treatments-xml/data/72/20/47/722047456757FFFAF64AFAD0FD6FCBB6.xml

<document id="ACDF87F5E872131A1BEA7CBBAA429112" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.174270" ID-GBIF-Dataset="eeaa3f3d-1449-49ac-9351-9295c3293edb" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="174270" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459794496890" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Glaw, Frank, Hoegg, Simone &amp; Vences, Miguel" docDate="2006" docId="722047456757FFFAF64AFAD0FD6FCBB6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01334p043.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1334" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Tsingymantis antitra Glaw, Hoegg &amp; Vences, 2006, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="8E193F3D6753FFF3F742FF84FF9FC86B" masterDocTitle="Discovery of a new basal relict lineage of Madagascan frogs and its implications for mantellid evolution" masterLastPageNumber="43" masterPageNumber="27" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1698219614078" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="EB62DC3E1DD1CD8D9F2F525319BCC1B9">Discovery of a new basal relict lineage of Madagascan frogs and its implications for mantellid evolution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="53DB0EB38518EA0928950AB7EDF338E9">Glaw, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4B262A75AF49B52973EB2936B50F6B28">Hoegg, Simone</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="841D6A54CF765F0BE50D14C4D464DA1A">Vences, Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="06A7DCCF23FF0A06134D0DB161C026F7">2006</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="FA36F6536757FFF7F64AFAD0FDF9CD05" blockId="4.[264,614,1364,1390]" box="[264,614,1364,1390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
<heading id="A17E413F6757FFF7F64AFAD0FDF9CD05" bold="true" box="[264,614,1364,1390]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" reason="1">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416757FFF7F64AFAD0FDF9CD05" bold="true" box="[264,614,1364,1390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD06757FFF7F64AFAD0FD9FCD05" ID-CoL="59HKN" box="[264,512,1364,1390]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antitra" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416757FFF7F64AFAD0FD9FCD05" bold="true" box="[264,512,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Tsingymantis antitra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D3CE973A6757FFF7F54AFAD0FDF9CD05" box="[520,614,1364,1390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<typeStatus id="253248F16757FFF7F64AFA1AFEE3CDD3" box="[264,380,1438,1464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="9C986E966757FFF7F6CAFA1BFE5ACDD2" box="[392,453,1439,1465]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">ZSM</collectionCode>
304/2004 (fieldnumber 
<collectionCode id="9C986E966757FFF7F5A3FA1BFCB3CDD2" box="[737,812,1439,1465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">FGZC</collectionCode>
589), collected on 
<date id="8E37D0936757FFF7F34EFA1BFB43CDD2" box="[1036,1244,1439,1465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" value="2004-02-27">27 February 2004</date>
below the &quot;Point de Vue Petit Tsingy&quot;, 
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="9FBD90946757FFF7F477FA43FC22CD8A" box="[821,957,1479,1505]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" precision="15" value="49.118332">49°07'06''E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="3D715BB66757FFF7F48FFA43FB84CD8A" box="[973,1051,1479,1505]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="117.0">117 m</quantity>
alt, Ankarana Special Reserve, northern 
<collectingCountry id="829EB6C36757FFF7F69DFA6BFDF1CE62" box="[479,622,1519,1545]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, by F. Glaw, M. Puente &amp; R. D. Randrianiaina.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA36F6536757FFF7F67AF992FB6ACF4A" blockId="4.[264,1323,1438,1905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416757FFF7F67AF992FE23CE5B" bold="true" box="[312,444,1558,1584]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
<typeStatus id="253248F16757FFF7F67AF992FE28CE5B" box="[312,439,1558,1584]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="9C986E966757FFF7F685F993FD86CE5A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" box="[455,537,1559,1585]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">ZFMK</collectionCode>
84436 (originally 
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305/2004), same data as 
<typeStatus id="253248F16757FFF7F337F993FB40CE5A" box="[1141,1247,1559,1585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; 
<collectionCode id="9C986E966757FFF7F3ACF993FAB5CE5A" box="[1262,1322,1559,1585]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">ZSM</collectionCode>
769/2003 (fieldnumber FG/MV 2002-0577), cleared and stained specimen, collected on 
<date id="8E37D0936757FFF7F64AF9E3FE7ECEEA" box="[264,481,1639,1665]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" value="2003-02-12">12 February 2003</date>
, below &quot;Campement des Anglais&quot; (now called Campement Anilotra), Ankarana Special Reserve, northern 
<collectingCountry id="829EB6C36757FFF7F582F90BFCCFCEC2" box="[704,848,1679,1705]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, by F. Glaw, R. D. Randrianiaina &amp; A. Razafimanantsoa; 
<collectionCode id="9C986E966757FFF7F6A4F933FDD0CEBA" box="[486,591,1719,1745]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/q3sh-smdb" name="University dAntananarivo, Department de Biologie Animale" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">UADBA</collectionCode>
24766 (fieldnumber 
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531), collected on 
<date id="8E37D0936757FFF7F3D5F933FEDCCE92" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" value="2004-02-25">25 February 2004</date>
close to the &quot;Grotte des Chauve-souris&quot;, 
<geoCoordinate id="9FBD90946757FFF7F478F95BFC07CE92" box="[826,920,1759,1785]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" precision="925" value="-12.95">12°57'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="9FBD90946757FFF7F4E5F95BFB97CE92" box="[935,1032,1759,1785]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" precision="925" value="49.116665">49°07'E</geoCoordinate>
, ca. 
<quantity id="3D715BB66757FFF7F300F95BFB1FCE92" box="[1090,1152,1759,1785]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
alt, Ankarana Special Reserve, northern 
<collectingCountry id="829EB6C36757FFF7F57FF883FD53CF4A" box="[573,716,1799,1825]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, by F. Glaw, M. Puente &amp; R. D. Randrianiaina.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B293A5D86757FFF6F67AF8AAFE59CA1D" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="FA36F6536757FFF6F67AF8AAFE59CA1D" blockId="4.[264,1323,1438,1905]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416757FFF7F67AF8AAFE28CF23" bold="true" box="[312,439,1838,1864]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A large species of mantellid frogs representing an isolated and basal lineage within the family, based on a molecular analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes (
<figureCitation id="62B2EAD66756FFF6F61CFE98FE37C95D" box="[350,424,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1765,1789]" captionTargetBox="[357,1235,321,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[357,1235,318,1752]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree of mantellids obtained by Bayesian Inference, based on 2303 nucleotide positions of four mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene. Asterisks above branches indicate posterior probabilities (** = 100, * = 95 – 99). Values below branches are Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174273/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Differs from all other mantellid genera and subgenera as outlined in the diagnosis of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD06756FFF6F57AFEC0FD4DC936" box="[568,722,324,349]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416756FFF6F57AFEC0FD4DC936" box="[568,722,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Tsingymantis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It differs from all other large mantelline and laliostomine species that reach a SVL of more than 
<quantity id="3D715BB66756FFF6F49AFEE8FBA8C9ED" box="[984,1079,364,390]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
as follows: From 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD06756FFF6F64AFE10FDA9C9C6" box="[264,566,404,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mocquardi">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416756FFF6F64AFE10FDA9C9C6" box="[264,566,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Mantidactylus mocquardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD06756FFF6F504FE10FD6CC9C6" box="[582,755,404,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandidieri">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416756FFF6F504FE10FD6CC9C6" box="[582,755,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">M. grandidieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD06756FFF6F441FE10FC3FC9C6" box="[771,928,404,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttulatus">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416756FFF6F441FE10FC3FC9C6" box="[771,928,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">M. guttulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD06756FFF6F4F2FE10FB0FC9C6" box="[944,1168,404,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ambohimitombi">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416756FFF6F4F2FE10FB0FC9C6" box="[944,1168,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">M. ambohimitombi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD06756FFF6F3E2FE10FE5AC9BE" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Boehmantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microtympanum">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416756FFF6F3E2FE10FE5AC9BE" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Boehmantis microtympanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD06756FFF6F55AFE38FC25C9BE" box="[536,954,444,469]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Aglyptodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416756FFF6F55AFE38FC25C9BE" box="[536,954,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Aglyptodactylus madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by largely connected lateral metatarsalia (versus separated), from 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD06756FFF6F58FFE60FC70C996" box="[717,1007,484,509]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Aglyptodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416756FFF6F58FFE60FC70C996" box="[717,1007,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Aglyptodactylus laticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD06756FFF6F36CFE60FAB4C996" box="[1070,1323,484,509]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Laliostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labrosum">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416756FFF6F36CFE60FAB4C996" box="[1070,1323,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Laliostoma labrosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by distinctly enlarged tips of fingers and toes, by the presence of a complete circummarginal groove on pads of fingers and toes, and by having the first finger shorter than the second.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B293A5D86756FFF5F67AFD00FA89CA85" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" type="description">
<paragraph id="FA36F6536756FFF6F67AFD00FB69CC9D" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416756FFF6F67AFD00FD0DCAF5" bold="true" box="[312,658,644,670]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
Description of the 
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.
</emphasis>
Adult female (with oocytes in the body cavity), in good state of preservation but with a midventral slit. SVL 67.1 mm, for further measurements see table 1. Body slender; head wider than body; snout approximately rounded in dorsal and lateral views, nostrils directed laterally, protuberant, much nearer to tip of snout than to eye; canthus rostralis distinct, straight; loreal region concave; tympanum very distinct, rounded, 76 % of eye diameter; supratympanic fold distinct, curved; tongue was ovoid and bifid posteriorly (part of the tongue was removed as DNA sample); vomerine teeth present in two groups, maxillary teeth present; choanae relatively rounded. Arms slender, subarticular tubercles single; fingers without webbing; relative length of fingers 1&lt;2&lt;4&lt;3; finger disks distinctly enlarged; nuptial pads absent. 
<collectingCountry id="829EB6C36756FFF6F4EFFC68FC77CC6D" box="[941,1000,1004,1030]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Hind</collectingCountry>
limbs slender; tibiotarsal articulation reaches the eye when the hind limb is adpressed along the body; lateral metatarsalia largely connected; inner metatarsal tubercle distinct, outer metatarsal tubercle absent; webbing formula (according to 
<bibRefCitation id="9E188BA26756FFF6F5B1FBE0FBAECC15" author="Blommers-Schlosser" box="[755,1073,1124,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="39" refString="Blommers-Schlosser, R. M. A. (1979) Biosystematics of the Malagasy frogs. I. Mantellinae (Ranidae). Beaufortia, 352 (2), 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="1979">Blommers-Schlösser 1979</bibRefCitation>
) between toes 1(1), 
<date id="8E37D0936756FFF6F64AFB08FEBCCCCD" box="[264,291,1164,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">2i</date>
(1), 2e(0.5), 
<date id="8E37D0936756FFF6F6F6FB08FE53CCCD" box="[436,460,1164,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">3i</date>
(1.5), 3e(1), 
<date id="8E37D0936756FFF6F523FB08FDE6CCCD" box="[609,633,1164,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">4i</date>
(2.5), 4e(2), 5(1); relative length of toes 1&lt;2&lt;3&lt;5&lt;4. Skin on the upper surface smooth, without folds or ridges. No distinct enlarged tubercles in the cloacal region; ventral skin smooth, finely granular on the shanks. No femoral glands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA36F6536756FFF6F67AFA80FE58CE35" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
Colouration of the 
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. After 1.5 years in preservative, back blackish with indistinct dark brown reticulations and a few small greyish spots above the insertion of the left arm. Upper surfaces of arms and legs dark brown with indistinct black markings. Flanks lighter brown than back, although there is no distinct colour border between flanks and back. Tympanum light brown in periphery, darker brown in center. Ventrally dirty cream-whitish on belly, with fine indistinct mottling. Throat brown, chest and ventral surfaces of arms light brown, ventral surface of hindlegs yellowish in the center becoming darker brown to periphery. Ventral side of lower leg and tarsus dark brown, foot and webbing brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA36F6536756FFF6F67AF9E8FC4FCEBD" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
The dorsal ground colour in life was brown with violet shade and with olive green spots (
<figureCitation id="62B2EAD66756FFF6F616F910FE06CEC5" box="[340,409,1684,1710]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1036,1060]" captionTargetBox="[267,1319,329,1010]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[267,1319,329,1010]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tsingymantis antitra sp. nov., dorsolateral view of holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174271/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The iris was silvery-grey with a brownish horizontal streak and a bluish iris periphery. The ventral surface was pinkish to brown (
<figureCitation id="62B2EAD66756FFF6F438F938FC5ECEBD" box="[890,961,1724,1750]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[267,1319,1126,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[267,1319,1114,1815]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Tsingymantis antitra sp. nov., ventral view, probably of holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174272/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA36F6536756FFF5F67AF960FCE7C9C5" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastBlockId="6.[264,1323,284,870]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416756FFF6F67AF960FE34CE95" bold="true" box="[312,427,1764,1790]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Variation</emphasis>
(see table 1 for measurements). The ZFMK and ZSM 
<typeStatus id="253248F16756FFF6F30CF960FB21CE95" box="[1102,1214,1764,1790]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are very similar to the 
<typeStatus id="253248F16756FFF6F6FFF888FDBCCF4D" box="[445,547,1804,1830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in size and morphology. The colouration of ZFMK 84436 is generally similar to that of the 
<typeStatus id="253248F16756FFF6F5D8F8B0FC9BCF25" box="[666,772,1844,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, but sligthly lighter, that of ZSM 769/2003 (assessed before clearing and staining) distinctly lighter, especially on the ventral side. All three specimens have pigmented oocytes in the body cavity although they are relatively small in size and numbers. The UADBA 
<typeStatus id="253248F16755FFF5F5ACFEE8FCCCC9ED" box="[750,851,364,390]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
is similar to the other specimens in size and colour, but was not available for detailed studies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA36F6536755FFF5F67AFE3FFA89CA85" blockId="6.[264,1323,284,870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416755FFF5F67AFE3FFDD4C9BE" bold="true" box="[312,587,443,469]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Osteological features.</emphasis>
A number of skeletal characters known to be relevant in mantellid systematics were assessed on the cleared and stained 
<typeStatus id="253248F16755FFF5F342FE60FBFAC995" box="[1024,1125,484,510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
ZSM 769/2003. Maxillary and vomerine teeth present. Omosternum forked, the greatest space between the arms being about two times the width of one arm, sternum unforked, bony part of sternum longer than that of omosternum. Hyoid with a distinct anterolateral and a small posterolateral process. Intercalary element present between ultimate and penultimate phalanges of all fingers and toes. Terminal phalanges distinctly Y-shaped, with rather broad and posteriorly serrated arms. Three free distal tarsals, the third tarsal being small.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B293A5D86755FFFBF67AFD78FE24CC20" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="FA36F6536755FFF5F67AFD78FBEACB0D" blockId="6.[264,1323,284,870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416755FFF5F67AFD78FE5BCB7D" bold="true" box="[312,452,764,790]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific name is derived from the 
<collectingCountry id="829EB6C36755FFF5F4D6FD78FB99CB7D" box="[916,1030,764,790]" name="Madagascar" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
word &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD06755FFF5F318FD78FB34CB7D" box="[1114,1195,764,790]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antitra">antitra</taxonomicName>
&quot; (meaning old) and refers to the presumed old age of the 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD06755FFF5F434FCA0FB90CB56" box="[886,1039,804,829]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416755FFF5F434FCA0FB90CB56" box="[886,1039,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Tsingymantis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lineage. The name is considered as an invariable noun standing in apposition to the genus name.
</paragraph>
<caption id="AEF6A6DB6755FFF5F64AFC1FFCABCC70" ID-Table-UUID="AEF6A6DB6755FFF5F64AFC1FFCABCC70" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/AEF6A6DB6755FFF5F64AFC1FFCABCC70" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[275,1295,1084,1832]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="FA36F6536755FFF5F64AFC1FFCABCC70" blockId="6.[264,1323,923,1051]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416755FFF5F64AFC1FFEE2CBD8" bold="true" box="[264,381,923,947]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Morphological measurements (all in mm) of type specimens of 
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416755FFF5F304FC18FAB4CBD8" box="[1094,1323,924,947]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD06755FFF5F304FC18FAB8CBD8" box="[1094,1319,924,947]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antitra">Tsingymantis antitra</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
For abbreviations of measurements see Materials and Methods. Additional abbreviations used: HT, holotype; PT, paratype; RHL, relative hindlimb length, given as point reached by the tibiotarsal articulation when hindlimb is adpressed along body.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="FA36F6536755FFF5F651FBB8FBF7CF43" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<table id="888904F36755000CF651FBB8FA90CF43" box="[275,1295,1084,1832]" gridcols="3" gridrows="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651FBB8FA90CC38" box="[275,1295,1084,1107]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651FBB8FE5BCC38" box="[275,452,1084,1107]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Voucher number</th>
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF50FFBB8FC33CC38" box="[589,940,1084,1107]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">ZSM 769/2003 ZFMK 84436</th>
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF37BFBB8FA90CC38" box="[1081,1295,1084,1107]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">ZSM 304/2004</th>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651FBE2FA90CC16" box="[275,1295,1126,1149]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651FBE2FE5BCC16" box="[275,452,1126,1149]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Status</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FFBE2FC33CC16" box="[589,940,1126,1149]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">PT PT</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BFBE2FA90CC16" box="[1081,1295,1126,1149]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">HT</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651FB15FA90CCC3" box="[275,1295,1169,1192]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651FB15FE5BCCC3" box="[275,452,1169,1192]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Sex</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FFB15FC33CCC3" box="[589,940,1169,1192]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">F F</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BFB15FA90CCC3" box="[1081,1295,1169,1192]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">F</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651FB38FA90CCB8" box="[275,1295,1212,1235]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651FB38FE5BCCB8" box="[275,452,1212,1235]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">SVL</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FFB38FC33CCB8" box="[589,940,1212,1235]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">66.4 67.0</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BFB38FA90CCB8" box="[1081,1295,1212,1235]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">67.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651FB62FA90CC96" box="[275,1295,1254,1277]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651FB62FE5BCC96" box="[275,452,1254,1277]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">HW</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FFB62FC33CC96" box="[589,940,1254,1277]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">24.4 23.9</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BFB62FA90CC96" box="[1081,1295,1254,1277]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">23.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651FA95FA90CD43" box="[275,1295,1297,1320]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651FA95FE5BCD43" box="[275,452,1297,1320]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">HL</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FFA95FC33CD43" box="[589,940,1297,1320]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">25.0 24.8</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BFA95FA90CD43" box="[1081,1295,1297,1320]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">25.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651FAB8FA90CD38" box="[275,1295,1340,1363]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651FAB8FE5BCD38" box="[275,452,1340,1363]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">TD</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FFAB8FC33CD38" box="[589,940,1340,1363]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">5.1 5.0</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BFAB8FA90CD38" box="[1081,1295,1340,1363]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">5.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651FAE2FA90CD16" box="[275,1295,1382,1405]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651FAE2FE5BCD16" box="[275,452,1382,1405]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">ED</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FFAE2FC33CD16" box="[589,940,1382,1405]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">7.0 7.6</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BFAE2FA90CD16" box="[1081,1295,1382,1405]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">6.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651FA15FA90CDC3" box="[275,1295,1425,1448]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651FA15FE5BCDC3" box="[275,452,1425,1448]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">END</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FFA15FC33CDC3" box="[589,940,1425,1448]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">6.5 6.4</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BFA15FA90CDC3" box="[1081,1295,1425,1448]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">6.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651FA38FA90CDB8" box="[275,1295,1468,1491]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651FA38FE5BCDB8" box="[275,452,1468,1491]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">NSD</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FFA38FC33CDB8" box="[589,940,1468,1491]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">2.9 2.4</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BFA38FA90CDB8" box="[1081,1295,1468,1491]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">3.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651FA62FA90CD96" box="[275,1295,1510,1533]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651FA62FE5BCD96" box="[275,452,1510,1533]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">NND</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FFA62FC33CD96" box="[589,940,1510,1533]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">4.0 3.6</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BFA62FA90CD96" box="[1081,1295,1510,1533]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">5.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651F995FA90CE43" box="[275,1295,1553,1576]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651F995FE5BCE43" box="[275,452,1553,1576]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">FORL</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FF995FC33CE43" box="[589,940,1553,1576]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">45.0 45.4</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BF995FA90CE43" box="[1081,1295,1553,1576]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">43.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651F9B8FA90CE38" box="[275,1295,1596,1619]" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651F9B8FE5BCE38" box="[275,452,1596,1619]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">HAL</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FF9B8FC33CE38" box="[589,940,1596,1619]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">21.0 19.4</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BF9B8FA90CE38" box="[1081,1295,1596,1619]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">20.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651F9E2FA90CE16" box="[275,1295,1638,1661]" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651F9E2FE5BCE16" box="[275,452,1638,1661]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">HIL</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FF9E2FC33CE16" box="[589,940,1638,1661]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">102.0 100.8</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BF9E2FA90CE16" box="[1081,1295,1638,1661]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">96.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651F915FA90CEC3" box="[275,1295,1681,1704]" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651F915FE5BCEC3" box="[275,452,1681,1704]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">FOTL</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FF915FC33CEC3" box="[589,940,1681,1704]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">45.8 44.5</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BF915FA90CEC3" box="[1081,1295,1681,1704]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">43.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651F938FA90CEB8" box="[275,1295,1724,1747]" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651F938FE5BCEB8" box="[275,452,1724,1747]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">FOL</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FF938FC33CEB8" box="[589,940,1724,1747]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">29.8 28.1</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BF938FA90CEB8" box="[1081,1295,1724,1747]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">28.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651F962FA90CE96" box="[275,1295,1766,1789]" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651F962FE5BCE96" box="[275,452,1766,1789]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">RHL</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FF962FC33CE96" box="[589,940,1766,1789]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">eye center eye center</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BF962FA90CE96" box="[1081,1295,1766,1789]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">posterior eye corner</td>
</tr>
<tr id="44B9F4116755000CF651F895FA90CF43" box="[275,1295,1809,1832]" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<th id="07689D6D6755000CF651F895FE5BCF43" box="[275,452,1809,1832]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">TIBL</th>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF50FF895FC33CF43" box="[589,940,1809,1832]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">32.1 31.6</td>
<td id="07689D6D6755000CF37BF895FA90CF43" box="[1081,1295,1809,1832]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">29.4</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="AEF6A6DB6754FFF4F64AFB88FB89CC4F" box="[264,1046,1036,1060]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174271/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" targetBox="[267,1319,329,1010]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="FA36F6536754FFF4F64AFB88FB89CC4F" blockId="7.[264,1046,1036,1060]" box="[264,1046,1036,1060]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416754FFF4F64AFB88FE15CC4F" bold="true" box="[264,394,1036,1060]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD06754FFF4F6D3FB89FDF3CC4F" box="[401,620,1037,1060]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antitra" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416754FFF4F6D3FB89FDF3CC4F" box="[401,620,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Tsingymantis antitra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416754FFF4F531FB88FD51CC4F" bold="true" box="[627,718,1036,1060]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D3CE973A6754FFF4F531FB88FD56CC4F" box="[627,713,1036,1060]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</emphasis>
dorsolateral view of holotype.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="AEF6A6DB6754FFF4F64AF8ABFBD3CF2C" box="[264,1100,1839,1863]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174272/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" targetBox="[267,1319,1126,1814]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="FA36F6536754FFF4F64AF8ABFBD3CF2C" blockId="7.[264,1100,1839,1863]" box="[264,1100,1839,1863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416754FFF4F64AF8ABFE15CF2C" bold="true" box="[264,394,1839,1863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD06754FFF4F6D3F8B4FDF3CF2C" box="[401,620,1840,1863]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antitra" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416754FFF4F6D3F8B4FDF3CF2C" box="[401,620,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Tsingymantis antitra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D3CE973A6754FFF4F531F8ABFD57CF2C" box="[627,712,1839,1863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" rank="species">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A416754FFF4F531F8ABFD57CF2C" bold="true" box="[627,712,1839,1863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, ventral view, probably of holotype.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="FA36F653675BFFFBF67AFE9FFE1DCBED" blockId="8.[264,1323,283,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675BFFFBF67AFE9FFD38C95E" bold="true" box="[312,679,283,309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Habitat and natural history</emphasis>
. The Ankarana reserve consists mainly of bizarre, eroded tsingy limestone formations and moderately dry forest areas. It is crossed by four rivers and includes more than 
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inventorized subterraneous passages and caves. The climate of Ankarana is &quot;dry tropical&quot; with a long dry season between May and December. The wettest months are January, February, and March. There are about 86–92 rainy days per year. The hottest month is March (36.2°C) and the coldest month is June (13.5°C) (http://www.parcs-madagascar.com/ankarana/index.htm, as of 
<date id="8E37D093675BFFFBF4AFFD8DFB2CCA48" box="[1005,1203,521,547]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" value="2005-08-20">20 August 2005</date>
). All four specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675BFFFBF6F3FDB4FD39CA22" box="[433,678,560,585]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antitra">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675BFFFBF6F3FDB4FD39CA22" box="[433,678,560,585]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Tsingymantis antitra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were exclusively found at night and associated with tsingy formations. ZSM 769/2003 was found along a small brook, whereas the other three specimens were not found associated with open waters (although not far from dry riverbeds). UADBA 24766 was sitting on the ground close to the entrance of a big cave. The two other specimens were found on the top of the tsingy limestone and in a cave of ca. 
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depth in tsingy, respectively, both close to a dry riverbed. A further individual was photographed along a brook (Paul Freed, pers. comm.). However, it remains unclear if the species is mainly distributed along streams or widespread in the tsingy formations of Ankarana.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA36F653675BFFFBF67AFC17FE24CC20" blockId="8.[264,1323,283,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">No unidentified frog calls were heard during the surveys and only small oocytes were found in the collected females, indicating that they were reproductively quiescent when collected. The period and mode of reproduction remain entirely unknown and at current no indications of cave breeding are known. ZSM 769/2003 had remains of a large orthopteran in the stomach.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B293A5D8675BFFFAF67AFBDCFD6FCBB6" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="FA36F653675BFFFAF67AFBDCFB23C95D" blockId="8.[264,1323,283,1903]" lastBlockId="9.[264,1323,284,989]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675BFFFBF67AFBDCFC9BCC19" bold="true" box="[312,772,1112,1138]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Distribution and conservation status</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675BFFFBF457FBDDFB97CC19" box="[789,1032,1113,1138]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antitra">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675BFFFBF457FBDDFB97CC19" box="[789,1032,1113,1138]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Tsingymantis antitra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from the Ankarana Special Reserve in northern 
<collectingCountry id="829EB6C3675BFFFBF59BFB07FCF8CCF6" box="[729,871,1155,1181]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
which has a total surface of 
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2 (
<bibRefCitation id="9E188BA2675BFFFBF652FB2EFD89CCAF" author="Hawkins" box="[272,534,1194,1220]" pageId="8" pageNumber="40" refString="Hawkins, A. F. A., Chapman, P., Ganzhorn, J. U., Bloxam, Q. M. C., Barlow, S. C. &amp; Tonge, S. J. (1990) Vertebrate conservation in Ankarana Special Reserve, northern Madagascar. Biological Conservation, 54, 83 - 110." type="journal article" year="1990">
Hawkins 
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675BFFFBF6CAFB2FFE55CCAF" box="[392,458,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
). The 
<typeStatus id="253248F1675BFFFBF52FFB2EFD34CCAF" box="[621,683,1194,1220]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">types</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675BFFFBF59DFB2FFC49CCAF" box="[735,982,1195,1220]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antitra">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675BFFFBF59DFB2FFC49CCAF" box="[735,982,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Tsingymantis antitra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are from two areas in the Ankarana reserve, around the &quot;Petit Tsingy&quot; and around the &quot;Campment des Anglais&quot;. The specimen photographed by P. Freed was discovered in a third area close to the &quot;Campement des Americains&quot; (now called &quot;Campement d'Andrafiabe&quot;) in the west of the reserve, indicating that the species has a wider distribution in the central part of Ankarana. Connecting these three localities to a triangle allows to estimate the known extent of occurrence (see http://www.redlist.org/info/categories_criteria2001 for definition) for this species as much smaller than 
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2 (this approach was also used to calculate the extent of occurrence of the other 
<collectingCountry id="829EB6C3675BFFFBF52CFA6DFD7FCE68" box="[622,736,1513,1539]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
amphibian species by the Global Amphibian Assessment, see 
<bibRefCitation id="9E188BA2675BFFFBF692F995FD4ECE40" author="Andreone" box="[464,721,1553,1579]" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" refString="Andreone, F., Cadle, J. E., Cox, N., Glaw, F., Nussbaum, R. A., Raxworthy, C. J., Stuart, S., Vallan, D. &amp; Vences, M. (2005) Species review of amphibian extinction risks in Madagascar: conclusions from the Global Amphibian Assessment. Conservation Biology, 19 (6), 1790 - 1802." type="journal article" year="2005">
Andreone 
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675BFFFBF50FF995FD16CE41" box="[589,649,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
). The actual range is certainly larger, but since the tsingy-dependent fauna and flora of Ankarana includes many presumed local endemics (e.g., the snake 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675BFFFBF684F9E4FD50CE12" box="[454,719,1632,1657]" class="Reptilia" family="Lamprophiidae" genus="Alluaudina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mocquardi">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675BFFFBF684F9E4FD50CE12" box="[454,719,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Alluaudina mocquardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) it appears likely that 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675BFFFBF49DF9E4FBD2CE12" box="[991,1101,1632,1657]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antitra">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675BFFFBF49DF9E4FBD2CE12" box="[991,1101,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">T. antitra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to this reserve as well although it cannot be excluded that the species also occurs in other remote tsingy formations (e. g. Tsingy de Namoroka or Tsingy de Bemaraha) or other karstic areas (e. g. Analamera reserve). Due to its small assumed extent of occurrence (&lt;
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2), its very small known extent of occurrence (&lt;
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2), its very small known area of occupancy (&lt;
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2), its apparent rareness (only four specimens have been found), and the fact that it represents a very ancient relict lineage we consider 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675BFFFBF35AF8D2FA95CF04" box="[1048,1290,1878,1903]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antitra">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675BFFFBF35AF8D2FA95CF04" box="[1048,1290,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Tsingymantis antitra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as &quot;endangered&quot; although its habitat currently seems to be relatively well protected.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA36F653675AFFFAF67AFEC7FD6FCBB6" blockId="9.[264,1323,284,989]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675AFFFAF67AFEC7FC9AC936" bold="true" box="[312,773,323,349]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Molecular phylogenetic relationships</emphasis>
. The tree shown in 
<figureCitation id="62B2EAD6675AFFFAF4B2FEC7FBA9C936" box="[1008,1078,323,349]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1765,1789]" captionTargetBox="[357,1235,321,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[357,1235,318,1752]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree of mantellids obtained by Bayesian Inference, based on 2303 nucleotide positions of four mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene. Asterisks above branches indicate posterior probabilities (** = 100, * = 95 – 99). Values below branches are Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174273/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
includes for the first time representatives of all known lineages (genera, subgenera, and species groups) of mantellid frogs. Bayesian analysis of the molecular data yielded a tree (
<figureCitation id="62B2EAD6675AFFFAF31DFE17FB38C9C6" box="[1119,1191,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1765,1789]" captionTargetBox="[357,1235,321,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[357,1235,318,1752]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree of mantellids obtained by Bayesian Inference, based on 2303 nucleotide positions of four mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene. Asterisks above branches indicate posterior probabilities (** = 100, * = 95 – 99). Values below branches are Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174273/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) with high support for most nodes. Especially the deeper nodes received much higher support than in the tree shown in 
<bibRefCitation id="9E188BA2675AFFFAF6A3FE67FD6AC996" author="Glaw" box="[481,757,483,509]" pageId="9" pageNumber="40" refString="Glaw, F. &amp; Vences, M. (2006). Phylogeny and genus-level classification of mantellid frogs (Amphibia, Anura). Organisms, Diversity and Evolution, 6 (3), 236 - 253." type="journal article" year="2006">Glaw &amp; Vences (2006)</bibRefCitation>
which was obtained from less a complete data matrix. Maximum Bayesian support (100%) was found for all genera as defined in 
<bibRefCitation id="9E188BA2675AFFFAF38FFD8FFE2ACA26" author="Glaw" pageId="9" pageNumber="40" refString="Glaw, F. &amp; Vences, M. (2006). Phylogeny and genus-level classification of mantellid frogs (Amphibia, Anura). Organisms, Diversity and Evolution, 6 (3), 236 - 253." type="journal article" year="2006">Glaw &amp; Vences (2006)</bibRefCitation>
, and for many subgenera and species groups. The included species of the 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675AFFFAF64AFDDFFE0BCA1E" box="[264,404,603,629]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mantellinae">Mantellinae</taxonomicName>
(to the exclusion of 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675AFFFAF5DEFDD8FCA9CA1E" box="[668,822,604,629]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675AFFFAF5DEFDD8FCA9CA1E" box="[668,822,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Tsingymantis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) were highly supported as monophyletic group as well, with 100% Bayesian and 99% bootstrap support, and the same values were obtained for the species of the 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675AFFFAF53BFD2FFD63CAAE" box="[633,764,683,709]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Boophinae">Boophinae</taxonomicName>
. However, the relationships between the major mantellid lineages were not significantly resolved. The analysis placed 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675AFFFAF30EFD50FB7CCA86" box="[1100,1251,724,749]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675AFFFAF30EFD50FB7CCA86" box="[1100,1251,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Tsingymantis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sister to the 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675AFFFAF617FD7FFE7BCB7E" box="[341,484,763,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mantellinae">Mantellinae</taxonomicName>
, and the 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675AFFFAF511FD7FFD64CB7E" box="[595,763,763,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Laliostominae">Laliostominae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675AFFFAF44CFD78FC54CB7E" box="[782,971,764,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Aglyptodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675AFFFAF44CFD78FC54CB7E" box="[782,971,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Aglyptodactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675AFFFAF34AFD78FB13CB7E" box="[1032,1164,764,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Laliostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675AFFFAF34AFD78FB13CB7E" box="[1032,1164,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Laliostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) sister to the 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675AFFFAF64AFCA0FE3DCB56" box="[264,418,804,829]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675AFFFAF64AFCA0FE3DCB56" box="[264,418,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Tsingymantis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675AFFFAF6E8FCA7FDAACB56" box="[426,565,803,829]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mantellinae">Mantellinae</taxonomicName>
clade. The 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675AFFFAF583FCA7FCDFCB56" box="[705,832,803,829]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Boophinae">Boophinae</taxonomicName>
(genus 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675AFFFAF4DCFCA0FC61CB56" box="[926,1022,804,829]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Boophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675AFFFAF4DCFCA0FC61CB56" box="[926,1022,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Boophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) occupied the most basal position. However, none of these groupings received Bayesian support of 95% or higher, or bootstrap support of 70% or higher, and the molecular data can therefore merely seen as weak indication of possible relationships among the major mantellid lineages. In any case, 
<taxonomicName id="3D898DD0675AFFFAF64AFC40FE3DCBB6" box="[264,418,964,989]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Tsingymantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C8FD2A41675AFFFAF64AFC40FE3DCBB6" box="[264,418,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Tsingymantis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a very isolated position.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>