237 lines
26 KiB
XML
237 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="89AC1688DEDB7D52F08018A20A937D52" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF8A6A35FF7E95A01FABB71B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Otonycteris leucophaea" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="871" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="871" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:titleInfo id="46CE308D419F48E5D2092FA59D7A0B97">
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<mods:title id="A2BB3D6A525339A7AA1D28767F3C7734">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="934473338583226F9092BCCD40BE3EEE">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AA6791A211C71E43D60D0237DC5623A0">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="EFB484C591D7C9C8073787A328004C45">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="E3A382CD74D8FB4D1C6B603D065E7768" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="ECF933B61D144E0B11DA42F2B317B63D">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="3F8DBC02821990416CB9286290AC9492">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="998B9348DA61D40C45EE9F0BFA319CA6">
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<mods:title id="FDFF9A74005F887417D094FB33D59E30">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:extent id="D812992183DF9AA1354D21D60FA213AE" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="759A906B6BB908A61560A55FF935007A">716</mods:start>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF8A6A35FF7E95A01FABB71B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403624" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628372" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403624" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF8A6A35FF7E95A01FABB71B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF8A6A35FF7E95A01FABB71B" lastPageNumber="871" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FF7E95A01ED5BF15" box="[130,213,1017,1063]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FF7E95A01ED5BF15" blockId="113.[127,1259,1017,1146]" box="[130,213,1017,1063]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8A6A35FF7E95A01ED5BF15" box="[130,213,1017,1063]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF8A6A35FF7E95A01ED5BF15" box="[130,213,1017,1063]" captionStart="Plate 64: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="107.[117,147,3280,3305]" captionTargetBox="[11,2760,17,3656]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="225. Gray Long-eared Bat (Plecotus austriacus), 226. Canary Long-eared Bat (Plecotus teneriffae), 227. Gaisler’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus gaisleri), 228. Christie’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus christii), 229. Mediterranean Long-eared Bat (Plecotus kolombatovici), 230. Ethiopian Long-eared Bat (Plecotus balensis), 231. Turkmen Long-eared Bat (Plecotus turkmenicus), 232. Strelkov’s Long-eared (Bat Plecotusstrelkovi), 233. Ognev’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus ognevi), 234. Kozlov’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus kozlovi), 235. Sichuan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus ariel), 236. Himalayan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus homochrous), 237. Taiwan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus taivanus), 238. Japanese Long-eared Bat (Plecotus sacrimontis), 239. Ward’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus wardi), 240. Alpine Long-eared Bat (Plecotus macrobullaris), 241. Sardinian Long-eared Bat (Plecotus sardus), 242. Brown Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritus), 243. Desert Long-eared Bat (Otonycteris hemprichii), 244. Turkestani Long-eared Bat (Otonycteris leucophaea), 245. Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii), 246. Townsend's Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus townsendii), 247. Mexican Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus mexicanus), 248. Allen’s Big-eared Bat (Idionycteris phyllotis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398533/files/figure.png" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">244.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FF1995A01D12BF15" box="[229,786,1017,1063]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FF1995A01D12BF15" blockId="113.[127,1259,1017,1146]" box="[229,786,1017,1063]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8A6A35FF1995A01D12BF15" box="[229,786,1017,1063]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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||
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8A6A35FF1995A01D12BF15" ID-CoL="4B7LV" baseAuthorityName="Severcov" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[229,786,1017,1063]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucophaea">Turkestani Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FCA595A01AEBBF15" box="[857,1259,1017,1063]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FCA595A01AEBBF15" blockId="113.[127,1259,1017,1146]" box="[857,1259,1017,1063]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8A6A35FCA595A01AEBBF15" box="[857,1259,1017,1063]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35FCA595A01AEBBF15" ID-CoL="4B7LV" baseAuthorityName="Severcov" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[857,1259,1017,1063]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucophaea">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FCA595A01AEBBF15" box="[857,1259,1017,1063]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Otonycteris leucophaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FF7D92601DC3BF47" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FF7D92601A80BF7C" blockId="113.[127,1259,1017,1146]" box="[129,1152,1081,1102]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8A6A35FF7D92601A80BF7C" box="[129,1152,1081,1102]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FF7D92601ECDBF7C" bold="true" box="[129,205,1081,1102]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8A6A35FF2A92601FB3BF7C" ID-CoL="4B7LV" baseAuthorityName="Severcov" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[214,435,1081,1102]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucophaea">Oreillard de Severtsov</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FE3B92601C22BF7C" bold="true" box="[455,546,1081,1102]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8A6A35FDDB92601D2EBF7C" ID-CoL="4B7LV" baseAuthorityName="Severcov" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[551,814,1081,1102]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucophaea">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8A6A35FDDB92601D03BF7C" ID-CoL="4B7LV" baseAuthorityName="Severcov" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[551,771,1081,1102]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucophaea">Turkestan-Wistengrof</vernacularName>
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3ohr
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FCBE92601D9DBF7C" bold="true" box="[834,925,1081,1102]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8A6A35FC5B92601A80BF7C" ID-CoL="4B7LV" baseAuthorityName="Severcov" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[935,1152,1081,1102]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucophaea">Orejudo de Severtsov</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FF7D92391DC3BF47" blockId="113.[127,1259,1017,1146]" box="[129,963,1120,1141]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<heading id="9F638192FF8A6A35FF7D92391DC3BF47" box="[129,963,1120,1141]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FF7D92391F78BF47" bold="true" box="[129,376,1120,1141]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8A6A35FE7E92391CB9BF47" ID-CoL="4B7LV" baseAuthorityName="Severcov" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[386,697,1120,1141]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucophaea">Eastern Desert Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF8A6A35FD3F92391DC3BF47" ID-CoL="4B7LV" baseAuthorityName="Severcov" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[707,963,1120,1141]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucophaea">Turkestan Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FD1992FA1D2FBFDE" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FD1992FA1D2FBFDE" blockId="113.[740,1333,1187,1613]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FD1992FA1D80BFF6" bold="true" box="[741,896,1187,1220]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35FC6E92FA1D2ABFDE" ID-CoL="4K2ZJ" authority="Severtzov, 1873" authorityName="Severtzov" authorityYear="1873" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucophaeus">Plecotus leucophaeus Severtzov, 1873</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FCC792961B1BBE08" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FCC792961B1BBE08" blockId="113.[740,1333,1187,1613]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF8A6A35FCC792961B17BE08" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319643" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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western
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35FC4F92961A38BFDE" box="[947,1080,1231,1260]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
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near Djan-Bulak, between Tashkent and Hodjent (= western promontory of the Kuraminskiy Range)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FD1993191DCDBEBB" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FD1993191DCDBEBB" blockId="113.[740,1333,1187,1613]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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Previously included in
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35FBD993191ACEBE53" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" box="[1061,1230,1344,1377]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemprichii">O. hemprichii</taxonomicName>
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(which see). Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FD1993C11D73BD15" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="distribution">
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<caption id="90EB6676FF8A6A35FD1993C11D73BD15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398326/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" targetBox="[125,717,1200,1614]" targetPageId="113">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FD1993C11D73BD15" blockId="113.[740,1333,1187,1613]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FD1993C11D95BE83" bold="true" box="[741,917,1432,1457]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Distribution.</emphasis>
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||
SW
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35FC1493C11A89BE83" box="[1000,1161,1432,1457]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35FB5D93C11D1EBEEA" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, NE
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||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35FC9693EE1DA6BEEA" box="[874,934,1463,1496]" name="Iran" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, SE
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||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35FC1493EE1A85BEEA" box="[1000,1157,1463,1496]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35FB6493EE1B2EBEEA" box="[1176,1326,1463,1496]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35FD1993BE1D6CBD32" box="[741,876,1511,1536]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
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||
, N
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||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35FC6093BE1A48BD32" box="[924,1096,1511,1536]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, N
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35FB8593BE1AEFBD32" box="[1145,1263,1511,1536]" name="Pakistan" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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||
, and NW
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35FCD8905F1D6FBD15" box="[804,879,1542,1575]" name="India" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">India</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FD1890751A60B3DF" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FD1890751A60B3DF" blockId="113.[740,1333,1187,1613]" lastBlockId="113.[124,1333,1625,3113]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FD1890751DDFBD7F" bold="true" box="[740,991,1580,1613]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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||
Head—body
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8A6A35FB6590751B2DBD7F" box="[1177,1325,1580,1613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.55" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="7.3" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" unit="mm" value="75.5" valueMax="78.0" valueMin="73.0">73-78 mm</quantity>
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||
, tail 46-
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||
, ear 38-5-39-
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8A6A35FDDF90001C76BD44" box="[547,630,1625,1654]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot 11-9-12-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8A6A35FC7D90001DD6BD44" box="[897,982,1625,1654]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm 56-8-64-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8A6A35FB2190001B2EBD44" box="[1245,1326,1625,1654]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
. See the Desert Long-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35FDB990251CF4BDAF" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" box="[581,756,1660,1693]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Otonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemprichii">O. hemprichii</taxonomicName>
|
||
) for differences between the two. Pelage loose and soft, less dense on venter; dorsally grayish brown, ventrally whitish. Face nearly naked and pinkish. Ears yellowish brown, very long and well separated, with smoothly convex inner and outer margins and rounded tip; antitragus very small; tragus long and tapers to blunt tip. Eyes comparatively large for the family. Wings very broad, and membranes thick and leathery, semi-translucent, pale yellowish brown near body, becoming pale grayish brown near middle and whitish near wingtips and edges. Tail moderately long and more or less fully enclosed by uropatagium, which attaches at ankle; calcar reaches less than halfway between ankle and tail tip on uropatagium. Penis as in the Desert Long-eared Bat. Baculum is crescent-shaped, dorso-laterally flattened, and relatively thick. Skull robust, rostrum broad and high; braincase elongated and of medium width; interorbital constriction narrow. Canines large and round in transverse section; P* large and canine-like; M? extremely reduced; lower incisors small, compressed, partly overlapping, and bicuspid; I, has small cusp on lingual side; P, small but within tooth row, separating P, and C; lower molars are myotodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FNa = 48 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35FC7B9E891A53B3DF" box="[903,1107,2256,2285]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FF829EAA1B31B226" box="[126,1329,2291,2324]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FF829EAA1B31B226" blockId="113.[124,1333,1625,3113]" box="[126,1329,2291,2324]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FF829EAA1EEDB226" bold="true" box="[126,237,2291,2324]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Dry steppe to desert habitats in submontane and lowland areas up to
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8A6A35FB3A9EAA1B2DB226" box="[1222,1325,2291,2324]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" unit="m" value="2400.0">2400 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FF829F7A1EEBB2EB" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FF829F7A1EEBB2EB" blockId="113.[124,1333,1625,3113]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FF829F7A1F89B20E" bold="true" box="[126,393,2339,2364]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Feeds on Solifugae, Scorpiones,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35FC959F7A1DE1B20E" box="[873,993,2339,2364]" class="Pilidiophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Nemertea" rank="order">Araneae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35FC099F7A1A93B20E" box="[1013,1171,2339,2364]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35FB599F7A1B2DB20E" box="[1189,1325,2339,2364]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Blattodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35FF409F1B1F5EB251" box="[188,350,2370,2403]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Fecal samples in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35FDA59F1B1C92B251" box="[601,658,2370,2403]" name="Iran" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
were dominated by large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35FC009F1B1A99B251" box="[1020,1177,2370,2403]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35FB519F1B1EBAB2B9" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scarabaeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35FF379F2B1F5BB2B9" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[203,347,2418,2443]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Carabidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and also included medium to large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35FC949F2B1A08B2B9" box="[872,1032,2418,2443]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(crickets), Solifugae,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35FF819FC81EF5B280" box="[125,245,2449,2482]" class="Pilidiophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Nemertea" rank="order">Araneae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF8A6A35FE5E9FC81D32B280" box="[418,818,2449,2482]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera (Formicidae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The species is primarily a groundgleaner.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FF829FBD1D7DB11B" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FF829FBD1D7DB11B" blockId="113.[124,1333,1625,3113]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FF829FBD1F04B133" bold="true" box="[126,260,2532,2561]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35FEC19FBD1C04B133" box="[317,516,2532,2561]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a pregnant female with two embryos was found in June and a volant juvenile in July. Litter size is probably two.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FF809C6A1FBBB1DF" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FF809C6A1FBBB1DF" blockId="113.[124,1333,1625,3113]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FF809C6A1F67B162" bold="true" box="[124,359,2611,2640]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Nocturnal. Flies slowly, staying within
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF8A6A35FC799C6A1A1BB162" box="[901,1051,2611,2640]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" unit="cm" value="70.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="40.0">40-100 cm</quantity>
|
||
of ground. It is well adapted to desert habitats, being heterothermic; hibernates during part of the year. Call shape is steep FM sweep with two obvious harmonics; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF8A6A35FC009C271A92B1AD" box="[1020,1170,2686,2719]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, lower harmonic had start frequency of c.40 kHz and end frequency of 18 kHz, with maximum energy at c.30-32 kHz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FF829CAD1A23B00F" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FF829CAD1A23B00F" blockId="113.[124,1333,1625,3113]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FF829CAD1D53B027" bold="true" box="[126,851,2804,2837]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Females probably roost in small groups in rock crevices; males probably roost alone in similarsites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FF829D1A1AD0B081" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FF829D1A1AD0B081" blockId="113.[124,1333,1625,3113]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FF829D1A1FDDB056" bold="true" box="[126,477,2883,2916]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Relatively common throughout much of its distribution, although limited data available. Probably most threatened by roost disturbance and use of pesticides against insects.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF8A6A35FF829D981FABB71B" pageId="113" pageNumber="871" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF8A6A35FF829D981FABB71B" blockId="113.[124,1333,1625,3113]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF8A6A35FF829D981F14B0E8" bold="true" box="[126,276,3009,3034]" pageId="113" pageNumber="871">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Arlettaz et al. (1995), Ashrafi et al. (2016), Benda (2017c), Benda & Gaisler (2015), Benda & Gvozdik (2010), Benda, Faizolahi et al. (2012), Benda, Hank & Cerveny (2011), Horagek (1991), Zima, Volleth, Horéaéek, Cerveny & Macholan (1992).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |