197 lines
24 KiB
XML
197 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="8632CF5F84D873FBA8E7B64BBB849F1A" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FFDC6A63FA8097F317D6B7A9" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Chalinolobus morio" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="797" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="797" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:title id="AF659F663AC60E640296991A746C2056">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0E096EB59A254C343A4AFFB572688AC2">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C13DB0F540B4C7D448D3B14F61AD9359">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="71377E23088027AA752F7A6FD88FA172">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="771FBCF2C004001D6EE5ABCE760E2335">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="2AF9C67F29533C38DB0D9F123909BE1C" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="FEF23E591B8FED8EBDD159A1576E4B77">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="E5F6B2ED1A0316CB48A215CE4EE37965">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="070E2F051BDF0B32160795F978561FBB">
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<mods:title id="10FF1E0819489B553269890505EED71B">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="5F8F04EA346CFD88E5E41FD80D4D8368">716</mods:start>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFDC6A63FA8097F317D6B7A9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403459" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628485" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403459" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFDC6A63FA8097F317D6B7A9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFDC6A63FA8097F317D6B7A9" lastPageNumber="797" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63FA8097F31BB5BAE6" box="[1404,1461,426,468]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63FA8097F31BB5BAE6" blockId="39.[1401,2401,426,549]" box="[1404,1461,426,468]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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<heading id="9F638192FFDC6A63FA8097F31BB5BAE6" box="[1404,1461,426,468]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFDC6A63FA8097F31BB5BAE6" box="[1404,1461,426,468]" captionStart="Plate 57: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="27.[123,155,3200,3221]" captionTargetBox="[12,2751,19,3659]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="49. Eurasian Particolored Bat (Vespertilio murinus), 50. Asian Particolored Bat (Vespertilio sinensis), 51. Pygmy Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris pygmaea), 52. Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris fulvida), 53. Sunda Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris pachypus), 54. Tonkin Greater Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris tonkinensis), 55. Malayan Greater Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris malayana), 56. Sumatran Greater Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris robustula), 57. Yok Don Helmeted Bat (Cassistrellus yokdonensis), 58. Surat Helmeted Bat (Cassustrellus dimissus), 59. Rohu’s Bat (Phuletor brachypterus), 60. Western False Pipistrelle (Falsistrellus mackenziei), 61. Eastern False Pipistrelle (Falsistrellus tasmaniensis), 62. Yellow-lipped Cave Bat (Vespadelus douglasorum), 63. Northern Cave Bat (Vespadelus caurinus), 64. Finlayson’s Cave Bat (Vespadelus finlaysoni), 65. Eastern Cave Bat (Vespadelus troughtoni), 66. Inland Forest Bat (Vespadelus baverstocki), 67. Eastern Forest Bat (Vespadelus pumilus), 68. Little Forest Bat (Vespadelus vulturnus), 69. Large Forest Bat (Vespadelus darlingtoni), 70. Southern Forest Bat (Vespadelus regulus), 71. Large-eared Pied Bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri), 72. Little Pied Bat (Chalinolobus picatus), 73. Hoary Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus nigrogriseus), 74. Gould’s Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus gouldii), 75. New Caledonian Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus neocaledonicus), 76. Chocolate Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus morio), 77. New Zealand Long-tailed Bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398506" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398506/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">76.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63FA3A97F3199ABAE6" box="[1478,1946,426,468]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63FA3A97F3199ABAE6" blockId="39.[1401,2401,426,549]" box="[1478,1946,426,468]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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<heading id="9F638192FFDC6A63FA3A97F3199ABAE6" box="[1478,1946,426,468]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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||
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDC6A63FA3A97F3199ABAE6" ID-CoL="THFH" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[1478,1946,426,468]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morio">Chocolate Wattled Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63F81E97F31739BAE6" box="[2018,2361,426,468]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63F81E97F31739BAE6" blockId="39.[1401,2401,426,549]" box="[2018,2361,426,468]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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<heading id="9F638192FFDC6A63F81E97F31739BAE6" box="[2018,2361,426,468]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFDC6A63F81E97F31739BAE6" ID-CoL="THFH" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[2018,2361,426,468]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morio">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDC6A63F81E97F31739BAE6" box="[2018,2361,426,468]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Chalinolobus morio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63FA8797BC161CB910" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63FA8797BC1761BAC8" blockId="39.[1401,2401,426,549]" box="[1403,2401,485,506]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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<heading id="9F638192FFDC6A63FA8797BC1761BAC8" box="[1403,2401,485,506]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDC6A63FA8797BC1BC6BAC8" bold="true" box="[1403,1478,485,506]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDC6A63FA3397BC189DBAC8" ID-CoL="THFH" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[1487,1693,485,506]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morio">Chalinolobe chocolat</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDC6A63F94E97BC190CBAC8" bold="true" box="[1714,1804,485,506]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDC6A63F8EA97BC1619BAC8" ID-CoL="THFH" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[1814,2073,485,506]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morio">Narren-Lappenfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDC6A63F7D397BC168ABAC8" bold="true" box="[2095,2186,485,506]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDC6A63F76F97BC1761BAC8" ID-CoL="THFH" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[2195,2401,485,506]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morio">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDC6A63F76F97BC16FABAC8" ID-CoL="THFH" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[2195,2298,485,506]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morio">Calinolobo</vernacularName>
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chocolate
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63FA869454161CB910" blockId="39.[1401,2401,426,549]" box="[1402,2076,525,546]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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<heading id="9F638192FFDC6A63FA869454161CB910" box="[1402,2076,525,546]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDC6A63FA8694541871B910" bold="true" box="[1402,1649,525,546]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDC6A63F98694541908B910" ID-CoL="THFH" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[1658,1800,525,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morio">Chocolate Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFDC6A63F8E99454161CB910" ID-CoL="THFH" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[1813,2076,525,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Chalinolobus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morio">Chocolate Lobe-lipped Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63F82294171628B9A5" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63F82294171628B9A5" blockId="39.[2014,2608,590,1017]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDC6A63F8229417167AB95D" bold="true" box="[2014,2170,590,623]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFDC6A63F76E94171623B9A5" ID-CoL="4VY5P" authority="J. E. Gray, 1841" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morio">Scotophilus morio J. E. Gray, 1841</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63F7CF9427174BB9A5" box="[2099,2379,638,663]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63F7CF9427174BB9A5" blockId="39.[2014,2608,590,1017]" box="[2099,2379,638,663]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFDC6A63F7CF9427174BB9A5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319713" box="[2099,2379,638,663]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDC6A63F7CF942716BAB9A5" box="[2099,2234,638,663]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFDC6A63F73494271748B9A5" box="[2248,2376,638,663]" name="Australia" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Australia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63F82294C41749B98C" box="[2014,2377,669,702]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63F82294C41749B98C" blockId="39.[2014,2608,590,1017]" box="[2014,2377,669,702]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63F822949D17E7B8B1" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="distribution">
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<caption id="90EB6676FFDC6A63F822949D17E7B8B1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397930" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397930" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6397930/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" targetBox="[1400,1991,604,1019]" targetPageId="39">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63F822949D17E7B8B1" blockId="39.[2014,2608,590,1017]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDC6A63F822949D168FB9D7" bold="true" box="[2014,2191,708,741]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Mostly S & E
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFDC6A63F69E949D17E1B9D7" box="[2402,2529,708,741]" name="Australia" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Australia</collectingCountry>
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, with scattered populations in WC
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDC6A63F68B94B51628B806" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
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, S
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDC6A63F7A9954A1761B806" box="[2133,2401,787,820]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
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, N
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDC6A63F66A954A1629B86E" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">South Australia</collectingRegion>
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, and C
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDC6A63F75C9566174CB86E" box="[2208,2380,831,860]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Queensland</collectingRegion>
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; also on Fraser, Kangaroo, Flinders, and
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDC6A63F6C0953317C2B8B1" box="[2364,2498,874,899]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
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Is.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63F82395D019E5BD10" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63F82395D019E5BD10" blockId="39.[2014,2608,590,1017]" lastBlockId="39.[1402,2609,1024,3227]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDC6A63F82395D016D9B898" bold="true" box="[2015,2265,905,938]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 40-61 mm, tail 39-3-49-5 mm, ear 7-7-9-8 mm, forearm 35-42 mm; weight 5-5-13 g. Head is steeply domed with very short muzzle, often with distinct ridge of fur across muzzle between eyes. Dorsal pelage is milk-chocolate brown, ventral only slightly paler. Membranes and ears are light brownish black to blackish, and face and arms are light pinkish black. Ears are short and broad, with ribbing on inner surface, but no small fleshy lobes on lower margin close to lips (typically well developed in congeners); tragus is short, broad, and strongly curved forward, with pointed tip. Wattle at corner of lip is moderately developed, with small lobe at corner of mouth and an easily seen semicircular secondary lobe along lower lip. Uropatagium extends to end oftail, and calcar extends to almost halfway between foot and tail on uropatagium, with large, rounded postcalcareal lobe near base of foot. Skull lacks a sagittal crest; very little contrast between interorbital and intertemporal widths; supraorbital swellings present. I? has a posterior cup; I* is 40-50% height of I? above cingulum; P* is minute, and may be absent; P* has an anterointernal cusp that ranges from minute to prominent; lower molars are myotodont. Karyotype is 2n = 44.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63FA8790741777BDD5" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63FA8790741777BDD5" blockId="39.[1402,2609,1024,3227]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDC6A63FA8790741BEABD78" bold="true" box="[1403,1514,1581,1610]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Rainforest, wet and dry sclerophyll forest, woodland, mallee, shrubland, and other treeless regions (e.g. Nullarbor Plain), generally close to water. In inland regions, the distribution appears to follow rivers and streams that supply the bat with large trees for roosting; it prefers more continuous forests rather than those that are patchy or fragmented. Recorded from sea level up to
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFFDC6A63F78C909F16D4BDD5" box="[2160,2260,1734,1767]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5699999999999998" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" unit="m" value="1570.0">1570 m</quantity>
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in
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDC6A63F6FD909F1773BDD5" box="[2305,2419,1734,1767]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Victoria</collectingRegion>
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||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63FA8790B7141CBCE6" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63FA8790B7141CBCE6" blockId="39.[1402,2609,1024,3227]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDC6A63FA8790B7187FBC3D" bold="true" box="[1403,1663,1774,1807]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Chocolate Wattled Bats forage in open areas between top of understory and canopy, sometimes flying low along foresttrails. They fly fast and direct with rapid wingbeats, and gliding attack maneuvers to catch evasive prey in flight. Maximum recorded speed is
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFDC6A63F932913D192ABCB7" box="[1742,1834,1892,1925]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" unit="km" value="28.0">28 km</quantity>
|
||
/h. They forage opportunistically and diet changes with prey availability during specific times of year and in different regions; main items are moths and beetles, but they also take termites, flies, bugs, ants, lacewings, and wasps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63FA8791831769B26C" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63FA8791831769B26C" blockId="39.[1402,2609,1024,3227]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDC6A63FA8791831802BCC9" bold="true" box="[1403,1538,2010,2043]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Spermatogenesis occurs in males during spring and summer, and sperm is stored in the epididymis through winter, when the testes regress. The species mates mainly in autumn, but also through winter as males arouse from hibernation to mate with hibernating females. Ovulation is delayed until spring, after the females emerge from hibernation, and 1-2 young are born after gestation of 4-5 months. Births occur later in southern parts of the range than in the north, typically in October in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDC6A63FA809E961827B3DA" box="[1404,1575,2255,2280]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
and November in southern portions of the range. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDC6A63F6E99E96179CB3DA" box="[2325,2460,2255,2280]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
, births are a month later than in other bats of the region, but weaning occurs at about the same time, indicating that the lactation period is shorter. Weaning generally takes place by early February when volantjuveniles begin to appear in the population.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63FA869F3D1407B022" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63FA869F3D1407B022" blockId="39.[1402,2609,1024,3227]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDC6A63FA869F3D185FB2B7" bold="true" box="[1402,1631,2404,2437]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Chocolate Wattled Bats leave their roosts at dusk to forage through the night. They hibernate in a deep torpid state through the winter, and start hibernation about a month later than other bats in their environment. This may give the species an advantage because there is no competition for food resources at this time, although food does become scarcer. Males remain more active during winter than females, as they are also mating, but both males and females arouse from hibernation to forage. Roosts are typically found in tree hollows but also in houses, under the exfoliating bark of trees, in fairy martin (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFDC6A63F9A19C201943B1A8" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[1629,1859,2681,2714]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Petrochelidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ariel">Petrochelidon ariel</taxonomicName>
|
||
) nests, in culverts, under bridges, and rarely in caves (particularly in south-western areas and the Nullarbor Plain). Calls have been recorded in south
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFDC6A63FA069C9118F1B1DB" box="[1530,1777,2760,2793]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
with the following parameters: lowest frequency 50-4 kHz, highest frequency 125-8 kHz, peak frequency 63 kHz, and duration 3-4 milliseconds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63FA809D4E18DCB0E4" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63FA809D4E18DCB0E4" blockId="39.[1402,2609,1024,3227]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDC6A63FA809D4E1642B00A" bold="true" box="[1404,2114,2839,2872]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Chocolate Wattled Bat roosts sex-specifically, female colonies usually numbering 6-70 individuals but males generally roosting alone. Colonies of up to 400 individuals have been recorded in buildings and caves. Chocolate Wattled Bats regularly switch between a number of roosts, alternating them almost daily.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63FA809D8517ACB716" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63FA809D8517ACB716" blockId="39.[1402,2609,1024,3227]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDC6A63FA809D8518D9B0CF" bold="true" box="[1404,1753,3036,3069]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Chocolate Wattled Batis widespread and does not seem to face any major threats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFDC6A63FA819A6A17D6B7A9" pageId="39" pageNumber="797" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFDC6A63FA819A6A17D6B7A9" blockId="39.[1402,2609,1024,3227]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFDC6A63FA819A6A1816B77E" bold="true" box="[1405,1558,3123,3148]" pageId="39" pageNumber="797">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Churchill (2008), Fullard et al. (1991), Hosken & O'Shea (2001), Kitchener & Coster (1981), Lumsden, McKenzie & Reardon (2008), Lunney et al. (1985), O'Neill & Taylor (1986), Ryan (1966), Schulz (1998a), Tidemann & Flavel (1987), Turbill (2006a), Volleth & Tidemann (1989), Young (1979), Young etal. (2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |