211 lines
26 KiB
XML
211 lines
26 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="15A0780853321B0FC6AF4CBD4599CC69">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EF0E1898AFAA046811791753805F4A08">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F1ED5CAF25E1A8CAF809EC2FA545D255">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:placeTerm id="97D20F2829E6D929DAF570955F53D1D8">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="CECF0E5CC0522A343E7BC2668E5CD871">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFDD6A62FF56950A168CBA4D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403454" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628483" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403454" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFDD6A62FF56950A168CBA4D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFDD6A62FF56950A168CBA4D" lastPageNumber="796" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FF56950A1EE2B8B3" box="[170,226,851,897]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FF56950A1EE2B8B3" blockId="38.[167,1291,851,1017]" box="[170,226,851,897]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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<heading id="9F638192FFDD6A62FF56950A1EE2B8B3" box="[170,226,851,897]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFDD6A62FF56950A1EE2B8B3" box="[170,226,851,897]" captionStart="Plate 57: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="27.[123,155,3200,3221]" captionTargetBox="[12,2751,19,3659]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="49. Eurasian Particolored Bat (Vespertilio murinus), 50. Asian Particolored Bat (Vespertilio sinensis), 51. Pygmy Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris pygmaea), 52. Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris fulvida), 53. Sunda Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris pachypus), 54. Tonkin Greater Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris tonkinensis), 55. Malayan Greater Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris malayana), 56. Sumatran Greater Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris robustula), 57. Yok Don Helmeted Bat (Cassistrellus yokdonensis), 58. Surat Helmeted Bat (Cassustrellus dimissus), 59. Rohu’s Bat (Phuletor brachypterus), 60. Western False Pipistrelle (Falsistrellus mackenziei), 61. Eastern False Pipistrelle (Falsistrellus tasmaniensis), 62. Yellow-lipped Cave Bat (Vespadelus douglasorum), 63. Northern Cave Bat (Vespadelus caurinus), 64. Finlayson’s Cave Bat (Vespadelus finlaysoni), 65. Eastern Cave Bat (Vespadelus troughtoni), 66. Inland Forest Bat (Vespadelus baverstocki), 67. Eastern Forest Bat (Vespadelus pumilus), 68. Little Forest Bat (Vespadelus vulturnus), 69. Large Forest Bat (Vespadelus darlingtoni), 70. Southern Forest Bat (Vespadelus regulus), 71. Large-eared Pied Bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri), 72. Little Pied Bat (Chalinolobus picatus), 73. Hoary Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus nigrogriseus), 74. Gould’s Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus gouldii), 75. New Caledonian Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus neocaledonicus), 76. Chocolate Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus morio), 77. New Zealand Long-tailed Bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398506" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398506/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">73.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FF08950A1C75B8B3" box="[244,629,851,897]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FF08950A1C75B8B3" blockId="38.[167,1291,851,1017]" box="[244,629,851,897]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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<heading id="9F638192FFDD6A62FF08950A1C75B8B3" box="[244,629,851,897]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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||
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDD6A62FF08950A1C75B8B3" ID-CoL="THFK" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[244,629,851,897]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrogriseus">Hoary Wattled Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FD42950A1A8BB8B3" box="[702,1163,851,897]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FD42950A1A8BB8B3" blockId="38.[167,1291,851,1017]" box="[702,1163,851,897]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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<heading id="9F638192FFDD6A62FD42950A1A8BB8B3" box="[702,1163,851,897]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFDD6A62FD42950A1A8BB8B3" ID-CoL="THFK" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[702,1163,851,897]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrogriseus">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDD6A62FD42950A1A8BB8B3" box="[702,1163,851,897]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Chalinolobus nigrogriseus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FF5595CA1EF8B8C5" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FF5595CA1AACB89A" blockId="38.[167,1291,851,1017]" box="[169,1196,915,936]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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<heading id="9F638192FFDD6A62FF5595CA1AACB89A" box="[169,1196,915,936]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDD6A62FF5595CA1EF4B89A" bold="true" box="[169,244,915,936]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDD6A62FF0195CA1FBDB89A" ID-CoL="THFK" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[253,445,915,936]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrogriseus">Chalinolobe cendré</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDD6A62FE2E95CA1C2CB89A" bold="true" box="[466,556,915,936]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDD6A62FDCA95CA1D84B89A" ID-CoL="THFK" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[566,900,915,936]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrogriseus">Schwarzgraue Lappenfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDD6A62FC6595CA1DF4B89A" bold="true" box="[921,1012,915,936]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDD6A62FC0295CA1AACB89A" ID-CoL="THFK" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1022,1196,915,936]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrogriseus">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDD6A62FC0295CA1A65B89A" ID-CoL="THFK" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1022,1125,915,936]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrogriseus">Calinolobo</vernacularName>
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cenizo
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FF5495E21EF8B8C5" blockId="38.[167,1291,851,1017]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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||
<heading id="9F638192FFDD6A62FF5495E21EF8B8C5" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDD6A62FF5495E21F9FB8E2" bold="true" box="[168,415,955,976]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDD6A62FE5695E21C71B8E2" ID-CoL="THFK" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[426,625,955,976]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrogriseus">Eastern Wattled Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDD6A62FD8295E21CE1B8E2" ID-CoL="THFK" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[638,737,955,976]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrogriseus">Hoary Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDD6A62FD0C95E21A8BB8E2" ID-CoL="THFK" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[752,1163,955,976]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrogriseus">Pied Bat; Blackish-gray Bat (nigrogriseus)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDD6A62FB6595E21EF8B8C5" ID-CoL="THFK" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrogriseus">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDD6A62FB6595E21B0AB8E2" ID-CoL="THFK" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1177,1290,955,976]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrogriseus">Frosted Bat</vernacularName>
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(
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDD6A62FF5395BB1EF1B8C5" ID-CoL="THFK" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[175,241,994,1015]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrogriseus">rogersi</vernacularName>
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)
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FCF2927D1D58BF5F" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FCF2927D1D58BF5F" blockId="38.[782,1374,1060,1488]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDD6A62FCF2927D1DAABF77" bold="true" box="[782,938,1060,1093]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFDD6A62FC40927D1D53BF5F" ID-CoL="ab1e71a2-50ff-4ba3-ae44-9f25522740c0" authority="Gould, 1852" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1852" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrogriseus">Scotophilus nigrogriseus Gould, 1852</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FC9792151DE0BFA6" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FC9792151DE0BFA6" blockId="38.[782,1374,1060,1488]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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||
<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFDD6A62FC9792151DE0BFA6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319629" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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vicinity of Moreton Bay,
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDD6A62FB1692151D4EBFA6" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Queensland</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFDD6A62FCA1922E1DDDBFA6" box="[861,989,1143,1172]" name="Australia" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Australia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FCF292C21AC4BF8E" box="[782,1220,1179,1212]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FCF292C21AC4BF8E" blockId="38.[782,1374,1060,1488]" box="[782,1220,1179,1212]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Two subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FCF3929F1DF2BD2D" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="distribution">
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||
<caption id="90EB6676FFDD6A62FCF3929F1DF2BD2D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397924" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6397924/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" targetBox="[167,759,1071,1487]" targetPageId="38">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FCF3929F1A9FBFD1" blockId="38.[782,1374,1060,1488]" box="[783,1183,1222,1251]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDD6A62FCF3929F1A9FBFD1" bold="true" box="[783,1183,1222,1251]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FCEE92B01A1EBEE2" blockId="38.[782,1374,1060,1488]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFDD6A62FCEE92B01A1EBEE2" authority="Gould, 1352" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1352" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrogriseus" subSpecies="wnigrogriseus">C.n.wnigrogriseusGould,1352-SENewGuinea(includingFergussoninD’EntrecasteauxIs)andNEAustralia,fromCapeYorktotheClarenceRiverinNENewSouthWales(includingFraserandStradbrokeIs).</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FF50938E1DF2BD2D" blockId="38.[167,1375,1495,3462]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFDD6A62FF50938E1C0BBECA" authority="Thomas, 1909" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1909" box="[172,523,1495,1528]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrogriseus" subSpecies="rogersi">C. n. rogersi Thomas, 1909</taxonomicName>
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— N
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFDD6A62FDB6938E1CC8BECA" box="[586,712,1495,1528]" name="Australia" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Australia</collectingCountry>
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in NE
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDD6A62FCDA938E1A1EBECA" box="[806,1054,1495,1528]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
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, N
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDD6A62FBB1938E1B57BECA" box="[1101,1367,1495,1528]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
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, and NW
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDD6A62FEDA93A71FD2BD2D" box="[294,466,1534,1567]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Queensland</collectingRegion>
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, including Tiwi and Groote Eylandt Is.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FF5490731C3CB23C" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FF5490731C3CB23C" blockId="38.[167,1375,1495,3462]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDD6A62FF5490731FA0BD75" bold="true" box="[168,416,1578,1607]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 39-6-58-2 mm,tail 26-43 mm, ear 7-5-13 mm, hindfoot 6-9-8-9 mm, forearm 31-6-39-4 mm; weight 4-2-10 g. Dorsal pelage is dark gray to black, and ventral pelage is grayish brown; fur is frosted with white tips both dorsally and ventrally, giving a hoary appearance, although some individuals lack white frosting, and Western Australian populations have more frosting than
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDD6A62FBBC909A1AEBBDD6" box="[1088,1259,1731,1764]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
populations; there is some lighter grayish, light brown, or white hair on the ventral margins of the membranes, and light hairs that extend onto the venter of the wing and uropatagium, rarely having a distinctly white Vsshaped band similar to the Little Pied Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFDD6A62FF4A913C1F3FBCB0" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1852" box="[182,319,1893,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picatus">C. picatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Membranes and ears are black, and some parts of the face and the arms are dark pinkish brown to black. Ears are short and broad with ribbing on inner surface and small fleshy lobes on lower margin close to lips extending under eyes; tragus is pointed inward, rounded, and stubby. There is a fleshy lobe at the corner of the mouth thatis very poorly developed compared to other congeners. Uropatagium extends to end oftail. Skull has well-developed supraorbital swellings; braincase is large and has a low sagittal crest; much contrast between interorbital and intertemporal widths; rostrum is low and swollen. No posterior cusp on I% I? is about one-third height of I* above cingulum; I’ has a notch (unlike the Little Pied Bat); there is a weakly to well-developed anterointernal cusp on P* P? is minute, or even missing in some cases; lower molars are myotodont.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FF549F4D1FDBB2E1" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FF549F4D1FDBB2E1" blockId="38.[167,1375,1495,3462]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDD6A62FF549F4D1F1AB207" bold="true" box="[168,282,2324,2357]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
A variety of habitats, including monsoon forests, tall open forests, open woodlands, dry sclerophyll forests (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFDD6A62FD3C9F621A19B26E" box="[704,1049,2363,2396]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="camaldulensis">Eucalyptus camaldulensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFDD6A62FBCD9F621ACAB26E" box="[1073,1226,2363,2396]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), riparian woodlands, littoral rainforest, deciduous vine thickets, coastal scrub, sand dunes, spinifex-covered hills, grasslands, and floodplains. Commonest in lowlands, from sea level up to
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFDD6A62FE829FEB1FD8B2E1" box="[382,472,2482,2515]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FF549F801A88B03C" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FF549F801A88B03C" blockId="38.[167,1375,1495,3462]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDD6A62FF549F801FAEB2C8" bold="true" box="[168,430,2521,2554]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Hoary Wattled Bats forage close to water and in swampy areas, and have been seen foraging along the forest edge, above the canopy, and close to rivers and creeks in forest, generally avoiding dense vegetation away from water. They catch prey both aerially and by gleaning off the ground and foliage. They are moderately fast fliers, reaching speeds up to
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFDD6A62FD889C2E1CD2B1AA" box="[628,722,2679,2712]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" unit="km" value="34.0">34 km</quantity>
|
||
/h; they frequently change direction quickly to catch evasive prey, which they can detect 3-5 m away. They have a varied insectivorous diet, but prefer beetles, ants, and moths; also recorded are spiders, mantises, earwigs, crickets, grasshoppers, cockroaches, cicadas, bugs, flies, and lacewings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FF559D4C1A76B0B7" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FF559D4C1A76B0B7" blockId="38.[167,1375,1495,3462]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDD6A62FF559D4C1F2FB004" bold="true" box="[169,303,2837,2870]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Pregnant females have been recorded in July, August, October, and late November. Twins (rarely single young) are born during October and November and lactating females have been observed from October through January.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FF5B9DD21A14B778" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FF5B9DD21A14B778" blockId="38.[167,1375,1495,3462]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDD6A62FF5B9DD21F94B09E" bold="true" box="[167,404,2955,2988]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Hoary Wattled Bats leave their roosts to forage early in the evening (often before other bats have emerged), and have been observed foraging at twilight, often emerging in large numbers at the same time. They roost in hollows in trees and in roofs of buildings, occasionally also in rock crevices. Call shape is FM/QCF with a characteristic frequency greater than 36 kHz (36-1-40-8 kHz).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FF549A091C22B623" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FF549A091C22B623" blockId="38.[167,1375,1495,3462]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDD6A62FF549A091D78B743" bold="true" box="[168,888,3152,3185]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Hoary Wattled Bat roosts in colonies of up to several hundred individuals. In New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFDD6A62FC549A211A10B7AB" box="[936,1040,3192,3225]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a maternity colony was reported with several hundred females and their young in the roof of a building in November. In this maternity colony, bats clustered in groups of 10-40, some solitary, but no males were present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FF559B4F1AD7B6B4" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FF559B4F1AD7B6B4" blockId="38.[167,1375,1495,3462]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDD6A62FF559B4F1C05B605" bold="true" box="[169,517,3350,3383]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Hoary Wattled Bat is widespread and common throughout its range, and does not seem to face any major threats. Roost disturbance and loss may be locally significant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDD6A62FA59974F168CBA4D" pageId="38" pageNumber="796" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDD6A62FA59974F168CBA4D" blockId="38.[1444,2649,278,386]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDD6A62FA59974F183EBA1D" bold="true" box="[1445,1598,278,303]" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bonaccorso (1998), Churchill (2008), Flannery (1995a, 1995b), Hutson, Schlitter, Csorba, Thomson & McKenzie (2008), Kutt et al. (2008), McKenzie, Fontanini et al. (1995), Milledge et al. (1992), Milne (2002), Ryan (1966),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDD6A62F9CD97331857BA4D" box="[1585,1623,362,383]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="38" pageNumber="796">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
Deusen & Koopman (1971), Vestjens & Hall (1977).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |