plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFEB6A55FA549A381702BF76.xml

306 lines
38 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="6C850C190ABA9CFF04A2A1555BF8F8A0" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FFEB6A55FA549A381702BF76" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pipistrellus hesperidus" docType="treatment" docVersion="17" lastPageNumber="775" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="774" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
<mods:mods id="348980C04DFCF48B7715288EFB4A9D7C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="4C435BCA4082B08B0D6C651CBF33AAED">
<mods:title id="B210140AA40DA2D7979E5541BFC22BF2">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="E45CF244100F6D7FE9BD4F0778B65F81" type="personal">
<mods:role id="616A1354C0D9BFDEEA3A763232846DF0">
<mods:roleTerm id="739331889E4F43B17E6207BD4E865471">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="377ABAB051DD63B1678C8F19C822EFEE">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="45D61FBAB9BAEEA823E4B484D7093DAF" type="personal">
<mods:role id="2ED959E005AB5AFAADD4173D41077D8E">
<mods:roleTerm id="015358AB4FD4181E8563916193E9DEAB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="6C0E6B619256EC82C71856B33270C4E5">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="A412BF9E70BED7CF343A9AB0D9688281">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="1EC5BE256A7F528EF87ECD8F044A96D2" type="host">
<mods:originInfo id="5B13663AB2000DA2A9670B31630D1FBC">
<mods:dateIssued id="6915C7021205851474000A0964F9316E">2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="9BED5DBC0166D327ADB1B386B6BB34AF" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="D5BD6EDC436231B9054D929473FA418D">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="29F8674E390C815D619C7025B72AA95F">
<mods:placeTerm id="2672F275569BFEB01304C8F024718854">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo id="EFF2B89D058907E05E1842C506C24407">
<mods:title id="8325A9019AE675638D22EB2A989751E1">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="D730499EEF3E9255A6F9D42F1BDE7D26">
<mods:extent id="5355C66293EA31F5A1BB978E770E2A0C" unit="page">
<mods:start id="054E608897CAB93E683163992772C02C">716</mods:start>
<mods:end id="4A646E1E4BA3349850FB78937B197C36">981</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="296451067CA6BB13B6CF68612F1065B2">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="6FECAC0529EE71B33961FDB9C0B30B31" type="CLB-Dataset">56755</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C1C1A393CFDC7AB6CEC16B47FB59F44C" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2D1C279102B6FDE1354846598D936E39" type="GBIF-Dataset">45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="83281A1637E9403B865CDC19BBCD74EC" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A817A6F34BC972C2A2ACA369980C0000" type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFEB6A55FA549A381702BF76" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6578079" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195627995" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6578079" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFEB6A55FA549A381702BF76" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFEB6A55FA549A381702BF76" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="775" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEB6A54FA549A381BE1B7A1" box="[1448,1505,3169,3219]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEB6A54FA549A381BE1B7A1" blockId="16.[1445,2451,3169,3299]" box="[1448,1505,3169,3219]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">
<heading id="9F638192FFEB6A54FA549A381BE1B7A1" box="[1448,1505,3169,3219]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">
<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFEB6A54FA549A381BE1B7A1" box="[1448,1505,3169,3219]" captionStart="Plate 56: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="13.[123,155,3277,3298]" captionTargetBox="[12,2758,16,3657]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="18. Common Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus pipistrellus), 19. Soprano Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus pygmaeus), 20. Crete Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus creticus), 21. Hanak’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus hanaki), 22. Nathusius’s Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii), 23. Madeira Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus maderensis), 24. Kuhl’s Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii), 25. Dusky Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus hesperidus), 26. Rusty Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus rusticus), 27. Tiny Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nanulus), 28. Aellen’s Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus inexspectatus), 29. Mount GarguesPipistrelle (Pipustrellus aero), 30. Dar-es-Salaam Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus permixtus), 31. Racey’s Pipistrelle (Puipustrellus raceyi), 32. Dhofar Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus dhofarensis), 33. Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus abramus), 34. Endo’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus endoi), 35. Sturdee’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus sturdeei), 36. Javan Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus javanicus), 37. Indian Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus coromandra), 38. Kelaart’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus ceylonicus), 39. Least Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus tenuis), 40. Mount Popa Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus paterculus), 41. Narrow-winged Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus stenopterus), 42. Minahassa Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus minahassae), 43. Greater Papuan Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus collinus), 44. Lesser Papuan Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus papuanus), 45. New Guinea Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus angulatus), 46. Watts’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus wattsi), 47. Northern Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus westralis), 48. Forest Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus adamsi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398502/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">25.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEB6A54FA0D9A38194AB7A1" box="[1521,1866,3169,3219]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEB6A54FA0D9A38194AB7A1" blockId="16.[1445,2451,3169,3299]" box="[1521,1866,3169,3219]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">
<heading id="9F638192FFEB6A54FA0D9A38194AB7A1" box="[1521,1866,3169,3219]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFEB6A54FA0D9A38194AB7A1" ID-CoL="4J6KJ" authority="(Temminck, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1521,1866,3169,3219]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperidus">Dusky Pipistrelle</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEB6A54F8729A38171AB7A1" box="[1934,2330,3169,3219]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEB6A54F8729A38171AB7A1" blockId="16.[1445,2451,3169,3299]" box="[1934,2330,3169,3219]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">
<heading id="9F638192FFEB6A54F8729A38171AB7A1" box="[1934,2330,3169,3219]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEB6A54F8729A38171AB7A1" ID-CoL="4J6KJ" authority="(Temminck, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1934,2330,3169,3219]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperidus">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEB6A54F8729A38171AB7A1" box="[1934,2330,3169,3219]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">Pipistrellus hesperidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEB6A54FA5A9AFD1953B7D2" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEB6A54FA5A9AFD1791B78B" blockId="16.[1445,2451,3169,3299]" box="[1446,2449,3236,3257]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">
<heading id="9F638192FFEB6A54FA5A9AFD1791B78B" box="[1446,2449,3236,3257]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEB6A54FA5A9AFD1BF2B78B" bold="true" box="[1446,1522,3236,3257]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFEB6A54FA009AFD18C6B78B" ID-CoL="4J6KJ" authority="(Temminck, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1532,1734,3236,3257]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperidus">Pipistrelle hespéride</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEB6A54F9279AFD1935B78B" bold="true" box="[1755,1845,3236,3257]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFEB6A54F8C19AFD1669B78B" ID-CoL="4J6KJ" authority="(Temminck, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1853,2153,3236,3257]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperidus">Abendstern-Zwergfledermaus</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEB6A54F7829AFD16DAB78B" bold="true" box="[2174,2266,3236,3257]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFEB6A54F7189AFD1791B78B" ID-CoL="4J6KJ" authority="(Temminck, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[2276,2449,3236,3257]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperidus">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFEB6A54F7189AFD173DB78B" ID-CoL="4J6KJ" authority="(Temminck, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[2276,2365,3236,3257]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperidus">Pipistrela</vernacularName>
africana
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEB6A54FA5A9A921953B7D2" blockId="16.[1445,2451,3169,3299]" box="[1446,1875,3275,3296]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">
<heading id="9F638192FFEB6A54FA5A9A921953B7D2" box="[1446,1875,3275,3296]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEB6A54FA5A9A92189DB7D2" bold="true" box="[1446,1693,3275,3296]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFEB6A54F9599A921953B7D2" ID-CoL="4J6KJ" authority="(Temminck, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1701,1875,3275,3296]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperidus">African Pipistrelle</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEB6A54FA599B56168DB602" box="[1445,2189,3343,3376]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEB6A54FA599B56168DB602" blockId="16.[1444,2650,3343,3502]" box="[1445,2189,3343,3376]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEB6A54FA599B561841B602" bold="true" box="[1445,1601,3343,3376]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEB6A54F9AD9B561688B602" ID-CoL="017486dc-1e07-4ae0-b7e8-8ece7b9bffe2" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1840" box="[1617,2184,3343,3376]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperida">Vespertilio hesperida [sic] Temminck, 1840</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEB6A54F7659B56140EB665" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEB6A54F7659B56140EB665" blockId="16.[1444,2650,3343,3502]" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">
<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFEB6A54F7659B56140EB665" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864656304" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">
“Les bords de la Mer rouge vers les cotés d’Abyssinie [= the shores of the Red Sea toward the coast of
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEB6A54F68F9B6F17F2B665" box="[2419,2546,3382,3415]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
].”
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEB6A55FA5B9B041F50BF73" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="775" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEB6A55FA5B9B041F50BF73" blockId="16.[1444,2650,3343,3502]" lastBlockId="17.[106,1320,741,3497]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="775" pageId="16" pageNumber="774">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEB6A54FA5B9B0418C0B64C" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1447,1728,3421,3454]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="774" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperidus">Pipistrellus hesperidus</taxonomicName>
has generally been considered a synonym of P. kuhliz; however, it is now recognized as a distinct species because of its morphological and genetic distinctions.
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FC72976C1AA5BA64" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[910,1189,309,342]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperidus">Pipistrellus hesperidus</taxonomicName>
seems to be sister to
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FC8097051A00BA4F" baseAuthorityName="Tomes" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[892,1024,348,381]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rusticus">P. rusticus</taxonomicName>
based on limited genetic data and chromosomal similarities. Exact distributional limits between P. /esperidus and
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FC82978F1DEBBAC1" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[894,1003,470,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuhlii">P. kuhlii</taxonomicName>
are uncertain. Canary Islands populations might represent either species and are tentatively included under
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FCC094111DE2B95B" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[828,994,584,617]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperidus">P. hesperidus</taxonomicName>
here. There is considerable variation in morphology across the current distribution of
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FBD194CE1AD6B98A" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1069,1238,663,696]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperidus">P. hesperidus</taxonomicName>
. Subspecies recognized here almost certainly represent distinct species based on genetic and karyological grounds; however, not all populations have been tested, making it difficult to assign them to a species. West African populations mightalso represent a fourth distinct taxon based on high genetic distance and distinct karyotype from southern African populations. There is also considerable divergence between Madagascan and mainland populations, indicating that
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FF8F95F31F19B8F9" box="[115,281,938,971]" name="Madagascar" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
specimens also represent a distinct species, for which the name humbloti might be available (the name was recently allocated to
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FC8A958B1A18B8C1" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[886,1048,978,1011]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperidus">P. hesperidus</taxonomicName>
based on examination of syntypes for the name). Distributions of subspecies are estimates. Three subspecies recognized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEA6A55FF8E92121D1ABD70" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" type="distribution">
<caption id="90EB6676FFEA6A55FF8E92121D1ABD70" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397822" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6397822/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" targetBox="[114,705,318,731]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEA6A55FF8E92121C03BF5A" blockId="17.[106,1320,741,3497]" box="[114,515,1099,1128]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEA6A55FF8E92121C03BF5A" bold="true" box="[114,515,1099,1128]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEA6A55FF8E922D1C5CBF85" blockId="17.[106,1320,741,3497]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FF8E922D1C5CBF85" authority="Temminck, 1840" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1840" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Pipustrellus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="hesperidus" subSpecies="hesperidus">P.h.hesperidusTemminck,1840—EAfricainEritrea,Djibouti,Ethiopia,SWSudan,SouthSudan,andNE&amp;SSomalia.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEA6A55FF8E92E71F95BE34" blockId="17.[106,1320,741,3497]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FF8E92E71F95BE34" authority="Thomas, 1901" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Pipustrellus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="hesperidus" subSpecies="fuscatus">P.h.fuscatusThomas,1901—EAfricainEDRCongo,Uganda,Kenya,Rwanda,Burundi,andTanzania.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEA6A55FF8E93481FB5BE4E" blockId="17.[106,1320,741,3497]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FF8E93481FF2BE1C" authority="Sundevall, 1846" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1846" box="[114,498,1297,1326]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Pipustrellus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="hesperidus" subSpecies="subtilis">P. h. subtilis Sundevall, 1846</taxonomicName>
— S Africa in NC, C &amp; W
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FCAE93481DB9BE1C" box="[850,953,1297,1326]" name="Angola" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Angola</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FC3593481A33BE1C" box="[969,1075,1297,1326]" name="Zambia" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Zambia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FBB893481AA7BE1C" box="[1092,1191,1297,1326]" name="Malawi" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Malawi</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FB4B93481EC3BE64" name="Mozambique" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FF2893601F67BE64" box="[212,359,1337,1366]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
, NC
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FE5293601C34BE64" box="[430,564,1337,1366]" name="Botswana" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Botswana</collectingCountry>
, E &amp;
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FD7E93601D33BE64" box="[642,819,1337,1366]" name="South Africa" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">South Africa</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FCBF93601DCFBE64" box="[835,975,1337,1366]" name="Swaziland" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FC2393601A52BE64" box="[991,1106,1337,1366]" name="Lesotho" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Lesotho</collectingCountry>
, and along the W coast of
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FEF093061FB1BE4E" box="[268,433,1375,1404]" name="Madagascar" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEA6A55FF8D93DA1D1ABD70" blockId="17.[106,1320,741,3497]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">
There are also records on Canary and
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FD6B93DA1D3ABE96" box="[663,826,1411,1444]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
Is and in W Africa in W &amp; SE
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FB1793DA1EACBEFE" name="Senegal" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Senegal</collectingCountry>
, N
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FF2193F61F43BEFE" box="[221,323,1455,1484]" name="Liberia" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Liberia</collectingCountry>
, SE
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FE7D93F61C1EBEFE" box="[385,542,1455,1484]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
, SC
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FDA293F61D18BEFE" box="[606,792,1455,1484]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
, SE
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FCAA93F61DB4BEFE" box="[854,948,1455,1484]" name="Ghana" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Ghana</collectingCountry>
, SW
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FC0793F61A49BEFE" box="[1019,1097,1455,1484]" name="Niger" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Niger</collectingCountry>
, NC
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FB6C93F61AFABEFE" box="[1168,1274,1455,1484]" name="Nigeria" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
, W
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FF8E938B1F09BEC1" box="[114,265,1490,1523]" name="Cameroon" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
, and Bioko I, although exact placement of these populations among taxa currently recognized under the
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FDC893A31CD7BD29" box="[564,727,1530,1563]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Pipustrellus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hesperidus">P. hesperidus</taxonomicName>
species complex is uncertain. A thorough investigation of records of this species is needed.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEA6A55FF8D90081AA8B294" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" type="description">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEA6A55FF8D90081AA8B294" blockId="17.[106,1320,741,3497]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEA6A55FF8D90081F6DBD58" bold="true" box="[113,365,1617,1642]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 43-55 mm, tail 20-41 mm, ear 6-15 mm, hindfoot 5-9 mm, forearm 27-38 mm; weight 3-5-9 g. The Dusky Pipistrelle is highly variable. Pelage is dense and soft. Dorsum ranges between pale grayish brown and reddish brown to darker dark brown and nearly black pelage. Ventral pelage is cream, creamy orange, orangish red, reddish brown, or dark brown (matching a lighter version of dorsum). Naked face is dark brown, and ears are dark reddish brown, with rounded tips. Tragus is widestjust below mid-height, has rounded tip, and is nearly straight anteriorly; posterior margin is smoothly convex, with small basal lobe. Wing membrane is pale brown to blackish brown, being darker or lighter with pelage, and has no white hind border. Uropatagium is paler than wing membrane and stretches more or lessto tail tip from calcar. Baculum is curved upward near base, has two small lobesat tip, and has notch at base rather than completely splitting into two lobes. Skull is moderate in size and moderately robust compared with other African
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FD9F9E7B1CEBB371" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[611,747,2082,2115]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pipistrellus</taxonomicName>
; braincase is relatively high and moderate in breadth; and interorbital region is of medium relative breadth. Dorsal margin of orbit is slightly but conspicuously inflated (in dorsal view, upper rim of orbit bulges outward, unlike straight orbit of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle,
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FD559EC11D17B38B" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[681,791,2200,2233]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuhlii">P. kuhlii</taxonomicName>
); forehead is moderately concave; I? is unicuspid (lacking posterior basal cusp); P* is present and ranges from medium in size to tiny, usually visible above gum and variably within and completely displaced lingually from tooth row; C' and P* vary from being well separated to in contact; M? is large and comparatively broad, with long third ridge and wide gap between protocone and metacone; and lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has FNa =58, and FN = 62 (
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FF0C9FDC1F5DB294" box="[240,349,2437,2470]" name="Senegal" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Senegal</collectingCountry>
) or 2n = 42 and FNa = 50 (southern Africa and
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FC0E9FDC1A9BB294" box="[1010,1179,2437,2470]" name="Madagascar" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEA6A55FF8C9FEF1D9BB1A1" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEA6A55FF8C9FEF1D9BB1A1" blockId="17.[106,1320,741,3497]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEA6A55FF8C9FEF1EDFB2FD" bold="true" box="[112,223,2486,2511]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Habitat.</emphasis>
[Lowland and relict rainforests, montane forests, forest-grassland mosaics among other montane vegetation, coastal forests,
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FC909F841A5EB2C4" box="[876,1118,2525,2550]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acacia (Fabaceae)</taxonomicName>
—
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FB829F841B26B2C4" box="[1150,1318,2525,2550]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Commiphora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Commiphora</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FF809C5C1F2AB12C" box="[124,298,2565,2590]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Burseraceae</taxonomicName>
) bushland, miombo woodlands, farmland, and occasionally human settlements from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFEA6A55FD239C7D1D4BB177" box="[735,843,2596,2629]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
(Ethiopian Highlands). Distribution is determined by annual precipitation. The Dusky Pipistrelle is found where water is available; it is absent from drier regions in
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FD1A9C2B1D97B1A1" box="[742,919,2674,2707]" name="South Africa" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">South Africa</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEA6A55FF939CC31B22B0B2" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEA6A55FF939CC31B22B0B2" blockId="17.[106,1320,741,3497]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEA6A55FF939CC31F72B189" bold="true" box="[111,370,2714,2747]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Dusky Pipistrelles are insectivorous. They forage by slow hawking in areas with moderately cluttered vegetation, such as between tree trunks, in and above canopies, in clearings, around houses, and near water. They eat insects, including
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FB239CB01EDCB003" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FF139D491F88B003" box="[239,392,2832,2865]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FE669D491C30B003" box="[410,560,2832,2865]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FDBE9D491CAAB003" authority=", Trichoptera" authorityName="Trichoptera" box="[578,682,2832,2865]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FD479D491D5EB003" authority=", Trichoptera" authorityName="Trichoptera" box="[699,862,2832,2865]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Trichoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FC8C9D491A30B003" box="[880,1072,2832,2865]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FBBD9D491ADEB003" box="[1089,1246,2832,2865]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FF8C9D6E1EF4B06A" box="[112,244,2871,2904]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Blattodea</taxonomicName>
. In summer, they seem to favor
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FD599D6E1D0CB06A" box="[677,780,2871,2904]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55FCAD9D6E1DE6B06A" box="[849,998,2871,2904]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEA6A55FBED9D6E1ADBB06A" box="[1041,1243,2871,2904]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
, eastern
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FF5A9D061F50B0B2" box="[166,336,2911,2944]" name="South Africa" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. They eat some species that are generally considered pests to agriculture.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEA6A55FF939DDF1ABEB78E" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEA6A55FF939DDF1ABEB78E" blockId="17.[106,1320,741,3497]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEA6A55FF939DDF1EF6B095" bold="true" box="[111,246,2950,2983]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Breeding.</emphasis>
Litter size of the Dusky Pipistrelle is usually two young, rarely one (at least in
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FF6B9DF71EF8B0FD" box="[151,248,2990,3023]" name="Malawi" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Malawi</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FEB89DF71FFCB0FD" box="[324,508,2990,3023]" name="South Africa" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">South Africa</collectingCountry>
). In
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FDBD9DF71CA4B0FD" box="[577,676,2990,3023]" name="Malawi" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Malawi</collectingCountry>
, 14 pregnant and two lactating females were captured in October-November; another eight lactating females were captured in December. In the same area, no reproductively active females were captured in May-June, and two post-lactating females were captured in March-April. This chronology suggests that the Dusky Pipistrelle is seasonally monoestrous, with births in November— December (wet season in
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FE269A2A1C42B7A6" box="[474,578,3187,3220]" name="Malawi" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Malawi</collectingCountry>
). Pregnant females in
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FC819A2A1A2CB7A6" box="[893,1068,3187,3220]" name="South Africa" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">South Africa</collectingCountry>
were recorded in October-November and non-pregnant females in December, March, and May.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEA6A55FF919A9B1421B971" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" type="activity">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEA6A55FF919A9B1421B971" blockId="17.[106,1320,741,3497]" lastBlockId="17.[1389,2596,309,1093]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEA6A55FF919A9B1F5BB7D1" bold="true" box="[109,347,3266,3299]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Dusky Pipistrelles emerge from their roosts at dusk and are active for several hours after sunset, with small activity peak at dawn. Day roosts have been found in a variety of secluded places, including cracks in rock, behind loose bark of dead trees, hollow trees, under roofs, and crevices of buildings. Torpid individuals have been observed during the day at ambient temperatures of 21-24°C in
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FBB69B391AADB6B3" box="[1098,1197,3424,3457]" name="Malawi" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Malawi</collectingCountry>
. Searchphase call shape is steep FM/QCEF, with QCF part varying in duration. In
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55FB8A9BD11AD9B69B" box="[1142,1241,3464,3497]" name="Malawi" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Malawi</collectingCountry>
, calls have start frequencies of 63-86 kHz, end frequencies of 44-50 kHz, peak frequencies of 45-50 kHz, and durations of 2-7 milliseconds. Frequencies of 85-45 kHz have been recorded in
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55F9DE97DD18B4BA97" box="[1570,1716,388,421]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
. Recordings in
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55F86497DD1649BA97" box="[1944,2121,388,421]" name="South Africa" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">South Africa</collectingCountry>
had start frequency of 65-7 kHz, end frequency of 48-7 kHz, peak frequency of 50-3 kHz, and duration of 3-5 milliseconds (averages). In
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55F97F978A190EBAC6" box="[1667,1806,467,500]" name="Swaziland" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
, recordings had minimum frequencies of 41-7-49-1 kHz and durations of 2-4—4-5 milliseconds. Reported predators include the common fiscal (Lanius collaris) in
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55F98C947F18C5B971" box="[1648,1733,550,579]" name="Kenya" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and the little sparrowhawk (Accipiter minullus) in
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEA6A55F692947F141DB971" box="[2414,2589,550,579]" name="South Africa" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">South Africa</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEA6A55FA9294101668B98A" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEA6A55FA9294101668B98A" blockId="17.[1389,2596,309,1093]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEA6A55FA9294101637B958" bold="true" box="[1390,2103,585,618]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Dusky Pipistrelles roost in groups of up to twelve individuals and seem fairly social. When one individual is captured in a mist net, it emits audible calls that attract conspecifics.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEA6A55FA9394E61792B81D" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEA6A55FA9394E61792B81D" blockId="17.[1389,2596,309,1093]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEA6A55FA9394E618CBB9D2" bold="true" box="[1391,1739,703,736]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Dusky Pipistrelle is widespread throughout Africa, but it does not seem to be particularly common in much of its distribution.
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEA6A55F884955719FEB81D" box="[1912,2046,782,815]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="major">No major</taxonomicName>
threats are currently known.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEA6A55FA9395671702BF76" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEA6A55FA9395671702BF76" blockId="17.[1389,2596,309,1093]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEA6A55FA9395671808B865" bold="true" box="[1391,1544,830,855]" pageId="17" pageNumber="775">Bibliography.</emphasis>
ACR (2018), Babiker Salata (2012), Bates et al. (2006), Eisentraut (1968), Fahr (2007), Goodman, Rakotondramanana et al. (2015), Goodman, Rasoanoro et al. (2014), Hill &amp; Harrison (1987), Kearney (
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFEA6A55F62A953F1416B84D" box="[2518,2582,870,895]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.013" pageId="17" pageNumber="775" unit="g" value="2013.0">2013g</quantity>
), Kearney et al. (2002), Kemp &amp; Rautenbach (1987), Kock (2001b), Koubinova et al. (2013), Kruskop et al. (2016), Linden et al. (2014), Monadjem, Shapiro et al. (2017), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Naidoo et al. (2011), Patterson &amp; Webala (2012), Piraccini (2016c¢), Rautenbach et al. (1993), Schoeman &amp; Waddington (2011), Schwan &amp; Hikes (1979), Smithers &amp; Lobao Tello (1976), Stanley &amp; Goodman (2011), Taylor (1998), Taylor, Bohmann etal. (2013), Taylor, Matamba et al. (2017), Taylor, Sowler et al. (2013), Volleth et al. (2001).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink