221 lines
27 KiB
XML
221 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DD474F024366E4B926674842D25272FC">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1B4EF3D49A2567C456686AD383727E8E">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4F3CEA1766221D0AF8B8C06E37C1AD35">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="71109561CA831FE870FD0C777E113C29">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="8E0D78043C24FA53D8F814F2A9BBB1FC">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:title id="DBC38FFA397510D2DD6E7F4AA47C8E7E">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="E2BB46398DBA635132C43D39DFB35A1C">716</mods:start>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFAA6A15FA8294361969B6BC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577828" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628375" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6577828" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFAA6A15FA8294361969B6BC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFAA6A15FA8294361969B6BC" lastPageNumber="839" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15FA8294361BCEB9AF" box="[1406,1486,623,669]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15FA8294361BCEB9AF" blockId="81.[1401,2377,623,753]" box="[1406,1486,623,669]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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<heading id="9F638192FFAA6A15FA8294361BCEB9AF" box="[1406,1486,623,669]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFAA6A15FA8294361BCEB9AF" box="[1406,1486,623,669]" captionStart="Plate 61: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="73.[138,158,3293,3335]" captionTargetBox="[12,2750,17,3657]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="144. Variegated Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris variegata), 145. Machado’s Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris machadoi), 146. Glen's Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris gleni), 147. Pied Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris superba), 148. Common Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris argentata), 149. Bibundi Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris egeria), 150. Abo Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris poensts), 151. Striped Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris alboguttata), 152. Beatrix’s Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris beatrix), 153. Curry’s Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris curryae), 154. Spotted Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris humeralis), 155. Blackish Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris atra), 156. Kenyan Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris kenyacola), 157. Doria’s False Serotine (Hesperoptenus doriae), 158. Tickell’s False Serotine (Hesperoptenus tickelli), 159. Blanford’s False Serotine (Hesperoptenus blanfordi), 160. Large False Serotine (Hesperoptenus tomesi), 161. Gaskell’s False Serotine (Hesperoptenus gaskelli), 162. Great Evening Bat (Ia io), 163. Harlequin Bat (Scotomanes ornatus), 164. Ruppell’s Broad-nosed Bat (Scoteanax rueppellii), 165. Northern Broad-nosed Bat (Scotorepens sanborni), 166. Little Broad-nosed Bat (Scotorepens greyii), 167. Inland Broad-nosed Bat (Scotorepens balstoni), 168. Eastern Broad-nosed Bat (Scotorepens orion), 169. Silver-haired Bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398521/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">169.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15FA2394361936B9AF" box="[1503,1846,623,669]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15FA2394361936B9AF" blockId="81.[1401,2377,623,753]" box="[1503,1846,623,669]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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<heading id="9F638192FFAA6A15FA2394361936B9AF" box="[1503,1846,623,669]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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||
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFAA6A15FA2394361936B9AF" ID-CoL="3SFMP" baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1503,1846,623,669]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagans">Silver-haired Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15F88494361749B9AF" box="[1912,2377,623,669]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15F88494361749B9AF" blockId="81.[1401,2377,623,753]" box="[1912,2377,623,669]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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<heading id="9F638192FFAA6A15F88494361749B9AF" box="[1912,2377,623,669]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFAA6A15F88494361749B9AF" ID-CoL="3SFMP" baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1912,2377,623,669]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagans">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFAA6A15F88494361749B9AF" box="[1912,2377,623,669]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Lasionycteris noctivagans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15FA8794F616A3B9DE" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15FA8794F61732B9F6" blockId="81.[1401,2377,623,753]" box="[1403,2354,687,708]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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<heading id="9F638192FFAA6A15FA8794F61732B9F6" box="[1403,2354,687,708]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFAA6A15FA8794F61BC7B9F6" bold="true" box="[1403,1479,687,708]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFAA6A15FA3394F61882B9F6" ID-CoL="3SFMP" baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1487,1666,687,708]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagans">Sérotine argentée</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFAA6A15F96B94F618F2B9F6" bold="true" box="[1687,1778,687,708]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFAA6A15F90794F619CEB9F6" ID-CoL="3SFMP" baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1787,1998,687,708]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagans">Silberhaarfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFAA6A15F81F94F6163FB9F6" bold="true" box="[2019,2111,687,708]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFAA6A15F7B594F61732B9F6" ID-CoL="3SFMP" baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[2121,2354,687,708]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagans">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFAA6A15F7B594F616C6B9F6" ID-CoL="3SFMP" baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[2121,2246,687,708]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagans">Lasionicterio</vernacularName>
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argentado
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15FA86948E16A3B9DE" blockId="81.[1401,2377,623,753]" box="[1402,2211,727,748]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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<heading id="9F638192FFAA6A15FA86948E16A3B9DE" box="[1402,2211,727,748]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFAA6A15FA86948E1871B9DE" bold="true" box="[1402,1649,727,748]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFAA6A15F987948E18D7B9DE" ID-CoL="3SFMP" baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1659,1751,727,748]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagans">Black Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFAA6A15F919948E1944B9DE" ID-CoL="3SFMP" baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1765,1860,727,748]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagans">Silver Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFAA6A15F8AD948E19E7B9DE" ID-CoL="3SFMP" baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1873,2023,727,748]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagans">Silverblack Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFAA6A15F808948E16A3B9DE" ID-CoL="3SFMP" baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[2036,2211,727,748]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagans">Silvery-haired Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15F821954616F0B851" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15F821954616F0B851" blockId="81.[2013,2608,799,1222]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFAA6A15F82195461677B80E" bold="true" box="[2013,2167,799,828]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFAA6A15F7749546142FB80E" ID-CoL="7G2RR" authority="Le Conte" authorityName="Le Conte" authorityYear="1831" box="[2184,2607,799,828]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagans">Vespertilio noctivagans Le Conte</taxonomicName>
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in
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<treatmentCitation id="453510EFFFAA6A15F7FE951316EBB851" box="[2050,2283,842,867]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">McMurtrie, 1831</treatmentCitation>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15F70795131429B851" box="[2299,2601,842,867]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15F70795131429B851" blockId="81.[2013,2608,799,1222]" box="[2299,2601,842,867]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFAA6A15F70795131429B851" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319691" box="[2299,2601,842,867]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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Eastern
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFAA6A15F69795131425B851" box="[2411,2597,842,867]" name="United States of America" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">United States</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15F82395301626BF45" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="discussion">
|
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15F82395301626BF45" blockId="81.[2013,2608,799,1222]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFAA6A15F82395301682B8B8" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" box="[2015,2178,873,906]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lasionycteris</taxonomicName>
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has been considered similar to
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFAA6A15F82395C91633B883" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2015,2099,912,945]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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and has become specialized by the loss of P°. Based on bacular morphology and molecular reconstructions, relationship of
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFAA6A15F7B292521711BF1A" authorityName="Le Conte" authorityYear="1831" box="[2126,2321,1035,1064]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noctivagans">L. noctivagans</taxonomicName>
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||
with
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFAA6A15F699925217B9BF1A" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2405,2489,1035,1064]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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is more distant than previously thought. Monotypic.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15F8219224162ABE26" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="90EB6676FFAA6A15F8219224162ABE26" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398156" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398156/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" targetBox="[1398,1990,807,1221]" targetPageId="81">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15F8219224162ABE26" blockId="81.[2013,2608,799,1222]" lastBlockId="81.[1392,2608,1227,3470]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFAA6A15F8219224168EBFAC" bold="true" box="[2013,2190,1149,1182]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Distribution.</emphasis>
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SE Alaska S to
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFAA6A15F690922417D6BFAC" box="[2412,2518,1149,1182]" name="Canada" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Canada</collectingCountry>
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||
along Pacific coast and extending along lower one-third of
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||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFAA6A15F9D792921897BFDE" box="[1579,1687,1227,1260]" name="Canada" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Canada</collectingCountry>
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; widely distributed in the
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFAA6A15F7FF92921644BFDE" box="[2051,2116,1227,1260]" name="United States of America" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">USA</collectingCountry>
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, with exception of SW & SE coasts, with S limit in NE Mexico (Sierra de San Carlos).
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</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15FA8593431671BCB9" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15FA8593431671BCB9" blockId="81.[1392,2608,1227,3470]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFAA6A15FA8593431876BE09" bold="true" box="[1401,1654,1306,1339]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body ¢.57-70 mm, tail 35-45 mm, ear 8-10 mm, hindfoot 7-9 mm, forearm 37-44 mm; weight 8-1-11 g. The Silver-haired Bat is characterized by presence ofsilver to white tips on black fur, dorsally and ventrally, being less pronounced on ventral fur. Fur tips can be yellowish or absent in older adults. Fur on head is darker, and basal one-half of uropatagium is densely furred above. Wings, uropatagium, and ears are black. Ears are short, naked, and rounded. Tragus is broad and blunt. Baculum is comparatively large among vespertilionids; base is swollen, tapering to cylindrical shaft with slightly thicker distal end; distal end is bilobed; and baculum extends well into corpus cavernosum. Skull is flattened, and rostrum is broad; sagittal crest is obsolete; interorbital region is wide and flattish; and uppersurface of rostrum is distinctly concave on each side between lacrimal region and nares. Additional general features of skull and structure of teeth are as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFAA6A15F7A5909416AEBDDC" authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2137,2222,1741,1774]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. I? is strongly bicuspidated,; M? has more than one-half the crown area of M'; and metaconeis slightly smaller than paracone with well-developed commissures. Dental formula is I 2/3, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 36. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 20 and FN = 28, which is significantly distinct from all other species of vespertilionids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15FA8B91CE19F3B31B" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15FA8B91CE19F3B31B" blockId="81.[1392,2608,1227,3470]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFAA6A15FA8B91CE1BE7BC86" bold="true" box="[1399,1511,1943,1972]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Primarily forest habitats, such as boreal or coniferous, temperate deciduous, and old growth forests; grasslands; and near water at elevations of 152-563 m in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFAA6A15F61591E31BE8B331" country="United States of America" name="West Virginia" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">West Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
and 1360-1965 m in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFAA6A15F8E391BB19E3B331" box="[1823,2019,2018,2051]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The Silver-haired Bat is adapted to edge habitats and cannot forage in closed habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15FA8B9E691759B20C" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15FA8B9E691759B20C" blockId="81.[1392,2608,1227,3470]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFAA6A15FA8B9E69187BB363" bold="true" box="[1399,1659,2096,2129]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Insectivorous. Diets vary throughoutits distribution, depending on time ofyear and prey availability. Feces from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFAA6A15F8289E011625B34B" box="[2004,2085,2136,2169]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Idaho</collectingRegion>
|
||
contained mainly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFAA6A15F6DE9E0117CFB34B" authority=", Homoptera" authorityName="Homoptera" box="[2338,2511,2136,2169]" class="Insecta" family="Malvaceae" genus="Lepidoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFAA6A15F6219E011BD2B392" authority=", Homoptera" authorityName="Homoptera" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Homoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Homoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFAA6A15FA189E26187FB392" box="[1508,1663,2175,2208]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFAA6A15F92C9E26193AB392" box="[1744,1850,2175,2208]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In coastal wet forests, diets mostly contain dipterans. Stomach samples from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFAA6A15F9409EFE1927B3FA" box="[1724,1831,2215,2248]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
contained 90-100% Trichoptera. Feces from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFAA6A15F65E9EFE1B9FB3DD" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
suggested specialization on moths. These bats forage over small ponds and streams or on treetops. They are relatively slow fliers, foraging on hunting routes of 46-91 m in diameter, and fly erratically taking many twists and frequent short glides.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15FA8A9F1C140EB131" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15FA8A9F1C140EB131" blockId="81.[1392,2608,1227,3470]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFAA6A15FA8A9F1C1BFDB254" bold="true" box="[1398,1533,2373,2406]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Silver-haired Bat is polyandrous. Mating occurs in autumn; females store sperm in winter. Gestation lasts 50-60 days;littersize is typically two young. Newborns are hairless, with pink skin and dark membranes; ears are folded; and eyes are closed. Sexual maturity is achieved at 145-160 days. Newborns were recorded in late June in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFAA6A15FA1A9FBB1827B131" box="[1510,1575,2530,2563]" country="United States of America" name="Iowa" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Iowa</collectingRegion>
|
||
and earlyJuly in upstate
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFAA6A15F8769FBB1610B131" box="[1930,2064,2530,2563]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
;juveniles were captured in late July.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15FA889C531771B054" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15FA889C531771B054" blockId="81.[1392,2608,1227,3470]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFAA6A15FA889C531862B119" bold="true" box="[1396,1634,2570,2603]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Silver-haired Bat forages right before and shortly after sunset, later on night, and also close to dawn. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFAA6A15F84C9C6019F1B160" box="[1968,2033,2617,2642]" country="United States of America" name="Iowa" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Iowa</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFAA6A15F7CB9C6016B1B160" box="[2103,2225,2617,2642]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
,first and major peak activity occurs 2-4 hours after dark and 6-9 hours after dark. Day roosts are mainly under loose bark of trees but also in cavities. Hibernation occurs in October—-March, and hibernating bats roost in mines, caves, hollow trees, and houses and under loose bark. Echolocation calls are FM. Search-approach calls are FM with CF tail, last an average of 9-4 milliseconds, and sweep from 46 kHz to 26 kHz. Tracking calls are similar, tending to be shorter with higher initial frequencies. Terminal calls are also FM and reach minimum duration of 1 millisecond and minimum frequency of 18 kHz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15FA899D341762B793" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15FA899D341762B793" blockId="81.[1392,2608,1227,3470]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFAA6A15FA899D341647B0BC" bold="true" box="[1397,2119,2925,2958]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Silver-haired Bat is believed to be solitary. Females form small maternity colonies during reproductive seasons. Despite their solitary habit, small groups were observed in warm months. Males and females spend summer months at separate locations and reunite in swarms during migration in autumn. Due to migration, local abundance varies within seasons; northward shifts on their distributional limits are noticed in spring and southward shifts in autumn. In spring, eastern populations seem to disperse east and north, and western populations disperse north. In autumn, populations tend to shift south.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15FA889AE916C0B7C2" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15FA889AE916C0B7C2" blockId="81.[1392,2608,1227,3470]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFAA6A15FA889AE918D1B7FB" bold="true" box="[1396,1745,3248,3273]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFAA6A15F6479AE91424B7FB" box="[2491,2596,3248,3273]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the Silver-haired Batis listed as subject of special protection.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFAA6A15FA899AA61969B6BC" pageId="81" pageNumber="839" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFAA6A15FA899AA61969B6BC" blockId="81.[1392,2608,1227,3470]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFAA6A15FA899AA6180EB62A" bold="true" box="[1397,1550,3327,3352]" pageId="81" pageNumber="839">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Adams & Pedersen (2013), Baker & Patton (1967), Barclay (1985, 1986), Bentley (2017), Black (1974), Cryan (2003), Frum (1953), Hall (1981), Hamilton (1949), Jones, Lampe et al. (1973), Kunz (19734, 1982b), Lacki et al. (2007), Mattson et al. (1996), Ortega & Arita (2014d), Patriquin & Barclay (2003), Simmons (2005), Whitaker (1972), Wilson & Ruff (1999).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |