B9BDD00B225FBE4FD2A0F8236CC" authorityName="Bidder" authorityYear="1898" box="[1081,1213,737,763]" pageId="38" pageNumber="21" rank="subClass" subClass="Calcaronea">Calcaronea</taxonomicName>
in the Adriatic Sea (
<tableCitation id="F12D05A3DD00B225FF36FCCF0A6B3729" box="[235,340,772,798]" captionStart="Table 13" captionStartId="43.[225,294,305,331]" captionText="Table 13. Calcaronean species reported from the Adriatic Sea and their distribution. * = Type locality." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Table 13</tableCitation>
). Taking into account the species richness by sectors (
<figureCitation id="24942C9DDD00B225FC14FCCF0F233729" box="[969,1052,772,798]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="42.[227,269,1982,2008]" captionTargetBox="[371,1260,1279,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[363,1270,1268,1934]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Fig. 20. Species richness in the Adriatic Sea divided by sectors.: 1–9 species;: 10–17 species;: 18–26 species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3833001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3833001/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
), the richest sector is the Central Adriatic, where 34 species were found, followed by the Northern Adriatic with 18, and the Southern Adriatic with only 5 species. Most of the species present in the Adriatic Sea are also present in other Mediterranean areas, yet, altogether we recorded six species provisionally endemic for the Adriatic, two calcinean and four calcaronean.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>