258 lines
31 KiB
XML
258 lines
31 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="A83F64519663872A2E413F71455F2121">
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<mods:title id="1018F353B4C05698ABC376F0EA1F215C">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="ED4D8A3F09892A9075E8D1F9BE9646AD">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="94AE8666030DD504BAA9803DE91685C5">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0A6AD2E8AA6CD708A30CD4312B29BAA6">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFB86A00FA7D9B781A21B08B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577447" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628228" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6577447" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFB86A00FA7D9B781A21B08B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFB86A00FA7D9B781A21B08B" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="826" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFB86A07FA7D9B781BD1B679" box="[1409,1489,3361,3403]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFB86A07FA7D9B781BD1B679" blockId="67.[1405,2374,3356,3481]" box="[1409,1489,3361,3403]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">
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<heading id="9F638192FFB86A07FA7D9B781BD1B679" box="[1409,1489,3361,3403]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFB86A07FA7D9B781BD1B679" box="[1409,1489,3361,3403]" captionStart="Plate 60: Vespe" captionStartId="61.[119,149,3300,3325]" captionTargetBox="[12,2753,18,3658]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="118. Cape Serotine (Neoromicia capensis), 119. Malagasy Serotine (Neoromicia matroka), 120. Isalo Serotine (Neoromicia malagasyensis), 121. Roberts’s Serotine (Neoromicia robertsi), 122. Stanley’s Serotine (Neoromicia stanleyi), 123. Zulu Serotine (Neoromicia zuluensis), 124. Tiny Serotine (Neoromicia guineensis), 125. Somali Serotine (Neoromicia somalica), 126. Banana Serotine (Neoromicia nanus), 127. Rendall’s Serotine (Neoromicia rendalli), 128. Dark-brown Serotine (Neoromicia brunnea), 129. Rosevear’s Serotine (Neoromicia roseveari), 130. Isabelline Serotine (Neoromicia isabella), 131. Grandidier’s Serotine (Neoromicia grandidieri), 132. White-winged Serotine (Neoromicia tenuipinnis), 133. Heller’s Serotine (Neoromicia helios), 134. De Winton’s LLong-eared Bat (Laephotis wintoni), 135. Angolan Long-eared Bat (Laephotis angolensis), 136. Botswanan Long-eared Bat (Laephotis botswanae), 137. Namib Long-eared Bat (Laephotis namibensis), 138. Sind Bat (Rhyneptesicus nasutus), 139. Collared Sprite (Thainycteris aureocollaris), 140. Necklace Sprite (Thainycleris torquatus), 141. Bronze Sprite (Arielulus circumdatus), 142. Social Sprite (Arelulus societatis), 143. Coppery Sprite (Arielulus cuprosus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398519/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">138.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFB86A07FA1E9B781892B679" box="[1506,1682,3361,3403]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFB86A07FA1E9B781892B679" blockId="67.[1405,2374,3356,3481]" box="[1506,1682,3361,3403]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">
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||
<heading id="9F638192FFB86A07FA1E9B781892B679" box="[1506,1682,3361,3403]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">
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||
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFB86A07FA1E9B781892B679" ID-CoL="8LXJK" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1506,1682,3361,3403]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFB86A07FA1E9B78183EB679" box="[1506,1598,3361,3403]" country="Pakistan" name="Sindh" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">Sind</collectingRegion>
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Bat
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFB86A07F9389B45166BB678" box="[1732,2155,3356,3402]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFB86A07F9389B45166BB678" blockId="67.[1405,2374,3356,3481]" box="[1732,2155,3356,3402]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">
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||
<heading id="9F638192FFB86A07F9389B45166BB678" box="[1732,2155,3356,3402]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFB86A07F9389B45166BB678" ID-CoL="8LXJK" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1732,2155,3356,3402]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFB86A07F9389B45166BB678" box="[1732,2155,3356,3402]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">Rhyneptesicus nasutus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFB86A07FA829B051672B6AB" pageId="67" pageNumber="825" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFB86A07FA829B051745B643" blockId="67.[1405,2374,3356,3481]" box="[1406,2373,3420,3441]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">
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<heading id="9F638192FFB86A07FA829B051745B643" box="[1406,2373,3420,3441]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFB86A07FA829B051BCAB643" bold="true" box="[1406,1482,3420,3441]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFB86A07FA2F9B051864B643" ID-CoL="8LXJK" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1491,1636,3420,3441]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">Sérotine perse</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFB86A07F9859B0518D4B643" bold="true" box="[1657,1748,3420,3441]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFB86A07F9209B05160CB643" ID-CoL="8LXJK" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1756,2060,3420,3441]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">Arabische Breitarmfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFB86A07F7DE9B05167DB643" bold="true" box="[2082,2173,3420,3441]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFB86A07F77B9B051745B643" ID-CoL="8LXJK" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[2183,2373,3420,3441]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFB86A07F77B9B051706B643" ID-CoL="8LXJK" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[2183,2310,3420,3441]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">Rineptesicus</vernacularName>
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persa
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFB86A07FA829BDD1672B6AB" blockId="67.[1405,2374,3356,3481]" box="[1406,2162,3460,3481]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">
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||
<heading id="9F638192FFB86A07FA829BDD1672B6AB" box="[1406,2162,3460,3481]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFB86A07FA829BDD1875B6AB" bold="true" box="[1406,1653,3460,3481]" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFB86A07F9839BDD1922B6AB" ID-CoL="8LXJK" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1663,1826,3460,3481]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">Persian Serotine</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFB86A07F8CC9BDD19B6B6AB" ID-CoL="8LXJK" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1840,1974,3460,3481]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFB86A07F8CC9BDD1959B6AB" box="[1840,1881,3460,3481]" country="Pakistan" name="Sindh" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">Sind</collectingRegion>
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Serotine
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</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFB86A07F8389BDD1672B6AB" ID-CoL="8LXJK" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1988,2162,3460,3481]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFB86A07F8389BDD19EDB6AB" box="[1988,2029,3460,3481]" country="Pakistan" name="Sindh" pageId="67" pageNumber="825">Sind</collectingRegion>
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Serotine Bat
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBF6A00FCEE977D1DDABA5A" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FCEE977D1DDABA5A" blockId="68.[786,1378,292,714]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBF6A00FCEE977D1DADBA73" bold="true" box="[786,941,292,321]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FC31977D1DD5BA5A" authority="Dobson, 1877" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vesperugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mnasutus" subGenus="Vesperus">Vesperugo (Vesperus) mnasutus Dobson, 1877</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBF6A00FC1A97121DEABABD" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FC1A97121DEABABD" blockId="68.[786,1378,292,714]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFBF6A00FC1A97121DEABABD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319468" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
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||
“Shikarpur [east of Rohri],
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFBF6A00FCEE97371D51BABD" box="[786,849,366,399]" country="Pakistan" name="Sindh" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Sind</collectingRegion>
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||
,”
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBF6A00FC8D97371DE7BABD" box="[881,999,366,399]" name="Pakistan" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBF6A00FCEE97C71B5DB82A" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FCEE97C71B5DB82A" blockId="68.[786,1378,292,714]" lastBlockId="68.[168,1377,720,3001]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
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||
Normally included in
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FBA197C71ACDBA85" authority="Rafinesque, 1820" box="[1117,1229,414,439]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eptesicus</taxonomicName>
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||
, but now treated as the sole representative of
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FB0397E41D60B937" authority="Bianchi, 1917" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhyneptesicus</taxonomicName>
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||
; its relationships remain uncertain, as it cannot be placed into any recognized tribe. Genetic studies appear to place it as sister to a clade including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FB6B94031B5FB949" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1175,1375,602,635]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="993" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Vespertilionini">Vespertilionini</taxonomicName>
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||
and Pipistrellini, and it may be best placed into its own monotypic tribe. Three of the recognized races (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FE5F94891C08B9C3" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[419,520,720,753]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">nasutus</taxonomicName>
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, matschiei, batinensis) have been supported by genetic data; they may form a cline of increasing body size from south to north. Four subspecies recognized.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBF6A00FF5095471B5DBF37" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="90EB6676FFBF6A00FF5095471B5DBF37" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398063" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398063/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" targetBox="[170,762,300,714]" targetPageId="68">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FF5095471C3CB80D" blockId="68.[168,1377,720,3001]" box="[172,572,798,831]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBF6A00FF5095471C3CB80D" bold="true" box="[172,572,798,831]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FF5095131A69B855" blockId="68.[168,1377,720,3001]" box="[172,1129,842,871]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FF5095131A69B855" authority="Dobson, 1877" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1877" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[172,1129,842,871]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nasutus" subSpecies="nasutus">R.n.nasutusDobson,1877—EAfghanistan,SEIran,andSPakistan.</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FF50952F1CD9B887" blockId="68.[168,1377,720,3001]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FF50952F1CD9B887" authority="D. L .. Harrison, 1968" authorityName="D. L .. Harrison" authorityYear="1968" baseAuthorityName="Harrison" baseAuthorityYear="1968" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nasutus" subSpecies="batinensis">R.n.batinensisD.L..Harrison,1968—ESaudiArabia,UnitedArabEmirates,andOman;possiblyalsoQatarandBahrain.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FF5195991DF0B8EF" blockId="68.[168,1377,720,3001]" box="[173,1008,960,989]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FF5195991DF0B8EF" authority="Thomas, 1905" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1905" box="[173,1008,960,989]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nasutus" subSpecies="matschiet">R.n.matschietThomas,1905—SWSaudiArabiaandYemen.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FF5095BD1B5DBF37" blockId="68.[168,1377,720,3001]" box="[172,1373,996,1029]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FF5095BD1C2BBF37" authority="Thomas, 1906" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" box="[172,555,996,1029]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nasutus" subSpecies="pellucens">R. n. pellucens Thomas, 1906</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Mesopotamian region of S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBF6A00FC4395BD1DF7BF37" box="[959,1015,996,1029]" name="Iraq" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Iraq</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBF6A00FBC195BD1A77BF37" box="[1085,1143,996,1029]" name="Iran" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
; possibly
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBF6A00FB0695BD1B5ABF37" box="[1274,1370,996,1029]" name="Kuwait" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBF6A00FF5792491B5DBC5B" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FF5792491B5DBC5B" blockId="68.[168,1377,720,3001]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBF6A00FF5792491FA0BF1F" bold="true" box="[171,416,1040,1069]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body 40-56 mm, tail 38-49 mm, ear 12:5-14-4 mm, hindfoot 7-8 mm, forearm 31-3-39-9 mm. Muzzle is broad and flat, with prominent and nearly naked glands on either side. Dorsal pelage of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFBF6A00FC5C92031DDDBF49" box="[928,989,1114,1147]" country="Pakistan" name="Sindh" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Sind</collectingRegion>
|
||
Bat is buffy brown, ventral pelage is paler beige. Bare face, ears, and limbs are midto dark brown, but wing and uropatagium membranes are highly variable between subspecies, being much lighter brownish, significantly lighter than forearm color, and semi-translucent (pellucens) to grayish brown and similar to forearm color (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FCD292AE1D93BE2A" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[814,915,1271,1304]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhyneptesicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">nasutus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) usually with white reticulations across membranes. Ears are small and narrow with narrowly rounded tip; tragusis well developed and about one-half ear height, appearing straight with rounded tip. Wings attach at base of toes and extreme tip oftail extends past uropatagium margin; calcar lacks a postcalcarial lobe. Baculum is short, with deeply bifurcated base that branches into two thin basal rods; shaft gradually narrows to narrowly rounded tip. Skull is small; braincase is relatively small and flattened in lateral view; sagittal crest is absent and lambdoidal crests are low but conspicuous; supraoccipital is slightly convex and forms most posterior portion of skull; postorbital constriction is narrow; supraorbital ridges are well developed; zygomatic arches are gracile and lack dorsal projections, being widely flared anteriorly and posteriorly; palate is short and broad; tympanic bullae are relatively large and exceed breadth of basioccipital; coronoid process of each half mandible does not greatly exceed condyle in height. I? is unicuspid; I’ is relatively well developed and is onehalf height of I?; P* is relatively small, slightly exceeding one-half crown area of M'; P, is relatively small and crowded between C, and P; M, and M, are subequal in size; and M, has only slightly reduced talonid. Dental formulais12/3,C1/1,P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 32.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBF6A00FF5691361AD9B31C" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FF5691361AD9B31C" blockId="68.[168,1377,720,3001]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBF6A00FF5691361F17BCA2" bold="true" box="[170,279,1903,1936]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Primarily lowland semiarid and arid desert habitats but known from coastal regions in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBF6A00FEC091CF1FF7BC85" box="[316,503,1942,1975]" name="Iraq" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Mesopotamia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and some highland regions. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBF6A00FC5391CF1ADDBC85" box="[943,1245,1942,1975]" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">United Arab Emirates</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Sind Bat is found in a variety of habitats, including desert oases, coastal outcrops,artificial tree lines, and mountain wadis. It often occurs around human habitation and water sources. Recorded at elevations from c.0 m to
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFBF6A00FD4D9E481D15B31C" box="[689,789,2065,2094]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.108" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" unit="m" value="1108.0">1108 m</quantity>
|
||
; known from 480-850 m in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBF6A00FB669E481AD5B31C" box="[1178,1237,2065,2094]" name="Iran" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBF6A00FF569E6D1B37B229" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FF569E6D1B37B229" blockId="68.[168,1377,720,3001]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBF6A00FF569E6D1FA7B367" bold="true" box="[170,423,2100,2133]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Sind Bat appears to feed largely on beetles, and opportunistically takes swarming ants and other prey. Four diet samples from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBF6A00FC329E021A24B34E" box="[974,1060,2139,2172]" name="Oman" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBF6A00FB989E021AC2B34E" box="[1124,1218,2139,2172]" name="Yemen" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
were dominated by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FED09EDA1FC3B396" box="[300,451,2179,2212]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(66-95% by volume). Digestive tracts offive individuals in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBF6A00FB069EDA1B32B396" box="[1274,1330,2179,2212]" name="Iran" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
included many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FE9D9EF61FF8B3FE" box="[353,504,2223,2252]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(60% by volume), especially
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FC7C9EF61A30B3FE" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[896,1072,2223,2252]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scarabaeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(25%) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FB2A9EF61B5EB3FE" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1238,1374,2223,2252]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Carabidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(25%), but also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FE769E8E1FDFB3C6" baseAuthorityName="Bedel" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[394,479,2263,2292]" class="Insecta" family="Ipidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ipidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(5%) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FD859E8E1D40B3C6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[633,832,2263,2292]" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tenebrionidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(5%); in addition, Heteroptera (13%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FF579EA71F2CB229" box="[171,300,2302,2331]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Blattodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(9%), Auchenorrhyncha (8%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FD1E9EA71D9FB229" box="[738,927,2302,2331]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(5%), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FBC69EA71AE2B229" box="[1082,1250,2302,2331]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(5%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBF6A00FF569F791D06B2ED" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FF569F791D06B2ED" blockId="68.[168,1377,720,3001]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBF6A00FF569F791F30B273" bold="true" box="[170,304,2336,2369]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Births appear to occur in mid-April in south-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBF6A00FBC79F791A77B273" box="[1083,1143,2336,2369]" name="Iran" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, as indicated by the report of three heavily pregnant females in Pir Sohrab and two lactating females in Chahar Dahaneh. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBF6A00FE299F361C2FB2A2" box="[469,559,2415,2448]" name="Oman" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
, early-state pregnant females were captured in late March. Litter size appears to be 1-2, with two of the three females captured in Pir Sohrab having a single fetus and the other having two.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBF6A00FF549FBF1A17B196" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FF549FBF1A17B196" blockId="68.[168,1377,720,3001]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBF6A00FF549FBF1F92B135" bold="true" box="[168,402,2534,2567]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Sind Bat roosts during the day in wall crevices and behind stones of ruined buildings in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBF6A00FE1B9C541C41B11C" box="[487,577,2573,2606]" name="Oman" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It is known from caves nearrivers in South Asia. Searchcall shapeis a short FM/QCF sweep and in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFBF6A00FCFB9C6C1D3CB164" box="[775,828,2613,2646]" name="Iran" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
,start frequencies were 39-6-43-9 kHz, end frequencies 37-7-39-8 kHz, peak frequencies 37-8-40-9 kHz, durations 5-8-9-2 milliseconds, and interpulse intervals 70-8-276-1 milliseconds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBF6A00FF569CF21AAAB1C1" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FF569CF21AAAB1C1" blockId="68.[168,1377,720,3001]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBF6A00FF569CF21D70B1FE" bold="true" box="[170,880,2731,2764]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFBF6A00FC819CF21DBBB1FE" box="[893,955,2731,2764]" country="Pakistan" name="Sindh" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Sind</collectingRegion>
|
||
Bats appear to roost in small colonies, and up to ¢.20 individuals have been recorded in a single roost.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBF6A00FF579CA31F78B070" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FF579CA31F78B070" blockId="68.[168,1377,720,3001]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBF6A00FF579CA31C13B029" bold="true" box="[171,531,2810,2843]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFBF6A00FAD09CA31F6BB070" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">Eptesicus nasutus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFBF6A00FF579D081A21B08B" pageId="68" pageNumber="826" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFBF6A00FF579D081A21B08B" blockId="68.[168,1377,720,3001]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFBF6A00FF579D081F44B058" bold="true" box="[171,324,2897,2922]" pageId="68" pageNumber="826">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bates & Harrison (1997), Benda & Gaisler (2015), Benda & Reiter (2006), Benda, Al-Jumaily et al. (2011), Benda, Faizolahi et al. (2012), Harrison (1968a), Harrison & Bates (1991), Judas et al. (2018), Juste et al. (2013), Nader (1982), Sharifi, Amr et al. (2008), Sharifi, Hemmati & Rahimi (2000).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |