265 lines
30 KiB
XML
265 lines
30 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="341CA93FDE553FCB36FC0183268F91F6">
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<mods:title id="6C61DE418FED929154F062C51BB6E883">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="10222740D1B41E33E3AB4DC9DCE71D9E">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1D4C7383CA1E5A349C1C83E91FAA2EB0">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="2B3A18F0FCCEA60BB257B3779DEDFE5C">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="8B276E483B22E9627E9F2D8B801411BC" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="373E453D7CAF2F6180E02D46ABA767AD">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="38DF1FE9D31B17340DBAD0CEE51A19E7">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="E494A1C3E4B02FC860826743F04B9DDF">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="180AE593B6C36984D7A42CD64EBDD923">716</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="C860835036554F05D4A9AC7D9AE2C556">981</mods:end>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FF87936417F4BE28" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6581278" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628479" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6581278" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FF87936417F4BE28" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FF87936417F4BE28" lastPageNumber="827" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FF8793641ECBBE59" box="[123,203,1341,1387]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FF8793641ECBBE59" blockId="69.[119,1226,1341,1467]" box="[123,203,1341,1387]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
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<heading id="9F638192FFBE6A01FF8793641ECBBE59" box="[123,203,1341,1387]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFBE6A01FF8793641ECBBE59" box="[123,203,1341,1387]" captionStart="Plate 60: Vespe" captionStartId="61.[119,149,3300,3325]" captionTargetBox="[12,2753,18,3658]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="118. Cape Serotine (Neoromicia capensis), 119. Malagasy Serotine (Neoromicia matroka), 120. Isalo Serotine (Neoromicia malagasyensis), 121. Roberts’s Serotine (Neoromicia robertsi), 122. Stanley’s Serotine (Neoromicia stanleyi), 123. Zulu Serotine (Neoromicia zuluensis), 124. Tiny Serotine (Neoromicia guineensis), 125. Somali Serotine (Neoromicia somalica), 126. Banana Serotine (Neoromicia nanus), 127. Rendall’s Serotine (Neoromicia rendalli), 128. Dark-brown Serotine (Neoromicia brunnea), 129. Rosevear’s Serotine (Neoromicia roseveari), 130. Isabelline Serotine (Neoromicia isabella), 131. Grandidier’s Serotine (Neoromicia grandidieri), 132. White-winged Serotine (Neoromicia tenuipinnis), 133. Heller’s Serotine (Neoromicia helios), 134. De Winton’s LLong-eared Bat (Laephotis wintoni), 135. Angolan Long-eared Bat (Laephotis angolensis), 136. Botswanan Long-eared Bat (Laephotis botswanae), 137. Namib Long-eared Bat (Laephotis namibensis), 138. Sind Bat (Rhyneptesicus nasutus), 139. Collared Sprite (Thainycteris aureocollaris), 140. Necklace Sprite (Thainycleris torquatus), 141. Bronze Sprite (Arielulus circumdatus), 142. Social Sprite (Arelulus societatis), 143. Coppery Sprite (Arielulus cuprosus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398519/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">141.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FF2093641FFABE59" box="[220,506,1341,1387]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FF2093641FFABE59" blockId="69.[119,1226,1341,1467]" box="[220,506,1341,1387]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
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<heading id="9F638192FFBE6A01FF2093641FFABE59" box="[220,506,1341,1387]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
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||
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFBE6A01FF2093641FFABE59" ID-CoL="GMM8" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[220,506,1341,1387]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Arielulus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="circumdatus">Bronze Sprite</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FDC293641DCCBE59" box="[574,972,1341,1387]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FDC293641DCCBE59" blockId="69.[119,1226,1341,1467]" box="[574,972,1341,1387]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
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||
<heading id="9F638192FFBE6A01FDC293641DCCBE59" box="[574,972,1341,1387]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01FDC293641DCCBE59" ID-CoL="GMM8" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[574,972,1341,1387]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Arielulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="circumdatus">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBE6A01FDC293641DCCBE59" box="[574,972,1341,1387]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Arielulus circumdatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FF8593271C58BE88" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FF8593271ACABEA1" blockId="69.[119,1226,1341,1467]" box="[121,1226,1406,1427]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
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<heading id="9F638192FFBE6A01FF8593271ACABEA1" box="[121,1226,1406,1427]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBE6A01FF8593271EC4BEA1" bold="true" box="[121,196,1406,1427]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFBE6A01FF3293271FD7BEA1" ID-CoL="GMM8" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[206,471,1406,1427]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Arielulus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="circumdatus">Farfadet a oreilles bordées</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBE6A01FE1093271C46BEA1" bold="true" box="[492,582,1406,1427]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFBE6A01FDAC93271D8BBEA1" ID-CoL="GMM8" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[592,907,1406,1427]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Arielulus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="circumdatus">Bronzefarbene Elfenfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBE6A01FC5C93271DFBBEA1" bold="true" box="[928,1019,1406,1427]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFBE6A01FBFF93271ACABEA1" ID-CoL="GMM8" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1027,1226,1406,1427]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Arielulus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="circumdatus">Arielulus bronceado</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FF8493FC1C58BE88" blockId="69.[119,1226,1341,1467]" box="[120,600,1445,1466]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
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<heading id="9F638192FFBE6A01FF8493FC1C58BE88" box="[120,600,1445,1466]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBE6A01FF8493FC1F6FBE88" bold="true" box="[120,367,1445,1466]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFBE6A01FE8593FC1C58BE88" ID-CoL="GMM8" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[377,600,1445,1466]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Arielulus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="circumdatus">Black-gilded Pipistrelle</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FD2A93BE1D8ABD1D" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FD2A93BE1D8ABD1D" blockId="69.[726,1327,1511,1937]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBE6A01FD2A93BE1D72BD3A" bold="true" box="[726,882,1511,1544]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01FC6A93BE1D85BD1D" ID-CoL="7FR5J" authority="Temminck, 1840" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1840" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="circumdatus">Vespertilio circumdatus Temminck, 1840</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FC6A904B1A78BD65" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FC6A904B1A78BD65" blockId="69.[726,1327,1511,1937]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFBE6A01FC6A904B1A78BD65" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319458" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
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“L’ile de
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFBE6A01FBED904B1A4FBD1D" box="[1041,1103,1554,1583]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Java</collectingRegion>
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, dans le district sauvage de Tapos,”
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FC14906F1A74BD65" box="[1000,1140,1590,1623]" name="Indonesia" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FD2490381D1DB3B2" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FD2490381D1DB3B2" blockId="69.[726,1327,1511,1937]" lastBlockId="69.[120,1328,1945,3478]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
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Current members of
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01FBE490381A8DBD4C" box="[1048,1165,1633,1662]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Arielulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Arielulus</taxonomicName>
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were long treated as a species group within Pipustrellus, or sometimes
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01FC2D90F51A46BDFF" box="[977,1094,1708,1741]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eptesicus</taxonomicName>
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, on the grounds of karyology and bacular morphology. In 1987,
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01FCD390A21DA4BC2E" box="[815,932,1787,1820]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Arielulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Arielulus</taxonomicName>
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was established as a subgenus within Pipustrellus. In 1999, G. Csorba and Lee Lingling concluded that
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01FB4691131B2FBC59" box="[1210,1327,1866,1899]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Arielulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Arielulus</taxonomicName>
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was distinct from
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01FC1D912D1A6DBCA3" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[993,1133,1908,1937]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pipistrellus</taxonomicName>
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, raising it to generic rank, with
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01FE7191C01C25BC88" authorityName="Kock & Storch" authorityYear="1996" box="[397,549,1945,1978]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Thainycteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Thainycteris</taxonomicName>
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as a junior synonym; these two were later split.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01FB2491C01F19BCD3" baseAuthorityName="Hill" baseAuthorityYear="1972" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Arielulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="societatis">Arielulus societatis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01FE9E91991FF8BCD3" authorityName="Francis & Hill" authorityYear="1984" box="[354,504,1984,2017]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Arielulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuprosus">A. cuprosus</taxonomicName>
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were at times regarded as merely lowland forms of A.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01FAF591991EF7B33B" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1840" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="circumdatus">circumdatus</taxonomicName>
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||
. Chinese populations have sometimes been separated as
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01FBDB91B11AEDB33B" box="[1063,1261,2024,2057]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="drungicus">race drungicus</taxonomicName>
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||
, but they differ only in minor dental characters; Vietnamese (Dalat Plateau) specimens are slightly smaller with less red than those from
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FD0F9E6E1D48B36A" box="[755,840,2103,2136]" name="Nepal" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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||
; more research is needed to assess the degree of intraspecific variation. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FF869EDC1C7CB22F" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="90EB6676FFBE6A01FF869EDC1C7CB22F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398069" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398069/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" targetBox="[112,703,1521,1936]" targetPageId="69">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FF869EDC1C7CB22F" blockId="69.[120,1328,1945,3478]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBE6A01FF869EDC1F29B394" bold="true" box="[122,297,2181,2214]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Patchily distributed in
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FD8A9EDC1CCBB394" box="[630,715,2181,2214]" name="Nepal" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, NE
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||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FCEF9EDC1D5CB394" box="[787,860,2181,2214]" name="India" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFBE6A01FC8E9EDC1DD5B394" box="[882,981,2181,2214]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
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||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFBE6A01FC199EDC1A40B394" box="[997,1088,2181,2214]" country="India" name="Assam" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Assam</collectingRegion>
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||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFBE6A01FBAD9EDC1AE8B394" box="[1105,1256,2181,2214]" country="India" name="Meghalaya" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Meghalaya</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFBE6A01FF869EF41EFEB3FC" box="[122,254,2221,2254]" country="India" name="Mizoram" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Mizoram</collectingRegion>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FEE59EF41F9EB3FC" box="[281,414,2221,2254]" name="Myanmar" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFBE6A01FE499EF41C6EB3FC" box="[437,622,2221,2254]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Kachin State</collectingRegion>
|
||
), SC
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FD469EF41D0EB3FC" box="[698,782,2221,2254]" name="China" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFBE6A01FCDA9EF41D92B3FC" box="[806,914,2221,2254]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFBE6A01FC219EF41A8AB3FC" box="[989,1162,2221,2254]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FB599EF41B27B3FC" box="[1189,1319,2221,2254]" name="Thailand" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FF849E8D1EF2B3C7" box="[120,242,2260,2293]" name="Vietnam" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FEFF9E8D1F95B3C7" box="[259,405,2260,2293]" name="Cambodia" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FDBF9E8D1CB9B3C7" box="[579,697,2260,2293]" name="Malaysia" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Fraser’s Hill in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFBE6A01FC599E8D1A98B3C7" box="[933,1176,2260,2293]" country="Malaysia" name="Pahang" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Pahang Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
), and Java; it may occur more widely in S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FDDE9EA51C78B22F" box="[546,632,2300,2333]" name="China" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FF869F7A1C89B7B3" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FF869F7A1C89B7B3" blockId="69.[120,1328,1945,3478]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBE6A01FF869F7A1F7BB276" bold="true" box="[122,379,2339,2372]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 46-58 mm,tail 36-46 mm, ear 10-15 mm, hindfoot 7-10 mm, forearm 38-6—44-3 mm; weight 6-2-17-3 g. The Bronze Sprite resembles some serotines (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01FE9A9F2B1C3DB2A1" box="[358,573,2418,2451]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Neoromicia spp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in appearance, but with broader and short muzzle and very distinct pelage. Fur is long and soft; upperparts essentially black, but some hairs have distinctive ferruginous tips, giving an almost orange sheen to head and back; ventral surface is uniform brown, paler than back (hair roots slightly darker than tips). Ears are medium-sized, with distinct lobe at base near eye, dark brown with pale (buffy) anterior and posterior margins; tragus similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01FB4B9C6E1B28B16A" box="[1207,1320,2615,2648]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hypsugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hypsugo</taxonomicName>
|
||
, less than one-half ear length, bluntly pointed on tip, slightly convex posteriorly and concave anteriorly, also with pale rims. Membranes are uniform dark brown and essentially naked. Baculum is very small, Y-shaped, with paired basal lobes and short shaft. Skull is large; rostrum is very broad, relatively short, and sharply angulated inward posterior to lacrimal projections; distinct supraorbital and postorbital ridges are present; braincase is large, with slight indication ofsagittal and lambdoid crests; in dorsal profile, there is concavity in supraorbital region; zygomata are broad, especially posteriorly; palatal length exceeds breadth; and basisphenoid pits are well developed. P? varies in size, and is displaced inward from tooth row, occasionally absent or present only on one side, and situated in angle between C' and P*; I* is robust and bicuspidate; C' is robust and lacks a secondary cusp; P, is in tooth row, and has one-third crown area of P,. Condylo-canine lengths are 12:2-15-6 mm, maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-5—6-5 mm. Dental formula for all species of Arielulusis 12/3, C1/1,P1-2/2,.M 3/3 (x2) = 32-34.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FF809ADE1C07B6A4" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FF809ADE1C07B6A4" blockId="69.[120,1328,1945,3478]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBE6A01FF809ADE1EEFB79A" bold="true" box="[124,239,3207,3240]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Montane forests and secondary teak forest. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FC5B9ADE1A2FB79A" box="[935,1071,3207,3240]" name="Myanmar" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, found at
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFBE6A01FB349ADE1B2EB79A" box="[1224,1326,3207,3240]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.94" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" unit="m" value="1940.0">1940 m</quantity>
|
||
in temperate forest consisting of oaks, laurels, and rhododendrons. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FB579AF71B29B7FD" box="[1195,1321,3246,3279]" name="Vietnam" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, found in wet evergreen forests and mixed broadleaf and coniferous forest (Dalat Plateau, 1400-1700 m). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FDE99AA41CACB62C" box="[533,684,3325,3358]" name="Cambodia" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, recorded in undisturbed forest. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FB2D9AA41B29B62C" box="[1233,1321,3325,3358]" name="Nepal" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, found in a partly deforested area and in primary forest. In Nanling Mountains,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFBE6A01FF819B0C1F2CB65C" box="[125,300,3413,3438]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
|
||
, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FE2D9B0C1C2AB65C" box="[465,554,3413,3438]" name="China" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, occurs in broadleaf evergreen forests. Recorded at elevations of 1300-2100 m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FA8D977A1884BAA2" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FA8D977A1884BAA2" blockId="69.[1391,2601,291,1308]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBE6A01FA8D977A187BBA72" bold="true" box="[1393,1659,291,320]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Feces collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01F86D977A1608BA72" box="[1937,2056,291,320]" name="Vietnam" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Danim River Valley) contained fragments of thick, bright chitin, indicating the presence of large Anomala beetles (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01F609971E1BE7BAA2" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in its diet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FA8D97CC1990B934" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FA8D97CC1990B934" blockId="69.[1391,2601,291,1308]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBE6A01FA8D97CC1BF8BA84" bold="true" box="[1393,1528,405,438]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01F9D197CC1882BA84" box="[1581,1666,405,438]" name="Nepal" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in May each of four captured females carried one near-term embryo in the right uterine horn. The breeding season in Guangdong may start in June or July, with subadults captured in July.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FA8C945516FAB8EC" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FA8C945516FAB8EC" blockId="69.[1391,2601,291,1308]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBE6A01FA8C9455185CB91F" bold="true" box="[1392,1628,524,557]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Bronze Sprites are nocturnal. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01F7BE94551695B91F" box="[2114,2197,524,557]" name="Nepal" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
they have been observed in a ravine along the Bhurungdi River, leaving their roost to forage, flying downstream at and above canopy level; some were observed hunting around the canopy in small clearings in montane forest. Flight is fast and less maneuverable than that of Pipustrellus. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01FA3294F01848B9F8" box="[1486,1608,681,714]" name="Vietnam" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the species was usually observed soon after sunset, foraging along the forest edges or over clearings and corn fields at ¢.5-20 m aboveground. In primary
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBE6A01FA8E94A118BCB82B" authorityName="A.Henry & H.H.Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[1394,1724,760,793]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Fokienia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fokienia (Cupressaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
forest (
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFBE6A01F8CD94A1199BB82B" box="[1841,1947,760,793]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
|
||
) at Vu Quang, central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01F71E94A1175CB82B" box="[2274,2396,760,793]" name="Vietnam" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, seen flying at canopy or subcanopy level above a stream, in relatively uncluttered space. Echolocation call is fairly high-intensity, probably with a steep to shallow FM sweep, and maximum energy at ¢.45-50 kHz (frequency range not determined). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01F6E695371794B8BD" box="[2330,2452,878,911]" name="Vietnam" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, echolocation calls were shallow FM with maximum energy at 35-40 kHz. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBE6A01F6EC95CF1766B885" box="[2320,2406,918,951]" name="China" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, FM calls with frequencies of 36-112-6 kHz (main frequencies 52-1-62-3 kHz).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FA8F95BD171FBF37" box="[1395,2335,996,1029]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FA8F95BD171FBF37" blockId="69.[1391,2601,291,1308]" box="[1395,2335,996,1029]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBE6A01FA8F95BD1630BF37" bold="true" box="[1395,2096,996,1029]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FA8F92551776BF1F" box="[1395,2422,1036,1069]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FA8F92551776BF1F" blockId="69.[1391,2601,291,1308]" box="[1395,2422,1036,1069]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBE6A01FA8F925518C9BF1F" bold="true" box="[1395,1737,1036,1069]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBE6A01FA88926517F4BE28" pageId="69" pageNumber="827" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBE6A01FA88926517F4BE28" blockId="69.[1391,2601,291,1308]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBE6A01FA889265180CBF67" bold="true" box="[1396,1548,1084,1109]" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Abramov et al. (2010), Bates & Harrison (1997), Bates, Bumrungsri et al. (2008), Bates, Nwe Tin et al. (2005), Boitani et al. (2006), Corbet & Hill (1992), Csorba & Lee Lingling (1999), Csorba et al. (1999), Eller man & Morrison-Scott (1966), Francis (2008a), Francis et al. (2010), Gorfol et al. (2019), Guo Weijian et al. (2017), Heller & Volleth (1984, 1989), Hendrichsen, Bates & Hayes(2001), Hill & Francis (1984), Hill & Harrison (1987), Kruskop (2013), Lim et al. (2017), Matveev (2005),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFBE6A01F85692871607BFC1" box="[1962,2055,1246,1267]" country="United Kingdom" name="Medway" pageId="69" pageNumber="827">Medway</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1983), Mohd-Hanif et al.(2015), Pearch & Writer (2009), Simmons (2005), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Wang Yingxiang (1982, 2003), Zhang Libiao et al. (2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |