209 lines
24 KiB
XML
209 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="014925C92B70D1824E6493F81638BC12" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FFFC6A43FF8F91831880BED0" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Nyctalus aviator Thomas 1911" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="765" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="765" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods id="B6A55C5F617A476C6E2704A6502882E6" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BF4523B89C63185BD336B92C8F5B214A">
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<mods:title id="FB6A1943EE34EF5C00D169A4C20140B3">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="451E4CF07774C84708282167BA16AA90">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8B068F2F7AFA9A76222DABB3D3256508">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="2EFC082030F71BA5E0868A42ACFFD829">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="52BF30A8756882A210D6DCD7A27E1F75">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="6159B99706E1DE51D49ECA5DD292CC2C">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="8FF05FE1710F1E3B329322E322822BBF">
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<mods:title id="DD27784D53A24A4CB9A68C53211C2019">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="57F6B2704A695F551EB3D3D833AA84F0">716</mods:start>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFFC6A43FF8F91831880BED0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403382" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628496" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403382" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFFC6A43FF8F91831880BED0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFFC6A43FF8F91831880BED0" lastPageNumber="765" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FF8F91831EAAB33A" box="[115,170,2010,2056]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FF8F91831EAAB33A" blockId="7.[109,1061,2010,2136]" box="[115,170,2010,2056]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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<heading id="9F638192FFFC6A43FF8F91831EAAB33A" box="[115,170,2010,2056]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFFC6A43FF8F91831EAAB33A" box="[115,170,2010,2056]" captionStart="Plate 55: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="3.[121,153,3361,3382]" captionTargetBox="[12,2741,18,3658]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="1. Desert Yellow Lesser House Bat (Scotoecus pallidus), 2. Dark-winged Lesser House Bat (Scotoecus hirundo), 3. Light-winged Lesser House Bat (Scotoecus albofuscus), 4. Ruppell’s Bat (Vansonia rueppellii), 5. Indochinese Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus bucephalus), 6. Dark Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus aquilus), 7. Common Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus tylopus), 8. Javan Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus javanus), 9. Dormer’s Bat (Scotozous dormeri), 10. Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi), 11. Bird-like Noctule (Nyctalus aviator), 12. Japanese Noctule (Nyctalus furvus), 13. Mountain Noctule (Nyctalus montanus), 14. Greater Noctule (Nyctalus lasiopterus), 15. Common Noctule (Nyctalus noctula), 16. Leisler’s Noctule (Nyctalus leisleri), 17. Azores Noctule (Nyctalus azoreum)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398500/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">11.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FF4691831C1EB33A" box="[186,542,2010,2056]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FF4691831C1EB33A" blockId="7.[109,1061,2010,2136]" box="[186,542,2010,2056]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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<heading id="9F638192FFFC6A43FF4691831C1EB33A" box="[186,542,2010,2056]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFC6A43FF4691831C1EB33A" ID-CoL="484X5" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[186,542,2010,2056]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aviator">Bird-like Noctule</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FD9891831D8BB33A" box="[612,907,2010,2056]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FD9891831D8BB33A" blockId="7.[109,1061,2010,2136]" box="[612,907,2010,2056]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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||
<heading id="9F638192FFFC6A43FD9891831D8BB33A" box="[612,907,2010,2056]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFC6A43FD9891831D8BB33A" ID-CoL="484X5" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[612,907,2010,2056]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aviator">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FD9891831D8BB33A" box="[612,907,2010,2056]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Nyctalus aviator</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FF939E431C61B364" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FF939E431A25B31D" blockId="7.[109,1061,2010,2136]" box="[111,1061,2074,2095]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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<heading id="9F638192FFFC6A43FF939E431A25B31D" box="[111,1061,2074,2095]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FF939E431EBBB31D" bold="true" box="[111,187,2074,2095]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFC6A43FF389E431F69B31D" ID-CoL="484X5" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[196,361,2074,2095]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aviator">Noctule aviatrice</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FE829E431FD9B31D" bold="true" box="[382,473,2074,2095]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFC6A43FE1E9E431D0FB31D" ID-CoL="484X5" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[482,783,2074,2095]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aviator">GroRRer Ostasien-Abendsegler</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FCDF9E431D7EB31D" bold="true" box="[803,894,2074,2095]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFC6A43FC749E431A25B31D" ID-CoL="484X5" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[904,1061,2074,2095]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aviator">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFC6A43FC749E431DD3B31D" ID-CoL="484X5" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[904,979,2074,2095]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aviator">Noctulo</vernacularName>
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oriental
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FF939E181C61B364" blockId="7.[109,1061,2010,2136]" box="[111,609,2113,2134]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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<heading id="9F638192FFFC6A43FF939E181C61B364" box="[111,609,2113,2134]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FF939E181F66B364" bold="true" box="[111,358,2113,2134]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFFC6A43FE929E181C61B364" ID-CoL="484X5" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[366,609,2113,2134]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aviator">Japanese Large Noctule</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FD2E9ED01B22B394" box="[722,1314,2185,2214]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FD2E9ED01B22B394" blockId="7.[721,1316,2185,2609]" box="[722,1314,2185,2214]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FD2E9ED01D6DB394" bold="true" box="[722,877,2185,2214]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFC6A43FC869ED01B1CB394" ID-CoL="484X5" authority="Thomas, 1911" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[890,1308,2185,2214]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aviator">Nyctalus aviator Thomas, 1911</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FD2F9EF41AD1B3FC" box="[723,1233,2221,2254]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FD2F9EF41AD1B3FC" blockId="7.[721,1316,2185,2609]" box="[723,1233,2221,2254]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFFC6A43FD2F9EF41AD1B3FC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319540" box="[723,1233,2221,2254]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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“
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFC6A43FD1C9EF41D36B3FC" box="[736,822,2221,2254]" country="Japan" name="Tokyo" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Tokyo</collectingRegion>
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, Hondo [= Honshu],
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFC6A43FB949EF41ABEB3FC" box="[1128,1214,2221,2254]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Japan</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FD2F9E8D1B13B288" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FD2F9E8D1B13B288" blockId="7.[721,1316,2185,2609]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFC6A43FD2F9E8D1DA6B3C7" authorityName="Bowditch" authorityYear="1825" box="[723,934,2260,2293]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aviator">Nyctalus aviator</taxonomicName>
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is sometimes included within N.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFC6A43FCDB9EA51DABB22F" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[807,939,2300,2333]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lasiopterus">lasiopterus</taxonomicName>
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, from which it is morphologically distinct, but to which it is genetically sister. N.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFC6A43FC609F121DF7B25E" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[924,1015,2379,2412]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aviator">aviator</taxonomicName>
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and N.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFC6A43FB979F121AEEB25E" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[1131,1262,2379,2412]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lasiopterus">lasiopterus</taxonomicName>
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are togethersister to N.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFC6A43FC099F2B1A52B2A1" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[1013,1106,2418,2451]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctula">noctula</taxonomicName>
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, all three sharing the same diploid number. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FD2D9F981C22B197" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="distribution">
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||
<caption id="90EB6676FFFC6A43FD2D9F981C22B197" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397788" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6397788/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" targetBox="[106,697,2198,2604]" targetPageId="7">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FD2D9F981C22B197" blockId="7.[721,1316,2185,2609]" lastBlockId="7.[103,1314,2623,3476]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FD2D9F981D81B2D0" bold="true" box="[721,897,2497,2530]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Distribution.</emphasis>
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NE & EC
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFC6A43FBDA9F981A7BB2D0" box="[1062,1147,2497,2530]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">China</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFC6A43FB699F981D06B13B" country="China" name="Heilongjiang" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Heilongjiang</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFC6A43FCE89FA91D54B13B" box="[788,852,2544,2569]" country="China" name="Jilin" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Jilin</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFC6A43FC959FA91DCBB13B" box="[873,971,2544,2569]" country="China" name="Henan" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Henan</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFC6A43FC229FA91A39B13B" box="[990,1081,2544,2569]" country="China" name="Anhui" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Anhui</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFC6A43FB6C9FA91B12B13B" box="[1168,1298,2544,2569]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
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), Korean Peninsula, and numerous islands in
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFC6A43FF729C661EE2B16A" box="[142,226,2623,2648]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Japan</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFFC6A43FF079C661F8AB16A" box="[251,394,2623,2648]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
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, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima, Iki, Fukue, and Okinawajima); there are also visual and echolocation records from the Russian Far East, but further investigation is needed.
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</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FF909CEC1EDEB71D" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FF909CEC1EDEB71D" blockId="7.[103,1314,2623,3476]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FF909CEC1F68B1FC" bold="true" box="[108,360,2741,2766]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 80-106 mm, tail 45-62 mm, ear 16-23 mm, hindfoot 12-17 mm, forearm 58-64 mm; weight 26-61 g. Pelage of the Bird-like Noctule is velvety and deep yellowish brown throughout, being slightly lighter ventrally. Ears, face, wings, and uropatagium are mid-brown. Thumbs and ears are short, and tragus short and stubby, with a rounded tip; antitragus is long and low. Muzzle is short, with large glands between nostrils and eyes, and ears are short and triangular, with 4-5 folds on outer edge. Calcar is keeled, and wing membraneis attached to ankle. Skull is broad and robust; postorbital process is weak. I? is longer than I’; teeth are large with low cusps; lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 42 and FN = 50.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FF969A6E1B07B76A" box="[106,1287,3127,3160]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FF969A6E1B07B76A" blockId="7.[103,1314,2623,3476]" box="[106,1287,3127,3160]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FF969A6E1EDAB76A" bold="true" box="[106,218,3127,3160]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Found primarily in mountainous regions with temperate deciduous forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FF969A061891BA58" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FF969A061891BA58" blockId="7.[103,1314,2623,3476]" lastBlockId="7.[1389,2599,291,1507]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FF969A061F79B7B2" bold="true" box="[106,377,3167,3200]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Insectivorous and carnivorous. The Bird-like Noctule is a large, fast aerial hawker that feeds on a variety of insects, as well on occasion as nocturnally migrating birds. In fecal samples collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFC6A43FCF49AF71D5FB7FD" box="[776,863,3246,3279]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, bird bones and feathers were detected, although these bats have never been directly observed hunting birds. The species is known to feed on a variety of insects, including various mayflies, dragonflies, damselflies, grasshoppers, hemipterans, beetles, ichneumonids, winged ants, syrphid flies, chironomid flies, trichopterans, and lepidopterans. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFC6A43FC3C9B151A17B65F" box="[960,1047,3404,3437]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFC6A43FBD69B151AC6B65F" box="[1066,1222,3404,3437]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
made up a large portion of the diet, comprising 40-51-2% of arthropod fragments in fecal samples, although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFFC6A43F981977A192BBA76" box="[1661,1835,291,324]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
were also significant, ranging 11-34-1% of fragments throughout the year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FA8D97281742B93A" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FA8D97281742B93A" blockId="7.[1389,2599,291,1507]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FA8D97281BF7BAA0" bold="true" box="[1393,1527,369,402]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Mating takes place in autumn, up to early October, before hibernation; ovulation and fertilization are delayed, and sperm is stored until next spring. Births generally occurin lateJune and earlyJuly;litter size is 1-2 (normally two). Young begin to fly at ¢.40-45 days; females generally start breeding in their first autumn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FA9394561935B88B" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FA9394561935B88B" blockId="7.[1389,2599,291,1507]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FA939456185EB902" bold="true" box="[1391,1630,527,560]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Bird-like Noctule is primarily nocturnal throughout its active months, although it is known to forage during the day when energy demands are high, right after leaving hibernation (March to early April) and just before entering hibernation (October to late November); hibernates in colonies. Diurnal roosts are often found in tree cavities, buildings, bird boxes, and mineshafts. Bats leave the roost in early evening and spend the night foraging high in the forest canopy. Calls are FM for the scanning phase and long duration QCF in the search phase; they have a general frequency range of c¢.17-30 kHz,start frequency range of 27-1-54-1 kHz, and end frequency range of 17-6-22-6 kHz; call durations are 2-2-17-8 milliseconds. Bird-like Noctules are known tolive for at leastsix years. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFC6A43F7DD95281678B8A0" box="[2081,2168,881,914]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) has been reported as a predator.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FA939599186EBFFF" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FA939599186EBFFF" blockId="7.[1389,2599,291,1507]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FA9395991641B8D3" bold="true" box="[1391,2113,960,993]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Bird-like Noctules roost in small colonies and probably migrate between breeding and hibernating areas during autumn and spring. During summer and the breeding season, females form large maternal colonies of tens to over 100 individuals, while males form small male-exclusive colonies of 1-10 individuals. During and a little before and after hibernation, however, the species forms colonies consisting of several to tens of individuals of both sexes (October to May).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FA93928C172BBE76" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FA93928C172BBE76" blockId="7.[1389,2599,291,1507]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FA93928C18D4BFC4" bold="true" box="[1391,1748,1237,1270]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Bird-like Noctule is relatively widespread and moderately common, although it is threatened by deforestation and other forms of human disturbance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFFC6A43FA93930D1880BED0" pageId="7" pageNumber="765" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFFC6A43FA93930D1880BED0" blockId="7.[1389,2599,291,1507]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFFC6A43FA93930D1808BE5F" bold="true" box="[1391,1544,1364,1389]" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Abe et al. (2005),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFFC6A43F92A930D190DBE5F" box="[1750,1805,1364,1389]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="765">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
& Sasaki (2004), Datzmann et al. (2012), Fukui, Agetsuma & Hill (2004), Fukui, Dewa et al. (2013), Harada, Uchida et al. (1982), Jo Yeong-Seok et al. (2018), Maeda (1983), Mikula et al. (2016), Ohdachi et al. (2009), Osawa et al. (2017), Salgueiro et al. (2007), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Tsytsulina (2008a), Yoshiyuki (1989).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |