192 lines
22 KiB
XML
192 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E8BCD4CA697E5074E6E778816C486632">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DD11B7E1AF276B6172731A29D63BB108">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C2D1A0697048317712FE205507F5BD4A">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="CB1FB4CB03EFB584DC4D3DA44AF72DFC">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="7294EE6FEC99CB3CB5217E23EFD3D168" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="525B5498F4114F83AD2B4AC15AECBB2B">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="73F3EA2E2E1DD69E8EAA0AFF777C8B02">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="581413871B6FF74064B4505ABDD0DC9A">
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<mods:title id="204EDBA0A96B87055EB7FC6B4B88E803">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="631BF2223621802D2ECF96746FE886FA">716</mods:start>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFD56A6BFA579FAE1D41BD19" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403473" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628049" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403473" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFD56A6BFA579FAE1D41BD19" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFD56A6BFA579FAE1D41BD19" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="805" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD56A6AFA579FAE1BE4B117" box="[1451,1508,2551,2597]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD56A6AFA579FAE1BE4B117" blockId="46.[1449,2440,2551,2639]" box="[1451,1508,2551,2597]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">
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<heading id="9F638192FFD56A6AFA579FAE1BE4B117" box="[1451,1508,2551,2597]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFD56A6AFA579FAE1BE4B117" box="[1451,1508,2551,2597]" captionStart="Plate 58: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="43.[119,149,3359,3384]" captionTargetBox="[11,2759,17,3657]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="78. New Guinea Big-eared Bat (Pharotis imogene), 79. Western Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus major), 80. Corben’s Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus corbeni), 81. Pallid Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus daedalus), 82. Gould’s Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus gouldi), 83. Tasmanian Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus sherrini), 84. New Caledonian Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus nebulosus), 85. Papuan Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus macrotis), 86. Pygmy Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus walkeri), 87. Eastern Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus bifax), 88. Northern Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus arnhemensis), 89. Mount Missim Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus shirleyae), 90. Small-toothed Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus microdon), 91. Lesser Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi), 92. Sunda Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus heran), 93. Lord Howe Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus howensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398510/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">86.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD56A6AFA099FAE19CBB117" box="[1525,1995,2551,2597]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD56A6AFA099FAE19CBB117" blockId="46.[1449,2440,2551,2639]" box="[1525,1995,2551,2597]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">
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<heading id="9F638192FFD56A6AFA099FAE19CBB117" box="[1525,1995,2551,2597]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">
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||
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFD56A6AFA099FAE19CBB117" ID-CoL="485YY" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1892" box="[1525,1995,2551,2597]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">Pygmy Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD56A6AF7EC9FAE176BB117" box="[2064,2411,2551,2597]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD56A6AF7EC9FAE176BB117" blockId="46.[1449,2440,2551,2639]" box="[2064,2411,2551,2597]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">
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||
<heading id="9F638192FFD56A6AF7EC9FAE176BB117" box="[2064,2411,2551,2597]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFD56A6AF7EC9FAE176BB117" ID-CoL="485YY" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1892" box="[2064,2411,2551,2597]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFD56A6AF7EC9FAE176BB117" box="[2064,2411,2551,2597]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">Nyctophilus walkeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD56A6AFA569C6E1788B17E" box="[1450,2440,2615,2636]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD56A6AFA569C6E1788B17E" blockId="46.[1449,2440,2551,2639]" box="[1450,2440,2615,2636]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">
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<heading id="9F638192FFD56A6AFA569C6E1788B17E" box="[1450,2440,2615,2636]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFD56A6AFA569C6E1BF6B17E" bold="true" box="[1450,1526,2615,2636]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFD56A6AFA039C6E18D2B17E" ID-CoL="485YY" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1892" box="[1535,1746,2615,2636]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">Nyctophile de Walker</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFD56A6AF91A9C6E1941B17E" bold="true" box="[1766,1857,2615,2636]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFD56A6AF8BB9C6E1653B17E" ID-CoL="485YY" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1892" box="[1863,2131,2615,2636]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">WalkerLangohrfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFD56A6AF7949C6E16C4B17E" bold="true" box="[2152,2244,2615,2636]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFD56A6AF7319C6E1788B17E" ID-CoL="485YY" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1892" box="[2253,2440,2615,2636]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">Nictofila de Walker</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD56A6AF7F19C201657B1F0" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD56A6AF7F19C201657B1F0" blockId="46.[2061,2656,2681,3108]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFD56A6AF7F19C2016A9B1A8" bold="true" box="[2061,2217,2681,2714]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFD56A6AF7399C201652B1F0" authority="Thomas, 1892" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1892" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walker">Nyctophilus walker Thomas, 1892</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD56A6AF79F9CFC169EB1DB" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD56A6AF79F9CFC169EB1DB" blockId="46.[2061,2656,2681,3108]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFD56A6AF79F9CFC169EB1DB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319460" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">
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“Adelaide River,
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFD56A6AF6B19CFC1457B1F0" box="[2381,2647,2725,2754]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFD56A6AF7F19C91168CB1DB" box="[2061,2188,2760,2793]" name="Australia" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">Australia</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD56A6AF7F39CB61452B0B5" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD56A6AF7F39CB61452B0B5" blockId="46.[2061,2656,2681,3108]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFD56A6AF7F39CB616FAB022" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1892" box="[2063,2298,2799,2832]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">Nyctophilus walkeri</taxonomicName>
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is tentatively in the
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFD56A6AF5FA9CB61460B022" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[2566,2656,2799,2832]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">macrotis</taxonomicName>
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species group, but its exact relationships to other species of
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFD56A6AF7059D671787B06D" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[2297,2439,2878,2911]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctophilus</taxonomicName>
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are unresolved and require additional analysis. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD56A6AF7F29DC816B1B0CF" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" type="distribution">
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<caption id="90EB6676FFD56A6AF7F29DC816B1B0CF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397950" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397950" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6397950/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" targetBox="[1447,2038,2693,3108]" targetPageId="46">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD56A6AF7F29DC816B1B0CF" blockId="46.[2061,2656,2681,3108]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFD56A6AF7F29DC816BEB09C" bold="true" box="[2062,2238,2961,2990]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">Distribution.</emphasis>
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NE
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFD56A6AF6E19DC81427B09C" box="[2333,2599,2961,2990]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
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, N
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFD56A6AF7F29DE4171AB0E4" box="[2062,2330,3005,3030]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
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, and NW
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFD56A6AF6579DE41457B0E4" box="[2475,2647,3005,3030]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">Queensland</collectingRegion>
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, N
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFD56A6AF7D29D8516AEB0CF" box="[2094,2222,3036,3069]" name="Australia" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">Australia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD56A6BF7F29A5A1AFCB931" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="805" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD56A6BF7F29A5A1AFCB931" blockId="46.[2061,2656,2681,3108]" lastBlockId="47.[124,1335,285,1582]" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="805" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFD56A6AF7F29A5A1705B716" bold="true" box="[2062,2309,3075,3108]" pageId="46" pageNumber="804">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 38-44 mm, tail 26-36 mm, ear 10-7-14-1 mm, forearm 30-1-36 mm; weight 3-7 g. The Pygmy Longeared Bat is the smallest species of
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFD56A6AF8809A01160BB747" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[1916,2059,3160,3189]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctophilus</taxonomicName>
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, with relatively large ears and unique simple noseleaf consisting of two ridges, one further on muzzle and another immediately above nostrils, with vertical groove in middle and furred trough between them. Dorsal pelage is pale orangish brown to fawn; venter is cream or buff. Wing membranes are blackish brown, and face, ears, and wing bones are pinkish brown. Rostrum is short and blunt, with ridge across muzzle over nostrils that is well developed with deep but thin medial notch. Ears are large and broad, with bluntly rounded tips but are much smaller, narrower, and more tapered at tip compared with other species of
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFD56A6AF79A9B3116F6B6BB" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[2150,2294,3432,3465]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="804" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctophilus</taxonomicName>
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, having horizontal ribbing on inner surfaces, inward curved anterior edges, and smooth posterior edges (ears can fold back at top of thick part of anterior edge); interauricular membrane typical of the genus is either missing or barely present and covered by fur; tragusis almost rectangular, being straight or very slightly convex on anterior margin. Baculum has distinct distal notch, curves downward at base,is bifurcated basally, and is straight for the rest of shaft. Skull is robust, tympanic bullae are small, and M? and lower molars are not reduced.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD46A6BFF7C94541DA6B94B" pageId="47" pageNumber="805" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD46A6BFF7C94541DA6B94B" blockId="47.[124,1335,285,1582]" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFD46A6BFF7C94541EEFB918" bold="true" box="[128,239,525,554]" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Riverine
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFD46A6BFE7D94541CB5B918" box="[385,693,525,554]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Melaleuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="47" pageNumber="805" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Melaleuca (Myrtaceae)</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFD46A6BFCF494541A6AB918" box="[776,1130,525,554]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="805" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pandanus (Pandanaceae)</taxonomicName>
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forests, monsoon rainforest patches, open savanna woodlands, tall open forests, and mixed shrublands, generally associated with permanent water sources.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD46A6BFF8394261A88B857" pageId="47" pageNumber="805" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD46A6BFF8394261A88B857" blockId="47.[124,1335,285,1582]" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFD46A6BFF8394261F87B992" bold="true" box="[127,391,639,672]" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Pygmy Long-eared Bats forage by aerial-hawking and gleaning off the ground and foliage. They usually fly within 1-2 m of the ground or water surface and are highly maneuverable in cluttered vegetation. Their flight is jerky and irregular, with 2-3 wing flaps before a glide, which might be an adaptation to avoid predation. Diet consists mostly of moths and beetles in the Top End region, but cockroaches, termites, mosquitoes, leafhoppers, lacewings, and spiders were also eaten.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD46A6BFF8395351AF2BF31" pageId="47" pageNumber="805" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD46A6BFF8395351AF2BF31" blockId="47.[124,1335,285,1582]" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFD46A6BFF8395351F03B8BF" bold="true" box="[127,259,876,909]" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
A female Pygmy LLong-eared Bat captured in September in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFD46A6BFB8E95351ECAB886" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
|
||
was in early pregnancy with twins, and three females were captured in late pregnancy in mid-October. A pregnant female with a fetus in each uterine horn was captured in October in the Kimberley region. Young are likely born around early November.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD46A6BFF8092531AD7BFC2" pageId="47" pageNumber="805" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD46A6BFF8092531AD7BFC2" blockId="47.[124,1335,285,1582]" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFD46A6BFF8092531F68BF19" bold="true" box="[124,360,1034,1067]" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Pygmy LLong-eared Bats spend the day roosting in foliage and forage throughout the night. They have been reported roosting in dead fronds of large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFD46A6BFB1092681F66BF4B" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Livistona" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="47" pageNumber="805" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Livistona (Arecaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
palms and have been seen emerging from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFD46A6BFC3A92011A4CBF4B" box="[966,1100,1112,1145]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="805" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pandanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
thickets at dusk. Call shape is steep FM sweep, with peak frequencies of40-7-50-8 kHz (mean 45-8 kHz) in the Top End region. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFD46A6BFE1292FE1CE7BFFA" box="[494,743,1191,1224]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, peak frequencies were 54-58 kHz (mean 56 kHz) and were noteasily distinguished from other species of long-eared bat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD46A6BFF8192AF1B09BEBC" pageId="47" pageNumber="805" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD46A6BFF8192AF1B09BEBC" blockId="47.[124,1335,285,1582]" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFD46A6BFF8192AF1D14BE25" bold="true" box="[125,788,1270,1303]" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Pygmy [Long-eared Bats reportedly roost in large enough colonies that they can be heard squabbling with each other during the day, but no specific numbers are available. They appearto be long-lived because captured individuals commonly have teeth worn down to nubs that are virtually flush with gums.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD46A6BFF8193C51B2FBEEF" pageId="47" pageNumber="805" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD46A6BFF8193C51B2FBEEF" blockId="47.[124,1335,285,1582]" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFD46A6BFF8193C51FDDBE87" bold="true" box="[125,477,1436,1461]" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List, as it is locally common in much ofits distribution and does not seem to face any major threats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFD46A6BFF8293B51D41BD19" pageId="47" pageNumber="805" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFD46A6BFF8293B51D41BD19" blockId="47.[124,1335,285,1582]" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFD46A6BFF8293B51F16BD37" bold="true" box="[126,278,1516,1541]" pageId="47" pageNumber="805">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bullen & McKenzie (2002a), Churchill (2008), Churchill et al. (1984), McKenzie, Lumsden & Parnaby (2008), Milne (2002), Milne etal. (2016), Parnaby (2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |