224 lines
26 KiB
XML
224 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="54A647456081CAA09A5A256F530D42B5" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF8D6A33FA579EC91D96BEE5" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Lasiurus semotus" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="877" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="876" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods id="5CEF0EB4BF76A31CC357D67CE7E57644" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E2457937ADECFCC0DBCF04C69D980009">
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<mods:title id="5EA47F89D4FF01681D312ECEB24F6B9A">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="0FA88D9150FE6FF11DA7B198CDB7683F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D8F266166C1D17E0FECC1275A04C4821">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="932224454D4018515F2DEB2F59ED42E4">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="7284B678815AAFA2323D708A83B26845">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="74108A8615C47DA461F2F6A77816EC72" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="D4A4E4A91BAC5C26802C9E7E9B6DD3F5">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="E3B86268B958828F7527879A544EDE79">
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<mods:placeTerm id="1E52B9594B846E1F4ABE26243D4B8EEA">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="1B6292EEDDC8BBA884987A1DC9BD1167">
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<mods:title id="0BB0D13BA00D2F98FE920AFC5C306AA8">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8CCC2C4E52CF8FDF55F8C5CF6264F3FC">
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<mods:start id="EFD26853667DF5734B449EB2DB3FFCED">716</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="3093E18965636371977980B67D8869CB">981</mods:end>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF8D6A33FA579EC91D96BEE5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403638" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628423" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403638" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF8D6A33FA579EC91D96BEE5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF8D6A33FA579EC91D96BEE5" lastPageId="119" lastPageNumber="877" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8D6A32FA579EC91BFEB3F0" box="[1451,1534,2192,2242]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8D6A32FA579EC91BFEB3F0" blockId="118.[1449,2427,2192,2284]" box="[1451,1534,2192,2242]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8D6A32FA579EC91BFEB3F0" box="[1451,1534,2192,2242]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF8D6A32FA579EC91BFEB3F0" box="[1451,1534,2192,2242]" captionStart="Plate 65: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="117.[124,154,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[11,2761,18,3657]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="249. Spotted Bat (Euderma maculatum), 250. Big Red Bat (Lasiurus egregius), 251. Southern Hoary Bat (Lasiurus villosissimus), 252. Northern Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus), 253. Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus semotus), 254. Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis), 255. Pleiffer's Red Bat (Lasiurus pfeifferi), 256. Seminole Bat (Lasiurus seminolus), 257. Greater Red Bat (Lasiurus atratus), 258. Southern Red Bat (Lasiurus blossevilii), 259. Desert Red Bat (Lasiurus frantzii), 260. Cinnamon Red Bat (Lasiurus varius), 261. Minor Red Bat (Lasiurus minor), 262. Tacarcunan Bat (Lasiurus castaneus), 263. Hairy-tailed Bat (Lasiurus ebenus), 264. Jamaican Red Bat (Lasiurus degelidus), 265. Western Yellow Bat (Lasiurus xanthinus), 266. Northern Yellow Bat (Lasiurus intermedius), 267. Cuban Yellow Bat (Lasiurus insularis), 268. Southern Yellow Bat (Lasiurus ega)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398536/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">253.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8D6A32F9F29EC919B2B3F0" box="[1550,1970,2192,2242]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8D6A32F9F29EC919B2B3F0" blockId="118.[1449,2427,2192,2284]" box="[1550,1970,2192,2242]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8D6A32F9F29EC919B2B3F0" box="[1550,1970,2192,2242]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8D6A32F9F29EC919B2B3F0" ID-CoL="8LZCM" authority="(H. Allen, 1890)" baseAuthorityName="H. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1550,1970,2192,2242]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semotus">Hawaiian Hoary Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8D6A32F8199EC9172CB3F0" box="[2021,2348,2192,2242]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8D6A32F8199EC9172CB3F0" blockId="118.[1449,2427,2192,2284]" box="[2021,2348,2192,2242]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8D6A32F8199EC9172CB3F0" box="[2021,2348,2192,2242]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8D6A32F8199EC9172CB3F0" ID-CoL="8LZCM" authority="(H. Allen, 1890)" baseAuthorityName="H. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[2021,2348,2192,2242]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semotus">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8D6A32F8199EC9172CB3F0" box="[2021,2348,2192,2242]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">Lasiurus semotus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8D6A32FA569E8D177BB3DB" box="[1450,2427,2260,2281]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8D6A32FA569E8D177BB3DB" blockId="118.[1449,2427,2192,2284]" box="[1450,2427,2260,2281]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8D6A32FA569E8D177BB3DB" box="[1450,2427,2260,2281]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8D6A32FA569E8D1BF6B3DB" bold="true" box="[1450,1526,2260,2281]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8D6A32F9FC9E8D18A0B3DB" ID-CoL="8LZCM" authority="(H. Allen, 1890)" baseAuthorityName="H. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1536,1696,2260,2281]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semotus">Lasiure d'Hawai</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8D6A32F94F9E8D190EB3DB" bold="true" box="[1715,1806,2260,2281]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8D6A32F8EB9E8D1655B3DB" ID-CoL="8LZCM" authority="(H. Allen, 1890)" baseAuthorityName="H. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1815,2133,2260,2281]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semotus">Hawaii-Haarschwanzfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8D6A32F7979E8D16C6B3DB" bold="true" box="[2155,2246,2260,2281]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8D6A32F72C9E8D177BB3DB" ID-CoL="8LZCM" authority="(H. Allen, 1890)" baseAuthorityName="H. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[2256,2427,2260,2281]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semotus">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8D6A32F72C9E8D1717B3DB" ID-CoL="8LZCM" authority="(H. Allen, 1890)" baseAuthorityName="H. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[2256,2327,2260,2281]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semotus">Lasiuro</vernacularName>
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de
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8D6A32F6BC9E8D177BB3DB" box="[2368,2427,2260,2281]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">Hawai</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8D6A32F7F29F4F145DB205" box="[2062,2653,2326,2359]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8D6A32F7F29F4F145DB205" blockId="118.[1989,2658,2326,2754]" box="[2062,2653,2326,2359]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8D6A32F7F29F4F16AAB205" bold="true" box="[2062,2218,2326,2359]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8D6A32F74F9F4F1458B205" ID-CoL="8L2LZ" authority="H. Allen, 1890" authorityName="H. Allen" authorityYear="1890" box="[2227,2648,2326,2359]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Atalapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semota">Atalapha semota H. Allen, 1890</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8D6A32F7EC9F1B1410B26D" box="[2064,2576,2370,2399]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8D6A32F7EC9F1B1410B26D" blockId="118.[1989,2658,2326,2754]" box="[2064,2576,2370,2399]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF8D6A32F7EC9F1B1410B26D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319716" box="[2064,2576,2370,2399]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
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||
“Sandwich Islands [=
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8D6A32F6C19F1B179EB26D" box="[2365,2462,2370,2399]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8D6A32F6539F1B17F9B26D" box="[2479,2553,2370,2399]" name="United States of America" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">USA</collectingCountry>
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].”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8D6A32F7F39F3F17AAB29F" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8D6A32F7F39F3F17AAB29F" blockId="118.[1989,2658,2326,2754]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
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||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8D6A32F7F39F3F163EB2B5" box="[2063,2110,2406,2439]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">See</collectingRegion>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8D6A32F7B39F3F16DEB2B5" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[2127,2270,2406,2439]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="egregius">L. egregius</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8D6A32F7089F3F17D6B2B5" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1831" box="[2292,2518,2406,2439]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semotus">Lasiurus semotus</taxonomicName>
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is in the Hoary Bat group. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8D6A32F7F39FED17DDB2E7" box="[2063,2525,2484,2517]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" type="distribution">
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||
<caption id="90EB6676FF8D6A32F7F39FED17DDB2E7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398346" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398346" box="[2063,2525,2484,2517]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398346/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" targetBox="[1447,2039,2335,2751]" targetPageId="118">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8D6A32F7F39FED17DDB2E7" blockId="118.[1989,2658,2326,2754]" box="[2063,2525,2484,2517]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8D6A32F7F39FED16BEB2E7" bold="true" box="[2063,2238,2484,2517]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">Distribution.</emphasis>
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||
Endemic to
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8D6A32F68B9FED17D9B2E7" box="[2423,2521,2484,2517]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8D6A32F7F29F85167CB746" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8D6A32F7F29F85167CB746" blockId="118.[1989,2658,2326,2754]" lastBlockId="118.[1450,2655,2761,3464]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8D6A32F7F29F851708B2CF" bold="true" box="[2062,2312,2524,2557]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8D6A32F63C9F85141CB2CF" box="[2496,2588,2524,2557]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" unit="mm" value="51.0">51 mm</quantity>
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,tail
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8D6A32F7F39C5A1674B116" box="[2063,2164,2563,2596]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" unit="mm" value="46.0">46 mm</quantity>
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, ear
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8D6A32F73C9C5A1715B116" box="[2240,2325,2563,2596]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8D6A32F6599C5A1409B116" box="[2469,2569,2563,2596]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
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||
(type specimen); weight ¢.16-
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8D6A32F68C9C7317D5B179" box="[2416,2517,2602,2635]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" unit="g" value="11.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="5.0">5-18 g</quantity>
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||
. Females J larger than males. The Hawaiian Hoary Bat is smaller than its continental congener, the Northern Hoary Bat (
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8D6A32F5E79CF81802B1D8" baseAuthorityName="Palisot de Beauvois" baseAuthorityYear="1796" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">L. cinereus</taxonomicName>
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). Head and neck are brown-ash, with warm sepia band across neck and shoulders. Dorsal hairs have black bases, pallid distal bands, and rusty brown tips. Ventral hairs have black bases, whitish distal bands, warm sepia just below tips, and gray tips. Ears are short and rounded, furred on posterior surfaces; tragus is short and broad. Lips and cheeks are covered with black fur. Uropatagium is densely and uniformly furred through most ofits length, with russet-brown or rusty red hairs; marginal onethird can be sparsely furred. Skull is large and broad; rostrum is broad, with wide nasal openings; and auditory bullae are large. Teeth are large; P*is present and reduced, sometimes absent. Dental formula is11/3,C1/1,P 2/2. M 3/3 (x2) = 32. Chromesomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 48, with medium-sized submetacentric Xchromosome and small acrocentric Y-chromosome.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8D6A32FA569A231447B7D8" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8D6A32FA569A231447B7D8" blockId="118.[1450,2655,2761,3464]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8D6A32FA569A231819B7A9" bold="true" box="[1450,1561,3194,3227]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Dry and wet areas and more frequently open and mixed habitats; partly wooded areas with clearings formed by pastures or lava flows; and sparsely vegetated or barren deserts from sea level up to elevations ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8D6A32F7ED9A90167CB7D8" box="[2065,2172,3273,3306]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" unit="m" value="4400.0">4400 m</quantity>
|
||
(more common below
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8D6A32F6329A901437B7D8" box="[2510,2615,3273,3306]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8D6A33FA569AA81D7FB97E" lastPageId="119" lastPageNumber="877" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8D6A33FA569AA81D7FB97E" blockId="118.[1450,2655,2761,3464]" lastBlockId="119.[125,1334,279,1495]" lastPageId="119" lastPageNumber="877" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8D6A32FA569AA818B0B620" bold="true" box="[1450,1712,3313,3346]" pageId="118" pageNumber="876">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Hawaiian Hoary Bat feeds completely on flying insects; gleaning from foliage or ground has never been observed. In open areas,it uses rapid and less maneuverable flight, with mean speed of 11-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8D6A32F7AA9B1D1691B653" box="[2134,2193,3396,3425]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
|
||
/s; in closed spaces, it uses slower and more maneuverable flight, with mean speed of 6-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8D6A32F74F9B3E16F1B6BA" box="[2227,2289,3431,3464]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="118" pageNumber="876" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
|
||
/s. It forages over streams and ponds near seashore, near lights, and over open ocean up to
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8C6A33FBB3974E1AA6BA0A" box="[1103,1190,279,312]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
offshore. Groups of Hawaiian Hoary Bats were observed foraging in regular circuits, with individual airspaces for each individuals, flying
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8C6A33FD23973F1D52BAB5" box="[735,850,358,391]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.55" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" unit="m" value="75.5" valueMax="150.0" valueMin="1.0">1-150 m</quantity>
|
||
aboveground, more commonly at
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8C6A33FF7D97C81EE8BA9C" box="[129,232,401,430]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" unit="m" value="8.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="1.0">1-15 m</quantity>
|
||
. Analyses of stomachs, intestines, and feces showed dominance of beetles but also several orders of insects:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8C6A33FDD297EF1CCABAE5" box="[558,714,438,471]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(25-3% by volume), Homoptera (17-8%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8C6A33FF8397B91F18BACF" box="[127,280,480,509]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(13-8%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8C6A33FE4997B91C64BACF" box="[437,612,480,509]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(12:4%), Isoptera (10-6%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8C6A33FBF397B91A79BACF" box="[1039,1145,480,509]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(8-:4%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8C6A33FAF997B91EF8B916" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(8:2%), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8C6A33FE48945A1C77B916" box="[436,631,515,548]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0-4%). Other fecal analyses showed a majority of moths in the diet, followed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8C6A33FDD794721CC7B97E" box="[555,711,555,588]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8C6A33FCF394721D7BB97E" box="[783,891,555,588]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8C6A33FF83940B1ADDB941" box="[127,1245,594,627]" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8C6A33FF83940B1ADDB941" blockId="119.[125,1334,279,1495]" box="[127,1245,594,627]" pageId="119" pageNumber="877">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8C6A33FF83940B1F05B941" bold="true" box="[127,261,594,627]" pageId="119" pageNumber="877">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
A pregnant Hawaiian Hoary Bat with two embryos was caught in May.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8C6A33FF8194201F65B8E4" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8C6A33FF8194201F65B8E4" blockId="119.[125,1334,279,1495]" pageId="119" pageNumber="877">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8C6A33FF8194201F69B9A8" bold="true" box="[125,361,633,666]" pageId="119" pageNumber="877">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Hawaiian Hoary Batis crepuscular/nocturnal. Individuals have been observed flying as early as two hours before sunset and are commonly seen flying after sunset or after the sun has gone behind mountains. No activity peak has been identified, and individuals continued flying at least seven hours after sunset. Roosts include branches of screwpine (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8C6A33FDD5954E1CAFB80A" box="[553,687,791,824]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pandanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8C6A33FD3D954E1D7BB80A" box="[705,891,791,824]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pandanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) by the seashore, exposed tree roots, lava caves, and collapsed lava tubes. Echolocation search-calls are FM signals, with harmonic complements of 8 milliseconds duration. Calls have maximum spectral intensity at 27-8 kHz, and frequency modulation from 37-1 kHz to 25-4 kHz, with no CF components.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8C6A33FF7C95851C61BFD8" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8C6A33FF7C95851C61BFD8" blockId="119.[125,1334,279,1495]" pageId="119" pageNumber="877">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8C6A33FF7C95851D53B8CF" bold="true" box="[128,851,988,1021]" pageId="119" pageNumber="877">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Hawaiian Hoary Bats have been observed flying over barren areas 11-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8C6A33FD66925A1CE5BF16" box="[666,741,1027,1060]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
from nearest woods. Radio-tracked individuals foraged as far as
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8C6A33FE1F92721C39BF7E" box="[483,569,1067,1100]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" unit="km" value="13.0">13 km</quantity>
|
||
from day roosts and showed strong fidelity to roosts. Mean foraging area was 230-7 ha, and mean core area was 11-1% of foraging areas or 25-5 ha. Core areas might be continuous or several small patches. In winter, the Hawaiian Hoary Bat seems to migrate from lowland rainforests that are occupied in summer and autumn to interior highlands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8C6A33FF7D92AD1DD1BE52" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8C6A33FF7D92AD1DD1BE52" blockId="119.[125,1334,279,1495]" pageId="119" pageNumber="877">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8C6A33FF7D92AD1FDEBE23" bold="true" box="[129,478,1268,1297]" pageId="119" pageNumber="877">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8C6A33FE1692AD1C1FBE23" box="[490,543,1268,1297]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="119" pageNumber="877">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Hawaiian Hoary Bat is listed as endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, based on apparent population decline and limited knowledge aboutits natural history.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8C6A33FF7E93371D96BEE5" pageId="119" pageNumber="877" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8C6A33FF7E93371D96BEE5" blockId="119.[125,1334,279,1495]" pageId="119" pageNumber="877">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8C6A33FF7E93371F1BBEB5" bold="true" box="[130,283,1390,1415]" pageId="119" pageNumber="877">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Allen (1890b), Anderson (2002), Baird et al. (2015), Baker & Patton (1967), Baldwin (1950), Belwood & Fullard (1984), Bickham (1979a), Bonaccorso et al. (2015), Fujioka & Gon (1988), Jacobs (1996, 1999b), Novaes, Garbino et al. (2018), USFWS (1998), Whitaker & Tomich (1983).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |