319 lines
39 KiB
XML
319 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="EF49D8F8CA5C7D7B8922A5ED58F47E49" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FFCD6A72FF4C9E46194AB2E8" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Hypsugo affinis Dobson 1871" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="812" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="812" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:title id="FE13D69945027229BDE2823F5D0F72F3">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6D23DF2815B3181EE43F51DFF76A0089">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DF50A752A14C8B9E8FFBE31353CA8F36">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4137634FF34390B25E4CC00917883275">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="146870847CC162E40DB9F6CF3BA36C9A" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFCD6A72FF4C9E46194AB2E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6581252" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628303" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6581252" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFCD6A72FF4C9E46194AB2E8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFCD6A72FF4C9E46194AB2E8" lastPageNumber="812" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FF4C9E461EFFB37F" box="[176,255,2079,2125]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FF4C9E461EFFB37F" blockId="54.[170,1154,2079,2206]" box="[176,255,2079,2125]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
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<heading id="9F638192FFCD6A72FF4C9E461EFFB37F" box="[176,255,2079,2125]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFCD6A72FF4C9E461EFFB37F" box="[176,255,2079,2125]" captionStart="Plate 59" captionStartId="51.[133,163,3283,3308]" captionTargetBox="[12,2757,17,3656]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="94. Fairy Pipistrelle (Hypsugo ariel), 95. Lanza’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo lanzai), 96. Arabian Pipistrelle (Hypsugo arabicus), 97. Savi’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo savii), 98. Alashanian Pipistrelle (Hypsugo alaschanicus), 99. Cadorna’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo cadornae), 100. Joftre’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo joffrei), 101. Chinese Pipistrelle (Hypsugo pulveratus), 102. Chocolate Pipistrelle (Hypsugo affinis), 103. Pungent Pipistrelle (Hypsugo mordax), 104. Peters’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo petersi), 105. Long-toothed Pipistrelle (Hypsugo dolichodon), 106. Burmese Pipistrelle (Hypsugo lophurus), 107. Red-brown Pipistrelle (Hypsugo kitcheneri), 108. Brown Pipistrelle (Hypsugo imbricatus), 109. Big-eared Pipistrelle (Hypsugo macrotis), 110. Vordermann’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo vordermanni), 111. Anchieta’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo anchieta), 112. Kirindy Pipistrelle (Hypsugo bemainty), 113. Mouse-like Pipistrelle (Hypsugo musciculus), 114. Broad-headed Pipistrelle (Hypsugo crassulus), 115. Eisentraut’s Pipistrelle (Hypsugo eisentrauti), 116. Schlieffen’s Bat (Nycticeinops schlieffenii), 117. Moloney’s Mimic Bat (Mimetillus moloneyi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398514/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">102.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FEED9E461CC1B37F" box="[273,705,2079,2125]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FEED9E461CC1B37F" blockId="54.[170,1154,2079,2206]" box="[273,705,2079,2125]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
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<heading id="9F638192FFCD6A72FEED9E461CC1B37F" box="[273,705,2079,2125]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFCD6A72FEED9E461CC1B37F" ID-CoL="8LZZM" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" box="[273,705,2079,2125]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">Chocolate Pipistrelle</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FCF69E461A20B37F" box="[778,1056,2079,2125]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FCF69E461A20B37F" blockId="54.[170,1154,2079,2206]" box="[778,1056,2079,2125]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
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<heading id="9F638192FFCD6A72FCF69E461A20B37F" box="[778,1056,2079,2125]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FCF69E461A20B37F" ID-CoL="8LZZM" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" box="[778,1056,2079,2125]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCD6A72FCF69E461A20B37F" box="[778,1056,2079,2125]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Hypsugo affinis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FF509E061D32B3A9" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FF509E061A81B346" blockId="54.[170,1154,2079,2206]" box="[172,1153,2143,2164]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
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<heading id="9F638192FFCD6A72FF509E061A81B346" box="[172,1153,2143,2164]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCD6A72FF509E061EF8B346" bold="true" box="[172,248,2143,2164]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFCD6A72FF029E061FAAB346" ID-CoL="8LZZM" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" box="[254,426,2143,2164]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">Vespére chocolat</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCD6A72FE429E061C18B346" bold="true" box="[446,536,2143,2164]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFCD6A72FDDE9E061D35B346" ID-CoL="8LZZM" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" box="[546,821,2143,2164]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">Hochland-Zwergfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCD6A72FCB69E061DA5B346" bold="true" box="[842,933,2143,2164]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFCD6A72FC539E061A81B346" ID-CoL="8LZZM" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" box="[943,1153,2143,2164]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">Hypsugo chocolatero</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FF579EDF1D32B3A9" blockId="54.[170,1154,2079,2206]" box="[171,818,2182,2203]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
