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<document id="C374FEF67FB34C7DE506EB80F1F004B3" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FFDF6A61FA5692631D99B864" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Vespadelus regulus Thomas 1906" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="795" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="794" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
<mods:mods id="DF3B0E68121C89D1A34B59F3A86B4A3D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="68B09FF6DD81FD4E37F8E09B95CBA9BB">
<mods:title id="2E4EF531C3351E62562706D0E182ED90">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="5516A3EA803A81DAFC0066C10F6B6F43" type="personal">
<mods:role id="1ACB8073308DAD4672A2DC8ACD373B62">
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<mods:namePart id="93DDDDA0D9C882A63AE01E35D584F16E">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="85B3EF90D907BF7866288011876475C7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="97958B8B9C69B7F2175D2B881E9A377F">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="B3934EC33F4C2BD93B088EE78E689F16">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="3C509BB9E19853A600DD4300B9659D9F">2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="753EF80FF605E65D5C8129AF342DEA17" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="DC3EC10C7DA3BFDABA7E710200D0A77B">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="FE18C7BE5D8BE21DD39923DF74C05F22">
<mods:placeTerm id="195FD264830016CE7BB7B00193EBF1A5">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo id="E9BC0DF31B55A905BD7B64026BFF879D">
<mods:title id="D23B8D9A702FD0B712532A773163A8E8">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="A77BEB557F7002DFD5007BE32747852B">
<mods:extent id="C6FDB3C44C38E2C0FCEA4C4A6676559C" unit="page">
<mods:start id="DD0186F254D801D5E8CDACA6A8BC0531">716</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="C22CFAB2CEDF894436C5842C4B00EE1F">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="58DF857FDC347364DFD2E778C0CC44E0" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="89E1D8209092B2CA0CE6AEF97172774C" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="EAFFB5AB15984A5D7A07D7590C75D6F6" type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFDF6A61FA5692631D99B864" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403445" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628398" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403445" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFDF6A61FA5692631D99B864" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFDF6A61FA5692631D99B864" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="795" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDF6A60FA5692631BE2BF5E" box="[1450,1506,1082,1132]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDF6A60FA5692631BE2BF5E" blockId="36.[1447,2521,1082,1216]" box="[1450,1506,1082,1132]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<heading id="9F638192FFDF6A60FA5692631BE2BF5E" box="[1450,1506,1082,1132]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFDF6A60FA5692631BE2BF5E" box="[1450,1506,1082,1132]" captionStart="Plate 57: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="27.[123,155,3200,3221]" captionTargetBox="[12,2751,19,3659]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="49. Eurasian Particolored Bat (Vespertilio murinus), 50. Asian Particolored Bat (Vespertilio sinensis), 51. Pygmy Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris pygmaea), 52. Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris fulvida), 53. Sunda Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris pachypus), 54. Tonkin Greater Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris tonkinensis), 55. Malayan Greater Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris malayana), 56. Sumatran Greater Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris robustula), 57. Yok Don Helmeted Bat (Cassistrellus yokdonensis), 58. Surat Helmeted Bat (Cassustrellus dimissus), 59. Rohu’s Bat (Phuletor brachypterus), 60. Western False Pipistrelle (Falsistrellus mackenziei), 61. Eastern False Pipistrelle (Falsistrellus tasmaniensis), 62. Yellow-lipped Cave Bat (Vespadelus douglasorum), 63. Northern Cave Bat (Vespadelus caurinus), 64. Finlayson’s Cave Bat (Vespadelus finlaysoni), 65. Eastern Cave Bat (Vespadelus troughtoni), 66. Inland Forest Bat (Vespadelus baverstocki), 67. Eastern Forest Bat (Vespadelus pumilus), 68. Little Forest Bat (Vespadelus vulturnus), 69. Large Forest Bat (Vespadelus darlingtoni), 70. Southern Forest Bat (Vespadelus regulus), 71. Large-eared Pied Bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri), 72. Little Pied Bat (Chalinolobus picatus), 73. Hoary Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus nigrogriseus), 74. Gould’s Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus gouldii), 75. New Caledonian Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus neocaledonicus), 76. Chocolate Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus morio), 77. New Zealand Long-tailed Bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398506" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398506/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">70.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDF6A60FA0892631997BF5E" box="[1524,1943,1082,1132]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDF6A60FA0892631997BF5E" blockId="36.[1447,2521,1082,1216]" box="[1524,1943,1082,1132]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<heading id="9F638192FFDF6A60FA0892631997BF5E" box="[1524,1943,1082,1132]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDF6A60FA0892631997BF5E" ID-CoL="7FQSQ" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" box="[1524,1943,1082,1132]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespadelus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">Southern Forest Bat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDF6A60F81C92631726BF5E" box="[2016,2342,1082,1132]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDF6A60F81C92631726BF5E" blockId="36.[1447,2521,1082,1216]" box="[2016,2342,1082,1132]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<heading id="9F638192FFDF6A60F81C92631726BF5E" box="[2016,2342,1082,1132]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFDF6A60F81C92631726BF5E" ID-CoL="7FQSQ" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" box="[2016,2342,1082,1132]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespadelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDF6A60F81C92631726BF5E" box="[2016,2342,1082,1132]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Vespadelus regulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDF6A60FA54922616B0BF89" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDF6A60FA54922617D9BFA6" blockId="36.[1447,2521,1082,1216]" box="[1448,2521,1151,1172]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<heading id="9F638192FFDF6A60FA54922617D9BFA6" box="[1448,2521,1151,1172]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDF6A60FA5492261BF4BFA6" bold="true" box="[1448,1524,1151,1172]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDF6A60FA06922618FCBFA6" ID-CoL="7FQSQ" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" box="[1530,1788,1151,1172]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespadelus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
Vespertilion de King
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A60F937922618FCBFA6" box="[1739,1788,1151,1172]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">River</collectingRegion>
</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDF6A60F8EC9226196ABFA6" bold="true" box="[1808,1898,1151,1172]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDF6A60F8889226166FBFA6" ID-CoL="7FQSQ" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" box="[1908,2159,1151,1172]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespadelus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">Sidliche Waldfledermaus</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDF6A60F779922616E0BFA6" bold="true" box="[2181,2272,1151,1172]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDF6A60F71A922617D9BFA6" ID-CoL="7FQSQ" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" box="[2278,2521,1151,1172]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespadelus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDF6A60F71A9226179EBFA6" ID-CoL="7FQSQ" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" box="[2278,2462,1151,1172]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespadelus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">Vespadela de King</vernacularName>
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A60F654922617D9BFA6" box="[2472,2521,1151,1172]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">River</collectingRegion>
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDF6A60FA5492FF16B0BF89" blockId="36.[1447,2521,1082,1216]" box="[1448,2224,1190,1211]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<heading id="9F638192FFDF6A60FA5492FF16B0BF89" box="[1448,2224,1190,1211]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDF6A60FA5492FF189FBF89" bold="true" box="[1448,1695,1190,1211]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDF6A60F95592FF196EBF89" ID-CoL="7FQSQ" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" box="[1705,1902,1190,1211]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespadelus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
King
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A60F92092FF190DBF89" box="[1756,1805,1190,1211]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">River</collectingRegion>
Little Bat
</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDF6A60F88092FF164ABF89" ID-CoL="7FQSQ" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" box="[1916,2122,1190,1211]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespadelus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
King
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A60F85392FF19E0BF89" box="[1967,2016,1190,1211]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">River</collectingRegion>
Pipistrelle
</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDF6A60F7A592FF16B0BF89" ID-CoL="7FQSQ" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" box="[2137,2224,1190,1211]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespadelus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">Little Bat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDF6A60F7F092B01656BE00" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDF6A60F7F092B01656BE00" blockId="36.[2059,2653,1257,1684]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDF6A60F7F092B016A8BE38" bold="true" box="[2060,2216,1257,1290]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFDF6A60F73A92B01651BE00" ID-CoL="7FQSQ" authority="Thomas, 1906" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespadelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">Pipuistrellus regulus Thomas, 1906</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDF6A60F795934816FFBEB2" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDF6A60F795934816FFBEB2" blockId="36.[2059,2653,1257,1684]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFDF6A60F795934816FFBEB2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319537" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
“King River ... near Albany, King George’s Sound [
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A60F6F09318140DBE68" box="[2316,2573,1345,1370]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFDF6A60F5DC9318165CBEB2" name="Australia" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Australia</collectingCountry>
]. Sea-level.”
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDF6A60F7EC93DE17DCBEC5" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDF6A60F7EC93DE17DCBEC5" blockId="36.[2059,2653,1257,1684]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFDF6A60F7EC93DE1701BE9A" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" box="[2064,2305,1415,1448]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespadelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">Vespadelus regulus</taxonomicName>
may actually comprise two distinct species, one in the east and the other in the west. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDF6A60F7F09058140BBDA6" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" type="distribution">
<caption id="90EB6676FFDF6A60F7F09058140BBDA6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397918" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397918" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6397918/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" targetBox="[1444,2036,1267,1681]" targetPageId="36">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDF6A60F7F09058140BBDA6" blockId="36.[2059,2653,1257,1684]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDF6A60F7F0905816BCBD2C" bold="true" box="[2060,2236,1537,1566]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Distribution.</emphasis>
S &amp;
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A60F6DF905817D8BD2C" box="[2339,2520,1537,1566]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">SE Australia</collectingRegion>
, from S
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A60F7F790741706BD74" box="[2059,2310,1581,1606]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
to
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A60F6C6907417ABBD74" box="[2362,2475,1581,1606]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Victoria</collectingRegion>
, S &amp; E
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A60F5E3907416C5BD5C" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
, and extreme SE
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A60F6159008164BBDA6" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Queensland</collectingRegion>
; also Kangaroo I and
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A60F67C902A1408BDA6" box="[2432,2568,1651,1684]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDF6A60FA5A90C61881B2B2" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" type="description">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDF6A60FA5A90C61881B2B2" blockId="36.[1442,2654,1695,3458]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDF6A60FA5A90C618A4BD8E" bold="true" box="[1446,1700,1695,1724]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head—body 36-2-46-6 mm, tail 28-5-39 mm, ear 9-12-9 mm, forearm 28-34-4 mm; weight 3-6-7 g. Dorsal pelage varies from reddish brown to brown to gray; ventral pelage is generally gray to grayish white (hairs distinctly bicolored, with dark base). Ears and wings are dark gray, and face is pinkish brown. Ears are small and rounded triangular with smoothly convex anterior edge; tragus is narrow, anteriorly straight or slightly concave, posteriorly convex, and with rounded tip and slight posterobasal lobe; tragus is usually dark. Uropatagium reachesto tip oftail. Penis is pendulous and clearly swollen; glans penis has deep furrow on underside and is enclosed by large lateral folds, and distal end is smooth and round with a slightly raised dorsal hump; urethral opening is ventral and approximately centrally located on head of glans, and is enclosed by a large lateral fold on either side. Baculum is moderately long (mean 3-8 mm), is elongate dart-shaped in dorsal view, with moderate basal bifurcation, is slightly expanded laterally at base, and is mostly straight in lateral view with tip bent somewhat upward. Skull is of moderate length; lambdoidal crest is moderately to well developed; anterior narial notch is U-shaped; rostrum is moderately long. I? is bicuspid, I’ is unicuspid; P* is much smaller than C!, and within tooth row; crista linking base of metacone and hypocone on M' is absent,slight, or moderate (absent or slight in south-western and eastern distribution), and absent or slight on M2.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDF6A60FA599FD1172AB2C5" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDF6A60FA599FD1172AB2C5" blockId="36.[1442,2654,1695,3458]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDF6A60FA599FD11814B29B" bold="true" box="[1445,1556,2440,2473]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Habitat.</emphasis>
Occurs in a variety of habitats such as rainforests, wet and dry sclerophyll forests, shrublands and low shrub woodlands, mixed temperate woodlands, mallee, and open woodlands. Recorded from sea level to
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFDF6A60F7DF9F8F1686B2C5" box="[2083,2182,2518,2551]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" unit="m" value="1700.0">1700 m</quantity>
in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A60F7489F8F1726B2C5" box="[2228,2342,2518,2551]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Victoria</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDF6A60FA599FA71873B000" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDF6A60FA599FA71873B000" blockId="36.[1442,2654,1695,3458]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDF6A60FA599FA718AEB12D" bold="true" box="[1445,1710,2558,2591]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Southern Forest Bats forage in forested areas, particularly in mature forests with dense vegetation. They are very maneuverable and readily fly close to vegetation, making quick spirals and gliding arcs to change direction in pursuit of prey. They can reach speeds of 5-25 km/h. They tend to have a small foraging range of less than 10 ha. Diet varies across the range and by season, based on availability. In
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A60FA599C95182CB1D7" box="[1445,1580,2764,2789]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
, they fed mainly on moths and beetles, but also some flies, true bugs, and termites. In
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A60F9B09CB218BEB03E" box="[1612,1726,2795,2828]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Victoria</collectingRegion>
, they ate mostly flies, true bugs, and moths with some beetles,true bugs, and ants.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDF6A60FA589D6016BCB7A4" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDF6A60FA589D6016BCB7A4" blockId="36.[1442,2654,1695,3458]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDF6A60FA589D60182AB068" bold="true" box="[1444,1578,2873,2906]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Breeding.</emphasis>
Southern Forest Bats breed once per year before hibernating. Spermatogenesis peaks in January before mating begins in April. Sperm is stored in the epididymis and breeding continues into winter, when males will arouse from hibernation to mate. A copulatory plug develops in the female’s vagina after mating, and ovulation and fertilization are delayed until spring. Gestation takes c.3 months. Litter consists of single young born in late November or early December; weaning takes place after six weeks. Volant subadults first appear in January and February. In southern
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A60F6B89A7F17CBB775" box="[2372,2507,3110,3143]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
, births occur a month later, from late December to early January. Maximum life span recorded is eight years, with a mean life expectancy of 2-3-2 years.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDF6A61FA5E9AF91F7DBA67" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="795" pageId="36" pageNumber="794" type="activity">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDF6A61FA5E9AF91F7DBA67" blockId="36.[1442,2654,1695,3458]" lastBlockId="37.[125,1332,274,856]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="795" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDF6A60FA5E9AF91894B78F" bold="true" box="[1442,1684,3232,3261]" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Southern Forest Bats forage at night, leaving their roosts at dusk. They appear to become torpid during the day in their roosts, all year. Roosts are selected to be high aboveground in live trees with very little surrounding vegetation. The bats hibernate through winter in a deep torpid state but will wake regularly to forage and mate. Call shape is a steep FM/QCF. There is some variation in characteristic frequency throughout the distribution: 45-46 kHz in north-eastern
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDF6A61F6409B381ED2BA1D" country="Australia" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="795" name="New South Wales" pageId="36" pageNumber="794">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
; 40-43 kHz in south-eastern
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDE6A61FD7B974B1D88BA1D" box="[647,904,274,303]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="37" pageNumber="795">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
; and 54-55 kHz in southern
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDE6A61FF83976D1F79BA67" box="[127,377,308,341]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="37" pageNumber="795">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDE6A61FF8297051F66B928" pageId="37" pageNumber="795" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDE6A61FF8297051F66B928" blockId="37.[125,1332,274,856]" pageId="37" pageNumber="795">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDE6A61FF8297051D3EBA4F" bold="true" box="[126,830,348,381]" pageId="37" pageNumber="795">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Southern Forest Bats roost in colonies of up to 100 individuals in tree hollows or houses. Males usually roost separately from females except during the breeding season. Females seem to roost in larger colonies than males. The bats change roosts frequently, traveling only a short distance to find a new roost.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDE6A61FF8394781ECBB985" pageId="37" pageNumber="795" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDE6A61FF8394781ECBB985" blockId="37.[125,1332,274,856]" pageId="37" pageNumber="795">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDE6A61FF8394781FDCB970" bold="true" box="[127,476,545,578]" pageId="37" pageNumber="795">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There are currently no major threats affecting the Southern Forest Bat, although it is sensitive to extreme forest fragmentation, avoiding small forest remnants, corridors, and open areas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDE6A61FF8394921D99B864" pageId="37" pageNumber="795" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDE6A61FF8394921D99B864" blockId="37.[125,1332,274,856]" pageId="37" pageNumber="795">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDE6A61FF8394921F17B9D2" bold="true" box="[127,279,715,736]" pageId="37" pageNumber="795">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Churchill (2008), Hosken et al. (1998), Kitchener &amp; Halse (1978), Kitchener et al. (1987), Law &amp; Chidel (2002), Law, Chidel &amp; Law (2018), Law, Reinhold &amp; Pennay (2002), Lumsden &amp; Bennett (1995), Lumsden, Reardon &amp; Pennay (2008b), O'Neill &amp; Taylor (1986), Taylor &amp; Savva (1990), Tidemann (1993), Tidemann &amp; Flavel (1987), Tidemann &amp; Law (2008), Turbill (2009), Webala etal. (2010).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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