289 lines
37 KiB
XML
289 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="B69B8A7B0783DD5275A0F4A5B4816E75" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF8B6A35FF4E9D261CCCB882" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Otonycteris hemprichii Peters 1859" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="871" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="870" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FA0EA1F12A9A1091899B7E6BAC4DB0CF">
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<mods:title id="463DD5D0A3888EB534FA125CED603E95">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="95241928049BB0934C2B20458F0273C9">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="754E1B1534FAD9CF04F5271A14461989">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="2E5A34DEF18D8CA8FCB4D28590754ACB">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="840EBA5D0FAD7A468E16534FCEE69768" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="DF84FFEE3E29BB457BCE449EFE476E1A">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="4A07BB1BFD8B18BA2AE107B5A4837362">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="160AC38979EEE67DD685D52CCD598E52">
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<mods:title id="5D62A116FD76991F4352DD2267EA4276">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="AAE103E873ACEB0676D381BE6ABB727B">716</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="99E9346400600963C5A74FBB81B48598">981</mods:end>
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<mods:identifier id="D4B1C44FBCFF0861389D59A35453AEA0" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF8B6A35FF4E9D261CCCB882" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403622" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628373" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403622" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF8B6A35FF4E9D261CCCB882" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF8B6A35FF4E9D261CCCB882" lastPageId="113" lastPageNumber="871" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8B6A34FF4E9D261F04B083" box="[178,260,2943,2993]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A34FF4E9D261F04B083" blockId="112.[175,1284,2943,3074]" box="[178,260,2943,2993]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8B6A34FF4E9D261F04B083" box="[178,260,2943,2993]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF8B6A34FF4E9D261F04B083" box="[178,260,2943,2993]" captionStart="Plate 64: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="107.[117,147,3280,3305]" captionTargetBox="[11,2760,17,3656]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="225. Gray Long-eared Bat (Plecotus austriacus), 226. Canary Long-eared Bat (Plecotus teneriffae), 227. Gaisler’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus gaisleri), 228. Christie’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus christii), 229. Mediterranean Long-eared Bat (Plecotus kolombatovici), 230. Ethiopian Long-eared Bat (Plecotus balensis), 231. Turkmen Long-eared Bat (Plecotus turkmenicus), 232. Strelkov’s Long-eared (Bat Plecotusstrelkovi), 233. Ognev’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus ognevi), 234. Kozlov’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus kozlovi), 235. Sichuan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus ariel), 236. Himalayan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus homochrous), 237. Taiwan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus taivanus), 238. Japanese Long-eared Bat (Plecotus sacrimontis), 239. Ward’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus wardi), 240. Alpine Long-eared Bat (Plecotus macrobullaris), 241. Sardinian Long-eared Bat (Plecotus sardus), 242. Brown Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritus), 243. Desert Long-eared Bat (Otonycteris hemprichii), 244. Turkestani Long-eared Bat (Otonycteris leucophaea), 245. Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii), 246. Townsend's Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus townsendii), 247. Mexican Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus mexicanus), 248. Allen’s Big-eared Bat (Idionycteris phyllotis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398533/files/figure.png" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">243.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8B6A34FEE99D261CECB083" box="[277,748,2943,2993]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A34FEE99D261CECB083" blockId="112.[175,1284,2943,3074]" box="[277,748,2943,2993]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8B6A34FEE99D261CECB083" box="[277,748,2943,2993]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8B6A34FEE99D261CECB083" ID-CoL="4B7LT" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" box="[277,748,2943,2993]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemprichii">Desert Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8B6A34FCCE9D261ABCB083" box="[818,1212,2943,2993]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A34FCCE9D261ABCB083" blockId="112.[175,1284,2943,3074]" box="[818,1212,2943,2993]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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||
<heading id="9F638192FF8B6A34FCCE9D261ABCB083" box="[818,1212,2943,2993]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34FCCE9D261ABCB083" ID-CoL="4B7LT" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" box="[818,1212,2943,2993]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemprichii">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8B6A34FCCE9D261ABCB083" box="[818,1212,2943,2993]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Otonycteris hemprichii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8B6A34FF4D9D9B1B03B0CD" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A34FF4D9D9B1AADB0E5" blockId="112.[175,1284,2943,3074]" box="[177,1197,3010,3031]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8B6A34FF4D9D9B1AADB0E5" box="[177,1197,3010,3031]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8B6A34FF4D9D9B1EFCB0E5" bold="true" box="[177,252,3010,3031]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8B6A34FEF99D9B1FDFB0E5" ID-CoL="4B7LT" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" box="[261,479,3010,3031]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemprichii">Oreillard de Hemprich</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8B6A34FE099D9B1C50B0E5" bold="true" box="[501,592,3010,3031]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8B6A34FDA59D9B1D5EB0E5" ID-CoL="4B7LT" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" box="[601,862,3010,3031]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemprichii">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8B6A34FDA59D9B1D35B0E5" ID-CoL="4B7LT" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" box="[601,821,3010,3031]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemprichii">Hemprich-Wiistengrof</vernacularName>
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3ohr
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8B6A34FC8E9D9B1DCDB0E5" bold="true" box="[882,973,3010,3031]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8B6A34FC2B9D9B1AADB0E5" ID-CoL="4B7LT" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" box="[983,1197,3010,3031]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemprichii">Orejudo de Hemprich</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A34FF4C9DB31B03B0CD" blockId="112.[175,1284,2943,3074]" box="[176,1283,3050,3071]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8B6A34FF4C9DB31B03B0CD" box="[176,1283,3050,3071]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8B6A34FF4C9DB31FA7B0CD" bold="true" box="[176,423,3050,3071]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8B6A34FE4D9DB31CF9B0CD" ID-CoL="4B7LT" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" box="[433,761,3050,3071]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemprichii">Common Desert Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8B6A34FCFB9DB31DE9B0CD" ID-CoL="4B7LT" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" box="[775,1001,3050,3071]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemprichii">Hemprich’'s Desert Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8B6A34FC0A9DB31B03B0CD" ID-CoL="4B7LT" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" box="[1014,1283,3050,3071]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemprichii">Hemprich's Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8B6A34FF4C9A751D3EB77F" box="[176,830,3116,3149]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A34FF4C9A751D3EB77F" blockId="112.[175,1381,3116,3474]" box="[176,830,3116,3149]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8B6A34FF4C9A751F4BB77F" bold="true" box="[176,331,3116,3149]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34FE9C9A751D39B77F" ID-CoL="4B7LT" authority="Peters, 1859" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" box="[352,825,3116,3149]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemprichii">Otonycteris hemprichii Peters, 1859</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8B6A34FCB39A751B4DB747" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A34FCB39A751B4DB747" blockId="112.[175,1381,3116,3474]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF8B6A34FCB39A751B4DB747" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864671307" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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type locality not given. Restricted by D. Kock in 1969 to Nile Valley between north of
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8B6A34FCA49A0D1DB3B747" box="[856,947,3156,3189]" country="Egypt" name="Aswan" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Aswan</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34FC3F9A0D1A12B747" box="[963,1042,3156,3189]" name="Egypt" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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and Chondek,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34FB129A0D1B48B747" box="[1262,1352,3156,3189]" name="Sudan" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8B6A34FF4D9A221C5FB6BB" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A34FF4D9A221C5FB6BB" blockId="112.[175,1381,3116,3474]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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Based on genetic data,
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34FDED9A221CA0B7AE" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" box="[529,672,3195,3228]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Otonycteris</taxonomicName>
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is sister genus to New World
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34FBA39A221B13B7AE" authorityName="H. Allen" authorityYear="1865" box="[1119,1299,3195,3228]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Corynorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Corynorhinus</taxonomicName>
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. This species previously included
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34FDAF9AFA1D0DB7F6" baseAuthorityName="Severcov" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[595,781,3235,3268]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucophaea">O. leucophaea</taxonomicName>
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as a synonym, but genetic and morphological data support their separation as distinct species. There is a clinal variation in mensural data across the range but genetic and morphological data support accepting three races, although respective range limits are unclear, especially between cinerea and jin. Race jin may be a distinct species, but further study is needed. Three subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8B6A34F7F3974D142EB9D4" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" type="distribution">
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||
<caption id="90EB6676FF8B6A34F7F3974D142EB9D4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398324" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398324/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" targetBox="[1449,2040,285,699]" targetPageId="112">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A34F7F3974D1734B913" blockId="112.[2063,2656,276,703]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8B6A34F7F3974D179FBA07" bold="true" box="[2063,2463,276,309]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34F7EF971A1734B913" authority="Peters, 1859" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hemprichii" subSpecies="hemprichii">O.h.hemprichiiPeters,1859—NAfricainMorocco,Algeria,Tunisia,NNiger,Libya,Egypt,andNSudan,SETurkey,LevantregioninSyria,Lebanon,Israel,Palestine,andJordan,SEIraq(tentatively),andtherestofMesopotamia.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A34F7EF94761433B9A5" blockId="112.[2063,2656,276,703]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34F7EF94761433B9A5" authority="Satunin, 1909" authorityName="Satunin" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hemprichii" subSpecies="cinerea">O.h.cinereaSatunin,1909—mountainousareasofEArabia(atleastOmanandtheUnitedArabEmirates)andC&SIran.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A34F7EF94C0142EB9D4" blockId="112.[2063,2656,276,703]" lastBlockId="112.[1450,2657,713,3463]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34F7EF94C01405B98D" authority="Cheesman & Hinton, 1924" authorityName="Cheesman & Hinton" authorityYear="1924" box="[2067,2565,665,703]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hemprichii" subSpecies="jin">O. h. jin Cheesman & Hinton, 1924</taxonomicName>
|
||
— lowland deserts of C & E Arabia, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F88C94901624B9D4" box="[1904,2084,713,742]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and (tentatively)
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F6DC94901771B9D4" box="[2336,2417,713,742]" name="Qatar" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Qatar</collectingCountry>
|
||
; also SE
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F6129490142AB9D4" box="[2542,2602,713,742]" name="Iran" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8B6A34FA5794AD1612BDF2" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A34FA5794AD1612BDF2" blockId="112.[1450,2657,713,3463]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8B6A34FA5794AD18A3B83F" bold="true" box="[1451,1699,756,781]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8B6A34F8A394AD19F5B83F" box="[1887,2037,756,781]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.15" metricValueMax="8.6" metricValueMin="5.7" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" unit="mm" value="71.5" valueMax="86.0" valueMin="57.0">57-86 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8B6A34F7BC94AD16D6B83F" box="[2112,2262,756,781]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" metricValueMax="6.4" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" unit="mm" value="52.0" valueMax="64.0" valueMin="40.0">40-64 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear 30-43-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8B6A34F68094AD17D3B83F" box="[2428,2515,756,781]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8B6A34FA50954D182EB807" box="[1452,1582,788,821]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="9.0">9-14 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8B6A34F944954D194BB807" box="[1720,1867,788,821]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" unit="mm" value="60.0" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="50.0">50-70 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8B6A34F83D954D162BB807" box="[1985,2091,788,821]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" unit="g" value="18.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="18.0">18-19 g</quantity>
|
||
. The Desert Long-eared Bat is a robustly built vespertilionid, with relatively long, narrow muzzle. Compared with its only congener, the Turkestani Long-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34F85C953F1656B8B1" baseAuthorityName="Severcov" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[1952,2134,870,899]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucophaea">O. leucophaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
), muzzle is somewhat shorter and narrower, baculum smaller and more robust, braincase wider, auditory bullae much more inflated and generally larger (the most diagnostic difference between the two species), and coronoid process of mandible higher. Pelage is loose and soft with ventral pelage less dense; dorsally pale beige (with a cline, darker in east and much lighter in west); ventrally whitish to pure white. Ears yellowish brown; very long and well separated with smoothly convex inner and outer margins and rounded tip; antitragus very small; tragus long and tapers to blunt tip. Eyes comparatively large for the family. Wings very broad, and membranes thick and leathery, semi-translucent, pale yellowish brown near body, becoming pale grayish brown near middle and whitish near wingtips and edges. Tail moderately long and more or less fully enclosed by uropatagium, which attaches at ankle; calcar reaches less than halfway between ankle and tail tip on uropatagium. Unlike most vespertilionids, there are two sets of nipples in this genus. Penis (in both species) unusual in that glans is expanded dorso-ventrally and protrudes through two lateral swellings with third swelling on penis dorsal surface. Baculum crescent-shaped, dorsolaterally flattened, and relatively thick. Skull robust, rostrum broad and high; braincase elongated; interorbital constriction is narrow. Canines large and round in transverse section; P* large and canine-like; M? extremely reduced; lower incisors small, compressed, partly overlapping, and bicuspid; I, has small cusp on lingual side; P, small but within tooth row, separating P, and C,; lower molars are myotodont. Dental formula for both members of genus is11/3,C1/1,P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28, FN = 50, and FNa = 46 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F85C90FA1604BDF2" box="[1952,2052,1699,1728]" name="Jordan" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8B6A34FA57909F1634BC3D" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A34FA57909F1634BC3D" blockId="112.[1450,2657,713,3463]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8B6A34FA57909F181BBDD5" bold="true" box="[1451,1563,1734,1767]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Arid rocky desert and semi-desert habitats with sparse xeric shrubbery. Recorded in both lowland and highland regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8B6A34FA57914C16D4B2E7" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A34FA57914C16D4B2E7" blockId="112.[1450,2657,713,3463]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8B6A34FA57914C18B5BC04" bold="true" box="[1451,1717,1813,1846]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Feed on a variety of ground-dwelling prey, including Scorpiones,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34FA5691181820BC6C" box="[1450,1568,1857,1886]" class="Pilidiophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Nemertea" rank="order">Araneae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34F9CC911818CBBC6C" authority=", Chilopoda, and Solifugae. In" authorityName="Chilopoda, and Solifugae. In" box="[1584,1739,1857,1886]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34F9279118196EBC6C" authority=", Chilopoda, and Solifugae. In" authorityName="Chilopoda, and Solifugae. In" box="[1755,1902,1857,1886]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Chilopoda</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34F8479118163CBC6C" authority=", Chilopoda, and Solifugae. In" authorityName="Chilopoda, and Solifugae. In" box="[1979,2108,1857,1886]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Solifugae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F78E911816BDBC6C" box="[2162,2237,1857,1886]" name="Israel" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, however, diet was reported to include mainly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34F97B913D1921BCB7" box="[1671,1825,1892,1925]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sometimes only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34F7E0913D16D7BCB7" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[2076,2263,1892,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scarabaeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Heteroptera, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34F60C913D1459BCB7" box="[2544,2649,1892,1925]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are typically flying insects.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34F88891D51611BC9F" box="[1908,2065,1932,1965]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8B6A34F7A491D51703BC9F" box="[2136,2307,1932,1965]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
were also recorded in fecal samples from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F96191EA18D8BCE6" box="[1693,1752,1971,2004]" name="Iran" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In captivity, the species was recorded eating geckos, although no vertebrate prey has been recorded in the wild. Feeds mainly by gleaning from ground; may also use aerial-hawking, especially when favored scorpion prey becomes scarce. Diet shifts through year. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F90F9E70193FB378" box="[1779,1855,2089,2122]" name="Israel" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, scorpions made up 10% by volume of fecal samples in March but increased to 70% in August (during peak lactation). Although echolocation is an important means of finding prey, the species appears to cease echolocation occasionally when close to the ground, suggesting that it may be using vision or passive gleaning (listening for prey movement); this has been confirmed in laboratory studies involving scorpions, in which the bats would detect the scorpions by listening for their footsteps. After their scorpion prey was detected, they would immediately drop straight onto the moving scorpions, being stung frequently in the process. Once killed, the entire scorpion (including poison gland and stinger) were eaten; there was no preference for any particular species or size of scorpion. This suggests that the species is completely immune to the venom since no adverse effects were detected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8B6A34FA509F82197CB141" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A34FA509F82197CB141" blockId="112.[1450,2657,713,3463]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8B6A34FA509F821832B2CE" bold="true" box="[1452,1586,2523,2556]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Limited information available. Pregnancy estimated to begin by late March in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34FA2D9C5B181FB111" box="[1489,1567,2562,2595]" name="Israel" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with births taking place roughly in first week ofJune. Pregnant females have been recorded in May-June in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F8979C7316A5B179" box="[1899,2213,2602,2635]" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">United Arab Emirates</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Lactating females in mid-June in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34FA2D9C0B181FB141" box="[1489,1567,2642,2675]" name="Niger" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Niger</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Litter size probably two.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8B6A35FA569C201DD0BAE5" lastPageId="113" lastPageNumber="871" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8B6A35FA569C201DD0BAE5" blockId="112.[1450,2657,713,3463]" lastBlockId="113.[123,1335,280,948]" lastPageId="113" lastPageNumber="871" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8B6A34FA569C201891B1A8" bold="true" box="[1450,1681,2681,2714]" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Nocturnal, typically emerging c.40 minutes after sunset, almost always between 20:00 h and 21:00 h. In the Negev Desert, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F6F69CF91755B1F3" box="[2314,2389,2720,2753]" name="Israel" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, distances between roosts and foraging sites were 0-5-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8B6A34F86C9C9119DBB1DB" box="[1936,2011,2760,2793]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="112" pageNumber="870" unit="km" value="9.0">9 km</quantity>
|
||
, and as distance increased, so did daily foraging time, mean daily foraging bout length, and first daily foraging bout length (mostly because of the increased distance the bats were flying). This species is well adapted to desert environments, being heterothermic and able to hibernate and enter shallow daily torpor. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F9C59D3F1884B0B5" box="[1593,1668,2918,2951]" name="Israel" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, individual females in both deep and shallow daily torpor were observed in their first two trimesters of pregnancy, with body temperatures frequently dropping as low as 15°C; during their third trimester of pregnancy, the bats only entered shallow torpor and their body temperatures always stayed above 29°C. Day roosts are typically in rock crevices and fissures and similarsites in buildings (cracks in stone walls); based on data from radio-tracked bats, these sites are constantly changed. They are considered “whispering” bats (passive gleaning), and have short, multiharmonic calls. Search-call shape is shallow FM with high intensity; start frequencies recorded at 34-2-68-3 kHz (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F5CC9A231BE5B7F1" name="Jordan" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
), 28-5-32-8 kHz (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F91E9AFF1920B7F1" box="[1762,1824,3238,3267]" name="Iran" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
), 25-3-46-3 kHz (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F7E19AFF166EB7F1" box="[2077,2158,3238,3267]" name="Israel" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and average 42-4 kHz (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F6329AFF1450B7F1" box="[2510,2640,3238,3267]" name="Morocco" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
); end frequencies 15-25-6 kHz (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F8AE9A9419B6B7D8" box="[1874,1974,3277,3306]" name="Jordan" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
), 21-9-22-3 kHz (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F7569A9416E8B7D8" box="[2218,2280,3277,3306]" name="Iran" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
), 18-25-3 kHz (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F63F9A941413B7D8" box="[2499,2579,3277,3306]" name="Israel" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and average 17 kHz (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F9619AA91920B623" box="[1693,1824,3312,3345]" name="Morocco" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
); peak frequencies 19-4-31-8 kHz (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F6EB9AA9177AB623" box="[2327,2426,3312,3345]" name="Jordan" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
), 16-9-29-9 kHz (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34FA469B421BF9B60A" box="[1466,1529,3355,3384]" name="Iran" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
), 20-5-34-1 kHz (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F9179B42193CB60A" box="[1771,1852,3355,3384]" name="Israel" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and average 25-3 kHz (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F7709B42170EB60A" box="[2188,2318,3355,3384]" name="Morocco" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
); durations 2-:9-11-9 milliseconds (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F9BF9B1A18A6B652" box="[1603,1702,3395,3424]" name="Jordan" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
), 3:4—4-1 milliseconds (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F80B9B1A1636B652" box="[2039,2102,3395,3424]" name="Iran" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
), average 5-2 milliseconds (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F6439B1A1410B652" box="[2495,2576,3395,3424]" name="Israel" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and average 5-2 milliseconds (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F8EA9B3F1998B6B5" box="[1814,1944,3430,3463]" name="Morocco" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
); interpulse intervals 72-302 milliseconds (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8B6A34F6089B3F1453B6B5" box="[2548,2643,3430,3463]" name="Jordan" pageId="112" pageNumber="870">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and 143-190-1 milliseconds (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35FDE597411C58BA0B" box="[537,600,280,313]" name="Iran" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
). In one study, the first harmonic swept from 39 kHz to 22 kHz while the second harmonic had about one-half the intensity of the first and swept from 77 kHz to 43 kHz (average peak frequencies of 30 kHz forfirst harmonic and 54-5 kHz for second harmonic); the third harmonic was weak; average pulse duration was 2-5 milliseconds with interpulse interval 131 milliseconds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FF7E97841D58B97F" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FF7E97841D58B97F" blockId="113.[123,1335,280,948]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FF7E97841D3ABACC" bold="true" box="[130,826,477,510]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Roosts in small groups, females and Juveniles typically in maternity colonies of 2-18 clumped together, whereas males typically roost alone. Social behavior is not well studied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FF7E940A1DF1B9F1" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FF7E940A1DF1B9F1" blockId="113.[123,1335,280,948]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FF7E940A1FE9B946" bold="true" box="[130,489,595,628]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Widespread but locally rare, although found quite regularly at some sites. There are currently no major threats, although it is affected by pesticide use.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FF7E948B1CCCB882" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FF7E948B1CCCB882" blockId="113.[123,1335,280,948]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FF7E948B1F1BB9D9" bold="true" box="[130,283,722,747]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
ACR (2018), Arslan & Zima (2014), Benda & Gvozdik (2010), Benda,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8A6A35FC06948B1A54B9D9" box="[1018,1108,722,747]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Andreas</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (2006), Benda, Dietz et al. (2008), Benda, Faizolahi et al. (2012), Benda, Luan et al. (2010), Benda, Spitzenberger et al. (2014), Daniel (2005), Daniel et al. (2008, 2010a, 2010b), Davis (2007), Disca et al. (2014), Fenton, Shalmon & Makin (1999), Gharaibeh & Qumsiyeh (1995), Hackett et al. (2014), Holderied et al. (2011), Hoofer &
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8A6A35FB8995111A9BB853" box="[1141,1179,840,865]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
Den Bussche (2001), Horéagek (1991, 2013), Kock (1969d), Korine et al. (2013), Marom et al. (2006), Monadjem, Aulagnier, Hutson & Benda (2017), Qumsiyeh & Bickham (1993).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
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||
</document> |