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<heading id="9F638192FFCD6A72FF579EDF1D32B3A9" box="[171,818,2182,2203]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCD6A72FF579EDF1FA2B3A9" bold="true" box="[171,418,2182,2203]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFCD6A72FE509EDF1C64B3A9" ID-CoL="8LZZM" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" box="[428,612,2182,2203]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">Grizzled Pipistrelle</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFCD6A72FD8E9EDF1D32B3A9" ID-CoL="8LZZM" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" box="[626,818,2182,2203]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72FD8E9EDF1CC8B3A9" box="[626,712,2182,2203]" country="United Kingdom" name="Highland" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Highland</collectingRegion>
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Pipistrelle
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FCF39E931DE0B221" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FCF39E931DE0B221" blockId="54.[782,1378,2250,2679]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCD6A72FCF39E931DABB3D9" bold="true" box="[783,939,2250,2283]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FC3B9E931DDBB221" ID-CoL="8LJ8Q" authority="Dobson, 1871" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vesperugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis" subGenus="Pipistrellus">Vesperugo (Pipistrellus) affinis Dobson, 1871</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FC089EAF1AB6B208" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FC089EAF1AB6B208" blockId="54.[782,1378,2250,2679]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFCD6A72FC089EAF1AB6B208" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319667" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
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Bhamo,
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFFCD6A72FB899EAF1AE3B221" box="[1141,1251,2294,2323]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3719999999999999" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" unit="m" value="1372.0">1372 m</quantity>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72FB009EAF1D56B208" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Kachin State</collectingRegion>
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, north-eastern
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72FBD19F781AB2B208" box="[1069,1202,2337,2362]" name="Myanmar" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FCF39F1816F5BA9D" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FCF39F1816F5BA9D" blockId="54.[782,1378,2250,2679]" lastBlockId="54.[1446,2660,280,2525]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
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This species,
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FC2B9F181AA4B250" authorityName="A. B. Meyer" authorityYear="1899" box="[983,1188,2369,2402]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersi">Hypsugo petersi</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FB049F181D40B2BB" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mordax">H. mordax</taxonomicName>
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were previously placed in Pipustrellus, where the first two were treated in the “
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FCE19FEE1D6FB2EA" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" box="[797,879,2487,2520]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">affinis</taxonomicName>
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group” (with some other Asian species) by G. H. H. Tate in 1942, and by K. F. Koopman in 1994. In 1987, based mainly on bacular characters of
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FAEC9C741B61B17C" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" box="[1296,1377,2605,2638]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">affinis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FCB09C031D9BB145" authorityName="A. B. Meyer" authorityYear="1899" box="[844,923,2650,2679]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersi">petersi</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FC529C031A10B145" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" box="[942,1040,2650,2679]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mordax">mordax</taxonomicName>
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was not included in the study), J. E. Hill and D. L. Harrison redefined the
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FC739C251DE0B1AF" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" box="[911,992,2684,2717]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">affinis</taxonomicName>
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group, limiting it to these three species (
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FE809CFA1FDFB1F6" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" box="[380,479,2723,2756]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mordax">mordax</taxonomicName>
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tentatively), which they placed in the subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FB589CFA1B37B1F6" authorityName="Troughton" authorityYear="1943" box="[1188,1335,2723,2756]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Falsistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Falsistrellus</taxonomicName>
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of Pipustrellus, alongside the Australian forms
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FD039C931DA1B1D9" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1858" box="[767,929,2762,2795]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tasmaniensis">tasmaniensis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FC169C931A70B1D9" authorityName="Kitchener, Caputi & B. Jones" authorityYear="1986" box="[1002,1136,2762,2795]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Falsistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mackenziei">mackenziei</taxonomicName>
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(the
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FB429C931B60B1D9" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1858" box="[1214,1376,2762,2795]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tasmaniensis">tasmaniensis</taxonomicName>
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group). G. B. Corbet and Hill followed this arrangement in 1992, whereas in 2005 N. B. Simmons recognized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FDD59D401CBDB008" authorityName="Troughton" authorityYear="1943" box="[553,701,2841,2874]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Falsistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Falsistrellus</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid genus, with the same five species. The phylogenetic studies of L.. R. Heaney and colleagues in 2012 and M. Ruedi and colleagues in 2017, revealed a close relationship of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FCA69D301DAAB0B8" authorityName="A. B. Meyer" authorityYear="1899" box="[858,938,2921,2954]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersi">petersi</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FC259D301A48B0B8" box="[985,1096,2921,2954]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hypsugo</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On the basis of sequence data of mitochondrial and nuclear genes, and combining cranial, dental, and multivariate statistical evidence, in 2018 T. Gorfol and G. Csorba (and in 2019 Gorfol and colleagues) recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FDDE9D861C72B732" authorityName="A. B. Meyer" authorityYear="1899" box="[546,626,3039,3072]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersi">petersi</taxonomicName>
|
||
within a clade of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FC9B9D861DD6B732" box="[871,982,3039,3072]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hypsugo</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a sister relationship to H. dolichodon; as a result they transferred the Asian members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FBE79A561AB0B71A" authorityName="Troughton" authorityYear="1943" box="[1051,1200,3087,3112]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Falsistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Falsistrellus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FB3E9A561B17B71A" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" box="[1218,1303,3087,3112]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">affinis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FAD59A561ED8B77C" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mordax">mordax</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FF149A741F37B77C" authorityName="A. B. Meyer" authorityYear="1899" box="[232,311,3117,3150]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersi">petersi</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FE8E9A741FE1B77C" box="[370,481,3117,3150]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hypsugo</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At the specific level, following Gorfol and Csorba, comparison between specimens of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FE0B9A0C1C47B744" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" box="[503,583,3157,3190]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">affinis</taxonomicName>
|
||
” from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72FD539A0C1D34B744" box="[687,820,3157,3190]" name="Myanmar" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Mon State) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72FBCA9A0C1AC7B744" box="[1078,1223,3157,3190]" name="Cambodia" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and those from the Indian subcontinent revealed morphological differences (skull and dental characters, number of caudal vertebrae, bacular form), with the result that the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72FAF49AF51EE0B7DF" name="Myanmar" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72FEDB9A951FB7B7DF" box="[295,439,3276,3309]" name="Cambodia" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimens were reidentified as H. dolichodon. Earlier, specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FF569AAA1EFBB626" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" box="[170,251,3315,3348]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">affinis</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72FEB29AAA1F97B626" box="[334,407,3315,3348]" name="India" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72FE279AAA1C5FB626" box="[475,607,3315,3348]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
had been treated as belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FBC79AAA1A99B626" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" box="[1083,1177,3315,3348]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mordax">mordax</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Further studies with genetic data are needed to determine the exact distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FB599B421AF5B60E" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" box="[1189,1269,3355,3388]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">affinis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its real relationship to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FE3E9B1F1C20B651" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" box="[450,544,3398,3427]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mordax">mordax</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FD9A9B1F1CB6B651" authorityName="A. B. Meyer" authorityYear="1899" box="[614,694,3398,3427]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersi">petersi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including whether they are all conspecific (the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72FEF89B301F62B6B8" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" box="[260,354,3433,3466]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mordax">mordax</taxonomicName>
|
||
has priority), as was previously suspected, for example by C. M. Francis and Hill in 1986 and Corbet and Hill in 1992; comparisons ofthe three are complicated by the fact that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72F9209719193ABA53" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" box="[1756,1850,320,353]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mordax">mordax</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only one with a type specimen that includes a skull. Gorfol and Csorba also reported that preliminary investigations suggested potentially undescribed forms (unpublished) in the group. Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FA5197E3145FB917" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="90EB6676FFCD6A72FA5197E3145FB917" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397984" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6397984/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" targetBox="[168,759,2260,2674]" targetPageId="54">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FA5197E3145FB917" blockId="54.[1446,2660,280,2525]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCD6A72FA5197E3185DBAE5" bold="true" box="[1453,1629,442,471]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72F99A97E318B0BAE5" box="[1638,1712,442,471]" name="India" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72F93897E3197ABAE5" box="[1732,1914,442,471]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72F87B97E31632BAE5" box="[1927,2098,442,471]" country="India" name="West Bengal" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">West Bengal</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72F7BD97E316F4BAE5" box="[2113,2292,442,471]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Maharashtra</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72F6FD97E3175CBAE5" box="[2305,2396,442,471]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Kerala</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72F65A97E31450BAE5" box="[2470,2640,442,471]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
|
||
), C
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72FA3797B81820BACC" box="[1483,1568,481,510]" name="Nepal" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72F9CC97B818B6BACC" box="[1584,1718,481,510]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Central and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72F88097B819B2BACC" box="[1916,1970,481,510]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Uva" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Uva</collectingRegion>
|
||
provinces), SC
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72F76C97B816E4BACC" box="[2192,2276,481,510]" name="China" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(SE
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72F6D497B81773BACC" box="[2344,2419,481,510]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
[=
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72F65E97B8140CBACC" box="[2466,2572,481,510]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Xizang</collectingRegion>
|
||
],
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72F5DE97B81BE4B917" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72F9CD945D18AEB917" box="[1585,1710,516,549]" country="China" name="Guangxi" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
|
||
), and NE
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72F8C4945D19BEB917" box="[1848,1982,516,549]" name="Myanmar" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
(known only from type locality in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72F667945D1450B917" box="[2459,2640,516,549]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Kachin State</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FA509475144DBEEB" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FA509475144DBEEB" blockId="54.[1446,2660,280,2525]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCD6A72FA50947518AAB97F" bold="true" box="[1452,1706,556,589]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 43-51 mm, tail 30-41 mm, ear 12-15 mm, hindfoot 7-8 mm, forearm 37-8-41-5 mm. Pelage of the Chocolate Pipistrelle is soft, dense, and relatively long; upperparts are chocolate-brown, almost black, lighter on head and neck, with pale gray hairtips, giving slightly grizzled appearance; underparts are also dark,slightly paler than dorsum, with grayish-white bases and dark tips; uniformly white near anus. Wing membranes, ears, and naked parts of face are blackish brown. Ears are broad and rounded, more or less triangular; tragusis broad and pointed at anterior end. Muzzle is moderately long and narrow. Wing membranes attach to base of outertoe. Tail is long, with nine caudal vertebrae. Baculum of a specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72F600953E1446B8BA" box="[2556,2630,871,904]" name="India" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
is broad, proximally widened and ventrally deeply fluted, with no distal expansion. Skull has relatively low braincase in comparison to rostrum, which is robust and elongated, with lateral and median depressions; forehead is almost flat; zygomata are robust with low but evident postorbital processes; basicranial pits are poorly developed; coronoid process of each half mandible exceeds C, in height. I? is short and broad; I* is well developed, equal in height to secondary cusp of I*, and with distinct accessory cusp internally; it is usually situated closely adjacent to C', which is unicuspid and broad at base; P* is of moderate size, subequal to I” in crown area and slightly displaced internally; C! and P* are not in contact, according to specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72F73992921710BFDE" box="[2245,2320,1227,1260]" name="India" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but in specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72FA5792AB1800BE21" box="[1451,1536,1266,1299]" name="China" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
they be may slightly in contact; P,is situated in tooth row, and is about two-thirds the crown area and height of P,. Condilo-canine lengths are 13-7-14-5 mm, and maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-5
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFCD6A72F86E931819E5BE50" box="[1938,2021,1345,1378]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
. In 1969, S. Pathak and T. Sharma reported two different karyotypes under different names from the same locality in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72F654933017F1BEB8" box="[2472,2545,1385,1418]" name="India" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72F5FA93301811BE80" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Maharashtra</collectingRegion>
|
||
), 2n = 36 and FN = 50 for the form then named
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72F73D93C017A8BE80" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1871" box="[2241,2472,1433,1458]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">Pipustrellus affinis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and 2n = 34 and FN = 46 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72F96C93E11910BEEB" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" box="[1680,1808,1464,1497]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mordax">P. mordax</taxonomicName>
|
||
; they differ by a small pair of subtelocentric chromosomes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FA5593861453BD44" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FA5593861453BD44" blockId="54.[1446,2660,280,2525]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCD6A72FA5593861817BD32" bold="true" box="[1449,1559,1503,1536]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
The Chocolate Pipistrelle is apparently confined to high altitudes up to ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFCD6A72FA40905E1827BD1A" box="[1468,1575,1543,1576]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72F9A6905E18DEBD1A" box="[1626,1758,1543,1576]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it has been recorded in Central Highlands at
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFCD6A72F6AB905E17BABD1A" box="[2391,2490,1543,1576]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.846" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" unit="m" value="1846.0">1846 m</quantity>
|
||
, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72F617905E143DBD1A" box="[2539,2621,1543,1576]" name="Nepal" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
at
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFCD6A72FA56906B180FBD7D" box="[1450,1551,1586,1615]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
|
||
, and in Darjeeling district,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72F878906B19CDBD7D" box="[1924,1997,1586,1615]" name="India" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, at
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFCD6A72F803906B1663BD7D" box="[2047,2147,1586,1615]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.452" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" unit="m" value="1452.0">1452 m</quantity>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCD6A72F76B906B1715BD7D" box="[2199,2325,1586,1615]" name="Myanmar" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
,it was recorded in Bhamo, a town beside the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72F91D900C196BBD44" box="[1761,1899,1621,1654]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Irrawaddy</collectingRegion>
|
||
River surrounded by deciduous and evergreen forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FA5590241921BDF6" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FA5590241921BDF6" blockId="54.[1446,2660,280,2525]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCD6A72FA55902418AEBDAC" bold="true" box="[1449,1710,1661,1694]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Chocolate Pipistrellesfly at heights of 5-6 m and catch small flying insects such as mosquitoes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FA559096191EBDDE" box="[1449,1822,1743,1772]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FA559096191EBDDE" blockId="54.[1446,2660,280,2525]" box="[1449,1822,1743,1772]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCD6A72FA559096182FBDDE" bold="true" box="[1449,1583,1743,1772]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FA5B90AA16F0BCB8" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FA5B90AA16F0BCB8" blockId="54.[1446,2660,280,2525]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCD6A72FA5B90AA1895BC26" bold="true" box="[1447,1685,1779,1812]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Chocolate Pipistrelle is nocturnal. It appears to spend the day in the roofs of buildings or in cracks and small holes in tree trunks, emerging at dusk to feed on insects, which it captures around human habitations and clearings. It may hibernate for a short period during cold and frosty weather.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FA5491C81923BCEB" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FA5491C81923BCEB" blockId="54.[1446,2660,280,2525]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCD6A72FA5491C81660BC80" bold="true" box="[1448,2144,1937,1970]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Chocolate Pipistrelles roost in small colonies of 5-6 individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FA5491BD1432B3F4" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FA5491BD1432B3F4" blockId="54.[1446,2660,280,2525]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCD6A72FA5491BD1903B333" bold="true" box="[1448,1795,2020,2049]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCD6A72F61491BD1827B31B" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1871" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Falsistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">Falsistrellus affinis</taxonomicName>
|
||
),, in view ofits wide distribution and expected large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining quickly. In parts of South Asia, the Chocolate Pipistrelle is threatened by habitat loss, largely through commercial logging and conversion of land for agriculture, as well as human interference at roosting sites. Further studies are needed into its taxonomy, distribution, abundance, reproduction, and ecology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCD6A72FA549E8F194AB2E8" pageId="54" pageNumber="812" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCD6A72FA549E8F194AB2E8" blockId="54.[1446,2660,280,2525]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCD6A72FA549E8F1841B3DD" bold="true" box="[1448,1601,2262,2287]" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Acharya et al. (2010), Bates & Harrison (1997), Bates et al. (2005), Boitani et al. (2006), Chheang et al. (2013), Corbet & Hill (1992), Csorba, Bumrungsri, Francis, Bates, Gumal &
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72F6E79EA41778B224" box="[2331,2424,2301,2326]" country="Jamaica" name="Kingston" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Kingston</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2008f), Das (2003), Dobson (1871b), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1951), Francis (2008a), Francis & Hill (1986), Gorfol & Csorba (2018), Gorfol, Csorba et al. (2014), Gorfol, Furey et al. (2019), Heaney et al. (2012), Hill & Harrison (1987), Koopman (1994), Molur et al. (2002), Pathak & Sharma (1969), Phauk et al. (2013), Phillips (1980), Ruedi,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCD6A72F5F09F2D143CB2BF" box="[2572,2620,2420,2445]" country="Hungary" name="Eger" pageId="54" pageNumber="812">Eger</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (2017), Simmons (2005), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu (2012), Tate (1942b), Wroughton (1916, 1918a), Yapa & Ratnavira (2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |