445 lines
50 KiB
XML
445 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2535-0730-1-15" ID-Pensoft-UUID="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" ID-ZooBank="42D6D571379D4EB0BC8DB3134A4E0912" ModsDocID="2535-0730-8-1-15" checkinTime="1707483718867" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Arteaga, Alejandro, Pyron, R. Alexander, Batista, Abel, Vieira, Jose, Meneses Pelayo, Elson, Smith, Eric N., Barrio Amoros, Cesar L., Koch, Claudia, Agne, Stefanie, Valencia, Jorge H., Bustamante, Lucas & Harris, Kyle J." docDate="2024" docId="416F22F827245127B418EB0254FBB42C" docLanguage="en" docName="EvolutSyst 8(1): 15-64" docOrigin="Evolutionary Systematics 8 (1)" docPubDate="2024-02-08" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527" docTitle="Bothriechis nitidus" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" masterDocTitle="Systematic revision of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes, Viperidae), with the description of five new species and revalidation of three" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="15" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1707484022520" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4E80D5E1F63E7DD01EDDC0A0B96505EF">Systematic revision of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes, Viperidae), with the description of five new species and revalidation of three</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="440D52DDBBE48A891DB7BE50BCAFF813">Arteaga, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="10EAC6D47189D27B4A7E8228E1ECF84A">Khamai Foundation, Quito, Ecuador & Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1BC536C939072782610CC028689A8E92">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FC887650F9C08D137CC37A33D5881E0F">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA & Division of Amphibians & Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BE8C8CBCE7FEA957C9000921515E626F">Batista, Abel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3E44374E22380879EB0B66B3DE58A22B">Universidad Autonoma de Chiriqui (UNACHI), Instituto Interdisciplinario de Investigacion e Innovacion, David, Panama & Fundacion Los Naturalistas, Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama & Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (SNI), SENACYT, Clayton Panama, Panama</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="2F024FC8B478AE5517B44D7555B775E1">Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador & ExSitu, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CCFE13084B3E10BEAC4CB7AEFE502B91">Koch, Claudia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="277F5B00545D59ED19D77727A84F8C6C">CRWild, Bahia Ballena, Uvita, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6637B8DAD94861CC79658E41A3FA057A">Agne, Stefanie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="734E3E5D105B9AFBF5D6711775115DC5">Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C471F906601A53E7EE934E4DD2D3E52B">Valencia, Jorge H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BCE6A80AA5AF3631F0B3CDCD75C6EB3C">Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany & Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="89E0CDF8861F977A1487FCFB8F3AC057">Bustamante, Lucas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0146FF1F647FC2D0DBDE069ACA4F8221">Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador & Red de Biogeografia y Ecologia Espacial (BioGeo 2), Universidad Regional Amazonica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CE949C243971E171A10BA45AE659D13C">Harris, Kyle J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="173E2EA5E9EEE29C4B92E0054E513DA7">Savia Fund, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="365933E98491D70FCF39A5A43A933E89">Evolutionary Systematics</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C5CA337B0FFCA481C43DCCF13266078D">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="416F22F827245127B418EB0254FBB42C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:416F22F827245127B418EB0254FBB42C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/416F22F827245127B418EB0254FBB42C" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<subSubSection id="3676ECA81834B30BD0CB82F987BBA536" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="2CF5646CCEF96188B5F5013D434885A1" ID-CoL="3RNRQ" LSID="416F22F8-2724-5127-B418-EB0254FBB42C" authority="(Guenther, 1859)" baseAuthorityName="Guenther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nitidus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
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Bothriechis nitidus (
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, 1859)
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<paragraph id="95D626150EB2024CDCDEB41A58EF1102" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<figureCitation id="81564FEB53017D9A8DA049FC243EFAC6" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Illustration of the holotype of Bothriechis nitidus by George Henry Ford taken from the original description (Guenther 1859) at the Biodiversity Heritage Library." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981693" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figs 7</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="8740E6400FDE911C66F787775DCF34BA" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Photographs of living specimens of Bothriechis nitidus from Ecuador. a. AMARU SN adult female from Santa Rosa, Pichincha province; b. Adult from Reserva FCAT, Esmeraldas province; c. Juvenile from Verde Bambu, Pichincha province; d. Juvenile from Canande Biological Reserve, Esmeraldas province; e. Adult from Gualpi, Esmeraldas province; f. Adult from Bosque Protector La Perla, Esmeraldas province; g. Adult from Santa Lucia Reserve, Pichincha province; h. Adult from Reserva FCAT, Esmeraldas province; i. Juvenile from Santa Lucia Reserve, Pichincha province; j. Juvenile from Canande Biological Reserve, Esmeraldas province. Photos by Jose Vieira, Alejandro Arteaga, and Sebastian Di Domenico." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981713" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, 27</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="FC89D25D6003C082E35E0C633A121945" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis nitidus in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. a. MZUTI 3753 from Sachatamia Lodge, Pichincha province, Ecuador; b. MZUTI 3754 from Santa Rosa de Intag, Imbabura province, Ecuador; c. ZSFQ 5054 from Canande Biological Reserve, Esmeraldas province, Ecuador. Photos by Amanda Quezada." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981714" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, 28</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D644E1658A864339627354914CADADD3" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="D400E05D4210003FE457B49595804429" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="D3D179419FC050C06D17B6A06B04A3F2" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1859" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Lachesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lachesis nitidus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">Lachesis nitidus</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="8CCBF3FB33D66A8B0D4F259C0337B105" originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
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, 1859: 414. Holotype BMNH 1946.1.17.73 (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="D58EC10883EED8364F6A178000691839" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Illustration of the holotype of Bothriechis nitidus by George Henry Ford taken from the original description (Guenther 1859) at the Biodiversity Heritage Library." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981693" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">7</figureCitation>
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), an adult of undetermined sex from "Western Andes of Ecuador".
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="89BBA6B3971FB1B026129CD1C4EBE890" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="BE68C816D4EF2E317D71DB1F528F4CA8" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1824" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrops boussingaultii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boussingaultii">Bothrops boussingaultii</taxonomicName>
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Jan, 1863: 127. Holotype MNHN 0.227, an adult (male?) from the trail between Latacunga and Guayaquil, Cotopaxi province, Ecuador.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CE564844825E05967E06F1FF49F6A89E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="959FD2CA359A5BEDA2B85B5391EB8DEE" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Teleuraspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Teleuraspis nitida" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitida">Teleuraspis nitida</taxonomicName>
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Cope, 1871: 206.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="01BF2BD3151C21693C03BD33AAEB49F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="referred specimens">
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<paragraph id="8AF64F7100A16D01EFCD957CC9D99675" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Referred specimens.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B31315100A998315FD6077A73D82DD11" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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All labeled
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<taxonomicName id="CF55E6C70384915458B1C385475A3ADA" baseAuthorityName="Guenther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nitidus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
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<emphasis id="633F1472B699B060F863BB4AFF5D3BAB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nitidus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in Suppl. material 1.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C24176A4E3F45DDD5F05CA1655E3DB65" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="proposed standard english name">
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<paragraph id="A73D5E6CEC9E09A34DECFC172B0C4763" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Proposed standard English name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D79987B3A49FBEC41835F25F5C2E2606" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Ecuadorian Eyelash-Pitviper.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="29CF1A73222A49DE15FE449BF5C6B2C9" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="spanish names">
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||
<paragraph id="96B5F6CC0389D4849E72278A09719E0E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Spanish names.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="20E2854AD5A394ADDF6C890AAC787C25" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BC1E47DBEDE50C6BE30862BE9E020BDD" originalValue="Víbora">Vibora</normalizedToken>
|
||
de
|
||
<normalizedToken id="24F8C31882C1E83D29E42EE12FA35917" originalValue="pestañas">pestanas</normalizedToken>
|
||
ecuatoriana, cabeza de candado, equis voladora (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="00CB5EB06AD8E8DA220E585F371BD77B" originalValue="Manabí">Manabi</normalizedToken>
|
||
), papagayo (Santo Domingo de los
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E22D3ACAB9EE245719C2375ED6D60F4C" originalValue="Tsáchilas">Tsachilas</normalizedToken>
|
||
),
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DD86DB0945ED8797DA79FB722B600E49" originalValue="zampiña">zampina</normalizedToken>
|
||
(cloud forest populations).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ADD59D9A9657B59CC569BFB299053408" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="BE880B376B4F1C78BB9DF52D41A3C887" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2B7CD0F4660C05F466675FE1AB03A5F7" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0A96CC42FC145B714CF0FDA149B397CF" baseAuthorityName="Guenther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nitidus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C679CD83B64DFDB9DC66B5812C3215AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diagnosed based on the following combination of characters: (1) supraciliary scales low and granular or two pointed but not raised; (2) anterior dorsal head scales smooth or barely keeled; (3) gular scales usually much smaller than chinshields or similar in size to chienshields in some cloud forest populations; (4) 3-8 interoculolabials; (5) 2-3 canthals, raised slightly and forming a ridge along the canthus; (6) loreal not in contact with preocular; (7) yellow morph absent; (8) dorsal bands dark reddish brown, red, or pink; (9) no opposing kidney shaped dorsal marks; (10) black speckles on dorsal scales usually absent, but present in some cloud forest populations; (11) black speckling on ventral surfaces usually absent, but present in some cloud forest populations; (12) ventral surfaces entirely white in some individuals; (13) iris pale golden yellow to light green with or without black speckles or spots; (14) 19-23 dorsal scale rows at mid-body; (15) 129-156 ventrals in males, 132-158 in females; (16) maximum total length in males 594 mm, in females 857 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C984D028962AF8EF5A297893755DFD0F" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="comparisons">
|
||
<paragraph id="C7E0DC458F9A17F56B2B8ABEB1A1D777" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Comparisons.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9657A892FBB994176876051E577BB3F7" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2050A996BAEF883DE7C7FD473F225168" baseAuthorityName="Guenther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nitidus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BB648040F8456C3521DD47A58720D2F8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is compared to other species of the genus previously subsumed under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C7B8AD267C91D433AB2AF904F1B7E74" lsidName="B. schlegelii" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4EED894B6317AC71CF6AA335736CCB1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B51F767C229B01F78D8CD25CDDC99084" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">sensu lato</emphasis>
|
||
(differences summarized in Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="0A74FFDEADADF83ED4604E48BCC9600F" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Differences in coloration, scale counts, hemipenial architecture, size, and median lethal dose (LD 50), between members of the Bothriechis schlegelii species complex. The range of each continuous variable is from our own sample (Suppl. material 1), Kuch and Freire (1995), and Solorzano et al. (1998)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214">2</tableCitation>
|
||
). It differs from all of them by having supraciliaries not raised, a low number of canthals (2-3) and interoculolabials (3-8), a low number of ventral scales, and a green dorsum with dark reddish brown, red, or pink bands (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="A289280B5FDC2392588AC2F9700F2CCA" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Photographs of living specimens of Bothriechis nitidus from Ecuador. a. AMARU SN adult female from Santa Rosa, Pichincha province; b. Adult from Reserva FCAT, Esmeraldas province; c. Juvenile from Verde Bambu, Pichincha province; d. Juvenile from Canande Biological Reserve, Esmeraldas province; e. Adult from Gualpi, Esmeraldas province; f. Adult from Bosque Protector La Perla, Esmeraldas province; g. Adult from Santa Lucia Reserve, Pichincha province; h. Adult from Reserva FCAT, Esmeraldas province; i. Juvenile from Santa Lucia Reserve, Pichincha province; j. Juvenile from Canande Biological Reserve, Esmeraldas province. Photos by Jose Vieira, Alejandro Arteaga, and Sebastian Di Domenico." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981713" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">27</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0950B8687208E264C57460F795637C" baseAuthorityName="Guenther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nitidus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AC679696080CFF7D13C0C37635C5C2E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="855E24AC06E4032231CD27E419AA2541" lsidName="B. hussaini" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE7481BC8EFC5EDAF91D3462DC84E3B0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., but this other species occurs south of the known distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0CAB327D4475FB7708388BA8A3A03B62" lsidName="B. nitidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B14BE706F3F5AFE43445B566A56EA09" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is characterized by having the loreal scale in contact with the preocular (not in contact in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AA10E26930C5B733F67CE4232C9E99C" lsidName="B. nitidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B001783B037AAAE2998056CCA58CBE1E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), supralabials spotted, dorsal scales densely stippled with black pigment, black-spotted ventral surfaces, and basal hooks of hemipenial body 4X (instead of 2X) the size of adjacent spines. Also, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2B530598650BD0238AE81BD97664972A" lsidName="B. nitidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E892F74A3F7509A08C5CA62868A467C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the golden morph is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7D779BD0F359CBBAEBD770DF04CB8108" lsidName="B. hussaini" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD195D13A668E5514242CFF138DAC2CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5AAE98F1747D2439FB4251C8B1AB5944" baseAuthorityName="Guenther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nitidus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE5733B39CABA7F9F9C044B1011E70E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28BD2F6244A94F1A0D8BE7C9E5315341" lsidName="B. rahimi" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4149EF6439236C8627F7847407CC5D63" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. rahimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., but this other species occurs north of the known distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="43D8B5E17ECEB9FCAEC6028E743D1D06" lsidName="B. nitidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0997AC1032DC1B0718244F39651BA1C9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is characterized by having two or three raised and spinelike supraciliary scales, keeled anterior dorsal head scales, a higher number of interoculolabials (8-13 vs 3-8), canthals (4-5 vs 2-3), and a completely different array of color morphs, including red and pink.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A1DE76A486B0C04AF8227EF579964587" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981713" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 27" startId="F27">
|
||
<paragraph id="B0285677E615F44B395D92778593725B" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB14AB0D1F55A8DB8A6429A2B7503434" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 27.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of living specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="585A1160757484B1ED61618C2D386B60" baseAuthorityName="Guenther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nitidus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9C97326C74735001CD569470E1776CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Ecuador.
|
||
<emphasis id="561D106717AB3B7A56253A3791955122" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a.</emphasis>
|
||
AMARU SN adult female from Santa
|
||
<taxonomicName id="35938CFE6AFA0316F39D30DAB5757055" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rosa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rosa" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">Rosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Pichincha province;
|
||
<emphasis id="9CFE66204993F67C2F0C92DDABF75981" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult from Reserva FCAT, Esmeraldas province;
|
||
<emphasis id="FBF614AA7A050CA75DB5DDB5FFFD89F1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">c.</emphasis>
|
||
Juvenile from Verde
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D4DEB0539EFF1D0516FE98754293AF90" originalValue="Bambú">Bambu</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Pichincha province;
|
||
<emphasis id="CB4413C90CCF1A3F674896399D0D61F7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">d.</emphasis>
|
||
Juvenile from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="64D73F889BEDDAC0860E1B57C89394E5" originalValue="Canandé">Canande</normalizedToken>
|
||
Biological Reserve, Esmeraldas province;
|
||
<emphasis id="49B4899B4A294BDFC2211DDD60C40AE2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">e.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult from Gualpi, Esmeraldas province;
|
||
<emphasis id="143021D211AFAE8257B807EAF18CC100" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">f.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult from Bosque Protector La Perla, Esmeraldas province;
|
||
<emphasis id="59A78B5B1AB5A48BE2D648F7B892659F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">g.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult from Santa
|
||
<normalizedToken id="463B2462B4E2DDED2F013D81F3C327AF" originalValue="Lucía">Lucia</normalizedToken>
|
||
Reserve, Pichincha province;
|
||
<emphasis id="55EB0C56831DAF477689CE78F90CA14F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">h.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult from Reserva FCAT, Esmeraldas province;
|
||
<emphasis id="99A50737B777D450D1F7ECDAAADEAA6C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">i.</emphasis>
|
||
Juvenile from Santa
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5D7C38CAD6CD4423F8046ADC6D26B72D" originalValue="Lucía">Lucia</normalizedToken>
|
||
Reserve, Pichincha province;
|
||
<emphasis id="A3820D2E878DA97FC778A7ECCABB7B53" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">j.</emphasis>
|
||
Juvenile from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A0001A3A921346FF17D033AB6EE530B8" originalValue="Canandé">Canande</normalizedToken>
|
||
Biological Reserve, Esmeraldas province. Photos by Jose Vieira, Alejandro Arteaga, and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6D3820108743D96EA70C50BD16E6FE10" originalValue="Sebastián">Sebastian</normalizedToken>
|
||
Di
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F7B696E4BCF8C93B2F9FF599F7A24D0A" originalValue="Doménico">Domenico</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D53AC330CA9CFD53A78CD68C2641A2AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="hemipenial morphology">
|
||
<paragraph id="DD1370344ED92501529887D246B8DFB6" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hemipenial morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4304848DF01134894E91DD3301736B6C" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
(n = 3; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E698CB63996AC880FFE9C25560F22715" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis nitidus in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. a. MZUTI 3753 from Sachatamia Lodge, Pichincha province, Ecuador; b. MZUTI 3754 from Santa Rosa de Intag, Imbabura province, Ecuador; c. ZSFQ 5054 from Canande Biological Reserve, Esmeraldas province, Ecuador. Photos by Amanda Quezada." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981714" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">28</figureCitation>
|
||
) Everted and inflated, the organ is deeply bilobed, calyculate and noncapitate; hemipenial lobes cylindrical, but tapering towards the capitulum; in sulcate and asulcate views, lobe crotch ornamented with densely packed spinules and spines that become larger distally; sulcus spermaticus centrolineal, bifurcate and with walls strongly defined, bifurcation occurs below bilobation point and proximal to the base of the hemipenial body; sulcus spermaticus branch runs to lobe tips; distal one third to one half of each hemipenal lobe densely ornamented with small calyces with strongly defined spinulate edges. In sulcate view, hemipenial body surface with small spinules medially, basal hooks present, and 2-3 rows of smaller obliquely-arranged mesial spines that become gradually smaller towards each
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E0D3BE3E1A2952D2C2B929C545B8631B" originalValue="lobe’s">lobe's</normalizedToken>
|
||
capitulum; each hemipenial lobe ornamented with mesial and lateral spines about half the size of the basal hooks; the spines in each lobe are replaced distally by calyces with strongly spinulate edges. In lateral view, hemipenial body and lobes with rows of spines, but otherwise non-spiculate; distal half strongly calyculate. In asulcate view, the center of hemipenial body is nude to sparsely spiculate; hemipenial lobes ornamented with 5 rows of smaller spines (about 1/3 the size of the lateral basal hooks) that decrease in size towards the lobe crotch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6E59B7C4919B9C6BD8DF716B1E86BBE7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981714" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 28" startId="F28">
|
||
<paragraph id="E13140C3A6AE9483EF6988950E4DE77F" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="322795B0181CD9B418B0A0352BC75E73" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 28.</emphasis>
|
||
Hemipenial architecture of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AA48062BF088CD1C0777EFFC2005DD23" baseAuthorityName="Guenther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nitidus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7405E83A106C11CCF0C9C119EEA8F3A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views.
|
||
<emphasis id="C5D4A37B01F79CCFA6A00FADB3CA219F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a.</emphasis>
|
||
MZUTI 3753 from Sachatamia Lodge, Pichincha province, Ecuador;
|
||
<emphasis id="CE37AF9A97FEAEC5671438B345767720" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b.</emphasis>
|
||
MZUTI 3754 from Santa
|
||
<taxonomicName id="850B07B78BA03879BC86564AAEE6B49A" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rosa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rosa" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">Rosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
de Intag, Imbabura province, Ecuador;
|
||
<emphasis id="8B01713E51FCBB07F25B06FD0B309090" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">c.</emphasis>
|
||
ZSFQ 5054 from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="37A1974098822871D04F47349CE5A699" originalValue="Canandé">Canande</normalizedToken>
|
||
Biological Reserve, Esmeraldas province, Ecuador. Photos by Amanda Quezada.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9B74E4F0F5B081FBE9D6DAE93519E841" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="95152BA29D996F9241E985A8B8C46CBE" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E55011EDBD813F63669E9FE203FFC23D" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59F3A05D369AC934A26F7148C48AC459" baseAuthorityName="Guenther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nitidus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E203AF4AC64ADDE989F15E68210ED954" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an arboreal snake that inhabits evergreen lowland and montane forests, cloud forests, planted forests, plantations (cacao, coffee, and banana), and rural gardens. We have found vipers of this species at night perched on arboreal vegetation up to 10 m above the ground or, rarely, moving at ground level during the daytime. Individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CEBC9F4F8A5170EC68C342C7C37CF13" lsidName="B. nitidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC470F6E2AE6B9CF2204A1BCCA6875B7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known to prey on frogs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9D99A84B983D417633B699DFEC12F7B8" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1898" class="Amphibia" family="Brachycephalidae" genus="Craugastor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craugastor longirostris" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAB836D9075525E200852C2BFD7F74FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Craugastor longirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9EFDA60FAEDD71D50D3B9BD4414501FB" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1898" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis achatinus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="achatinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="533D127764F53901885428496B4A3D5C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Pristimantis achatinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5AA1ECA342A99237F30720DB9CE35BC2" lsidName="P. walkeri" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="walkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="CF3D6049264B23AC3DE31506B9E2DAA5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">P. walkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="765653B826F89775518B0C64AB989FF1" baseAuthorityName="Stejneger & Test" baseAuthorityYear="1891" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Trachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachycephalus jordani" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jordani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B320EDBF6F5646F1C4D64FA4DFF659B2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Trachycephalus jordani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7ED20B159EDF085156AA22B7213EB0FA" author="Valencia, JH" journalOrPublisher="Fundacion Herpetologica Gustavo Orces, Quito" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B106" refString="Valencia, JH, Garzon-Tello, K, Barragan-Paladines, ME, 2016. Serpientes venenosas del Ecuador: sistematica, taxonomia, historial natural, conservacion, envenenamiento y aspectos antropologicos. Fundacion Herpetologica Gustavo Orces, Quito" title="Serpientes venenosas del Ecuador: sistematica, taxonomia, historial natural, conservacion, envenenamiento y aspectos antropologicos." year="2016">Valencia et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="02FD25E70DEB28634AA072B1FE5E4633" author="Meza-Ramos, PM" journalOrPublisher="Boleti ́ n Te ́ cnico" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="15 - 18" refId="B63" refString="Meza-Ramos, PM, Almendáriz, AL, Yánez-Muñoz, MH, 2019. Datos sobre la dieta de Bothriechis schlegelii (Berthold, 1846) (Serpentes - Viperidae) en el occidente del Ecuador. Boletín Técnico 6: 15 - 18" title="Datos sobre la dieta de Bothriechis schlegelii (Berthold, 1846) (Serpentes - Viperidae) en el occidente del Ecuador." volume="6" year="2019">Meza-Ramos et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), anoles (personal observation by JV), hummingbirds, and mice (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F408F7F104A827D6732481DE7A9199B3" author="Meza-Ramos, PM" journalOrPublisher="Boleti ́ n Te ́ cnico" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="15 - 18" refId="B63" refString="Meza-Ramos, PM, Almendáriz, AL, Yánez-Muñoz, MH, 2019. Datos sobre la dieta de Bothriechis schlegelii (Berthold, 1846) (Serpentes - Viperidae) en el occidente del Ecuador. Boletín Técnico 6: 15 - 18" title="Datos sobre la dieta de Bothriechis schlegelii (Berthold, 1846) (Serpentes - Viperidae) en el occidente del Ecuador." volume="6" year="2019">Meza-Ramos et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="893F08222EC8B23588B12F542871BF18" author="Valencia, JH" journalOrPublisher="Fundacion Herpetologica Gustavo Orces, Quito" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B106" refString="Valencia, JH, Garzon-Tello, K, Barragan-Paladines, ME, 2016. Serpientes venenosas del Ecuador: sistematica, taxonomia, historial natural, conservacion, envenenamiento y aspectos antropologicos. Fundacion Herpetologica Gustavo Orces, Quito" title="Serpientes venenosas del Ecuador: sistematica, taxonomia, historial natural, conservacion, envenenamiento y aspectos antropologicos." year="2016">Valencia et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports that females of this species give birth to litters of 5-9 young. One specimen (FHGO 7795) lived for 12 years in captivity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3744B3A858D2E2B0324FDA1A2BECB61D" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="venom">
|
||
<paragraph id="04413A4ACAFE21F4B7657216A42FFFC4" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Venom.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EAF76ED400C14F7A38B09353FB982352" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In coastal Ecuador, 0.2-10.3% of snakebites are attributed to this species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E7C9D77C64C856C5798B1B2930A8A019" author="Betancourt, RM" journalOrPublisher="BSc thesis, Universidad Central de Ecuador" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B11" refString="Betancourt, RM, 2012. Incidencia, zonas de riesgo y prevencion de accidentes ofidicos en areas rurales de las provincias de Manabi y Los Rios, Ecuador, anos 2007 a 2009. BSc thesis, Universidad Central de Ecuador" title="Incidencia, zonas de riesgo y prevencion de accidentes ofidicos en areas rurales de las provincias de Manabi y Los Rios, Ecuador, anos 2007 a 2009." year="2012">Betancourt 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E8EFEB532185343984D45BEBD71FA06B" author="Valencia, JH" journalOrPublisher="Fundacion Herpetologica Gustavo Orces, Quito" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B106" refString="Valencia, JH, Garzon-Tello, K, Barragan-Paladines, ME, 2016. Serpientes venenosas del Ecuador: sistematica, taxonomia, historial natural, conservacion, envenenamiento y aspectos antropologicos. Fundacion Herpetologica Gustavo Orces, Quito" title="Serpientes venenosas del Ecuador: sistematica, taxonomia, historial natural, conservacion, envenenamiento y aspectos antropologicos." year="2016">Valencia et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="015FE3184698786BC323312E84B2413E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(96)00016-5" author="Kuch, U" journalOrPublisher="Toxicon" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="714 - 717" refId="B51" refString="Kuch, U, Mebs, D, Gutierrez, JM, Freire, A, 1996. Biochemical and biological characterization of the Ecuadorian pitvipers (genera Bothriechis, Bothriopsis, Bothrops, and Lachesis). Toxicon 34: 714 - 717, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(96)00016-5" title="Biochemical and biological characterization of the Ecuadorian pitvipers (genera Bothriechis, Bothriopsis, Bothrops, and Lachesis)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(96)00016-5" volume="34" year="1996">Kuch et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found the venom of this species to be not hemorrhagic, weakly coagulant, and only moderately lethal (LD50 estimated as 6.5 mg/kg).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EC2B45167BA18C216A34BBCB99156940" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="2454ECD6395F526387907A2BD548F96C" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9353D0C90A15494C4AFEC6850254986F" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CCD2D48BDB3376B91C0D98CCFCF4589" baseAuthorityName="Guenther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nitidus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EE6313EA29FF57D9F328218FBF5795E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is endemic to Ecuador. It is known from at least 121 localities (listed in Suppl. material 3) along the Chocoan lowlands and adjacent foothills of the Andes in Ecuador. The species occurs over an area of approximately 37,400 km2 and has been recorded at elevations of 0-2,230 m above sea level (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="41780CF9100A5383CFD5AAB1371774D0" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). An estimated 4.2% of the predicted area of distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F02F1CCDD3D37238060BE09C34C3373" lsidName="B. nitidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F32F3BB8567FB3EE0678717149F62B24" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
overlaps with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4947525C759C31D2630C3B1D0A2EB065" lsidName="B. hussaini" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="38D4AD4FA37C80996CABC964C115C5FB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and we found evidence (MZUA.Re.288 and JM 75; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="756F236727E24924EEFFC7D5C10567F7" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) of sympatry between the two species where the model predicted it. Both species co-occur along the foothills of the Andes in the sector between Naranjal, Guayas province, and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A22E0C2FE29C2918B54E897F3B53B6B1" originalValue="Cumandá">Cumanda</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Chimborazo province. An estimated 3.3% of the predicted area of distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D06A9B6C58230B21DDECAE5FECBD1C3" lsidName="B. nitidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="33520009CDE4F0FD7069203EC5D2F9BD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
overlaps with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E97C86B708E7241D9CF2E16E3E670F4C" lsidName="B. rahimi" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="00B41895EC1494C81862A6597E8D6776" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. rahimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., but we did not find evidence of sympatry between the two species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C8D9B3A77CAC2F11A52610FC8B488566" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="CDEC17146EA498BE70303890099CE3D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7F121967581F464CD363326E21B1826E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<emphasis id="29F485D3683CE38593CAF37A588CC38D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
is a Latin word meaning
|
||
<normalizedToken id="964E59DBFA1266F4B7CCCE83BE7C4260" originalValue="“shining”">"shining"</normalizedToken>
|
||
or
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2D88ED5A31E6A82EF2EE4676E1014DFC" originalValue="“elegant.”">"elegant."</normalizedToken>
|
||
It refers to the eye-catching dorsal pattern of the holotype, which is shared by most individuals of lowland populations of this species (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="5B4D3EE465BF8E204191721183B49E89" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Photographs of living specimens of Bothriechis nitidus from Ecuador. a. AMARU SN adult female from Santa Rosa, Pichincha province; b. Adult from Reserva FCAT, Esmeraldas province; c. Juvenile from Verde Bambu, Pichincha province; d. Juvenile from Canande Biological Reserve, Esmeraldas province; e. Adult from Gualpi, Esmeraldas province; f. Adult from Bosque Protector La Perla, Esmeraldas province; g. Adult from Santa Lucia Reserve, Pichincha province; h. Adult from Reserva FCAT, Esmeraldas province; i. Juvenile from Santa Lucia Reserve, Pichincha province; j. Juvenile from Canande Biological Reserve, Esmeraldas province. Photos by Jose Vieira, Alejandro Arteaga, and Sebastian Di Domenico." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981713" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">27</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A5529B3D4E1B93F5A43A63A8BEF307A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="7D0C34F3D79BC0E7706C6E31FFEED1CF" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8468FB36973B66BDF726BC943F506D64" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
We consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5DC2754A51FFF4A8267CD21E64E47474" baseAuthorityName="Guenther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nitidus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCFCEF0E4B07A44DD885D29BB37BB54C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be included in the Near Threatened category following IUCN Red List criteria (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE75C61482F20CAD4D5740690E7368D8" author="Hurtado-Gomez, JP" journalOrPublisher="BSc thesis, Universidad de Antioquia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B48" refString="IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition.IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland and Cambridge, 32 pp." year="2009">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) primarily because the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4DC4199F41A1403A8651D69875393E0E" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
extent of occurrence is estimated to be larger than the 20,000 km2 needed to meet B1 criteria for the Vulnerable category. However, although the species occurs in numerous protected areas (no less than 30; see Suppl. material 3), the majority of the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="96E121CE7627FB2637305F0EDC5F4D93" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
forest habitat has been destroyed. Based on the distribution model presented in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="14ED18543DA6232AE7D01A653245EA34" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
in combination with maps of vegetation cover of Ecuador (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD7B1E107C24DB498FEDAD05C2932CB4" author="Lotzkat, S" journalOrPublisher="PhD thesis, Goethe-Universitaet in Frankfurt am Main" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B59" refString="MAE (2012) Línea base de deforestación del Ecuador continental.Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador, Quito, 30 pp." year="2014">MAE 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we estimate that only ~32% of the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C35816600D2DD77B938DE99186930CE3" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
forest habitat is still standing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |