256 lines
31 KiB
XML
256 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="BEBF04406876AB0B141C4B8A034DFC10" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF8A6A36FA819D601A2BB71E" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Corynorhinus townsendii" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="872" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="871" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods id="9A5652DA4CE1CEDA66BA9D42BD4D8F6E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="09D44320C514B3322858BD7239218998">
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<mods:title id="80477468A551DD1DCF7B7141B6E461AF">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C4166B28D4ADD73B785C86A41EDA2186" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="6B541F23AABC90556EDAB01FF397765D">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7F805A379D57851F435558F44E88784D">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="84F02AE91ADC0C7F47CFE46A641AEFB2">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="6F265FD704F817F2904A354E5A94FC1B" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="3872B02CD2EE3D451F10CB46CE0FF050">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="0D3AB53C57880953EF00A264AF2C71A3">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="109A8C4E77BF05524354F64151AF6DEB">
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<mods:title id="BCEAE52BBDEE8F0EACDC9E282BF11BA2">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="266722264AEEA3117F48C713A311D8B3">716</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="D3B31B51248C7C0080119CAA30388D55">981</mods:end>
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<mods:identifier id="FFBB34C25BFD9333E771697E167EC8CD" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF8A6A36FA819D601A2BB71E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403626" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628432" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403626" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF8A6A36FA819D601A2BB71E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF8A6A36FA819D601A2BB71E" lastPageId="114" lastPageNumber="872" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FA819D601BCFB055" box="[1405,1487,2873,2919]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FA819D601BCFB055" blockId="113.[1402,2564,2873,2962]" box="[1405,1487,2873,2919]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8A6A35FA819D601BCFB055" box="[1405,1487,2873,2919]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF8A6A35FA819D601BCFB055" box="[1405,1487,2873,2919]" captionStart="Plate 64: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="107.[117,147,3280,3305]" captionTargetBox="[11,2760,17,3656]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="225. Gray Long-eared Bat (Plecotus austriacus), 226. Canary Long-eared Bat (Plecotus teneriffae), 227. Gaisler’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus gaisleri), 228. Christie’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus christii), 229. Mediterranean Long-eared Bat (Plecotus kolombatovici), 230. Ethiopian Long-eared Bat (Plecotus balensis), 231. Turkmen Long-eared Bat (Plecotus turkmenicus), 232. Strelkov’s Long-eared (Bat Plecotusstrelkovi), 233. Ognev’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus ognevi), 234. Kozlov’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus kozlovi), 235. Sichuan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus ariel), 236. Himalayan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus homochrous), 237. Taiwan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus taivanus), 238. Japanese Long-eared Bat (Plecotus sacrimontis), 239. Ward’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus wardi), 240. Alpine Long-eared Bat (Plecotus macrobullaris), 241. Sardinian Long-eared Bat (Plecotus sardus), 242. Brown Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritus), 243. Desert Long-eared Bat (Otonycteris hemprichii), 244. Turkestani Long-eared Bat (Otonycteris leucophaea), 245. Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii), 246. Townsend's Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus townsendii), 247. Mexican Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus mexicanus), 248. Allen’s Big-eared Bat (Idionycteris phyllotis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398533/files/figure.png" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">246.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FA239D6019F7B055" box="[1503,2039,2873,2919]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FA239D6019F7B055" blockId="113.[1402,2564,2873,2962]" box="[1503,2039,2873,2919]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8A6A35FA239D6019F7B055" box="[1503,2039,2873,2919]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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||
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8A6A35FA239D6019F7B055" ID-CoL="YRRZ" baseAuthorityName="Cooper" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1503,2039,2873,2919]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Corynorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">Townsend's Big-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35F7BD9D601403B055" box="[2113,2563,2873,2919]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35F7BD9D601403B055" blockId="113.[1402,2564,2873,2962]" box="[2113,2563,2873,2919]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8A6A35F7BD9D601403B055" box="[2113,2563,2873,2919]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35F7BD9D601403B055" ID-CoL="YRRZ" baseAuthorityName="Cooper" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[2113,2563,2873,2919]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Corynorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35F7BD9D601403B055" box="[2113,2563,2873,2919]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Corynorhinus townsendii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FA879D211734B0BF" box="[1403,2356,2936,2957]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FA879D211734B0BF" blockId="113.[1402,2564,2873,2962]" box="[1403,2356,2936,2957]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8A6A35FA879D211734B0BF" box="[1403,2356,2936,2957]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FA879D211BC7B0BF" bold="true" box="[1403,1479,2936,2957]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8A6A35FA2C9D2118ADB0BF" ID-CoL="YRRZ" baseAuthorityName="Cooper" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1488,1709,2936,2957]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Corynorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">Oreillard de Townsend</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35F93E9D21191DB0BF" bold="true" box="[1730,1821,2936,2957]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8A6A35F8DE9D2119E2B0BF" ID-CoL="YRRZ" baseAuthorityName="Cooper" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1826,2018,2936,2957]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Corynorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">Townsend-Langohr</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35F80A9D211652B0BF" bold="true" box="[2038,2130,2936,2957]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8A6A35F7A79D211734B0BF" ID-CoL="YRRZ" baseAuthorityName="Cooper" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[2139,2356,2936,2957]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Corynorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">Orejudo de Townsend</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35F8239DE21629B731" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35F8239DE21629B731" blockId="113.[2014,2608,3003,3430]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35F8239DE2167BB0EE" bold="true" box="[2015,2171,3003,3036]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35F7669DE21624B731" ID-CoL="5KHRZ" authority="Cooper, 1837" authorityName="Cooper" authorityYear="1837" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">Plecotus townsendii Cooper, 1837</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35F7B99DBB17E1B760" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35F7B99DBB17E1B760" blockId="113.[2014,2608,3003,3430]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF8A6A35F7B99DBB17DDB760" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319426" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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“Columbia River.” Restricted by C. O. Handley,Jr. in 1959 to Fort Vancouver, Clark County,
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8A6A35F71D9A68178CB760" box="[2273,2444,3121,3154]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Washington</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35F6609A6817DDB760" box="[2460,2525,3121,3154]" name="United States of America" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">USA</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35F81C9A38140FB625" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35F81C9A38140FB625" blockId="113.[2014,2608,3003,3430]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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Originally described in
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35F6C59A38179DB748" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1818" box="[2361,2461,3169,3194]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plecotus</taxonomicName>
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, but morphological, karyological, and molecular analyses indicated its distinctness from Old World
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35F7BE9A9616A5B7C2" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1818" box="[2114,2213,3279,3312]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plecotus</taxonomicName>
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, supporting its inclusion in
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35F81E9AAF168BB625" authorityName="H. Allen" authorityYear="1865" box="[2018,2187,3318,3351]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Corynorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Corynorhinus</taxonomicName>
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. Five subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A36F8239B471C29B97F" lastPageId="114" lastPageNumber="872" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="distribution">
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<caption id="90EB6676FF8A6A36F8239B471C29B97F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398330" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398330/files/figure.png" inLine="true" lastPageId="114" lastPageNumber="872" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" targetBox="[1399,1991,3016,3430]" targetPageId="113">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35F8239B471770B60D" blockId="113.[2014,2608,3003,3430]" box="[2015,2416,3358,3391]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35F8239B471770B60D" bold="true" box="[2015,2416,3358,3391]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A36F81E9B101FC9BA52" blockId="113.[2014,2608,3003,3430]" lastBlockId="114.[166,1378,288,3122]" lastPageId="114" lastPageNumber="872" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35F81E9B10176CB654" authority="Cooper, 1837" authorityName="Cooper" authorityYear="1837" box="[2018,2412,3401,3430]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Corynorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="townsendii" subSpecies="townsendii">C. t. townsendii Cooper, 1837</taxonomicName>
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— broadly distributed from SW
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35F97F9B3518EDB6BF" box="[1667,1773,3436,3469]" name="Canada" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Canada</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF8A6A35F8F99B3519FAB6BF" box="[1797,2042,3436,3469]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
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including Vancouver I) S along Pacific coast of
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF896A36FEDC97791F5FBA0B" box="[288,351,288,313]" name="United States of America" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">USA</collectingCountry>
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to coastal regions of Sonoran Desert in Mexico, and E to
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF896A36FB6197791B20BA0B" box="[1181,1312,288,313]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Colorado</collectingRegion>
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Plateau and Black Hills.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF896A36FF50973F1C9ABA9D" blockId="114.[166,1378,288,3122]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF896A36FF50973F1C27BAB5" authority="Handley, 1955" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1955" box="[172,551,358,391]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Corynorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="townsendii" subSpecies="australis">C. t. australis Handley, 1955</taxonomicName>
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— SC
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF896A36FD85973F1CB9BAB5" box="[633,697,358,391]" name="United States of America" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">USA</collectingCountry>
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(W
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF896A36FD0A973F1D45BAB5" box="[758,837,358,391]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Texas</collectingRegion>
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) S across mountains of N & C
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF896A36FB0A973F1B5CBAB5" box="[1270,1372,358,391]" name="Mexico" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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and Chihuahuan Desert to
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF896A36FDD097D71C96BA9D" box="[556,662,398,431]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF896A36FF5097E01B16BAE4" blockId="114.[166,1378,288,3122]" box="[172,1302,441,470]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF896A36FF5097E01C0BBAE4" authority="Handley, 1955" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1955" box="[172,523,441,470]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Corynorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="townsendii" subSpecies="ingens">C. t. ingens Handley, 1955</taxonomicName>
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— S
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF896A36FDBB97E01CC0BAE4" box="[583,704,441,470]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Missouri</collectingRegion>
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, E
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF896A36FD1197E01D83BAE4" box="[749,899,441,470]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
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, and NW
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF896A36FBF297E01A8CBAE4" box="[1038,1164,441,470]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
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(C
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF896A36FB3E97E01B08BAE4" box="[1218,1288,441,470]" name="United States of America" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF896A36FF5097851B53BACF" blockId="114.[166,1378,288,3122]" box="[172,1363,476,509]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF896A36FF5097851C5BBACF" authority="G. S. Miller, 1897" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1897" box="[172,603,476,509]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Corynorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="townsendii" subSpecies="pallescens">C. t. pallescens G. S. Miller, 1897</taxonomicName>
|
||
— S
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF896A36FD6997851D1DBACF" box="[661,797,476,509]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
or N
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF896A36FC9397851DF2BACF" box="[879,1010,476,509]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
S to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF896A36FBC697851AE7BACF" box="[1082,1255,476,509]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF896A36FB0297851B45BACF" box="[1278,1349,476,509]" name="United States of America" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF896A36FF50945D1C29B97F" blockId="114.[166,1378,288,3122]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF896A36FF50945D1C50B917" authority="Handley, 1955" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1955" box="[172,592,516,549]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Corynorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="townsendii" subSpecies="virgitnianus">C. t. virgitnianus Handley, 1955</taxonomicName>
|
||
— C Appalachian Highlands in E
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF896A36FBD0945D1AAEB917" box="[1068,1198,516,549]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
|
||
, W
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF896A36FB1F945D1B56B917" box="[1251,1366,516,549]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF896A36FF1A94691FA2B97F" box="[230,418,560,589]" country="United States of America" name="West Virginia" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">West Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(E
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF896A36FE2A94691C1CB97F" box="[470,540,560,589]" name="United States of America" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF896A36FF5494021F8CBFDE" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF896A36FF5494021F8CBFDE" blockId="114.[166,1378,288,3122]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF896A36FF5494021FA4B946" bold="true" box="[168,420,603,628]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF896A36FD8994021D0FB946" box="[629,783,603,628]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.65" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" unit="mm" value="56.5" valueMax="58.0" valueMin="55.0">55-58 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF896A36FCA494021DEFB946" box="[856,1007,603,628]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.45" metricValueMax="5.4" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" unit="mm" value="44.5" valueMax="54.0" valueMin="35.0">35-54 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF896A36FBC594021ACFB946" box="[1081,1231,603,628]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" unit="mm" value="34.5" valueMax="39.0" valueMin="30.0">30-39 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF896A36FF5594231F32B9A9" box="[169,306,634,667]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="9.0">9-13 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm 39-2-47-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF896A36FDC194231C95B9A9" box="[573,661,634,667]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF896A36FCEF94231D74B9A9" box="[787,884,634,667]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" unit="g" value="9.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="5.0">5-13 g</quantity>
|
||
. Females larger and heavier than males. Fur is long; dorsal hairs bicolored, with blackish bases and tips ranging from yellowish and cinnamon brown to slate gray; ventral hairs bicolored, with strongly contrasting dark brown bases and buff or pale brown tips. Ears large and connected by low band across forehead; tragus long (usually over
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF896A36FCA795411DC2B80B" box="[859,962,792,825]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
). There are two large glands on either side of muzzle, as in Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF896A36FBEB95661AD0B852" baseAuthorityName="Lesson" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[1047,1232,831,864]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Corynorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rafinesquii">C. rafinesquii</taxonomicName>
|
||
); snout is short, with posteriorly elongated nostrils; accessory basal lobe of auricle is absent. Ears, face, and membranes are mummy brown. Plagiopatagium broadly attached to foot at level of base of toes. Skull moderate in size (greatest skull length 15-3-17-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF896A36FB0D95E31B4DB8E5" box="[1265,1357,954,983]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
), slender, and highly arched; rostrum reduced; lacrimal region smoothly rounded; supraorbital region not ridged; temporal ridges normally coalesced to form sagittal crest. Median post-palatal process triangular, with broad base; I* has prominent secondary cusp; anterointernal cusp usually present on cingulum of P* and P* is usually simple. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 50, with 10 pairs of metacentric and submetacentric and five pairs of acrocentric autosomes, and acrocentric X- and Y-chromosomes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF896A36FF5592AB1CF8BEBB" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF896A36FF5592AB1CF8BEBB" blockId="114.[166,1378,288,3122]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF896A36FF5592AB1F18BE21" bold="true" box="[169,280,1266,1299]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Occurs in wide variety of habitats, such as evergreen forests, deciduousforests, pine-oak forests, xeric shrub-grassland, and gypsum caves in the mid-grass prairie; also found in desert and other arid and semiarid habitats. Occupies an elevation range of
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF896A36FF5693311F56BEBB" box="[170,342,1384,1417]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.875" metricValueMax="3.3" metricValueMin="0.45" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" unit="m" value="1875.0" valueMax="3300.0" valueMin="450.0">450-3300 m</quantity>
|
||
, but commoner in highlands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF896A36FF5593D61F68BD1A" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF896A36FF5593D61F68BD1A" blockId="114.[166,1378,288,3122]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF896A36FF5593D61FB4BE82" bold="true" box="[169,436,1423,1456]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Diet consists mainly of lepidopterans (over 80%), but also other small insects, such as coleopterans and dipterans. It forages in dense forests, taking insects from among tree branches, and in open fields, over water bodies, and along low cliff walls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF896A36FF56906F1F53B31B" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF896A36FF56906F1F53B31B" blockId="114.[166,1378,288,3122]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF896A36FF56906F1F30BD7D" bold="true" box="[170,304,1590,1615]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Females have a short proestrus in late summer; estrus occurs in autumn, with copulation in November-February. Bats mate with multiple partners repeatedly during the breeding season. Male performs mating display and approaches female performing several vocalizations repeatedly; if accepted by the female, the male rubs his snout over the female’s face, neck, forearms, and ventral surface. The muzzle’s glands serve to scent-mark the female prior to copulation, during which the female is usually in torpor. Sperm is stored in the reproductive tract of females until spring, when ovulation, implantation, and gestation occur. Gestation period is 56-100 days, strongly depending on ambient temperatures and the time the female spends in torpor during gestation. In spring and summer, females form maternity colonies, while males live solitarily or in small bachelor clusters. Most females give birth to only one young. Young females mate in their first autumn, while males do not mate until their second year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF896A36FF549E761D1EB2BF" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF896A36FF549E761D1EB2BF" blockId="114.[166,1378,288,3122]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF896A36FF549E761F97B362" bold="true" box="[168,407,2095,2128]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Reports indicate 1-3 foraging periods per night. Unimodal foraging pattern occurs in spring, but a progressive shift from bimodal to trimodal foraging has been observed in females from late pregnancy through lactation; this shift probably occurs in response to increased energy costs associated with breeding. Roosts are at limestone caves, cliffs, rock ledges, lava tubes, abandoned mines, bridges, and other man-made structures. Wing morphology and echolocation frequency are typical of gleaning insectivorous bats. Call parameters (mean) are: minimum frequency 19-1 kHz, maximum frequency 39-8 kHz, peak frequency 34-7 kHz, bandwidth 20-3 kHz, and call duration 3-3 milliseconds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF896A36FF569FCB1CB8B025" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF896A36FF569FCB1CB8B025" blockId="114.[166,1378,288,3122]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF896A36FF569FCB1D77B281" bold="true" box="[170,887,2450,2483]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
[Longest recorded movement was 64-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF896A36FF2A9FE31F1DB2E9" box="[214,285,2490,2523]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
between
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF896A36FE559FE31C2DB2E9" box="[425,557,2490,2523]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF896A36FD899FE31D35B2E9" box="[629,821,2490,2523]" country="United States of America" name="West Virginia" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">West Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Home range is small to medium-sized (0-8-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF896A36FF139FB81F4DB130" box="[239,333,2529,2562]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" unit="km" value="24.0">24 km</quantity>
|
||
?) compared to other bat species. Within home range, bats may have several roost sites for maternity or bachelor colonies, and hibernacula. Females tend to extend their foraging range during gestation; they form nursery colonies in summer, while males are typically solitary or form small groups. Sometimes both sexes live in the same summer roost, although they do not normally cluster together. Colony size varies geographically: western populations usually live in colonies of 10-300 bats; in east, colonies can number 1000 or more. Sometimes roosts with other bat species, including Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF896A36FF509D441CF8B087" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF896A36FF509D441CF8B087" blockId="114.[166,1378,288,3122]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF896A36FF509D441C13B00C" bold="true" box="[172,531,2845,2878]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Widespread, with expected large population, and occurs in a number of protected areas; not thought to be declining. However, races ingens and virginianus are listed as endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF896A36FF509D9A1A2BB71E" pageId="114" pageNumber="872" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF896A36FF509D9A1A2BB71E" blockId="114.[166,1378,288,3122]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF896A36FF509D9A1F45B0EE" bold="true" box="[172,325,3011,3036]" pageId="114" pageNumber="872">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Arroyo-Cabrales & Alvarez-Castafieda (2017d), Barbour & Davis (1969), Bogdanowicz et al. (1998), Burfod & Lacki (1995), Chapman (2007a), Dodd et al. (2008), Hall (1981), Handley (1955b, 1959), Kunz & Martin (1982), Piaggio & Perkins (2005), Simmons (2005), Wilson & Ruff (1999).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |